Covering with corrugated sheets as load-bearing formwork. Lightweight monolithic ceiling on a profiled sheet - constructive, experience of portal participants. stage. Floor reinforcement using corrugated sheets

And floors. The installation of reinforced concrete floors over corrugated sheets is becoming popular in low-rise construction. Structures where the corrugated sheet is a permanent formwork have high load-bearing capacity, strength and other advantages.

Advantages of overlapping with corrugated sheets

The use of corrugated sheets (grade “N”) solves construction problems due to their lightness, rigidity, strength and corrosion resistance. The material in profile is a wave that forms stiffening ribs, which after casting increase its load-bearing capacity and the structure as a whole. The sheet is a permanent formwork, therefore it is reduced.

If it binds to concrete, it relieves part of the load from the floor slab. Such monolithic elements can rest on a light supporting frame, which reduces the cost of forming foundations (a columnar version is sufficient) for buildings. Costs for wall materials are reduced - light and warm gas blocks and foam blocks are used. The concrete solution is poured onto corrugated sheets, which does not require complex formwork.

With proper care, a concrete slab has high strength indicators and effectively withstands the effects of natural conditions. These have reduced weight. The ceiling surface of the structures has a finished exterior that is resistant to changes in temperature and humidity conditions and the effects of fire. The material of the supporting base is convenient to transport, it is unpretentious in operation and is designed for a long period of use. The profiled sheet is mounted on the supporting frame simply and quickly, without the use of lifting equipment.

Floor calculation

Drawings must be drawn up for the project, and calculations are made in accordance with the recommendations of SNiP, STO 0047 -2005 (preferably with the help of professionals). The dimensions of the building, the size of the installation step of the transverse beams, their length, the load on them and on the columns, the characteristics of the load-bearing profiled sheet (width, length, thickness of products, profile height) are taken into account. It should be assumed that each sheet along its length should be supported by 3 beams. Based on the planned load on the floor, the cross-section of the reinforcement and the height of the slab are calculated.

Its thickness is determined from a scale ratio of 1:30, depending on the distance between the transverse beams. A monolithic concrete slab can have a thickness from 70 to 250 mm. The weight that a monolithic floor will have will determine the type and number of metal columns, the parameters of their foundation, the type of beams, and the amount of load on one column. The depth of the waves of the sheet profile affects the distance between the beams: the greater it is, the more often the beams are installed, since the mass of concrete in the recesses of the profile increases when it is not practical to increase the thickness of the slab.

Reducing the span pitch eliminates sheet deflection. It is necessary to take into account the weight of the additional payload that the interfloor ceiling will take - 150 kg/m2 is taken as the norm, which should be increased by 33%. The total operating load is calculated with an error of up to 0.5 kg.

From it the cross-sectional dimensions and length of the beams are determined. Vertical rod anchors allow you to combine profiled sheets and reinforced concrete, which transfers part of the load to them. For a span of 3 meters wide, a material with a thickness of at least 0.9 mm will be required. In practice, calculations are compiled into software that allows the generation of working documentation.

Monolithic ceiling device

Profiled sheets, reinforcement and concrete are the components that form a monolithic structure. This design, if supported by a beam frame, distributes the load onto the columns rather than the walls. Each column has its own foundation. Another option is when the cross beams are not laid or, if installed, rest on the walls.

In this case, the monolithic floor will have to load the walls of the structure and the foundation. Metal beams - I-beam (channel). Their edges are strengthened in the “pockets” of the walls (columns) and welded to the mortgages. Sheets can be attached to beams on the internal shelf, then the distance between the supports for short sheets is chosen to be no more than 1.5 m. On channels/I-beams, profiled material can also be installed on the external shelf on top so that sheets up to 6 m long can be placed .

They are installed overlapping along the length. A stationary beam is placed under the middle of the sheet elements. The profile waves should be perpendicular to the beams, and the corrugation extensions should be oriented downward.

With a beamless version of the device, corrugated sheets will not have support points in the middle of the room. A mandatory element is volumetric reinforcement, which significantly increases the strength of the monolith. The reinforcement is connected by welding to beams and columns. To distribute the solution, external removable formwork can be installed. Concreting creates a smooth surface of the slab.

Installation of corrugated flooring

The beam floor is formed by attaching perforated sheets to the internal/external flanges of the transverse beams. The formwork is then formed when the top fastening of the sheets is selected. The permissible deflection parameters of the corrugated sheet, amounting to 1:250, determine the length of the roll span. Before pouring concrete, temporary supports are placed under the surface of the corrugated sheet to ensure the immobility of the structure.

Metal reinforcement is placed on the flooring, and the lower rung is concreted using one pass along. The surfaces of the ceiling and floor are leveled. After the overlap has gained strength, the temporary supports are removed. Mounting a beamless monolith involves some nuances.

Thus, long reinforcing rods (with regular ribbed notches on the surface) are laid along each recess of the profiled sheets. They are knitted with wire to a metal welded mesh, which is laid on top of the profile. Filling is done in one pass. After hardening, the concrete base is covered with a cement screed. Load-bearing corrugated sheeting of grades from H60 to H114 is installed, providing the profile height with the necessary rigidity of the material with a thickness of 0.8 - 1.5 mm.

Profiled sheets are fastened with self-tapping screws 3.2 cm long (head 5.5 mm). Such hardware is screwed in without preliminary drilling, drilling through the channel flange. They are twisted every 20 - 40 cm (into each depression of the profile adjacent to the beam), which ensures the accuracy and spatial rigidity of the installation. The longitudinal overlap of the sheets at the joints is made only above the surface of the beams (value 40 - 60 mm). The joints are screwed through with self-tapping screws every 2 cm.

• It is difficult today to imagine construction that could do without the use of concreting. Reinforced concrete structures are present in the foundations of buildings and in interfloor ceilings. It would not be amiss to note that in the process of constructing objects for various purposes, monolithic concrete is increasingly being used instead of precast reinforced concrete. This applies to a greater extent to buildings with a metal frame.

  In individual construction, monolithic flooring on corrugated sheets is especially common. This solution is suitable, for example, for structures with non-standard spans or a large number of holes and openings. The operating load range is quite wide. During operation, permanent formwork for corrugated sheet floors also acts as additional external reinforcement, since it does not allow the concrete to spread during the hardening process. This significantly increases the strength characteristics of the structure being built and its load-bearing capacity.

  This design is a cake consisting of the following layers:

  • beams;
  • corrugated sheeting;
  • flexible reinforcement laid out along the wave;
  • vertically installed rod anchor;
  • reinforcing mesh;
  • screed according to the profiled sheet.

  Advantages of monolithic flooring using corrugated sheets

  

  • Organizational and financial costs when installing corrugated flooring are not particularly high.
  • They can have almost any geometric shape and size.
  • Pouring the floor is less labor-intensive and does not require the installation of formwork. The ridges of a profiled metal sheet significantly reduce concrete consumption, which often becomes an important argument in favor of choosing this solution.
  • Installation of the system is quite simple, and even a beginner can handle it.
  • Due to the relatively light weight of the profiled sheets, a monolithic floor weighs less than traditional reinforced concrete structures with collapsible formwork. And this despite their fairly high strength. Thus, such a system acts on the foundation with less force, which allows it to be used effectively when repairing dilapidated buildings. In addition, it allows you to achieve an even distribution of all forces on the foundation.

  

  • Corrugated sheeting, having become part of a monolithic structure, actually performs the functions of the main reinforcing frame.
  • The structural thickness of the concrete floor over corrugated sheeting may vary depending on the location of application, and therefore requires preliminary calculation.
  • Installation takes significantly less time.
  • The finished floor slab on corrugated sheets is no less durable than other analogues. Moreover, the metal profile makes the entire structure even more rigid and reliable.
  • Corrugated flooring may vary in type and brand.
  • The ceiling is fire-resistant: the fire resistance of a single-span slab with external open reinforcement is approximately half an hour, and in the case of multi-span monolithic structures reinforced along the span - from 45 minutes.

  

  • Interfloor metal floors have special formwork reinforcement, which makes it possible to immediately obtain a ceiling that does not require additional finishing or modification.
  • Constructions of this type are especially often used for buildings with a metal frame. The columns are connected to the ceiling through reinforcement, which makes the frame more rigid and stable.

  Design features

  

  This design is a solid slab concreted on corrugated sheeting. The supports for it can be brick walls and concrete, a steel frame and reinforced concrete elements.

  Monolithic systems can have different designs, for example, ribbed and beamless.

  • Ribbed, in turn, can be:
  • with slabs on corrugated sheets. The frame for them is beams supported by columns. The span varies between 4–6 m. As for the thickness of the slab, it depends on the level of load, as well as the dimensions. However, the most common thickness is in the range of 60–160 mm.
  • with secondary beams in addition to the slabs. The thickness of the slabs here is no more than 120 mm. The cost of a monolithic floor in this case is higher, and moreover, its installation requires more time.
  • Beamless structures are based on a solid slab supported by columns.

  On a note

  If the surface to be concreted has openings, then reinforcement is additionally welded into the openings around them to reinforce the monolithic mass.

  Floor calculation

  

  • The technology of covering using a corrugated sheet comes down to the installation of formwork from a metal profile, on top of which a reinforcing frame is built.
  • The load acting on the concrete slab is transferred through the monolithic ceiling along metal beams to the support beams and foundation.
  • The type and brand of corrugated flooring, the cross-section of metal reinforcement elements and the dimensions of the concrete shelf depend on the length of the span between the supports and on the operating load. To calculate the thickness of a slab, its ratio to the span is most often used, equal to one to thirty. That is, with a span length of 6 meters, the thickness of the concrete layer should be at least 20 cm.

  

  • The calculation of a monolithic floor using corrugated sheets is based on the design loads it experiences, as well as the weight of existing structures and the dimensions of the building being constructed. These parameters determine what the profile and cross-section of the metal support beams of the frame, columns, and the characteristics of the foundation should be.
  • Systems of this type are classified as structurally responsible construction objects, therefore installation work begins only after the preparation of the appropriate design documentation. The latter, as well as the calculation of strength characteristics, is carried out on the basis of the relevant SNiP, in particular those relating to steel or reinforced concrete (concrete) structures.
  • Such a calculation is quite complex and time-consuming, so designers, as a rule, resort to the help of special programs. Working documentation for a monolithic concrete floor using corrugated sheets includes a plan, drawings of formwork, reinforcement (mainly in dwg format), as well as a specification of materials.

  Do-it-yourself monolithic ceiling on corrugated sheets

  

  Preparation

  Pouring concrete using a profiled sheet requires a technically competent approach to the initial stage of work. Pre-requisite:

  • calculate efforts based on the exact dimensions of the future building,

  It is very important to check with the manufacturer in advance the performance characteristics of the profiled sheets.

  • calculate the material from which the frame is made with the required safety margin;
  • choose the type of metal profile, determine the sheet size and material thickness;
  • carry out a calculation of the range of reinforcement that is intended for the construction of a load-bearing frame.

  Thus, the preparatory calculation stage makes it possible to find out what assortment and nomenclature of metal beams and columns are needed. For columns, steel pipes with a profile section are used as the base material. Metal channels are used to make beams. The stability of the entire structure depends on the accuracy of the calculation of the monolithic system.

  On a note

  The pitch of the beams depends mainly on the type of corrugated sheeting used, more precisely on the height of its profile. The larger it is, the smaller the beam pitch is chosen.

  Installation of formwork

  

  When choosing the length of corrugated sheeting, a number of important points are taken into account:

  • to prevent the sheet from bending in the future, there should be three supports instead of two;
  • with short spans it will be easier to pour concrete, since the pressure will be less.

  To attach profiled sheets to a metal base, they are usually used equipped with a reinforced drill. Thanks to this reinforcement, the self-tapping screw easily penetrates the channel. Moreover, it is not at all necessary to drill it in advance. It’s not for nothing that such fasteners are also called armor-piercing.

  

  The structure is under the influence of very high loads; just remember that concrete (most often M-350 grade) for pouring is almost 2.5 times heavier than water. The reliability of the formwork largely depends on the method of fastening the corrugated sheets. It is recommended to fasten the sheets in places of contact with the beam with armor-piercing self-tapping screws in increments of about 40 cm. In places of overlap, individual sheets should also be fixed to each other. Fastening is carried out with smaller self-tapping screws and a smaller pitch - about 25 mm. Having completed laying the profile, they begin to reinforce the floor using corrugated sheets.

  Specifics of reinforcement

  

  The presence of permanent formwork does not provide the slab with additional strength, while during operation the concrete is exposed to large loads in both bending and compression. To avoid possible complications, an internal frame is constructed from metal rods, which are placed in the depressions of the corrugated sheet. “Upper” reinforcement is also performed by laying pipes along the crests of the sheets. Thus, a volumetric reinforcement frame is created from longitudinal and transverse components. Its elements are either welded or connected with steel wire.

  Pouring concrete

  

  • Before concrete work begins, the corrugated sheeting is reinforced with additional supports, which are installed between the support beams in the middle of the spans. The corrugated sheet will then not bend under the weight of the retained concrete mixture. The supports are removed no earlier than the fill has time to gain brand strength.
  • Concrete is poured in stages, since it is problematic to concrete the entire volume at once. It is recommended to concrete a specific span within a working day.
  • The concrete must stand until it reaches working strength. In the summer it ripens, that is, it gains the brand value by about 80%, in 10–11 days, in the winter – in a month. Since concrete takes much longer to gain strength at sub-zero temperatures, it is recommended that pouring be carried out in the warm season.
  • In hot weather, the concrete surface is moistened with water to prevent it from cracking and to ensure the maturation of the composition.

  If frosts are possible when installing a monolithic system, then it is better to initially choose a mixture with antifreeze additives. This concrete mixture gains strength even at subzero temperatures. In addition, a number of special technologies can significantly reduce its setting time. Of course, the cost of the composition increases.

To shape the concrete solution, special structures are used - formwork. These forms can have different designs and are made from different materials. One option is corrugated sheet formwork.

This option is usually used for the construction of floors and flat roofs of buildings. The technology of constructing floors using permanent forms has become widespread, since the resulting structures are highly durable and resistant to loads.

Is it possible to use corrugated sheets for formwork?

Corrugated sheeting is a popular building material; it is used for roofing, wall cladding, construction of fences and other work. In monolithic construction, corrugated sheeting is used for formwork. This material gives additional strength and durability to the monolith.

The load-bearing capacity of the corrugated sheet is compared with the load-bearing capacity of a thick reinforced concrete slab. The exact strength indicators depend on the shape, size and number of waves of corrugated sheeting. The closer the adjacent waves are located, the stronger the sheet, since the material is equipped with additional stiffening ribs.

Advice! The load-bearing capacity of profiled sheets of different brands is not the same. The most durable option is roofing (marked with the letter H). Average indicators for the material intended for the construction of fences (marked NS). The wall profile sheet has a lower load-bearing capacity (marking C).

It is worth paying attention to the surface of the corrugated sheet; it can be galvanized or coated with a polymer coating. The presence of a protective coating allows this material to be used for the construction of various structures without the use of additional anti-corrosion treatment.

The main advantages of formwork made from corrugated sheets are economic feasibility. If the forms are made permanent, then the use of corrugated sheets can significantly save on concrete mortar and reinforcement. Profile sheets will give the necessary strength and rigidity to the structure.

Types of formwork using corrugated sheets

For the manufacture of formwork, corrugated sheeting is used of certain brands. It is necessary to use a material that can support the weight of the poured concrete mixture. As a rule, grades H57, H60, H75 or H114 are used. It is recommended to use flooring with additional stiffeners. Such material will not sag when pouring the solution.

In order for the created structure to last longer, it is necessary to use corrugated sheeting with corrosion protection. Most often, a material coated with pural is used, but other polymeric materials can also be used. According to the method of use, there are two types - removable and non-removable.

Removable formwork

The removable option is a reusable form. After the concrete mixture has hardened, the forms are disassembled and can be moved to other places. Corrugated sheeting is extremely rarely used for assembling removable forms, since the main purpose of using this material is to strengthen the poured structure. If you remove the form, then no gain will be achieved.

It is more profitable not to remove a profiled sheet as formwork after pouring and hardening of the mortar; this increases the service life of structures and allows you to save on reinforcement and the amount of concrete mortar.

Permanent formwork

But permanent formwork made from corrugated sheets is often used. It is especially beneficial to use permanent formwork technology from this material to create floors. The resulting floor slabs have sufficient rigidity for laying on floor beams, and the profiled sheet performs reinforcing functions.

Advice! The use of profiled sheets for permanent formwork of monolithic floors makes it possible to reduce the weight of buildings, and this reduces the cost of building a foundation.

Corrugated sheeting with a polymer coating increases the building’s resistance to dampness and, accordingly, to the growth of mold fungi on the walls and ceiling.

Options for using corrugated formwork

Permanent formwork made from profiled sheets is used for the construction of interfloor ceilings and flat roofs. To make the structure durable, it is important to choose the right corrugated sheet for making formwork. The material must meet the following requirements:

• the surface must be smooth, without dents, damage to the protective coating and other defects;
• the edges should not have burrs;
• The color of the protective coating must be uniform, without streaks.

Flat roof

Fixed formwork is part of the building, so it is very important to install it correctly. The roof is made from corrugated sheets using a certain technology. The following installation work must be performed:

• installation of supporting metal beams;
• laying corrugated sheets using the overlapping method in two waves. Reinforced self-tapping screws are used for fastening, and rivets are used in overlap areas;

Advice! When laying sheets, it is necessary to ensure that the ribs are perpendicular to the supporting beam.

• installation of wooden partitions along the perimeter of the formwork, the height of the partitions must correspond to the thickness of the concrete layer;

• To give additional strength, reinforcement is performed using wire mesh or metal rods. All reinforcement elements are fastened together;
• After additional checking of the quality of the work performed, you can begin pouring concrete. The poured solution is leveled with a shovel;
• reinforcing rods are inserted into the solution and they are tapped with a sledgehammer so that the resulting vibration compacts the mixture;
• The concrete is dried; it must be dried gradually, preventing the top layer from drying too early.

After the solution has hardened, construction of the flat roof begins. To do this, a multi-layer roofing pie is created and a coating is laid that is allowed to be used for flat roofs.

Monolithic ceiling

The use of permanent formwork for corrugated sheet floors is a profitable option, since the product has increased strength. Before installation of floor formwork begins, specific calculations are carried out and design is carried out.

Advice! To perform calculations, you should be guided by the data specified in SNiP 2.03.01-84.

First of all, beams are installed on which our monolithic floor will rest. Then the profiled sheet is laid. The sheet is laid with an overlap, the size of the overlap is 2 waves. The next stage is the installation of end formwork, the height of which is equal to the thickness of the ceiling along the corrugated sheet.

Next, additional reinforcement is carried out and the form is filled with concrete mortar, after which the concrete layer needs to be compacted, for this purpose special vibrators should be used. When vibration occurs, air bubbles are released from the mixture, which eliminates the formation of caverns in the concrete mixture. Next, the solution should be allowed to dry.

So, corrugated sheeting is used, as a rule, to create permanent formwork. The material is ideal for creating interfloor and upper floors. You should choose a high-quality profile sheet with a high margin of safety so that it can withstand the loads exerted on it by the concrete mixture.

The use of permanent formwork technology makes it possible to give the supporting base the required shape in one step and ensure water resistance, insulation and other necessary functions of the foundation, which are determined both by the hydrogeology of the site and the climatic conditions in the construction region.

Permanent formwork for the foundation

This technology for forming the supporting foundation of a house appeared relatively recently - about 15 years ago and immediately gained popularity among builders and designers. The use of permanent formwork provides new opportunities for the construction of foundations and solid buildings, reduces the number of operations in the technological cycle and reduces the cost of construction.

Permanent formwork fulfills its main purpose - forming a foundation when pouring concrete - and a number of additional functions: temperature protection, waterproofing and noise absorption.

Photo gallery: permanent formwork of various types

Concrete blocks are an affordable material for permanent formwork with the possibility of being reinforced with row reinforcement. Foam blocks are very light and retain heat well. Fibrolite is an inexpensive and reliable material for permanent formwork. It has all the necessary properties and allows the foundation to “breathe”
Permanent flat slate formwork is easy to install and creates a strong form for pouring.

Basic requirements for permanent formwork

As noted above, the main difference between permanent formwork is the fact that after pouring concrete it becomes a structural element of the foundation. The materials used must have sufficient strength to withstand the high pressure of the concrete solution. But at the same time they must perform other necessary functions - provide waterproofing and prevent heat loss.

Expanded polystyrene and wood concrete meet these requirements to the greatest extent. Foundations made from them do not require additional insulation and have significantly less weight than similar brick devices, which reduces the specific load on the soil foundation.

The procedure for forming the formwork resembles the process of bricklaying, but is performed without “bandaging”. This is possible because the blocks have protrusions that allow them to adhere to each other. In addition, the width of the blocks is tightened with screw fastenings, which significantly increase the strength of the side walls.

Blocks for permanent formwork are laid close to each other and fixed using special grooves

One of the main requirements for permanent formwork is small gaps between their parts (no more than two millimeters) to prevent concrete leaks during pouring.

Another obvious requirement for such devices is high adhesion of the contact layer with the concrete solution.

Formwork materials: advantages and disadvantages

Several types of materials can be used to make permanent formwork.

Metal sheet

Depending on the required strength, the thickness of the sheets can range from 0.7 to 4.0 millimeters. The advantages of this material lie in the possibility of forming any transitions, non-standard turns and other elements of the formwork configuration. Additional tension parts can be welded to the metal to increase the rigidity of the structure. A protective coating is applied to the outer surface of the sheets, which ensures reliable waterproofing of the foundation. The only drawback of formwork made from metal sheets can be considered the high final cost of the product.

Only steel sheet allows you to build reliable foundations of complex shapes

Cast reinforced concrete blocks

The use of such formwork is advantageous in that the concrete pour, when hardened, adheres well to the block material of similar composition, forming a strong monolithic foundation frame. This allows you to reduce concrete consumption and reduce the overall cost of the structure. The main disadvantage of this technology is the large weight of the blocks, which is why it is necessary to use lifting equipment during installation.

When hardened, the concrete sets with the formwork and forms a strong monolithic foundation

Plywood, wood

Formwork from such materials is easy to manufacture and is relatively inexpensive. A significant disadvantage is the limited service life due to the susceptibility of wood to rotting processes. Therefore, standard reusable formwork is usually made from wood panels. Waterproof plywood with bakelite binders is often used as a facing material on permanent structures.

Wooden formwork is usually dismantled after the concrete has hardened. To ensure the necessary strength, it is reinforced with side supports and ties.

Cement particle boards, wood concrete, fiberboard

These materials are similar in properties because they have a similar composition. They are made from high grade cement and wood shavings fillers. For permanent formwork they are used in the form of ready-made blocks. The main advantages are ease of installation and low thermal conductivity. Among the disadvantages of DSP is the high weight of products, which creates certain problems both during transportation and installation.

Expanded polystyrene blocks

Expanded polystyrene is the leader among materials for permanent formwork. The assembly of formwork from such blocks is carried out as in a Lego constructor, and the low weight of the products allows them to be moved manually. The delivery set includes components that allow you to assemble a support base of any shape. Disadvantage: hygroscopicity and inability to withstand the simultaneous effects of water and low temperatures.

Expanded polystyrene blocks are the most popular material for permanent formwork. They are easy to install, weigh little and form a durable structure of the required shape.

Profiled steel sheet

This material (profile “M”) is used as permanent formwork in the manufacture of floors. It significantly strengthens the structure and increases the service life of the floors due to the protective coating of the outer surface of the sheet. When using it, you can abandon a continuous strip foundation in favor of pile-slab structures.

Permanent formwork made from corrugated sheets is the best option for constructing concrete floors

There are practically no technical disadvantages of this material.

Installation of a permanent frame for the foundation

Before considering the process of installing the frame, you need to decide on the design and dimensions of the supporting base. To do this, a number of mandatory activities should be carried out.

Preparatory work

They are as follows:

1. Carry out exploratory drilling of several wells to clarify the hydrogeological situation at the construction site. To carry out this work, it is better to invite specialists who will take samples and analyze them in a laboratory setting. The goal is to determine the quality of soils, determine their bearing capacity, as well as the depth of the aquifer. Exploratory drilling services will cost 6–9 thousand rubles.
2. Develop a foundation drawing with dimensions based on calculations and laboratory data.
3. Clear the area where the foundation will be installed of vegetation, including bushes and trees. Plants are removed not only along the contour of the foundation, but also several meters from it.

   An area several meters longer and wider than its design dimensions is cleared for the foundation.

4. Mark the foundation according to the previously developed drawing. To do this, you can use pegs and construction cord. If it is planned to subsequently install a solid fuel stove in the house, its supporting base is included in the foundation plan and is carried out together with the main building.

   Marking for pouring the foundation is done using cords and pegs. It is necessary to check the equality of the diagonals of the resulting quadrilateral

5. Dig a trench according to the established markings to the designed depth.
6. Make drainage backfill along the bottom of the trenches. For this purpose, river sand is used, poured in a layer of about 15 centimeters. A layer of medium-fraction gravel up to 20 centimeters thick is poured on top of the sand.
7. Thoroughly compact the drainage layer with a vibrating plate. In this case, the backfill and soil will subside, compensating for the thickness of the drainage layer, and the mark of the foundation support will return to the design depth.

   The drainage backfill consists of successively laid layers of sand and gravel, each 15–20 cm thick. They need to be compacted with a vibrating plate.

8. Check that the bottom of the trenches is horizontal. It is best to use a laser construction level.
9. Lay waterproofing over the drainage layer. Traditionally, roofing felt is used for this.

Formwork assembly

Next, the actual installation of permanent formwork begins. It is usually supplied in the form of rectangular blocks with ready-made joints. When assembled correctly, the structure will be a fairly airtight form for pouring concrete mortar. The delivery set includes tie rods, washers and nuts for them. In addition to the main elements of the foundation, you need to purchase additional transitional products that allow you to form a foundation of any complexity.

When installing metal permanent formwork, internal ties can be made on site. Sections of the required length are cut with a grinder and welded in the right places inside the formwork. In addition, “whiskers” made of bent wire 5–6 millimeters thick are welded onto the inner surface of the steel sheet. On formworks for heavy foundations, the structure can be reinforced with stiffening ribs from steel angles or other profiles.

On concrete blocks, transverse bridges are provided in their design and do not require additional reinforcement. They have grooves for laying longitudinal reinforcement. Transverse ties must provide rigidity to the structure so that the side walls do not bend under the influence of the mass of concrete during pouring.

Video: how to make a foundation using polystyrene foam formwork

The rods are installed as the crossbars are placed, starting from the bottom row. Each rod is laid over its entire length and secured to the ties with binding wire. The distance between them should be 14–15 centimeters. After assembling the bottom row, the next one is mounted in the same order, and so on along the entire height of the foundation.

The foundation reinforcement is made of metal rods fastened with binding wire

Reinforcement bars should not end or begin at the corner or intersection of the foundation strips. In these places they bend or go straight. Vertical reinforcement posts can rest on drainage.

Concreting

You can fill the formwork with concrete yourself, or you can do it with the help of a concrete pump and a team of concrete workers. The choice depends on the size of the foundation and the expected scope of work.

It is better to fill a large foundation using special equipment.

The casting of the foundation must be carried out continuously. Only in this case will it be truly monolithic and durable.

The pouring process occurs layer by layer until the required height is reached. The next layer is poured according to the previous one before the solution begins to harden. In this case, the filled layer must be constantly pierced with rods, preventing the formation of air bubbles in the mass of the solution. The best results are achieved by using special vibrators to compact the fill. If the formation of the foundation is carried out intermittently, a seam will inevitably form in it, in the place of which a crack will subsequently appear with all the ensuing consequences.

Video: concreting the foundation

Do-it-yourself permanent formwork

You can install the formwork yourself. The main thing is to choose the right material suitable for the specific foundation of the project. It is also important to purchase components for corners, transitions and mates. This may require qualified advice from a hardware store manager.

Installation procedure

Before you begin installing the foundation blocks, you need to build a foundation for it. This is done by backfilling with a gravel cushion up to 15–20 centimeters thick. The layer must be carefully leveled and watered to compact it. For foundations for heavy buildings, preliminary concreting is carried out with a solution 10–12 centimeters thick.

If the foundation will bear heavy loads, a slab of lean concrete (with a reduced percentage of cement relative to sand and filler) is first poured onto the ground

The second mandatory operation is waterproofing. The bulk layer is made of roofing material or polyethylene. After preliminary filling, you can use bitumen mastic.

Before installing the formwork, a waterproofing layer is laid at the bottom of the trench. It can be made from plastic film or roofing felt

The bottom layer of the foundation is formed from blocks with bottoms. You need to start from the corner, carefully placing the block. Straightness control is carried out using a pre-tensioned cord between the corners.

Blocks of permanent formwork with bottoms are laid down, starting from the corner

1. The second and subsequent layers are assembled from blocks with through openings. Orienting these parts is not difficult, since the blocks are installed in the tongue and groove.

   A reinforcing frame is installed inside the assembled formwork

2. To ensure high-quality filling, you need to complete the first part already at this stage. In this case, it is necessary to use a deep vibrator to avoid the formation of air pockets in the concrete mass. The “bayonet” method using a pin is not always effective.

The installation of further layers up to the design height level is carried out in a similar way.

Making blocks yourself

The easiest way is to make your own concrete-based permanent formwork blocks. The fillers in this case are wood chips or polystyrene foam balls in an amount of up to 70% by volume. Concrete is poured into collapsible metal forms. The final formation of the blocks is carried out on a vibrating table, then the products in the molds are placed under a canopy until they are completely ready. The process is lengthy, so the preparation of blocks begins in advance. The long hardening time is the main disadvantage of the procedure for self-manufacturing permanent formwork from concrete blocks.

Video: DIY production of concrete blocks for permanent formwork

The use of technology for casting foundations into permanent blocks can significantly increase labor productivity during their construction. This eliminates the need to perform other operations, in particular, installing insulation or waterproofing. As a result, the seemingly high costs are offset by the refusal of additional expensive work. In addition, carefully developed designs of formwork elements make it possible to obtain sufficient quality even when performed by unskilled builders.

Formwork is a kind of form for a cement-sand mixture, which allows you to form the correct geometry of the walls. Builders use both removable/temporary and permanent/permanent formwork for the foundation. The second option allows you to save effort and time on dismantling work, as well as insulate and/or strengthen the walls, so it is increasingly used not only in industrial, but also in private construction.

Basic requirements for permanent formwork for foundations

Let's consider what properties permanent formwork should have.

• Moisture-proof material and tight seams. In the absence of this characteristic, the formwork will allow concrete to pass through, which will lead to excessive consumption of the mixture and make it impossible to construct the wall.
• Structural strength. This is necessary so that the formwork can withstand the pressure of the concrete mixture from the inside and the earth from the outside (at the foundation level) without deformation or cracking.
• Correct element geometry. It would be impossible to build straight walls and 90-degree joints between them using blocks of different thicknesses or with irregular angles.
• Long period of operation. The longer the formwork can potentially last, the higher the likelihood of a long life for the entire house. If the formwork collapses quickly, the unsupported walls may not be able to withstand structural loads. In cases where the formwork does not have load-bearing properties, its destruction will lead to a deterioration in appearance due to delamination of the decorative finishing of the facade.

Fixed formwork is an important element of an energy-efficient house

Table: advantages and disadvantages of permanent formwork

Fixed metal formwork

To ensure uniform wall thickness, sheets of metal formwork are connected with metal studs

Metal formwork is one of the most expensive, therefore it is used mainly in industrial construction. It is made from sheets of aluminum or steel 1–2 mm thick on a metal frame and connected with anchors, plates or locks. The type and number of fasteners are calculated in such a way that when concrete is poured and hardened, the sheets do not bend either inward or outward.

When the formwork is made to order for a specific building, the manufacturer’s craftsmen themselves carry out a test assembly of the structure and only after confirming the suitability and completeness of all parts, the order is sent to the buyer.

Metal formwork has the most accurate geometry. The permissible deviation in the parallelism of the sheet edges is no more than 2 mm over 1 m of product length.

In order to prevent premature oxidation and destruction of the metal due to contact with concrete and groundwater, sheets of future formwork are carefully coated with paint and lubricant in production. Often galvanized steel is also used, or a powder coating method is used, which forms a dense polymer film on the sheet. But if welding is used during installation (welding sheets to a frame or reinforcement to sheets), a protective composition (lubricant, mastic, paint) will need to be reapplied to areas damaged by temperature.

Powder coating of metal sheets is one of the most effective methods of protecting them from corrosion

Metal is well suited for buildings with complex geometries, since thin sheets can be easily bent at any desired angle, made into a curve or an arch. The finished walls turn out to be very neat and smooth; if desired, they can be left without decorative finishing. Architects recommend using metal formwork in areas with complex loose soils.

To prevent concrete from leaking, the joints of metal formwork are connected especially carefully.

But experts also note some disadvantages of metal formwork:

• significant weight of steel sheets, which requires the use of special equipment;
• the need for additional thermal insulation of walls and foundations;
• The grease on the sheets wears off easily and stains workers.

Installation of aluminum sheets for wall formwork can be done by a couple of workers

Aluminum sheets with the addition of silicon, which weigh much less than steel sheets and do not require protection from the external environment, will help minimize labor costs for transportation and installation of metal formwork.

Permanent formwork made of reinforced concrete blocks

Reinforced concrete formwork blocks are recommended for large construction projects, at least a three-story private house. Since they have increased strength characteristics, in smaller buildings such a safety margin will be unnecessary. Thin-walled blocks are excellent for arranging the foundation of a permanent fence.

Reinforced concrete formwork blocks are installed offset

Reinforced concrete formwork blocks have the following advantages:

• allow you to save cement-sand mortar due to the significant wall thickness;
• suitable for the construction of basements of any depth, as well as interfloor ceilings;
• mounted with a minimum joint width;
• provide a building service life of several hundred years.

The best formwork is made from reinforced concrete blocks with indicators F75 (frost resistance), W4 (water permeability), 6% (water absorption), 350 kg/cm 2 (mechanical strength).

An example of the arrangement of reinforcement in formwork made of reinforced concrete blocks designed for two rods

The disadvantages of reinforced concrete blocks include:

• heavy weight (a 510x400x235 mm block weighs 30 kg), due to which it can only be transported by trucks and installed only by workers with a crane;
• high price - about 500 rubles per unit.

Expanded clay concrete blocks do not have such disadvantages. Providing high strength of the walls, these analogues of reinforced concrete blocks do not require insulation of the house, since they already contain insulation - expanded clay.

Fixed plywood formwork

For formwork, moisture-resistant plywood is most often used, but even then, this material is usually used to create a temporary form. After all, the service life and weather resistance of a laminated plywood sheet are an order of magnitude lower than the same parameters of a concrete wall.

Permanent plywood formwork is acceptable in the following cases:

• when making a temporary structure (for example, a small house in which the owner lives during the construction of the main house);
• during the construction of non-residential buildings (chicken coop, barn, wood storage);
• when it is necessary to save as much as possible on construction;
• if the walls and foundation are insulated along the outer contour and the plywood is completely protected from external influences.

In addition to questionable durability and strength, plywood formwork will require a lot of labor and careful handling. Since the sheets do not have a tongue-and-groove system and special joints, you will have to assemble the structure using self-tapping screws, additionally seal each joint and make an external sheathing with supports (so that the plywood does not bend). In addition, non-waterproof plywood swells and flakes from water, while laminated plywood repels the concrete mixture and never forms a monolithic wall with it, so it is very important to find a waterproof material with good adhesion.

Technoblock - an example of the successful use of plywood in formwork

Designation in the picture:

• 1 - decorative facing layer;
• 2 - layer of insulation;
• 3 - plastic supports for reinforcement;
• 4 - concrete pouring (a cavity is provided for it in the block);
• 5 - plywood sheet.

As a result, despite the cheapness and environmental friendliness of plywood, experts recommend using it only for temporary formwork. For permanent applications, it is better to use a technoblock - a composite product with an inner plywood layer.

Fixed wood concrete formwork

Arbolite is a relatively new, but time-tested material. They started making formwork blocks from concrete and wood chips recently, but this mixture was used for floor insulation back in Soviet times. Arbolite blocks are much cheaper and lighter than reinforced concrete, so they are actively used in individual low-rise construction.

Some models of wood concrete blocks have a layer of insulation - stone wool or polyurethane foam

Compared to other types of permanent formwork, wood concrete blocks:

• are easily cut with tools for working with wood, which allows you to adjust them on site to the required parameters: cut corners, make arched curves, cut out fragments for better adhesion of walls at the corners of the building, reduce height/length;
• can be installed quickly and without special equipment (1 m2 of wall is only 8 blocks);
• provide high strength, sound absorption and thermal insulation with a smaller wall thickness (compared to brick and expanded polystyrene);
• safe for the health of others, waste can be industrially recycled;
• strong enough for fastening clamps for drainpipes and loaded elements of façade systems (guides for hanging siding, etc.);
• are not afraid of fires (withstands up to 90 minutes of open fire);
• frost-resistant, suitable for regions with harsh climates.

The disadvantage of wood concrete is its water permeability, so it is recommended to use it for the construction of walls on a ready-made waterproofed strip or slab foundation.

The use of wood concrete for arranging the foundation is undesirable, since it will need to be very carefully protected from moisture.

An example of arranging formwork made of wood concrete and brick

Arbolite is produced in the form of hollow blocks and panels. In the second case, the panel serves only as the inner contour of the wall, and the outer one must be made of brick. The cavity between the materials is filled with concrete and reinforced, as when using other types of formwork. This option is more difficult to install, but the finished house is warm (arbolite), beautiful (brick) and durable (merging the strength characteristics of three materials).

When purchasing wood concrete blocks and slabs, pay attention to the eco-label, as some manufacturers use binders that are harmful to health (phenol, naphthalene). Be careful, plasticizer toxins can be released from the material even at room temperature.

Manufacturers of wood concrete blocks for formwork offer options for both high-rise buildings and small buildings. Be sure to consult with a consultant so as not to spend extra money on concrete for pouring thin-walled blocks or not to mistakenly take blocks with too small voids.

Fixed formwork made of CBPB

Cement particle boards can serve as a finishing material when covered with decorative mineral chips

Among the advantages of wood concrete formwork:

• the material breathes, so there is no need to equip the house with forced ventilation and fight the greenhouse effect in other ways;
• DSP is able to withstand fires, its fire resistance is confirmed by laboratory tests;
• the stove consists of natural materials, so it does not harm nature and health;
• gives the house high strength: with a thickness of 25 cm, the wall can withstand three times greater loads than a brick wall of the same thickness;
• DSP is resistant to sudden temperature changes, therefore suitable for regions with a sharply continental climate;
• the material is sufficiently stable and geometrically stable so that the distance between the floors can be 2.8–3 m;
• it is possible to build houses using cement particle boards even in winter, as long as the temperature does not drop below -20 o C;
• DSP requires minimal finishing; inside the house it can be painted or wallpapered without putty.

An example of creating reinforced formwork for a foundation made of cement bonded particle boards

European builders have been using permanent DSP formwork for more than 25 years, so there are many houses that confirm the durability and reliability of this material. Cement particle boards are well suited for both individual and multi-storey buildings, even in the harsh northern climate.

Fixed formwork made of corrugated sheets

Profiled sheets, corrugated sheets or corrugated sheets have also found their use as permanent formwork, although much more often they are used for the manufacture of fences, roofs, and outbuildings. Important: profiled sheeting is only suitable for arranging composite slabs of interfloor floors and for large spans (from 5 m) it requires additional temporary supports. This material is not used for the construction of walls due to its small thickness, which reduces its resistance to mechanical loads in a vertical position.

An example of a floor design with a base made of profiled sheets

Builders are attracted to formwork made from this material with the following features:

• the metal is completely protected by galvanization and/or a polymer layer, so it does not rust;
• in industrial buildings the material can be left without decorative finishing, the ceiling is visually pleasing and practical;
• The corrugated sheet not only serves as a form for concrete, but also serves as sheet reinforcement;
• corrugated sheeting transfers the load to the metal frame of the building, so the internal walls do not bear heavy loads and it becomes possible to save money by constructing them from lightweight materials (aerated concrete, sandwich panels);
• sheets of small thickness are simply cut with metal scissors; formwork of any shape can be created from them.

To ensure good adhesion to concrete, choose special corrugated sheets with teeth for the formwork.

This is what an interfloor ceiling based on corrugated board looks like from inside the building

Permanent formwork made from corrugated sheets is used primarily in industrial construction, as it requires the construction of a metal building frame and metal floor beams.

It is not suitable for an individual home, as it will be unreasonably expensive.

Fixed polystyrene foam formwork

• Expanded polystyrene/foam is the most popular material for permanent formwork. Its demand is explained by factors such as:
• light weight, making it easy to transport;
• tongue-and-groove connection system for the simplest installation;
• speed of installation (foam blocks of permanent formwork are larger than concrete ones, so work progresses faster);
• variety of types (reinforced, with protective impregnations);
• thermal insulation properties, thanks to which the house does not require additional insulation;
• soundproofing;

biological inertness, preventing the development of mold, moss, etc.

Examples of polyurethane foam formwork blocks of different configurations

Opponents of polystyrene foam formwork point to its danger in case of fire and low degree of environmental friendliness. Even if you buy materials labeled eco, this does not guarantee that the formwork will not harm your health or the environment.

It is also important to keep in mind that foam formwork will be a good choice for buildings of simple shape, since the range of corner and rounded blocks does not yet allow satisfying all consumer needs.

Fixed formwork made of glass-magnesite

Glass-magnesite sheets or FMS have been used as permanent formwork since the mid-20th century for the purpose of constructing thermally insulated houses. The material consists of a mixture of magnesium oxide and chloride, perlite, sawdust, fiberglass and polypropylene fabric. Not all components of glass magnesite are natural, but the finished composition is completely safe for people.

Different options for glass-magnesite sheets with decorative finishing. Since the sheets themselves and the lightweight concrete mixtures used for pouring weigh much less than bricks, reinforced concrete blocks and other traditional materials, they do not load the structure of the building so much.

Among the advantages of glass magnesite:

• multifunctionality: it is suitable for creating foundations, walls, ceilings, fences, etc.;
• high thermal insulation, which is associated not only with the properties of the formwork itself, but also with the advantages of the filler (fiber foam concrete grade D250-D320, concrete with polystyrene foam balls M300);
• fire resistance;
• complete moisture resistance, which makes the material suitable for the construction of baths and saunas, use in areas with a humid climate and in wetlands;
• the small thickness of walls with SML formwork will save space inside the house;
• the rough surface of the sheets can be easily covered with clinker tiles, decorative plaster or any other finishing material;
• the sheet can be slightly curved if necessary for the construction of a half-turret or other home decoration (radius of curvature - 3 m).

If you plan to cut LSU boards on site, purchase spare jigsaw blades. This material wears out nail files several times faster than wood concrete and plywood.

Glass-magnesite sheets will be suitable for use at all stages of house construction

Glass-magnesite sheets, like arbolite sheets, often form only the internal contour of the formwork, while the external one is most often built from decorative bricks. As a result, external finishing turns out to be unnecessary, and a thin layer of putty will be enough inside. The technology is suitable for the construction of houses up to 5 floors on a ready-made strip/slab foundation. In addition, it requires more time and effort than using polystyrene foam or DSP formwork (excluding decorative finishing).

Glass-magnesite sheets are currently produced only in China and Korea, and LSU quality control is also carried out there. There are no domestic analogues for this material.

Instructions for installing permanent formwork from prefabricated blocks

We will consider the technology of constructing a foundation from ready-made hollow blocks using the example of lightweight concrete products. Unlike reinforced concrete blocks for high-rise buildings, these “bricks” can be installed by hand without a crane or manipulator.

1. Prepare a cushion for the block foundation by filling and compacting layers of sand and small crushed stone. A thin screed should be poured over the cushion to simplify further laying of the blocks, and also to avoid concrete leakage when pouring the foundation.
   

   The sand and gravel cushion must be covered with a thin layer of concrete before installation.

2. Stretch a thread along the trench and place the first layer of blocks on the cushion, being careful not to deviate from this guide. It must be mounted so that the gap between the elements is minimal. If the gap increases significantly along the trench, the reason may lie in the unevenness of the cushion. In this case, the row needs to be disassembled and a more even base made.
   

   Thanks to the correct geometry of the blocks, the foundation strip is smooth and clear

3. Connections between walls should be provided with special blocks of slightly longer length. If there are none, a recess should be made in the universal blocks, as in the picture. This will ensure reliable adhesion of the perpendicular foundation strips.
   

   At the junctions of internal and external walls you need to place special corner blocks

4. Place metal or fiberglass reinforcement in the slots of the blocks. For low-rise construction, two parallel rods are sufficient, but if necessary, three can be placed.
   

   The blocks have special grooves for reinforcing rods

5. At the junction of the walls, the rods must overlap so that the length of the free end is at least 2 cm.
   

   Pay attention to the location of the upper and lower rods in relation to each other, they should form a regular square

6. When the length of the rod is not enough, it can be increased by tying a new rod with a special thin wire. It is advisable to make 2-3 dressings in different areas of the overlap.
   

   The reinforcement should be tied with an overlap of 15–20 cm

7. Place the second row of concrete blocks exactly on top of the first. Do not allow even small deviations; if necessary, adjust the position of the block with a mallet.
   

   Install the second row of hollow blocks on top of the first

8. Fill the prepared formwork with liquid cement-sand mortar so that the concrete level does not reach the grooves for the reinforcement.
   

   The concrete level should be slightly higher than the middle of the top row of blocks

9. Before the concrete begins to dry, try to expel excess air by piercing the space inside the formwork with a reinforcing rod in a downward motion. After this, place the reinforcement vertically, especially carefully strengthening the external corners and wall joints.
   

   Vertical reinforcing bars can be installed individually at a distance of 1.5 m from each other

10. After the concrete has dried, begin building the foundation. Install and tie the reinforcement, install two new rows of blocks and fill the formwork with concrete. Continue this until the foundation reaches the height you want.
    

    New reinforcement is installed on top of the concrete screed

11. The last row of foundation blocks is poured until a smooth horizontal surface is formed. While the concrete is still wet, you can level it with a small board or a long plaster trowel.
    

    The foundation is ready for the construction of the walls of the future house

A foundation made of concrete hollow blocks for a private house using the described technology is installed by two workers in 2–3 days, taking into account the time for the first layers of concrete to set.

Comparison of costs for creating a foundation from full and hollow reinforced concrete blocks and monolithic with temporary formwork

A comparison shows that a foundation made of hollow concrete blocks is 18% cheaper than a foundation made of solid ones and 36% cheaper than a strip monolith poured using temporary wooden formwork. This is achieved by saving on the amount of reinforcement, reducing labor costs, the amount of concrete, etc. But constructing walls from reinforced concrete blocks will be too expensive (compared to polyurethane foam, wood concrete), it is better to use it only for the foundation.

Making permanent formwork with your own hands

Let's consider the process of creating permanent formwork from sheet materials with independent cutting using the example of EPS (extruded polystyrene foam).

1. Unfold the sheets into fragments corresponding to the width and length of the compacted trench. From the remnants, cut out strips for sides 20–25 cm high. The total length of the sides should correspond to the double perimeter of the trench + 20% for overlap at corner points.
   

   You can cut sheets of polystyrene foam not only with power tools, but also with a hand saw

2. Place the sheets in the trench so that the sides rest on the EPS layer and do not touch the ground. Secure the sheets at the corners by piercing the material with plastic ties of the SVT system.
   

   When laying EPS sheets in a trench, try to minimize the gaps

3. Place the halves of plastic ties between the vertical sheets and secure them together. If the system does not click tightly enough, tighten the connections with pliers.
   

   Plastic ties are easy to install by hand

4. Install reinforcing bars above and below the horizontal ties. To ensure that the metal is embedded in the thickness of the concrete, place pieces of polystyrene foam under the rods. Special grooves on plastic ties will help maintain the same distance between the reinforcement bars throughout the entire foundation.
   

   Both metal and fiberglass reinforcing bars are suitable for reinforcement

5. Tie the rods together with thin wire, folded 2-3 times. In the same way, the reinforcement can be tied to plastic ties.
   

   Installed reinforcing rods must be tied with thin wire; welding is not allowed

6. Build up the foundation with whole sheets of EPS, having previously attached narrow strips of the same material to them using plastic clips. Place the prepared sheets as shown in the figure. When installing, pay attention to the location of the grooves and ridges on the sheet.
   

   We begin to increase the height of the foundation

7. Attach the vertical sheets to each other with ties, install and tie the reinforcement using the technology described above. You should get at least two plastic reinforcement belts, approximately at a distance of 10 cm from the top and bottom edges of the sheet.
   

   Plastic spacers between the plates are installed in the same way

8. Attach locking plates to the sharp ends of the plastic ties and trim off the ends that remain free.
   

   Protruding tails of ties can be easily trimmed with pliers

9. Fill the reinforced formwork with cement-sand mortar. To prepare concrete, you can use your own concrete mixer, but you will need a lot of solution. If you doubt that you can pour the entire foundation in a day, it is better to use the services of an industrial concrete mixer tank.
   

   Filling the finished foundation with concrete

10. Remove air bubbles with a construction vibrator and level the concrete surface. In this case, it is impossible to expel the air with a reinforcing rod, since the metal will damage the formwork, easily piercing the EPS sheet.
    

    The upper plane of the concrete layer should be at the level of the outer layer of the formwork

After the foundation concrete has completely hardened, you can continue pouring the walls using the same technology, but such a foundation can also be used with other materials.

Video: technology for building a house with permanent formwork from particle blocks

When giving preference to one of the options for permanent formwork, consider not only your financial capabilities and labor costs, but also its purpose. For example, in areas with swampy soil you should not use blocks based on wood chips, and in cold regions you should pay attention to a material with a minimum thermal conductivity coefficient. In this case, you can quickly build a warm house without extra financial costs.