Signs of winter in wildlife: basic and most important. Main signs of winter Observations in wildlife in winter

signs of winter in inanimate and living nature

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   Insects fall into torpor in the fall and hibernate under fallen leaves, in bark cracks, and under snow.

2. I want to sleep longer
3. WTF???
4. In lifeless - crystallization of ice. In living mortification and dumping of unnecessary organs.
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6. in inanimate nature, trees stand bare, icicles hang on houses, grass is covered with snow.

   Winter cannot be confused with other seasons.
   Signs of winter in nature:
   1) We can observe the most important sign by looking out of our windows: there are no leaves on the trees, only coniferous trees (pines, spruces) are green, but faded. This is due to the cold and lack of sufficient light, because in winter the days become shorter than the nights.
   2) There is no chirping of birds on the street. Due to climate change, many species of birds fly to warmer regions for the winter.
   3) Mosquitoes and flies do not fly and do not bother us. And this applies not only to these insects, but also to others. In winter we cannot meet them.
   4) In winter, it is difficult for animals to get food for themselves, so some species of animals go into hibernation in their burrows and dens, which they prepare all summer. For example, bears, badgers, hedgehogs, raccoon. Frogs also do not sing near frozen and dirty swamps.

7. ORANGE
8. Temperature drop
9. In the inanimate: A decrease in temperature, leading to such phenomena as snow, thaw, ice, snowfall, frost, blizzard, blizzard, blizzard.
   In winter, the sun is low above the horizon, shining, but not warming, the days are short.

   Living: trees and shrubs shed their leaves, grasses turn yellow, and those under a layer of snow remain green (strawberries, hoofed grass, as well as winter rye and winter wheat). Snow protects them from frost.
   Some animals hibernate (bear, hedgehog), others remain active (squirrel, wolf, fox, hare).

   Migratory birds (swallows, finches, robins, etc.) fly south.
   The sedentary ones spend the winter. In the winter forest you can hear a woodpecker busily knocking, titmice, pikas, nuthatches and jays chirping. The capercaillie does not leave the winter forest either, because it always has delicious pine needles to eat. But black grouse and hazel grouse eat alder catkins, buds and juniper berries.
   Some birds migrate in search of food. Birds and animals need to be helped to survive the winter:
   -Brooms with young leaves are stocked up for hares in the summer. Hares will not refuse dried branches of rowan, raspberry, and poplar.
   -Young aspens are cut down for elk; elk also love rowan and pine branches.
   - Root vegetables are left for the wild boars: beets, rutabaga, turnips, acorns.
   -They also feed beavers in winter. After all, if there is a lack of supplies, beavers must get out onto the ice through holes. Beavers feed on aspen, bird cherry, oak, and poplar.
   - Birds need to have feeders.

   In winter, fish sleep on the river bottom. In the deepest places, a catfish lies in a hole. Wide flat bream lie in rows without the slightest movement. Carp find a soft hole and sleep in it. The cheerful, agile perch loves holes, stones, and trees that have fallen to the bottom. Perches fall asleep in such places throughout the winter. The toothy pike has trouble sleeping. Narrow, with predatory eyes and a huge mouth, the pike swallows sleepy fish. To help the fish in winter, holes are made in the ice. To prevent the water from freezing quickly, bundles of straw are placed in it and sprinkled with snow.

   Insects fall into torpor in the fall and overwinter under fallen leaves, in bark cracks, under snow

10. nano part

Winter is a harsh time, especially in the northern latitudes of our hemisphere. Its calendar time is known, but it often happens that the first signs of winter come much earlier. The slushy November weather gives way to December frosts, freezing the reservoirs and covering the ground in a fluffy blanket of snow. The days become short, and the nights drag on tediously, waiting for the first ray of sun.

The shortest day occurs during the winter solstice. This is December 21 on the night of 22. The shortest day and the longest night. From this time the countdown begins and daytime increases, reducing nighttime.

The clouds descend lower, becoming heavy and gray with overflowing moisture. They are not light and compact; they cover the entire winter sky, filling the air with the smell of moisture and freshness. They are the ones who bring heavy snowfalls, covering the ground with meter-long snowdrifts.
Snow is winter precipitation. In winter, they cover everything around with a thick blanket, creating a kind of microclimate that helps plants and small animals survive the harsh cold. The lower the air temperature, the looser the snow flooring becomes, the harder it crunches underfoot and pricks when you touch it.

In calm weather, snow falls in large snowflakes; with increasing intensity, the snow turns into a blizzard - the most dangerous winter phenomenon of nature. It occurs when the first gust of wind appears. He picks up the snow cover and carries it, dragging it along with him. In nature, a distinction is made between high and low snowstorms depending on the redistribution of air masses. Typically, severe snowstorms occur in the middle of winter, at the peak of seasonal temperatures. The formation of a snowy landscape depends on this natural phenomenon: wind-blown snow takes on the bizarre shapes of snowdrifts.
A frequent companion of winter weather is icy conditions. This is an ice crust that forms on any surface after a sharp temperature change. Wet snow, rain before severe frost can provoke its appearance. As a rule, it is black ice that binds the entire area of ​​small streams and other sources of moisture, so it does not necessarily have to rain for it to appear.

If there are severe, long-term frosts in winter, they freeze the deepest bodies of water, which freeze to very decent depths, and this is how ice freezes begin, paralyzing shipping. The ice will begin to move only with strong warming, when the rays of the sun begin to warm up its firmament.
Frosts are considered dangerous natural phenomena. They can be installed for a long time if a winter anticyclone dominates the area. As a rule, abnormal frosts are a rare occurrence. Deviation from the usual norm does not occur everywhere and not always. Low temperatures can cause significant damage to agriculture and provoke an emergency, so all public utilities are on alert in winter.

Another indispensable attribute of winter is an icicle - a cone-shaped piece of ice that hangs from any plane. During the day, the sun warms the snow, it begins to melt and leak, and at night the frost intensifies, everything around freezes. The mass of the icicle grows as the snow melts, then it collapses from its own weight and crumbles when it hits the ground.

It is with the melting of icicles that a smooth transition to spring begins, when the air temperature gradually rises, the days become longer, and frost patterns disappear, seeping melt water into the warmed ground.

Freeze-up is the process of the formation of a stationary ice cover on reservoirs and watercourses. The time of onset of this period and its duration are determined both by the characteristics of the landscape zone (the formation of ice cover, as a rule, occurs from the end of November to the second half of December), and by the characteristics of a particular winter (fogs, thaws, winds), as well as the type of reservoir (depth , size, etc.), the presence of permanent domestic wastewater, groundwater.

How ice forms on rivers

Ice formation begins when the water temperature drops to zero degrees. In shallow water and in bodies of standing water, ice forms faster. In the absence of wind and low air temperature, the resulting ice layer relatively evenly covers the surface of the reservoir. In windy weather, ice cover can form off the coast, although the open space of the reservoir will remain free until the onset of more severe frosts. If there is a fast current in these areas or warm water flows, they can remain without ice (polynyas).

During the freeze-up period, autumn ice drift may occur (ice drift under the influence of wind and current). May be accompanied by congestion. Autumn ice drift usually occurs on small rivers with weak currents, as well as during sharp fluctuations in water levels and warming. The forming ice breaks, is broken by the wind, washed away by rain and fog, and floats downstream. As they accumulate, the ice floes freeze together, forming hummocks up to three meters thick.
The ice begins to break up, as a rule, at the end of March, and finally melts in May. Often the process of breaking up the ice is accompanied by ice drift and congestion.

Snow is a winter type of precipitation. It has its own crystal structure, which is based on frozen microscopic drops of water. When a drop passes through the cold atmospheric layers of air and falls to the ground, it freezes and becomes overgrown with its fellows, clinging to them, forming six-pointed snowflakes. This form is due to the physical laws of water freezing.

What is snow made of?

Each snowflake rarely exceeds 5 mm in size, but the openwork interweaving of the edges can be very diverse. It is not yet clear why each snowflake is different from each other, why each of them has perfect symmetry. Today it has already been proven that all snowflakes have clear geometric lines that are combined in a hexagonal format; it is the water molecule itself that has a hexagonal shape, therefore, freezing in the clouds and turning into an ice crystal, water is formed according to this principle, capturing other molecules along the chain, located in close proximity.

The bizarre shape is influenced by both air temperature and humidity. But no one today doubts that a snowflake is, in its essence, links in one chain of frozen water molecules. The contours of the snowflake itself are angular. The tips most likely resemble sharp points or needles. Moreover, they are all different, each snowflake has its own pointed pattern. Today there is no answer to the question of why this happens. Perhaps very soon we will witness new scientific discoveries that will reveal to us the secret of geometric symmetry and the dissimilarity of snowflakes.

The presence of snow plays an important role. A blanket of snow covers the ground in a thick layer of white blanket. It keeps warm and prevents plants and small animals from dying. Without it, winter crops will die, there will be no harvest, and no bread will be born. Snow creates that necessary supply of moisture, which is so important during spring awakening. Therefore, the importance of snow cannot be overestimated.

In winter you can see extraordinary beauty on the windows, as if someone had painted the glass with paints and a brush. The mysterious artist of the frosty patterns on the window is none other than the frost outside.

Why do patterns appear on windows?

Frosty patterns are tree-like formations, also called dendrites and trichites - forms in the form of fibers. The patterns appear as water crystallization when the window is cooled from 0 to – 6°C. A continuous layer of opaque, loose ice is deposited on the surface of the glass. Small irregularities and scratches in the glass partly contribute to further crystallization.

Let's look at what temperature the window surface begins to cool. If the starting point of cooling begins at a positive temperature and high air humidity, then a film of water first forms on the cooling surface of the glass, then, when the temperature drops below zero, it crystallizes in the form of tree-like formations - dendrites.

By the way, dendritic crystallization on a window usually begins from the bottom of the glass, since due to the action of gravity much more water accumulates there than on the top of the window. If the temperature difference occurs in a fairly short period of time, for example, overnight, then in the morning you can see on the window what causes the frosty patterns to appear, as we have already said - dendritic crystallization of ice.

Instructions

Very often, the first signs of winter are visible already in the second half of November, when they are observed at night. In winter, the days become very short and the nights become long. The length of the night reaches its apogee on December 21, after which daytime begins to slowly lengthen again.

The clouds lose their summer lightness and become heavy and low. They often fill the entire area, and precipitation occurs from time to time. Winter precipitation is called snow, and it is based on frozen droplets of water. When they pass through cold layers of air, they form six-pointed snowflakes, necessarily symmetrical in shape. Having fallen to the surface, they grow together with others, forming snowdrifts.

One of the most dangerous winter natural phenomena is snowfall with high intensity. At the same time, the wind also increases significantly; it lifts the upper layers of the snow cover into the air. Another characteristic phenomenon is glaze, which is the formation of a crust of ice on the surface of the earth. During prolonged frosts, ice completely freezes rivers and reservoirs, which impedes navigation. This phenomenon is called freezing. Ice formation begins as soon as the water reaches zero temperature, and in areas with rapid flow there may not be ice. The presence of snow cover creates a special microclimate that helps all living things survive low temperatures. It retains heat and also creates a supply of moisture for spring. The melting of the masses in the spring becomes the key to the “awakening” of the trees.

In winter, plants' metabolism slows down sharply and there is no visible growth. Starch reserves are converted into carbohydrates and fats. Sugars are necessary for the respiration process, the intensity of which is 300 times lower in winter. In winter, the cells of the educational tissue of the meristem become active, and the formation of leaf primordia in the buds occurs. Plant cells change their chemical composition to become frost-resistant. Sugars play the role of antifreeze. In the forest, the soil does not freeze, being under snow cover. The presence of a layer of humus also plays a role. Throughout the winter, the soil temperature is about 0 degrees, so moisture remains available to plants.

Animals have their own adaptations against the cold. In mammals, the thermoregulation mechanism works intensively, allowing them to protect the hairless parts of the body. Also, for successful survival, the animal must have the skills of storing food or winter hunting.
Herbivores dig out twigs and blades of grass from under the snow and can feed on bark. Small animals make preliminary reserves for the winter in their homes, so they may not go outside at all. Some animals hibernate, such as the marmot, bear, badger, and raccoon. Before laying down for the winter, the animal actively accumulates subcutaneous fat, after which it builds a burrow for itself. In a state of hibernation, all processes in the body slow down sharply. The body processes accumulated nutrients.

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Lesson type. Combined.

Purpose of the lesson: to form students’ ideas about the impact of winter changes on wildlife.

Lesson objectives:

– systematize and enrich children’s knowledge about the connections between objects of living and inanimate nature;
– expand students’ knowledge about living nature, its representatives, and the characteristics of their life activities;
– develop attention, memory, skills to compare, classify, generalize, through working with a diagram;
– develop communicative competencies through group work;
– cultivate a caring attitude towards nature.

During the lesson, students:

Update:

– ideas about characteristic changes in inanimate nature during the winter season;
– knowledge and ideas about living and inanimate nature;
– ideas about objects of living nature: plants, animals, humans;
– the ability to classify objects of flora and fauna;
– ideas about the wintering of birds, animals, insects, fish.

Buy:

– knowledge that broadens one’s horizons in the field of wildlife in the winter season, the peculiarities of adaptations of different groups of animals and plants in winter;
– the ability to establish cause-and-effect relationships in inanimate and living nature;
– ideas about representatives of wildlife in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (your locality).

Fasten:

– skills of working in a group, pair, frontally and individually;
– ability to work with various sources of information (textual, auditory, visual);
– the ability to summarize information, highlight the main thing, draw conclusions, observe, logically express one’s thoughts, give examples, argue one’s point of view and express attitudes towards the opinions of others, establish relationships, cooperate;
– qualities of character, such as respect for the opinions and points of view of classmates, compassion for wintering animals, concern for native nature.

Required equipment and materials:

Equipment:

– Computers – 11 pcs. (1 for teacher, 10 for students).
– Multimedia projector, screen.

Materials:

– Presentation “Wildlife in winter” (Presentation 1).
– Electronic test “Objects of living and inanimate nature” (Presentation 2).
– Illustrations depicting footprints.
– Cards with tasks for groups.
– Check cards-schemes “Connections of living and non-living nature”.
– Electronic game “Settle the Tenants” (Presentation 3).
– Painting “Wildlife in winter.”
- The world. 2nd grade. Textbook for general education institutions. Part 1./ A.A. Pleshakov.

- Guys, listen to the poem and tell me what time of year it says:

The gray birch tree bent down,
The snow crumbled like a white carpet.
Blue snowflakes fly
And they form a fluffy ball.
Everything fell asleep: and the dark hummocks
And the river and the trees in the forests.
And the big frosty sun
Lost in thick clouds. (Nina Lyamaeva)

- That's right, about winter. Name the winter months. (December January February)

– What words from the poem help us imagine winter?

– Winter is the most difficult time of year in the life of living beings. Why?

– You will learn more about the impact of winter changes on wildlife in the lesson. ( Presentation 1) (Slide 1)

III. Checking homework. Updating students' knowledge

– Let’s remember once again which nature we call living and which nonliving? (Living nature: plants, animals, humans; non-living nature - sun, air, water, soil).

– Guys, you will need to solve the test by choosing an object of animate or inanimate nature. (Test – Presentation 2)

- Well done guys, you completed the task.

1. Conversation with students “Changes in plant life in winter”:

– Guys, what changes occur in inanimate nature in winter? (The air temperature drops, precipitation falls in the form of snow, water and soil freeze, the sun heats up little, the days get shorter, the nights get longer). (Textbook, pp. 134 -135)

– What groups are all plants divided into? How do winter changes in inanimate nature affect plant life?

– What types of trees are there? Do all trees shed their leaves for the winter? (Slide 2-4)

– What deciduous tree does not grow in our area? (Oak)

– Do deciduous trees die in winter?

– How to identify a tree in winter?

(Deciduous trees shed their leaves in the fall, coniferous trees remain green; the trees do not die, buds remain on them, some have dry leaves and fruits: oak, rowan, maple, acacia).

– Identify the trees. (Slide 5)

– How do shrubs and grasses winter?

(Shrubs, like trees, shed their leaves; herbs fade, but not all of them; there are herbaceous plants: strawberries, hoofed grass, which go green under the snow).

– Why do you think they don’t freeze?

(Snow protects from frost; the more snow, the easier it is for plants to withstand winter frosts; scientists measured the air temperature above and below the snow and found that under the snow the temperature is 17-20 ° C higher).

– Winter is a period of rest in the life of plants. In winter you won’t see living leaves, flowers, or budding buds. But even in winter you can see a lot of interesting things in the plant world. For many, many millennia, plants have experienced the effects of winter and cold. And the plants became so “accustomed” to winter that it became necessary for their development. In winter, the buds “ripen”.

– Is it possible to observe growth in our plants in winter? (It turns out that it is possible; at the end of winter, young shoots of some herbs begin to grow under the snow cover; growth under snow is characteristic of plants that bloom in early spring). (Slide 6)

– Which group of living beings, besides plants, also belongs to living nature?

(Animals: animals, birds, fish, insects)

A physical moment for the eyes (On the walls of the classroom there are pictures depicting tracks of a moose, a hare, a squirrel, a wolf; when an image of an animal appears on the screen, children should look in the direction where its tracks are drawn and follow their outline with their eye movements). (Slide 8)

- Guys, traces of what group of animals were you looking for?

– now we will listen to 3 messages about the life of wild animals in winter.

2. Students’ story about how wild animals spend the winter

Before lying down in the den, the bear confuses its tracks, like a hare, meanders through the wind and water, jumps sideways from the track, and passes through one place several times.

A den is a hole dug somewhere under the roots of a tree, lined with grass and dry fern even before the first snow. The bear lies down with his head to the hole, covers his muzzle with his paw and sleeps. At this time, he does not eat food, but lives off accumulated fat.

They say that in winter bears suck their paws in their dens. In fact, the old rough skin comes off the bear’s feet, and the young, tender skin needs to be warmed. That's why the bear licks the soles with a hot tongue, smacking his lips at the same time. So, it seems that he is sucking his paw.

If a bear is awakened, it leaves the den hungry and at this time can be very dangerous. It is called a bear - connecting rod. (Slide 9)

The fox hunts at dusk or at night for birds, hares, and hedgehogs. It sneaks up on prey unnoticed, suddenly rushes at it and grabs it with sharp teeth. Like a cat, he loves to play with his prey. In winter you can see a fox sniffing the snow. In fact, she tracks mice by smell under the snow, quickly digs the snow with her front paws and grabs the prey. By destroying mice, the fox brings benefits. During severe snowstorms and bad weather, she seeks shelter, curls up in a ball and covers herself with her tail.

By winter, the squirrel insulates its nest, which serves as reliable protection during severe frosts and bad weather. The squirrel builds its nest in the forks of branches or in the hollows of trees. In frosts, when it is very cold, squirrels do not run through the forest, they hide in nests. A ball of branches high on the fir trees. It has one or two exits, and the inside walls are lined with moss.

By winter, the squirrel makes food supplies. It’s funny to watch how a squirrel looks for nuts: it hits the branches of a hazel tree with its paw and sees which one swings the most. So there are nuts on this branch. He selects the best fruits for food and reserves.

The squirrel dries mushrooms itself in summer and autumn. If you bite into a fungus, is it tasty? Then prick it on a twig and let it dry until winter. It happens that hundreds and even thousands of fungi dry out over the summer.

- Guys, what animals did they tell you about?

– What is the difference between their preparations for winter and wintering itself?

– What other animals go to sleep for the winter? (Hedgehog, badger).

– Who looks for food in nature? (Hare, wolf, elk).

– Who stocks up in the fall? (Mouse, hamster, beaver).

– How can we help forest animals?

For the hares, brooms with young leaves are stocked in the summer. Hares will not refuse dried branches of rowan, raspberry, and poplar. Young aspen trees are cut down for elk; elk also love rowan and pine branches. Root vegetables are left for the wild boars: beets, rutabaga, turnips, acorns. Beavers are also fed in winter. After all, if there is a lack of supplies, beavers must get out onto the ice through holes. Beavers feed on aspen, bird cherry, oak, and poplar.

Physical moment

The gray bunny is sitting
And he wiggles his ears.
It's cold for the bunny to sit
We need to warm our paws.
It's cold for the bunny to stand
The bunny needs to jump.
Someone scared the bunny
The bunny jumped and ran away. (Slide 13)

3. Conversation with students about wintering of fish and insects

– What difficulties do fish experience in winter?

Frost covered ponds, rivers, and lakes with a thick ice crust. In deep silence, fish sleep on the river bottom. In the deepest places, a catfish lies in a hole. Wide flat bream lie in rows without the slightest movement. It is difficult for fish in winter. Air does not pass through the ice into the water. It becomes difficult for fish to breathe and they may die. Therefore, in winter they make holes in the ice. To prevent the water in the ice hole from freezing quickly, bundles of straw are placed in it and sprinkled with snow on top. Air passes well through snow and straw into the water. (Crucian carp, lenok, grayling, bream, perch, pike). ( Slide 14)

– How do insects endure winter?

(Some insects die from severe frosts, others fall asleep in the bark of trees, in cracks and wake up in the spring; ants go deep underground and sleep there until spring).

4. Work in groups “Wintering of birds” ( Slide 15)

(Children work with texts provided by the teacher and add what they know themselves).

- Guys, look at the slide, who is it? (Birds).

– But you must prepare yourself how birds winter:

1 group “Wintering birds”

Tits do not fly south. sparrows, crows, magpies, woodpeckers, black grouse, wood grouse. Bullfinches and waxwings flew to us for the winter from the northern regions.

Group 2 “The Amazing Crossbill” (Performing a skit)

But the crossbill bird is happy about winter. Why? Let's listen to what he tells Chizhu about.

“You crossbill, why are you squealing?” Did they offend you, or what?

- No, Chizhik, I’m the one who’s happy!

- I found time to rejoice.

- Just the right time, just the right time! The chicks hatched in my nest - how cute, how good:

- In such and such frost? They won't stay alive!

- How will they live and live! I carry them spruce seeds, and my mother warms them like a stove. And they are warm, and nourished, and my song makes them happy!

- Why was the crossbill happy? Why do crossbills hatch chicks in winter?

Crossbills feed on spruce and pine seeds all winter. The seeds of these plants ripen by winter. This means that the most food for crossbills is available at this time of year. That's why these birds hatch their chicks in winter. There is snow and severe frost all around, and there are babies in the nest. But the cold is not scary for them, because they are always full.

Group 3 “Bird food in winter” ( Slide 16 – 17)

How do all these birds survive the harsh winter, since they eat insects? The secret is simple: through your own “mind” and ingenuity. Since autumn, tits have been preparing food for the winter: they stuff literally millions of dried spiders and small insects into the cracks of tree bark. If there is enough food, then birds don’t mind frost. Sparrows, magpies, and crows feed near human habitations. Woodpeckers and pikas feed on insect larvae, extracting them from under the bark of trees. Jays and goldfinches collect the remaining fruits and seeds of plants.

Group 4 “How can we help birds in winter?”

Yet birds often go hungry in winter. You need to make a feeder, hang it on a tree, bring food there, hang a piece of lard at the window - for the tits.

Poem by A. Yashin “Feed the birds in winter”

Feed the birds in winter
Let it come from all over
They will flock to you like home,
Flocks on the porch.

Their food is not rich.
I need a handful of grain
One handful is not scary
It will be winter for them.

It’s impossible to count how many of them die,
It's hard to see.
But in our heart there is
And it's warm for the birds.

Train your birds in the cold
To your window
So that you don’t have to go without songs
Let's welcome spring.

– Guys, you did a good job on the new topic. Now, I suggest you check yourself.

1. Addition of the table.

(Individual work on cards):

2. Pair work “Resettlement of the tenants” (Presentation 3)

These techniques allow you to evaluate each child.

– Guys, what have you learned about inanimate nature in winter?

– How do plants winter?

– How do animals spend the winter? Fish? Insects? Birds?

– How can we help animals in winter?

– What other object of living nature did we not talk about today? (About man; we will learn about the life and work of man in winter in the next lesson).

– What did you learn in the lesson?

– Which job did you like best?

– Express your attitude to the lesson with color. Students have a picture of a bird, animal, insect or fish. Color images are attached to the painting “Wildlife in Winter”. It turns out to be a collective work that is in the classroom for several days. (If time permits in class, you can draw up all the drawings in Paint and display them on the screen at the end of the main presentation). ( Slide 18)

VII. Homework

– Prepare a photo story or a series of drawings on the topic “Wildlife in winter”

When compiling the lesson notes, Internet resources were used: