Social space of the consumer. Objective and subjective needs as opportunities for the development of service activities Objective needs

Let's consider the conceptsneed, need, economic interest , we will identify their relationship, and also studytypes of needs .

Need, need, economic interest

The driving force for organizing social production ispeople's needs. There are several interpretations of needs in the economic literature.

The most common approach is the following:human needs - this is a state of dissatisfaction that he seeks to overcome. EThere are other points of view - these are conscious requests or needs for something; objectively necessary living conditions, etc.

Need - this is an urgent desire to receive some benefit (food, clothing, shelter, etc.) or to avoid something undesirable (danger, loneliness, shame, etc.)

Need - this is a need that has taken a specific form depending on the level of development of society and the individual.

For example, All people need food to maintain their vital functions. Some have a need to purchase pasta and smoked meat, others do not eat meat and pasta, but satisfy their need for food with rice porridge and apples.

Only when the needs are realized does motivation to work arise. In this case, the needs take on a specific form - economic interest .

Economic interest - This is a form of manifestation of economic needs.

See also:

Types of needs

Since human needs are varied, their classification is necessary. The following can be distinguished classification criteria:

by importance ( primary , or biological, and secondary , or social);

· by subjects ( individual, group, collective, public );

· by object ( material, spiritual, ethical, aesthetic );

· if possible ( real, ideal );

· by areas of activity ( needs for work, communication, leisure and economic );

· according to the nature of satisfaction they distinguish economic needs (these include that part of human needs for the satisfaction of which limited resources are used and production is necessary) and non-economic needs (those that can be satisfied without production, for example, the needs for water, air, sunlight, etc.).

Classification of needs people taking into account stages of social developmentAmerican suggestedscientist A. Maslow (Maslow's pyramid):

· physiological needs (in food, water, clothing, housing, procreation);

· need for security (protection from enemies and criminals, help in case of illness, protection from poverty);

· the need to belong to social groups, social connections and communication (friendship, love, tenderness, etc.);

· need for respect (from other people and self-esteem);

· need for self-development (in improving all human capabilities and abilities).

Rice. 1. Maslow's pyramid

People's needs are not immutable; they evolve over time. evolution human society.

The German scientist E. Engel (19th century) established a connection between the monetary income of the population and the consumption structure, known as Engel's law. Its essence is that The higher the quality of life of people, the lower their demand for food products.

At the same time, the demand for industrial consumer goods, and with a further increase in people’s living standards, they increase purchases of higher quality goods and services.

Consumer social space

Key concepts of the topic

Status position. Social role. Responsibilities.

Rights. Social expectations.

Roles of initiator, factor, buyer, user

Objective need. Conscious need.

Objective interest.

Objective social interest. Conscious interest.

Attention and desire. Realizable interest.

A status position is a place in social space endowed with a certain status. Status - this is a complex of rights, responsibilities, social expectations inherent in a given status position. Student and teacher are status positions endowed with certain rights and responsibilities. From an individual who has taken one of these positions, others expect behavior that fits within the framework of their rights and responsibilities and traditions. People occupying different status positions enter the market: workers or engineers in a particular industry, city or village residents, male or female, etc. Rights and responsibilities also include the sphere of consumption.

Responsibility manifests itself at two levels: position and individual. In the first case, the duties are formulated as official instructions (for example, a seller), unwritten moral norms. Many social positions prescribe certain consumption patterns (for example, type of clothing, abstinence from alcohol during working hours, etc.). At the individual level, a duty is something that a person feels compelled to do based on their place in society. These two levels do not always coincide (for example, there are instructions that no one except the authors have read and, accordingly, are not going to carry out, and there are duties that cannot be ignored, even if the mere thought of them spoils the mood).

Rights also have two levels: prescribed and accepted, that is, the one that exists in written and unwritten norms, and the one that is real. The latter appears in the form social expectations (expectations ) in relation to other participants in the interaction. So, a buyer, coming to a store, expects that the seller will help him choose a product, let him try it on, etc.

One of the characteristics of status is material reward for the performance of duties. Therefore, status acts as one of the most important factors determining the economic potential of the buyer.

A role is a status in action. To describe a role is to describe how rights and responsibilities are exercised. In other words, a role is a pattern of behavior determined by a status position. A role is a convention, the result of an agreement (sometimes tacit) between people. A role as a model of behavior exists in the form of people's ideas about what behavior is expected of a person in a given situation.

The role is manifested in the fact that in similar circumstances completely different people behave in the same way, like different actors performing the roles of the same play.

By describing a person’s status, we answer the question “Who is he?” (by place in society). By describing the role, we answer the question “What does he do?” Therefore, a role is a dynamic aspect of status (Eternal: 233).

To play a role means to fulfill the duties imposed by the role, to exercise one’s rights in relation to others (Shibutani 1969: 45).

Just as artists learn roles before going on stage, so people living in society learn them by heart, either voluntarily or under duress. A person does not live in an abstract society, but in a specific era, in a specific city, courtyard, family... Therefore, the roles that he studies (and plays) in different social groups are also formulated differently.

If an individual plays a role that violates social expectations, then social sanctions , which are measures of coercion external to the individual to fulfill a social role (Pre-eternal: 234).

Consumer behavior includes a whole series of roles.

The role of the initiator is to decide which need is most urgent at the moment, and to decide to make a purchase in order to satisfy it.

The role of an influencer consists of actions that influence the purchase decision process. This can be a word or a whole speech justifying the need for a purchase or rejecting it. Advisor is a variation of this role. These can be actions that promote or prevent a purchase. For example, I showed behind the wheel how this car works, its pros and cons. In this case, not a single word may be spoken, but the potential consumer will take into account the experiment I organized.

The role of the buyer is the act of purchasing, during which money is given in exchange for a product or service.

The user's role consists of the actions of consuming or using the purchased product.

The role is not equivalent to the individual. A role is a set of instructions. Today they are performed by one individual, tomorrow by another. In addition, the role can be performed either by one individual or by a group, such as family, friends, etc. Thus, the role and the individual are autonomous in relation to each other. However, a person's individual qualities can influence his role performance. For example, in the theater we can observe how in classical plays different artists perform the same role in different ways.

2.1.Need

A need is an objective condition, a prerequisite for the existence of a subject (individual, group, organization, etc.). An unsatisfied need causes a disruption in the functioning of the subject, and even threatens its existence.

An unmet need manifests itself in one form or another. For example, an unsatisfied need for food - in the form of a feeling of hunger, for water - in a feeling of thirst, for vitamins - in vitamin deficiency, for communication - in a feeling of boredom, melancholy, etc. People notice indicators of needs when they are not being met. Thus, we may not be aware of the need for air until the supply of oxygen to our respiratory tract is cut off. An unsatisfied need leads to its awareness.

A conscious need is the subject’s idea of what he needs for existence and development. The idea may be close to the objective need (I wanted to eat - I realized: I need to eat), or it may be very far from it. Thus, many needs manifest themselves in forms that require qualifications to decode them (for example, the need for vitamins is realized only with a certain medical erudition).

The needs of an individual are objectively necessary conditions for human existence. Being a natural-social being, a person has two groups of needs: some are generated by his physiology and psychology, others are constructed by society. Often these two groups of needs are intertwined. For example, there is a natural need for water, but society has formed in people a feeling of disgust towards everything unclean, so a synthetic conscious need arises not for water in general, but for clean water. The absence of the latter causes the same suffering as the absence of water at all.

Status needs are objectively necessary conditions for maintaining and developing a status position. Thus, the status position of a teacher includes such objectively necessary conditions for its preservation (needs), such as the existence of a university, its funding in amounts that allow it to support the educational process and pay salaries, etc.

2.2. Interest

Objective interest is the objectively optimal way to satisfy a need. Interest acts both as a path in the full sense of the word, and as a set of means, things, services that allow satisfying a need.

Objective social interest is the objectively optimal way to satisfy the need for social space.

Conscious interest is the subject's idea of how best to satisfy his need. This interest may coincide with the objective one, may differ more or less significantly from it, or may generally lead in the opposite direction.

Conscious interest manifests itself in two psychological states. (1) Attention is the psychological orientation of the subject without restructuring the system of his value orientations. (2) Aspiration is the psychological orientation of the subject, causing a restructuring of the system of his value orientations, as a result of which a given thing, phenomenon becomes a basic value (Prior-eternal: 100).

Realized interest is the path to satisfying the need that the subject has taken. It can either coincide with conscious interest or contradict it. For example, most smokers are aware that smoking is harmful to their health, and in later life they often characterize their habit as stupidity, but they are not able to cope with it, therefore, while realizing their interest, they at the same time act contrary to it.

A product is a type of interest. It represents a way to satisfy a need, a path to it. There is a product as an objectively optimal way to satisfy a need and a product that appears to the buyer as such. It is not the most optimal product that is purchased, but the one that seems so to the buyer.

For example, my body experiences a feeling of hunger. This is an objective need. I realize it and formulate the conclusion: “I’m hungry.” Next comes the level of interest: how to satisfy an already recognized need? Eat a piece of bread? Go to a restaurant or buy a sandwich? Or should I just wait until I get home? I make a choice of interest based on my ideas about what is useful and harmful, on my attitude to the problem of health, based on my volitional potential.

The product as an interest has a multi-level nature. A product is rarely offered in isolation. Usually he is a link in a large chain. The buyer, however, may not realize that he is choosing not a single interest, but a whole complex of interests.

For example, a consumer, in order to satisfy his personal and family needs, purchases a car, which is of interest as a way to satisfy a certain need. However, this purchase creates a whole range of interests for the motorist: interests in a network of gas stations and service stations, car washes, good roads, insurance companies, traffic police, fast food points on the roads, a network of shops and stalls along them, especially spare parts stores, etc.

Social psychology / Ed. Prevechnogo G.P., Sherkovina Yu.A.. M., 1975.

Shibutani T. Social psychology. M., 1969.

Human needs as a source of his activity

08.04.2015

Snezhana Ivanova

The human needs themselves are the basis for the formation of motive, which in psychology is considered as the “engine” of personality...

Man, like any living creature, is programmed by nature to survive, and for this he needs certain conditions and means. If at some point these conditions and means are absent, then a state of need arises, which causes the emergence of selectivity in the response of the human body. This selectivity ensures the occurrence of a response to stimuli (or factors) that are currently the most important for normal functioning, preservation of life and further development. The subject’s experience of such a state of need in psychology is called need.

So, the manifestation of a person’s activity, and accordingly his life activity and purposeful activity, directly depends on the presence of a certain need (or need) that requires satisfaction. But only a certain system of human needs will determine the purposefulness of his activities, as well as contribute to the development of his personality. The human needs themselves are the basis for the formation of motive, which in psychology is considered as a kind of “engine” of personality. and human activity directly depends on organic and cultural needs, and they, in turn, generate, which directs the individual’s attention and activity to various objects and objects of the surrounding world with the aim of their knowledge and subsequent mastery.

Human needs: definition and features

Needs, which are the main source of a person’s activity, are understood as a special internal (subjective) feeling of a person’s need, which determines his dependence on certain conditions and means of existence. The activity itself, aimed at satisfying human needs and regulated by a conscious goal, is called activity. The sources of personality activity as an internal driving force aimed at satisfying various needs are:

organic and material needs (food, clothing, protection, etc.);
spiritual and cultural(cognitive, aesthetic, social).

Human needs are reflected in the most persistent and vital dependencies of the body and the environment, and the system of human needs is formed under the influence of the following factors: social living conditions of people, the level of development of production and scientific and technological progress. In psychology, needs are studied in three aspects: as an object, as a state and as a property (a more detailed description of these meanings is presented in the table).

The meaning of needs in psychology

In psychology, the problem of needs has been considered by many scientists, so today there are quite a lot of different theories that understand needs as a need, a state, and a process of satisfaction. For example, K. K. Platonov saw in needs, first of all, a need (more precisely, a mental phenomenon of reflection of the needs of an organism or personality), and D. A. Leontyev looked at needs through the prism of activity in which it finds its realization (satisfaction). Famous psychologist of the last century Kurt Lewin understood by needs, first of all, a dynamic state that arises in a person at the moment he performs some action or intention.

Analysis of various approaches and theories in the study of this problem suggests that in psychology the need was considered in the following aspects:

as a need (L.I. Bozhovich, V.I. Kovalev, S.L. Rubinstein);
as an object to satisfy a need (A.N. Leontyev);
as a necessity (B.I. Dodonov, V.A. Vasilenko);
as the absence of good (V.S. Magun);
as an attitude (D.A. Leontiev, M.S. Kagan);
as a violation of stability (D.A. McClelland, V.L. Ossovsky);
as a state (K. Levin);
as a systemic reaction of the individual (E.P. Ilyin).

Human needs in psychology are understood as dynamically active states of the individual, which form the basis of his motivational sphere. And since in the process of human activity not only the development of personality occurs, but also changes in the environment, needs play the role of the driving force of its development and here their substantive content is of particular importance, namely the volume of material and spiritual culture of mankind that influences the formation of needs people and their satisfaction.

In order to understand the essence of needs as a motive force, it is necessary to take into account a number of important points highlighted E.P. Ilyin. They are as follows:

the needs of the human body must be separated from the needs of the individual (in this case, the need, that is, the need of the body, can be unconscious or conscious, but the need of the individual is always conscious);
need is always associated with need, which must be understood not as a deficiency in something, but as desirability or need;
from personal needs it is impossible to exclude the state of need, which is a signal for choosing a means of satisfying needs;
the emergence of a need is a mechanism that includes human activity aimed at finding a goal and achieving it as a need to satisfy the emerging need.

Needs are characterized by a passive-active nature, that is, on the one hand, they are determined by the biological nature of a person and the deficiency of certain conditions, as well as the means of his existence, and on the other hand, they determine the activity of the subject to overcome the resulting deficiency. An essential aspect of human needs is their social and personal character, which finds its manifestation in motives, motivation and, accordingly, in the entire orientation of the individual. Regardless of the type of need and its focus, they all have the following characteristics:

have their own subject and are an awareness of need;
the content of needs depends primarily on the conditions and methods of their satisfaction;
they are capable of reproducing.

The needs that shape human behavior and activity, as well as the motives, interests, aspirations, desires, drives and value orientations that result from them, constitute the basis of individual behavior.

Types of human needs

Any human need initially represents an organic interweaving of biological, physiological and psychological processes, which determines the presence of many types of needs, which are characterized by strength, frequency of occurrence and ways of satisfying them.

Most often in psychology, the following types of human needs are distinguished:

depending on the origin they are distinguished natural(or organic) and cultural needs;
distinguished by direction material needs and spiritual;
depending on what area they belong to (areas of activity), they distinguish the needs for communication, work, rest and cognition (or educational needs);
by object, needs can be biological, material and spiritual (they also distinguish social needs of a person);
by their origin, needs can be endogenous(occur due to the influence of internal factors) and exogenous (caused by external stimuli).

In the psychological literature there are also basic, fundamental (or primary) and secondary needs.

The greatest attention in psychology is paid to three main types of needs - material, spiritual and social (or social needs), which are described in the table below.

Basic types of human needs

Material needs of a person are primary, since they are the basis of his life. Indeed, in order for a person to live, he needs food, clothing and shelter, and these needs were formed in the process of phylogenesis. Spiritual Needs(or ideal) are purely human, since they primarily reflect the level of personal development. These include aesthetic, ethical and cognitive needs.

It should be noted that both organic and spiritual needs are characterized by dynamism and interact with each other, therefore, for the formation and development of spiritual needs, it is necessary to satisfy material ones (for example, if a person does not satisfy the need for food, he will experience fatigue, lethargy, apathy and drowsiness, which cannot contribute to the emergence of a cognitive need).

Separately should be considered social needs(or social), which are formed and developed under the influence of society and are a reflection of the social nature of man. Satisfaction of this need is necessary for absolutely every person as a social being and, accordingly, as an individual.

Classifications of needs

Since psychology became a separate branch of knowledge, many scientists have made a large number of attempts to classify needs. All these classifications are very diverse and mainly reflect only one side of the problem. That is why, today, a unified system of human needs that would meet all the requirements and interests of researchers of various psychological schools and directions has not yet been presented to the scientific community.

natural and necessary human desires (it is impossible to live without them);
natural desires, but not necessary (if there is no possibility of satisfying them, then this will not lead to the inevitable death of a person);
desires that are neither necessary nor natural (for example, the desire for fame).

Author of information P.V. Simonov needs were divided into biological, social and ideal, which in turn can be the needs of need (or conservation) and growth (or development). Social and ideal human needs, according to P. Simonov, are divided into needs “for oneself” and “for others.”

Quite interesting is the classification of needs proposed by Erich Fromm. The famous psychoanalyst identified the following specific social needs of a person:

human need for connections (group membership);
need for self-affirmation (feeling of importance);
need for affection (need for warm and reciprocal feelings);
the need for self-awareness (own individuality);
the need for a system of orientation and objects of worship (belonging to a culture, nation, class, religion, etc.).

But the most popular among all existing classifications is the unique system of human needs by the American psychologist Abraham Maslow (better known as the hierarchy of needs or pyramid of needs). The representative of the humanistic trend in psychology based his classification on the principle of grouping needs by similarity in a hierarchical sequence - from lower to higher needs. A. Maslow's hierarchy of needs is presented in table form for ease of perception.

Hierarchy of needs according to A. Maslow

Main groups	Needs	Description
Additional psychological needs	in self-actualization (self-realization)	maximum realization of all human potential, his abilities and personality development
	aesthetic	need for harmony and beauty
	educational	the desire to recognize and understand the surrounding reality
Basic psychological needs	in respect, self-esteem and appreciation	the need for success, approval, recognition of authority, competence, etc.
	in love and belonging	the need to be in a community, society, to be accepted and recognized
	in safety	need for protection, stability and security
Physiological needs	physiological or organic	needs for food, oxygen, drinking, sleep, sexual desire, etc.

Having proposed my classification of needs, A. Maslow clarified that a person cannot have higher needs (cognitive, aesthetic and the need for self-development) if he has not satisfied basic (organic) needs.

Formation of human needs

The development of human needs can be analyzed in the context of the socio-historical development of mankind and from the perspective of ontogenesis. But it should be noted that in both the first and second cases, the initial ones will be material needs. This is due to the fact that they are the main source of activity of any individual, pushing him to maximum interaction with the environment (both natural and social)

On the basis of material needs, human spiritual needs developed and transformed, for example, the need for knowledge was based on satisfying the needs for food, clothing and housing. As for aesthetic needs, they were also formed thanks to the development and improvement of the production process and various means of life, which were necessary to provide more comfortable conditions for human life. Thus, the formation of human needs was determined by socio-historical development, during which all human needs developed and differentiated.

As for the development of needs during a person’s life path (that is, in ontogenesis), here, too, everything begins with the satisfaction of natural (organic) needs that ensure the establishment of relationships between the child and adults. In the process of satisfying basic needs, children develop needs for communication and cognition, on the basis of which other social needs appear. The process of upbringing has an important influence on the development and formation of needs in childhood, thanks to which the correction and replacement of destructive needs is carried out.

Development and formation of human needs according to the opinion of A.G. Kovaleva must obey the following rules:

needs arise and are strengthened through the practice and systematicity of consumption (that is, the formation of a habit);
the development of needs is possible in conditions of expanded reproduction in the presence of various means and methods of satisfying them (the emergence of needs in the process of activity);
the formation of needs occurs more comfortably if the activity necessary for this does not exhaust the child (ease, simplicity and a positive emotional attitude);
the development of needs is significantly influenced by the transition from reproductive to creative activity;
the need will be strengthened if the child sees its significance, both personally and socially (appraisal and encouragement).

In addressing the issue of the formation of human needs, it is necessary to return to the hierarchy of needs of A. Maslow, who argued that all human needs are given to him in a hierarchical organization at certain levels. Thus, every person from the moment of his birth in the process of growing up and developing his personality will consistently manifest seven classes (of course, this is ideal) of needs, starting from the most primitive (physiological) needs and ending with the need for self-actualization (the desire for maximum realization personality of all its potentialities, the fullest life), and some aspects of this need begin to appear no earlier than adolescence.

According to A. Maslow, a person’s life at a higher level of needs provides him with the greatest biological efficiency and, accordingly, a longer life, better health, better sleep and appetite. Thus, goal of satisfying needs basic – the desire for the emergence of higher needs in a person (for knowledge, self-development and self-actualization).

Basic ways and means of satisfying needs

Satisfying a person’s needs is an important condition not only for his comfortable existence, but also for his survival, because if organic needs are not satisfied, a person will die in the biological sense, and if spiritual needs are not satisfied, then the personality dies as a social entity. People, satisfying different needs, learn different ways and acquire a variety of means to achieve this goal. Therefore, depending on the environment, conditions and the individual himself, the goal of satisfying needs and the methods for achieving it will vary.

In psychology, the most popular ways and means of satisfying needs are:

in the mechanism of formation of individual ways to satisfy their needs(in the process of learning, the formation of various connections between stimuli and subsequent analogy);
in the process of individualizing ways and means of satisfying basic needs, which act as mechanisms for the development and formation of new needs (the very methods of satisfying needs can turn into them themselves, that is, new needs appear);
in specifying ways and means of meeting needs(one method or several are consolidated, with the help of which human needs are satisfied);
in the process of mentalization of needs(awareness of the content or some aspects of the need);
in the socialization of ways and means of satisfying needs(their subordination to the values of culture and norms of society occurs).

So, at the basis of any human activity and activity there is always some kind of need, which finds its manifestation in motives, and it is the needs that are the motivating force that pushes a person to movement and development.

Page 1

In everyday life, a need is considered to be “need”, “need”, the desire to acquire something that is missing. Satisfying a need means eliminating the lack of something and giving what is needed. However, a deeper analysis shows that the need has a complex structure. It distinguishes two main components - objective and subjective.

The objective in needs is the real dependence of a person on the external natural and social environment and on the properties of his own organism. These are the needs for sleep, food, breathing and other fundamental biological needs, without which life is impossible, as well as some more complex social needs.

The subjective in needs is what is introduced by the subject, determined by him, and dependent on him. The subjective component of a need is a person’s awareness of his objective needs (correct or illusory).

Taking into account the relationship between the objective and subjective components of need, we can formulate the following definition:

Need is a human state that develops on the basis of a contradiction between what is available and what is necessary (or what seems necessary to a person) and encourages him to take action to eliminate this contradiction.

Only in the simplest, ideal case do people understand their objective needs well, see ways to satisfy them, and have everything necessary to achieve them. Most often it happens differently, and this is due to the following:

Ø a person may have an objectively determined need for rest, treatment, education, or some items and services, but not be aware of it;

Ø a need may be perceived unclearly and inaccurately, when a person vaguely senses it, but does not find ways to realize it;

Ø in the most complex case, a person’s subjective aspirations do not coincide with his objective interests and needs or even contradict them, as a result, so-called pseudo-needs, perverted needs, unreasonable needs are formed (there are various terms for denoting phenomena of this kind).

The very formulation of the question about the existence of “reasonable” and “unreasonable” needs (pseudo-needs) encounters a problem that has deep philosophical and ideological content: what is the criterion of reasonable needs? People have very different ideas about reasonable needs. For a scientist, the need for creative scientific research will seem most important, and the need for luxury will be considered ridiculous. The typical need for an artist is fame and wide recognition. A music lover feels the need to listen to music, and for an exhausted person the need for food comes to the fore.

The needs can be divided into two large layers.

1. There are so-called primary, urgent, or vital needs, without the satisfaction of which a person cannot exist at all. These are the needs for food, shelter and clothing. However, ways to satisfy urgent needs are constantly changing, giving rise to new, secondary, or derivative, needs. Economists have formulated a special law - the law of increasing needs: the satisfaction of some needs leads to the formation of other, more complex ones.

2. The idea of reasonable needs is based not only on the objective properties of the human body, but also on the system of values, ideological ideas that dominate in society as a whole or in a separate social group. Therefore, people who have similar primary, biological needs may have completely different social needs. Social needs are not inherited biologically, but are formed anew in each person in the process of education and familiarization with the culture of his time. These needs acquired during individual development depend on the social environment and the value system accepted in it.

Transition from adolescence to adulthood (23-30 years old)
From what point of view can people be considered adults? There are several such points of view. Physiological (from the point of view of the functioning of all body systems). Physiologically, in many girls (about 25%), sexual desire reaches its full development only at the age of 26-30, maximum at the age of 28-30, and for many it remains at this level...

Orientation in the structure of personality. Types of directions
Almost none of the researchers object to the fact that the leading component of the personality structure, its system-forming property (attribute, quality) is orientation - a system of stable motives (dominant needs, interests, inclinations, beliefs, ideals, worldview, etc.) that determines personal behavior...

Method 2. Diagnosis of personal creativity (E.E. Tunik)
No. Curiosity 24 Imagination 24 Complexity 26 Risk taking 26 Total score Level 1. 18 21 12 14 65 s 2. 11 9 7 8 35 s 3. 5 9 4 4 22 n 4. 21 19 23 15 78 at 5. 15 21 20 17 73 at 6. ...

Needs are the objective need of people for something necessary to maintain life, development of the body, personality, requiring satisfaction.
Human needs are diverse. The American scientist A. Maslow arranged all needs according to the principle of hierarchy in the following ascending order from “lower” (material) to “higher” (spiritual):

Physiological needs (food, drink, warmth, reproduction).
Security and self-preservation needs (protection from external enemies, criminals, diseases).
The need for social connections (love, friendship, communication with people, belonging to a group, etc.).
The need for respect (recognition of a person as an individual, self-respect, acquisition of a certain status, authority).
The need for self-development (improvement of all human abilities and capabilities).

These needs are usually represented in the form of a pyramid, based on the biological needs of people, above which rise the spiritual needs of a person as a social person.
Until a person's lower-order needs are satisfied, higher-order needs do not operate.
However, this classification can be supplemented with other needs: material and spiritual, rational and irrational, conscious and unconscious, etc.
It is needs that motivate people to act. Only when the needs are realized does motivation to work arise. In this case, the needs take on a specific form of interest.
Economic interest is a form of manifestation of economic needs.
Interests express economic benefits and benefits. By realizing their interests, business entities ensure their independence and self-development.
The diversity of business entities gives rise to a diversity of economic interests. Depending on who is the bearer of interests, interests are distinguished between public, collective and personal; national and international; group and family; class, etc. They all exist in unity, but there may be contradictions between them. Thus, personal interest in obtaining the greatest benefits may be in conflict with collective interest.
Need satisfaction is the process of partial or complete fulfillment of a person’s desires (needs). Satisfying existing needs and creating new ones is an endless process. Therefore, the most general goal of economic production is to satisfy human needs for those goods that he needs in the process of life. In a market economy, not every need is satisfied, but only the solvent one, i.e. backed by money and measured by economic profitability, utility.
It should be noted that people's needs for material goods and services are practically unlimited: people constantly strive to improve their standard of living; having satisfied the basic needs of life, they want more, and as they develop, their needs increase. Two decades ago, few could dream of a personal computer, but today every student needs one. This explains the fact that people’s needs for various goods have practically no saturation limit.