Water supply diagram in the house. Laying water supply pipes in a private house. How does a typical plumbing system work?

Laying a pipeline for water supply is a task no less significant than selecting and connecting pumping equipment and arranging a water source. Incorrectly installed water supply in a private home can lead to pressure surges and disruption of the system.

To avoid problems, you need to carefully study all the intricacies of the work. We will help you by providing comprehensive information to study the specifics of the system design and assembly rules. The information proposed for consideration is based on regulatory requirements.

The detailed description of the diagrams, options and nuances of water supply circuit wiring that we presented for your review is supplemented with visual illustrations and video materials.

Water supply wiring can be carried out in two ways - with serial and parallel connections. depends on the number of residents, periodic or permanent stay in the house, or the intensity of use of tap water.

There is also a mixed type of wiring, in which faucets are connected to the water supply system through a manifold, and the remaining plumbing points and household appliances are connected using a series connection method.

Image gallery

Self-installation of a water supply connection line ultimately not only results in savings on contractor services, but also gives confidence that all work was carried out in full accordance with the technology. Today we will tell you how to organize water supply to a private house.

Solving organizational issues

Before obtaining permission to connect to the water supply, you need to register a new consumer. This is largely in the interest of the developer - the presence of the project in the general database will help shift responsibility for damage to underground communications to those who did it.

In addition, the potential consumer is given a set of documents that constitute the technical specifications for the project. This includes an image of the pipeline route, its laying depth and distance from main landmarks, pipe material and diameter, other local conditions and notes. To receive this set, you need to write an application addressed to the head of the local water utility department or the person replacing him on this issue.

The received technical specifications are the initial data of the project; on their basis, a set of working documentation is compiled, including:

calculation of water consumption and waste volume;
wiring diagrams in axonometry;
floor plans of the water supply system and arrangement of bathrooms;
drawings and diagrams of water metering, distribution and treatment units;
reclamation scheme and list of irrigation equipment, if available.

An example of an axonometric diagram of a house's water supply system

The consumer himself can study the requirements for the design of water supply systems and draw up a project himself, but in this case he will have to indicate as the compiler a certified specialist with SRO approval for design of this type, a copy of which must be attached to the project. The project serves as the basis for concluding an agreement between the water supplier and its consumer.

After payment, everything, as a rule, depends on the contractor. But you can also take the technical side of the issue into your hands, even going as far as plugging into the system yourself. It is important to carry out the work in strict compliance with regulatory requirements, otherwise your connection will not pass inspection.

Excavation work: digging a trench under the highway

According to the project markings, soil is being excavated in a strip of about 30 cm in diameter. Typically, the main pipe is laid along the shortest route, but 2 meters before the insertion point it turns to the municipal pipeline at a right angle. An area a meter from the main pipe is dug out with a widening of up to 50-60 cm, the pipeline itself is cleared of soil to a clearance of 250 mm on each side.

Problems arise when working on the roadway. To cross a paved road, you will need to drive in the casing without cutting the roadbed or opening the preparation embankment. You cannot do this without special equipment; a puncture under the road is a rather complex engineering task.

It is much easier to cross a dirt road with a trench, but difficulties are also possible here. The fact is that when work is carried out by water utility contractors, most of these projects are completed in one working day: the trench is dug, the pipe is cut in and laid to the service well. Then the foreman signs the certificate of completion of the work, the pipe is covered with backfill and warning tape, and the soil is backfilled.

If you carry out the work yourself, the wait for an inspection may take several days, so you need to make a flooring over the trench for the passage of vehicles. This is not so difficult: wooden beams or cuttings of logs 80-100 cm long are laid across the route. Small excavations are made under them and a brick is placed at each support point. Across the beams, that is, in the direction of the trench, a flooring of boards 3-3.5 meters long is knocked down. Don't forget to protect the work area with warning tapes and reflective strips.

Connection to the highway

The method of branching the main pipe depends on its material. For HDPE and plastic pipes, insertion is carried out by installing a tee fitting with a side branch of 25-32 mm. It is very important that this assembly has as few threaded connections as possible, so barrel adapters are not recommended.

Metal and cast iron pipes are branched using overhead clamps for tapping. Part of the clamp with the outlet is packaged with a sealant paste; mastic for sealing car windows will prove to be the most reliable. The area where the clamp comes into contact with the pipe must be cleaned of dirt and rust and ensure good adhesion of the sealant.

A flash clamp is a good way to cut into a line of any material that is under pressure. A ball valve is immediately packed to the outlet of the clamp, then a hole is drilled. The drill can be protected from water by the cut-off top of the bottle.

Exactly the same method can be used for steel pipes on which the threaded end is pre-welded. It is important to have time to pierce the pipe with a drill, quickly pull it out and close the tap. Therefore, the drill must be powerful, and you need to drill at high speeds and with strong feed. A sufficient hole diameter is 14-18 mm, depending on the pipe passage.

Bed under the pipe, insulation

The input pipe should lie 15-25 cm below the soil freezing depth. The bottom of the trench must be prepared with a bedding that quickly allows water to pass through, for example, sand or expanded clay. The height of the bed under the pipe is about 10 cm, another 5-6 cm is poured on top. For shallow burial depths and unstable soils, it is recommended to distribute the load with a 3-4 cm layer of fine gravel or line the trench with bricks before backfilling with soil.

1 - sand bedding; 2 - water pipe; 3 - brick; 4 - soil

It often happens that the level of the trench is lower than the main pipe laid. By being deceived by the principle “if it flows there, it won’t freeze here,” you risk losing water in the winter. The fact is that pipes with constant circulation do not have time to form ice, but liquid stagnant at the same depth will instantly clog the pipe.

Therefore, the main line is laid in frozen ground only when absolutely necessary, for example, at the entrance to the house or at the insertion point. In these places, the input areas are considered vulnerable and require insulation or heating. If you do not use a composite pipe with insulation, the problem is solved by paving PSB boards or extruded polystyrene on top of a layer of sand, and wrap them around the sides of the pipe.

Often, cold water and sewerage are introduced into the house without the help of plumbers by the team that is constructing and finishing the house. This is due to the need to quickly carry out work directly during construction. Therefore, many customers consider it inappropriate to call a plumber at this stage. They use the power of builders.

There are two types of cold water supply to the house used by specialists:

using a centralized system;
decentralized water supply.

In the first case, water is connected using a central water supply. In this case, central backbone networks are used, which are located in close proximity to the connected house.

The decentralized method is used when water supply systems are located far from buildings. In this case, the connection is made through a well or a well, arranged in advance.

When using a centralized water supply connection, all actions to connect to the main line must be coordinated with the water utility. In addition to obtaining permits, you will need to clarify what the connection conditions are, as well as the following information:

suitable burial depth;
pressure level in the system;
optimal supply scheme.

When using a centralized water connection scheme, you will need to install a meter at the final stage. Existing rules allow, if there is a basement in the house, and if it is located closer than five meters from the edge of the site, to install a measuring device in the basement. If the residential premises are located further than the specified standard, you will have to build a well intended for installing the meter.

What problems may arise if you refuse the services of a plumber?

Problems often arise when refusing the services of a professional plumber. Often, cold water is introduced into the house in the immediate vicinity of the sewer at a small height from the surface.

As a result, the water supply pipes end up flooded into the floor. That is, all the bends will be inside the screed. For example, in the case under consideration, the pipe is polyethylene for cold water. Compression fittings are used here too. You can, of course, solder, but you may simply not find such fittings in your region. And you will have to install compression ones, but they cannot be poured into the floor. This is where difficulties arise.

What rules should be followed when introducing water into a room?

If you decide to refuse the services of a plumber at the stage of introducing water into your house, follow some rules:

Make a sewer inlet, and then arrange a water inlet to the side or a little higher. Then you can work with it comfortably.
At the initial stage, it is imperative to organize isolation. Previously, insulation materials were expensive and unavailable. Now the price for them is normal. For example, the cost of 35 insulation is only 48 rubles. Therefore, purchasing 10-20 meters will not be a problem. But during installation there will be some play in the pipe. That is, it will be inside the insulation, and the play will allow, if necessary, to move it, cut it off carefully, or move it somewhere to the side a little.

Methods for insulating pipes

One of the most important stages when introducing water into a private house is insulating the pipes. If this is not done efficiently, freezing of the water supply and related problems may occur.

There are several methods used to insulate pipes:

laying the pipeline at a level below soil freezing. This option is not always convenient; it is not suitable for all regions of our country;
installation of a receiver in the pipeline, which creates high pressure inside the pipes. Due to this, their freezing is prevented;
pipe heating. It is organized by wrapping them around a cable connected to the electrical network. The inconvenience of this method is the increase in electricity charges and possible problems in the absence of it;
insulation of the pipe using umbrella-shaped insulation. In this case, the heat from the soil will help prevent the pipes from freezing;
Another interesting way is to place the pipes that need to be insulated into others of larger diameter filled with thermal insulation material.

Pipe connection

Regarding the connection of different types of pipes. This is also where problems often arise. For example, there is no factory adapter to switch from an asbestos pipe to a plastic one (now about sewage). In such cases you have to invent.

You can, of course, not install an asbestos pipe; instead, take an orange pipe for exterior use, and calmly bring it into the house. Inside the room, the transition to the desired diameter is already underway.

However, if you still decide to use an asbestos pipe, you can proceed as follows to switch from it to a plastic pipe without using an adapter. Pipe insulation made of foam rubber is wound onto a half-meter piece of plastic pipe, fixed with wire, lubricated generously with silicone and tightly inserted into the asbestos pipe with continuous scrolling. In this case, high-quality tightness is ensured for a long time. This is explained by the fact that all materials are synthetic: rubber, silicone, plastic, asbestos are indestructible for a long time.

Pipe materials: advantages of plastic

When installing modern water supply systems, plastic pipes are most often used. They have a number of advantages over other materials:

reliability;
comfort in use and installation;
ease.

Recently, metal-plastic and metal pipes are practically not used. This is explained by their high price, as well as much less practicality. In addition, such materials require the use of welding equipment during the installation process.

When organizing a water supply system using plastic pipes, no special knowledge is required. To bring sewage and cold water into the house using them, crimping equipment is sufficient. An ordinary team of builders can work with such materials. Plastic pipes can be hidden in the decoration. The only condition is that in places of possible temperature fluctuations it is necessary to create bends that will prevent breakthroughs in the future.

How to choose the correct size of pipes for water supply?

When introducing water into your home, it is important to choose the correct size of pipes used. If it is too small, several problems may arise:

water may pass noisily through laid pipes;
A coating forms inside the pipe, which makes it difficult for water to move through.

When choosing a pipe diameter, experts recommend relying on 2 main indicators: the speed of water movement, as well as the total length of the pipeline. The first parameter is usually standard: water moves at approximately 2 meters per second. The second largely depends on the area of the house and the distance of the plumbing equipment.

So, if the planned length of the pipeline is up to ten meters, it will be enough to use pipes with a diameter of 20mm, 10-30m - 25mm and over 30m - 32mm.

Compliance with all the rules will help you cope with introducing water into the house on your own. However, even if builders will install plumbing into your home, it would be a good idea to consult with plumbers. They will tell you how best to do this and what materials to use for this. It is important to make sewerage and water at a distance of at least half a meter. The pipes bringing water into the house should be made a little higher so that they do not flood into the screed. The sewer can be filled without problems. You may need to connect various devices to the water pipes: a storage tank or a pump. If we take into account all the nuances, then the pipeline, even organized without the involvement of a professional plumber, will last for many years.

Hello! According to the regulations, a well for individual water supply at home must be made no closer than 3 meters from the house. But even without the standard, it is clear that a closer installation of a well is not technologically possible, and a well next to the foundation is not at all necessary. In addition, the well must be 15 meters (minimum) from the cesspool, toilet or septic tank with a filter.

Be that as it may, usually a well or other source of water supply is some distance away from the house.

Water supply to the house is done according to the seasonality of the water supply

The water supply, and indeed the entire water supply of a private home, is divided according to seasons of use:

Winter water supply (water supply). This type of plumbing is used all year round.
Summer water supply (water supply). This water supply is used only in summer.

Water supply to a private house: external water supply

The entire water supply system located outside the house is called external water supply. The plumbing inside the house is called internal. Internal and external water supply systems have their own characteristics and installation methods. Since winter external water supply is all-season, and the technology of its construction is more complex, we will pay special attention to it.

External water supply of a private house delivers water from the water supply source to the house, or rather, to the point of water supply entry into the house. Sometimes water is delivered from the source to the house using a hose deployed around the area. This method is not even slightly stationary, so we will not consider it.

Any stationary external water supply (summer and winter) is laid in the ground. For summer water supply, a trench is dug up to 50 cm deep. For winter water supply, the depth of the water pipe should be 50 cm below the soil freezing level, and each region has its own freezing depth.

Trench for external water supply for year-round use

In central Russia, the depth of soil freezing is 1000-1200 mm, which means that a winter water supply trench will have to be dug 1600-1800 mm deep.
A classic trench should have a cross-section in the form of an inverted trapezoid, with the base of the trapezoid at ground levels.
If you use HDPE (low-density polyethylene) pipe for external water supply, then the evenness of the trench does not matter and it is quite possible, if the landscape so requires, to make a trench with a bend.

Construction of a trench for the external water supply of a house

Read more about the construction of trenches for water supply in the article. Briefly here: At the bottom of the trench you need to make a sand cushion of 10-20 cm. For clay soil, make a cushion of gravel (crushed stone) under the sand.

Introducing external water supply into the house

There are two ways to introduce water pipes into your home.

Input of water supply through the foundation. In this case, a hole is drilled in the foundation to insert a water pipe (if such an input is not made in advance when pouring the foundation);
The entry of water supply into a house on any columnar or pile foundation is carried out between the foundation pillars and is done with insulation of the bend at the entrance to the house.
Sometimes they install water pipes under the foundation.

Insulation of winter water supply

The installed winter water supply must be insulated. The external water supply system is insulated with special cylinder insulation materials or the pipes are wrapped with a rolled heat insulator. Read more about methods of insulating water pipes in the article.

Features of water supply to a country house

The dacha assumes the use of the house only from spring to autumn, therefore the water supply for the dacha house must be done with a conservation system, namely:

The water supply to the house from the water supply source before entering the house should slope towards the source in order to drain water from the system for the winter.
It is better to install drains and drain valves at both ends of the external water supply (at the source and in the house).

Conclusions instead of instructions for installing water supply to the house

Water supply to the house is carried out in stages:

Mark the route from the water supply source to the water supply entry into the house;
Dig a trench 50 cm deep above the soil freezing level (about 1500-1800m);
Make a 20 cm sand cushion at the bottom of the hole;
Drill a hole in the foundation of the house for the water pipe. Place a sleeve from a piece of steel pipe into the hole;
Lay an external water supply pipe from an equipped source to the entrance to the house and insert the pipe into the house;
Insulate the water pipe. The insulation should not come into contact with water. Pay special attention to insulating the place where the pipe exits the well and the exit from the trench into the house (if there is one) and where the pipe passes through the foundation sleeve;
Connect the external water supply to the source and input (temporarily), and then check it for leaks along the route;
Cover the external water supply pipe with 20 cm of sand and 30-40 cm of soft soil;
Without compacting the soil, fill the trench with soil dug out from the trench. Remove boards, roots, and construction waste from the soil.

With a centralized water supply to a populated area, the problem with drinking water for residents is solved by connecting it to the main line. Not only technical issues are important, but also issues related to obtaining documents. It is necessary to know the subtleties and nuances of how to bring water into the house so that the procedure goes quickly and without misunderstandings.

Rules for connecting a house to the central water supply

The procedure for connecting a house to the central water supply is regulated by federal legislation and government regulations. The right to insert into the main line arises after the signing of a standard agreement between the water supply company and the owner of private housing. In the territorial authority, the future subscriber will learn about the service that is responsible for the water supply at the address of the private house.

The customer turns to her with a request to issue technical conditions for the use of the central highway and presents the necessary documents. 3 working days are allotted for checking papers and technical connection capabilities. If there are not enough documents or errors are found, the customer is notified about this. Within 20 days he must provide the missing information.

When the documentation is not brought into proper condition within the allotted time, the application is canceled, which is notified to the customer within 3 days. If all requirements are met, the contractor sends the client technical conditions, a connection agreement and calculations for payment of services within 20 days.

The legislation provides that the water supply system does not have the right to refuse the applicant when there are no objective obstacles to the connection. If technical reasons do not allow this, it is possible to draw up an individual project that provides for other methods of performing the work.

What documents need to be collected and prepared?

First, the owner of the house contacts the geodetic service of the area to make a topographic plan of the site, on which all underground communications and external objects are marked. Specialists will request documents confirming land ownership and will complete the work within 2 weeks.

The applicant may have a plan, but there are important points to consider. The document must reflect the situation when no more than a year has passed since its production and no work has been carried out on the site. The required plan scale is 1:500.

The next step is to obtain technical conditions for connecting to the central water supply. The company that will supply water is provided with a package of documents:

photocopies of passport or identity certificate;
papers on property rights to a house, land;
situational plan – 7 copies;
building permit – 2 copies;
conclusion of the SES on the possibility of connecting to the central water supply.

The subscriber writes an application for the issuance of technical conditions, where he indicates his data and information about the connected object. You are required to fill out a questionnaire. It indicates the number of permanent residents and what plumbing equipment will be installed. Based on these data, experts will calculate water consumption standards.

We draw up project documentation

The project is ordered from a water supply service or an accredited company. The customer will be required to:

technical specifications;
situational plan;
housing drawings - all floors, basement, sectional images;
list of used plumbing fixtures.

The design organization must develop and provide the customer with a document containing:

site plan with water supply diagram;
internal wiring in the house;
specification of pipes and shut-off and control valves;
the need for metering devices and a pump to increase pressure.

The finished project will have to be agreed upon with the gas service and electricity supplier, whose communications run through the site. It is registered with the SES, which issued permission to use the centralized water supply. The document is finally approved by the architectural committee.

Main points of the contract and necessary acts

A document is drawn up stating that the water utility carries out preparatory work and connecting the house, and the customer pays for it. The contract contains information about the procedure for providing services by the organization, these are:

volume and quality of water, pressure, consumption accounting, their control;
filing hours and short-term suspension conditions;
procedure for payment for water supply;
rights and obligations of the parties, liability for violations and dispute resolution.

When the contractor installs the water supply system, an acceptance certificate is drawn up by the customer, who signs it. This is the main document. In addition to this, they often fill out a form about hidden work. The Sanitary and Epidemiological Service flushes pipes and checks water quality. An act on this is also drawn up.

How to connect to a water supply and cut in a pipe

A high-quality central water supply system has special reinforced concrete wells, the nearest of which is provided for by the design documentation. It may be missing or located too far away. If the main highway runs through an individual site, it is more practical to build your own structure.

To connect additional users, bends are provided on the steel pipes. It may turn out that they are missing. Then the insertion is carried out using clamps, or threaded adapters are welded.

Installation is carried out in such a way that there is room for inspection and maintenance by specialists from the organization operating the water supply system. To insert into a plastic main, you will need a special clamp, a shut-off valve and pipes.

Connection diagram to the central water supply line

In any water supply scheme there is an external part that connects the city network with consumers in the house. This is a pipeline in which the pressure is maintained by the technical characteristics of the central line. No additional devices other than a tap in the well are required.

The internal system includes elements, the number and list of which is determined by conditions. Are used:

pipes and hoses of various diameters;
counter;
water heating devices;
shut-off and control valves, mixers;
plumbing equipment.

Draw up a diagram of the external and internal structure of the water supply system. It helps to choose the best option for pipe routing, connecting devices, and material consumption.

Connecting a private house to the central water supply: sequence of work

According to the rules, cutting into the central pipe, which is located outside the site, is carried out by organizations with the appropriate license. Their privileged position allows them to set high prices for services. Many private owners break the rules and connect themselves - the fine is less than the cost of the work performed by the organization. The main thing is to adhere to the technical conditions and the project, not to damage any communications.

Determined by the method of connection to the water supply. A simple DIY option is to use overhead clamps, which are used for steel and plastic pipes. Insertion into an existing water supply system under pressure is carried out with special devices. An electric drill is not suitable - it will be flooded with water.

To insert, perform several simple steps:

install the clamp;
a pipe is drilled through a hole in it;
screw on the open valve, then close it.

It is preferable to first install the ball valve on the clamp, then you can drill through the hole in it.

A hole is made in the foundation, which is 15 cm larger than the diameter. This will prevent its destruction if the house settles. Many people prefer to make an entrance under the foundation.

If there is no well at the insertion point, dig up the main line and install it yourself. A cheap and accessible option is to use red brick and make a hatch with a cover. It must withstand the weight of the vehicle if it is on the roadway. A hole is dug near the house where the pipe enters. Now it needs to be connected to the well on the central highway. They dig a pit at a depth below the freezing point of the soil.

All sharp objects that could damage the pipe are removed from the trench. The bottom is covered with crushed stone and sand, which form a shock-absorbing cushion. Soil water is also drained through it, and the highway is not subject to icing. Now you need to connect a pipe to the tap in the well and lead the other end into the house.

Sometimes it is impossible to dig a trench of the required depth. Then use various options for protecting the water main from freezing:

heating with a special electric cable;
winding with heat-insulating materials;
filling with expanded clay.

Particular attention is paid to the place of entry into the house if the hole is in the foundation. Then the pipe is located above the freezing depth - careful insulation will be required.

The trench is not immediately filled up: first, internal installation is done, then it is checked for leaks.

Rules for laying pipes in a home

There are 2 main methods used for wiring in the house - serial and parallel. The first has advantages in saving materials. Each plumbing fixture is connected to the main pipe using tees. The disadvantage of this method is the pressure drop at each subsequent consumer. This is most noticeable when several devices that consume a lot of water are turned on at the same time.

The parallel method does not have this drawback, but the pipe consumption is greater and the circuit is more complex. A distribution unit is used - a collector. A separate branch is laid from it to each device. The use of a mixed method balances the disadvantages and advantages of the main methods of wiring in its pure form. Several nearby consumers are connected in series to one branch of the collector line.

There are rules that must be followed for any type of internal wiring:

strictly horizontal or vertical arrangement of pipes without intersections;
accessibility to shut-off valves and fittings;
a tap is installed at the beginning of each branch;
It is mandatory to have a coarse filter at the entrance to the housing main;
For branches from the main line, pipes of a smaller cross-section are used - pressure is maintained.

Which pipe and fittings to choose

Modern material is low-density polyethylene (HDPE). The pipes are designed for cold water and can withstand pressure up to 25 atm depending on the diameter. Advantages of HDPE:

easy installation using compression fittings made of the same material;
delivery in coils, which allows you to choose the required length and greatly reduce the number of connections;
serve for 50 years;
do not corrode, almost no plaque forms inside;
When frozen, they rarely break; in most cases they stretch, remaining intact.

Polypropylene pipes are similar in characteristics, but for connection you will need a special apparatus. Metal-plastic products are easy to install and bend at any angle. They are connected to the fittings with special combined fittings with metal inserts. Plastic water supply can be easily disassembled and upgraded if necessary.

The main disadvantage of traditional steel materials is their susceptibility to corrosion. Copper and stainless steel suffer from this to a lesser extent, but the cost is high.

Another point when choosing products is the diameter of the pipes:

if the line is longer than 30 m, then 32 mm;
less than 10 m – 20 mm;
the average value is a section of 25 mm.

Connecting to a central water supply is not easy - you need to collect permits and pay for services. You can save money on installation if you do some of the work yourself and choose modern, inexpensive materials.