They can only be homogeneous. How to determine homogeneous members of a sentence and what they are. How to identify homogeneous groups of sentence words in a simple sentence

Homogeneous are called members of the proposal, answering the same question, relating to the same member of the sentence and performing the same syntactic function (i.e., occupying the position of one member of the sentence).

They have equal rights, do not depend on each other and are one and the same member of the sentence. They are connected to each other by a coordinative or non-conjunctive syntactic connection. The coordinating connection is expressed intonationally and with the help of coordinating conjunctions: single or repeated. The non-union connection is expressed intonationally.

For example: I like ice cream.I love ice cream, chocolate, cookie And cakes.

Laughing girls ran into the room.(A simple two-part common sentence.) Merry , laughing , screaming , flashy the girls ran into the room.(A simple two-part common sentence, complicated by homogeneous members.)

Homogeneous there can be everything members of the proposal: subjects, predicates, definitions, additions, circumstances.

For example:

- How boys, so girls passed the sports standards. (Boys and girls are homogeneous subjects.)
- In a large forest during a storm, trees moan, are crackling, break down. (Moan, crack, break - homogeneous predicates.)
- Yellow, blue, purple sheets of paper lay on the store counter. (Yellow, blue, violet are homogeneous definitions.)
- I loved books, constructors And cartoons.
(Books, construction sets, cartoons are homogeneous additions)
- We spent all our days in the forest or on the river.(In the forest, on the river– homogeneous circumstances).

Homogeneous members can be separated from each other by other members of the sentence.

For example: The heart is not opened with an iron key, but with kindness.

Homogeneous members of the sentence may be common or uncommon.

For example: The garden is fragrant with autumn freshness, leaves and fruits.

Most often, homogeneous members of a sentence are expressed words of one part of speech, but such homogeneous members are also possible that are expressed by words of different parts of speech, phrases and phraseological units. That is, homogeneous members can be grammatically formatted differently.

For example: The girl answered the exam smartly, sensibly, beautiful language. (Homogeneous circumstances expressed by adverbs smartly, sensibly and noun phrases in excellent language.)

Due to the sudden downpour, we soaked to the skin And frozen. (Homogeneous predicates, expressed by phraseological units, are wet to the skin and frozen by the verb.)

Complications by homogeneous members can be introduced into a sentence in different ways and be punctuated differently.

Homogeneous members of a sentence, as mentioned above, form a combination of words based on a coordinating and/or non-union connection. If these are minor members of the sentence, then the connection with the words on which they depend is subordinate.

Homogeneous members in oral speech are formed intonationally, and in written speech punctuationally.

One sentence can have several rows of homogeneous members.

For example:

Masha, Seryozha And Petya sat around the dining room table and painted. (Masha, Seryozha and Petya– homogeneous subjects – 1st row of homogeneous members; sat and drew– homogeneous predicates – 2nd row of homogeneous terms.)

Enumerative intonation and coordinating conjunctions are involved in the grammatical association of homogeneous members:

a) connecting: And ; Yes in meaning And ; neither ..., neither ; How ..., so and ; Not only ...,but also ; Same ; Also ;
b) adversative: A ; But ; Yes in meaning But ; but ; however ;
c) dividing: or ; or ; That ..., That ;not that ..., not that ; either ...,either .

For example:

Siberia has many features like in nature, So
and in human morals. (Union How …, so and – connecting.)

And the Baltic Sea, although not deep, but extensively. (Union But - nasty.)

In the evenings he or read, or watched TV.(Union or – dividing.)

In rare cases, homogeneous members can be connected by subordinating conjunctions (causal, concessive), for example:

For example:

It was useful because it is educational a game. Book interesting, although difficult. (In these examples, homogeneous members of the sentence: useful, because developing; interesting, although complex - are connected using subordinating conjunctions because, although.)

The following are not homogeneous members of the sentence:

1) repeated words used to emphasize a variety of objects, the duration of an action, its repetition, etc.

For example: We seemed to be floating in the air and were spinning, were spinning, were spinning. White fragrant daisies run under his feet back, back (Kuprin).

Such combinations of words are considered as a single member of the sentence;

2) repeating identical shapes connected by a particle not this way : believe it or not, try, don’t try, write like this, write like this, work like this, work like this;

3) combinations of two verbs, of which the first is lexically incomplete: I'll take it and tell you, I took it and complained, I'll go and have a look and so on.;

4) phraseological units like: neither fluff nor feather, neither back nor forth, for nothing about anything, neither light nor dawn, neither fish nor meat, neither give nor take, neither alive nor dead, and laughter and sin, and this way and that.

In them There is no comma.

Incorrect punctuation is one of the typical mistakes made in written speech. The most difficult ones usually include placing commas in sentences where there are heterogeneous or homogeneous definitions. Only a clear understanding of their features and differences helps make the entry correct and readable.

What is the definition?

This is a denoting attribute, property or quality of an object denoted by a noun. Most often expressed by an adjective ( white scarf), participle ( running boy), pronoun ( our house), ordinal number ( second number) and answers the questions "which one?" "whose?". However, there may be cases of use as a definition of a noun ( checkered dress), a verb in the infinitive form ( dream of being able to fly), adjective in simple comparative degree ( an older girl appeared), adverbs ( Hard boiled egg).

What are homogeneous members

The definition of this concept is given in syntax and concerns the structure of the simple (or predicative part). Homogeneous members are expressed by words of the same part of speech and the same form, depend on the same word. Consequently, they will answer a general question and perform the same syntactic function in a sentence. Homogeneous members are connected with each other by a coordinating or non-conjunctive connection.It should also be noted that their rearrangement within a syntactic structure is usually possible.

Based on the above rule, we can say that homogeneous definitions characterize an object on the basis of common (similar) features and qualities. Consider the sentence: “ In the garden, white, scarlet, burgundy buds of roses that had not yet blossomed proudly towered over their fellow flowers." The homogeneous definitions used in it denote color, and therefore characterize the object according to the same characteristic. Or another example: " Soon, low, heavy clouds hung over the city sweltering from the heat." In this sentence, one feature is logically connected to another.

Heterogeneous and homogeneous definitions: distinctive features

This question often causes difficulties. To understand the material, let’s take a closer look at what features each group of definitions has.

These are the main features, knowledge of which will allow you to easily distinguish between sentences with homogeneous definitions and heterogeneous ones. This means using punctuation marks correctly.

In addition, when performing syntactic and punctuation analysis of a sentence, you need to remember the following important points.

Definitions that are always the same

1. Adjectives next to each other characterize an object according to one characteristic: size, color, geographical location, assessment, sensations, etc. " At the bookstore, Zakhar purchased reference books on German, Italian, and French culture in advance.».
2. A group of synonyms used in a sentence: they call the same feature differently. " From early morning everyone in the house was in a cheerful, festive mood caused by yesterday's news».
3. Definitions that appear after the noun, with the exception of terms such as grab overhead crane. For example, in A. Pushkin’s poem we find: “ Three greyhounds are running along a boring winter road" In this case, each of the adjectives refers directly to the noun, and each definition is logically highlighted.
4. Homogeneous members of a sentence represent a semantic gradation, i.e. designation of the characteristic in increasing order. " The sisters, overwhelmed by a joyful, festive, radiant mood, could no longer hide their emotions».
5. Inconsistent definitions. For example: " A tall man in a warm sweater, with shining eyes and a bewitching smile, cheerfully entered the room.».

Combination of a single adjective and participial phrase

It is also necessary to dwell on the next group of definitions. These are adjectives and participial phrases used side by side and related to the same noun. Here, punctuation depends on the position of the latter.

Definitions that correspond to the scheme “single adjective + participial phrase” are almost always homogeneous. For example, " In the distance, dark mountains towering above the forest could be seen" However, if the participial phrase is used before the adjective and refers not to the noun, but to the entire combination, the rule “punctuation marks for homogeneous definitions” does not work. For example, " Yellow leaves swirling in the autumn air smoothly fell onto the damp ground.».

One more point needs to be taken into account. Consider this example: “ Among the dense, spreading fir trees, darkened in the twilight, it was difficult to see the narrow path leading to the lake" This is a sentence with isolated homogeneous definitions expressed by participial phrases. Moreover, the first of them is located between two single adjectives and clarifies the meaning of the word “thick”. Therefore, according to the rules for the design of homogeneous members, they are distinguished in writing by punctuation marks.

Cases when a comma is not required but is preferred

1. Homogeneous definitions (examples of which can often be found in fiction) designate different, but usually accompanying each other, causal features. For example, " At night,(you can insert BECAUSE) Long shadows from trees and lanterns were clearly visible in the deserted streets" Another example: " Suddenly, deafening sounds reached the old man’s ears,(BECAUSE) terrible thunderclaps».
2. Sentences with epithets that give a diverse description of the subject. For example, " And now, looking at the big one, Luzhin, she... was filled... with pity"(V. Nabokov). Or from A. Chekhov: “ Rainy, dirty, dark autumn has arrived».
3. When using adjectives in a figurative meaning (close to epithets): “ Timofey's large, fishy eyes were sad and carefully looked straight ahead».

Such homogeneous definitions - examples show this - are an excellent means of expressiveness in a work of art. With their help, writers and poets emphasize certain significant details in the description of an object (person).

Exceptional cases

Sometimes in speech you can find sentences with homogeneous definitions, expressed by a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives. For example, " Until recently, old, low houses stood in this place, but now there are new, tall ones." As this example shows, in such a case there are two groups of definitions that relate to the same noun, but have opposite meanings.

Another case concerns definitions interconnected by explanatory relationships. " Completely different sounds, alien to the boy, were heard from the open window." In this sentence, after the first definition, the words “namely”, “that is” would be appropriate.

Rules for placing punctuation marks

Here everything depends on how homogeneous definitions are related to each other. Commas are used in non-union connections. Example: " A short, wrinkled, hunchbacked old woman was sitting on a chair on the porch, silently pointing to the open door." If there are coordinating conjunctions (“usually”, “and”), punctuation marks are not needed. " Women in white and blue homespun shirts peered into the distance, hoping to recognize the horseman approaching them." Thus, these sentences are subject to punctuation rules that apply to all syntactic constructions with homogeneous members.

If the definitions are heterogeneous (their examples are discussed in the table), a comma is not placed between them. Exception with combinations that can be ambiguous. For example, " After much debate and reflection, it was decided to resort to other proven methods" In this case, everything depends on the meaning of the participle. A comma is used if “namely” can be inserted before the word “verified”.

Conclusion

Analysis of all of the above leads to the conclusion that punctuation literacy largely depends on knowledge of specific theoretical material on syntax: what is a definition, homogeneous members of a sentence.

Sentences with homogeneous members are widely used in oral and written speech. After reading the article, you will learn what it is, become familiar with the peculiarities of using homogeneous members of a sentence, as well as the rules of punctuation when writing them.

What are homogeneous members of a sentence?

Homogeneous members of the sentence- these are sentence members that perform the same syntactic function. In a sentence they refer to the same word and answer the same question. Homogeneous members of a sentence can be represented by any independent part of speech (noun, verb, adjective, etc.) and indicate an object, attribute, action or circumstance.

Sentences with homogeneous members are classified as complex sentences.

Which parts of a sentence can be homogeneous?

Any members of a sentence can act as homogeneous ones. The table shows examples of the use of homogeneous sentence members with different syntactic roles.

In some cases, homogeneous members of a sentence can be represented by different parts of speech, phrases, phraseological expressions or phrases that perform the same syntactic function ( He answered in class(How?) confident, on business, having thought it all out well ).

How to find homogeneous members of a sentence?

To find homogeneous members in a sentence, you must:

• Identify the main and minor members of the sentence;
• Determine which members of the sentence answer one question and relate to one word;
• Check whether they are connected by a coordinating or non-conjunctive connection (whether they are pronounced with the intonation of enumeration).

Example: Woman embroidered a flower and a bird. Flower And bird- additions, answer the question What?, refer to the word embroidered; connected by a coordinating connection, between them there is a coordinating conjunction And.

Sometimes several members of a sentence can be homogeneous at once. Sentences of this type are more often used in written speech.

Examples: Me and him talked and joked yesterday(homogeneous members of the sentence: me, him(subjects) and talked, joked(predicates)).

Punctuation for homogeneous sentence parts

In sentences, homogeneous members can be united by union and non-union connections.

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If a generalizing word is used before homogeneous members of a sentence, a colon is placed after it; if a generalizing word comes after homogeneous members of a sentence, then a dash is placed in front of it (I love different fruits: apples, bananas and oranges. About joys, about failures, about love - about everything was in this book).

Homogeneous members of a sentence are studied in Russian language lessons in 4th grade.

What have we learned?

• Homogeneous members of a sentence have the same syntactic features and answer the same question;
• Homogeneous members of a sentence can be represented by any part of speech, phrase, phrase;
• In writing, a comma, a conjunction, or a comma and a conjunction can be placed between homogeneous members of a sentence.

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What are the good things about the rules of the Russian language? The fact that even without knowing all the intricacies of their use, absolutely everyone uses them. Want an example? Please! Coming home from school, the child begins to talk about everything he was doing: writing an essay, solving a problem, playing football, pushing Masha. At the same time, it is not you, not your child, who will not think that his story turned out to be so complete thanks to the very important homogeneous parts of the sentence. So what are homogeneous members of a sentence?

How to recognize homogeneous members

First, let's remember what a proposal is. These are words that express a complete thought. The words that make up a sentence are called sentence members. This is the subject, predicate, definition, addition, circumstance.

Sentences consisting of different members (main and secondary) are considered common. They may have members with similar functions. They answer one question and refer to one common word, that is, they are homogeneous.

Why are homogeneous members needed? In the above example from school life, the child listed everything he did in class. Thus, the main purpose of homogeneous members is enumeration. Homogeneous members make the narrative more interesting and allow you to tell about several actions, objects or their characteristics at once.

What members of the sentence are they?

What are homogeneous members, and what members of a sentence can be them? The answer is simple: any. Accordingly, they can be any part of speech.

For example, the main member of a sentence is the subject, expressed by a noun: Roses, hydrangeas and poppies grew in the garden.

Homogeneous predicates look like this: During physical education, the guys ran, jumped, did push-ups, and played volleyball. All verbs here are predicates (answer the question: what did you do?) and homogeneous members of the sentence (since they refer to the same subject).

Example of homogeneous circumstances: There were crows sitting on the fence, roof and trees.

Homogeneous definitions give several characteristics to one object at once: The water in the sea was warm, clean and transparent.

In a sentence: He painted with watercolors, gouache, pencil - homogeneous additions.

Punctuation marks and conjunctions

In writing, homogeneous members are distinguished by commas and connected by conjunctions, and when pronounced, by the intonation of enumeration: “And the wind, and the rain, and the haze Above the cold desert of water” (I. Bunin). In this example, the words are connected by a repeating conjunction.

Commas are also used if homogeneous members are connected by adversative conjunctions: The spool is small, but expensive. The conjunction “yes” is used in the meaning of the adversative conjunction “but”.

When using disjunctive conjunctions, commas are also necessary: ​​I will buy either apples, or pears, or plums.

So, you have learned what homogeneous members of a sentence are, examples of their use, and you probably realized that it is simply impossible to do without them in everyday communication.

In some sentences there are words that perform the same syntactic function, refer to the same word, but are not homogeneous members. Such words are called heterogeneous members of a sentence.

The main differences between homogeneous and heterogeneous members of a sentence with examples are given in the table.

In the position after the word being defined, heterogeneous parts of the sentence are written separated by commas.

Example: Trees, high, noisy, bowed their branches to the water. ( Compare: High noisy the trees bowed their branches to the water).

Several agreed upon definitions that are not interconnected by unions can be either homogeneous or heterogeneous. A comma is placed between homogeneous definitions; a comma is not placed between heterogeneous definitions.

Homogeneous definitions are directly related to the defined (main) word, while between themselves they are in an enumerative relationship (they are pronounced with enumerative intonation and a conjunction and can be placed between them).

Example: Blue and green balls. - Blue balls. Green balls. Blue and green balls.

Heterogeneous definitions are not pronounced with enumerative intonation; it is usually impossible to put the conjunction and between them. Heterogeneous definitions are differently connected with the defined (main) word. One of the definitions (the closest) is directly related to the word being defined, while the second is already connected to a phrase consisting of the main word and the first definition:

Long freight train. With the main word train The definition closest to it is directly related - commodity. Definition long associated with the whole phrase - freight train. (The freight train is long).

To distinguish between homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions, it is necessary to take into account a whole complex of characteristics. When parsing and arranging punctuation marks, pay attention to the meaning, method of expression and order of definitions in the sentence.

How to distinguish homogeneous definitions from heterogeneous ones in a sentence?

Homogeneous definitions create a holistic impression of an object and name its specific quality (shape, size, color). Homogeneous definitions can be expressed by adjectives of the same category in meaning, less often - by an adjective and participial phrase (red and yellow walls; fox and hare holes; damp, reluctantly drying soil).

Heterogeneous definitions name different properties of the defined object. Heterogeneous definitions can be expressed by a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives, numeral and adjective, pronoun and adjective, etc. (a strong walnut; my favorite movie; the first mercury thermometer).

Examples of sentences with homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions: Misha had in his collection copper, silver And bronze coins ( homogeneous). - Misha collected ancient bronze coins ( heterogeneous). Katya put her things in big And small boxes ( homogeneous). - Katya put her things in big cardboard boxes ( heterogeneous).

Both homogeneous and heterogeneous members of a sentence can be used in one sentence.

Example: The artist painted with blue and red oil paints ( blue, red– homogeneous members of the sentence; blue oil, red oil- heterogeneous members of the sentence).