Sentences with abstract nouns in Russian. Abstract nouns in English. Indeclinable nouns

In russian language common nouns nouns are allocated in special groups.

Specific nouns denote objects of reality or persons. They stand for counted items. Such nouns can have paired form of a number. Specific nouns include:

a) common nouns with the meaning of a person ( father – fathers, students – pupils etc.);
b) denoting objects surrounding a person ( table - tables, wood – trees, house – Houses);
c) various kinds of concepts, very similar to abstract ones, but capable of obeying the account ( word – words, revolution - revolutions, atom – atoms etc.).

Distracted nouns are used to denote concepts such as action, state, sign, quality, property, presented in the broad sense of the word ( happiness, joy, tact, confusion, patience, kindness, harshness, luck). Abstract nouns are characterized by the fact that:

1) have a singular form and do not have a paired number form ( love, novelty etc.). Cases when an abstract noun is used in the plural form are rare in Russian ( commemoration, dust etc.);
2) some abstract names are grammatically designed as plural nouns ( twilight, elections, debates etc.);
3) have word-formation indicators, i.e. have their own suffixes: -ost- (liveness), -izn- (whiteness), -from- (height), -ev- (blue), -enu [j] - (reading [j] e) etc.

Abstract nouns are formed quite regularly (they can be formed from almost every verb or quality adjective).

Abstract nouns can pass into the category concrete, and then they get the pair form of the number. Wed phrases depthsea (depth- an abstract noun) - such depths(depths – plural form of a specific noun). Similarly: beauty of nature – beauty of nature – not just abstract actions, signs, qualities are called, but their concrete manifestations. With such specific meanings, the noun gets the opportunity to combine with cardinal numbers: Two- not small – political joyvisited me at the end of September during my stay at Chukovsky ...(A. Solzhenitsyn).

Collective nouns denote something whole; indivisible set, presented as a single entity. Wed: student, sheet(units) – students, sheets(plural) - the indicator is zero inflection in the singular and inflection -s in plural; nouns students(= "all students combined"), foliage(= "all sheets") – collective. Typical example: youth= "young people".

Collective nouns are characterized by the fact that:

1) denote totality in any respect - a) persons (relatives, fools); b) animals, insects, birds ( crow, mosquito, animal), c) objects of the plant world ( foliage, needles, birch forest, spruce forest), d) things (shoes, furniture, linen, dishes);
2) are used only in singular(cf.: furniture, linen, relatives – units hours);
3) have their own suffixes: -stv- (students, peasantry), -j- (beast [j] e, white [j] e), -v- (foliage), -ur- (associate professor, professorship) etc.

Collective nouns must be distinguished from nouns in which collection category expressed lexically(root morpheme) or derivational. Such nouns are able to have a pair form of a number. For instance: inflorescence(cf. inflorescences- pl. h.), people(cf. parody).

Collective nouns denoting persons and animals do not show the category of animation. Wed: pity the beast[j]ё(V. p.), but animals_(R. p.) - I. p. \u003d V. p. (inanimate); I see people(V. p. \u003d I. p.) - an inanimate noun.

Real nouns combine words with meaning substances:

- kinds food products (cream, sour cream, cottage cheese, sugar);
– types of agricultural crops (wheat, rye);
– chemical elements, compounds and alloys (alkali, sulfur, copper);
- different kinds of materials (suede, velor, wood);
- medications (aspirin, validol);
– food and other types of waste (sawdust, slop).

Their features are as follows.

1. They form a lexico-grammatical group because they do not have a paired form of a number. Wed: sawdust, firewood, cream, yeast- similar nouns have either only the singular or only the plural.
2. Masculine nouns in the genitive case may have a special ending: -y with the meaning of part of the whole. For instance: Put sugar in a glass. Buy a bag of sand. drink tea but: tea production, sand mining.
3. These nouns are not capable of being counted, cannot be combined with cardinal numbers, but can be combined with words denoting a certain measure, weight. For instance: kilogram, bag, glass, bottle, bank(cf.: sugar); a meter of fabric, a liter of sour cream, a ton of wheat etc.

Real nouns are capable of be specific, and then they may have paired form of a number. Wed: groats, but cereals, water, but mineral water. The paired form of a number may appear when such a noun denotes a significant amount of a substance: waters are coming, snows are coming, the sands are all covered are all plural forms. For instance: White snows are coming...(E. Evtushenko).

Single nouns ( singulatives) denote dedicated part from a homogeneous composition of real or collective nouns. Wed: raisin(real) highlight(single), sugar - saccharin; pea, straw etc.

By morphological properties, single nouns do not differ from specific: they have a paired number form ( Snowflake – snowflakes). Singular nouns are formed from real or real-collective nouns with the help of suffixes -in- (pea, straw), -ink- (raisin, sugar).

Should not be mixed single nouns with specific who are unable to relate to real nouns.

abstract nouns denote various abstract concepts, qualities, actions, states in abstraction from the carrier of the sign and the producer of the action: beauty, dexterity, bravery, development , enthusiasm , mowing , elasticity, slush , white , cold , warm .

Grammatical features of abstract nouns

1. Do not form number forms.

Can only be singular or only plural. In other words, this is .

3. Some abstract nouns can be combined with words lot/few and at the same time they stand in the singular form: a lot of attention, a lot of joy, a little grief.

Lot, a lot of restlessness
He will bring it with him.
(P. P. Ershov)

Derivative suffixes of abstract nouns

2. Abstract nouns formed with the help of special suffixes.

-awn-	dared awn , brave awn , wise awn
-there is-	fresh there is
-stv-	boasters stv O, prowess stv O
-ism-	real ism , hero ism , patriot ism
-stvij-	pleasure stve[j]e
-from-	kind from a, shire from a
-out-	white out a, crooked out a, new out a
-enij-	terp enenie, imagine enenie
-anij-	order ing, elm ing
-tij-	develop ti[j] e, soby ti[j] e
-acij-	orient ation, nominal ation

Unmotivated nouns make up a small part of abstract ones: sadness, passion, sadness, trouble, cosiness, flour, grief, mind.

To designate specific manifestations of abstract qualities, plural forms can be used: cold - winter cold a , depth - sea depths s , beauty - beauties s nature, reading - Pushkin Readings I am , joy - joy and life.

Valgina N. S., Rosenthal D. E. and Fomina M. I. believe that at present, abstract nouns tend to expand the scope of the use of plural forms: agreement, reality, heterogeneity, givenness. This also applies to verbal names with the meaning of action: sales, watering, shooting, emissions.

The same as abstract nouns.

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Word forms

"abstract nouns" in books

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6.12. Indeclinable nouns

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Nouns refer to people, places, or things. In addition, there is a special class of nouns - abstract nouns.

Abstract nouns cannot be detected by the five senses: see, hear, smell, to taste or touch their.

Let's look at such a sentence, a statement by the American writer Alvin Brooks White.

A library is a good place to go when you feel unhappy, for there, in a book, you may find encouragement and comfort.

Encouragement and comfort - one of the nouns in this sentence, - are abstract. There are many other nouns in this sentence: library, place, book. You can see them, touch them, for example. But you can't do it with encouragement and comfort. Support and comfort have no color, shape, smell, size, sound, consistency - in general, those properties that can be seen, heard, touched, tasted or smelled. Any noun beyond the reach of these five senses is abstract.

Do not confuse abstract and concrete nouns.

Concrete nouns are tangible with all our senses.

T-shirt is the best in adding zest to beauty.

T-shirt is an example of a specific noun. You can touch the shirt, smell it, check the material from which it is made. You can do this because it is available to all five of our senses.

For a clearer example of the difference between concrete and abstract nouns, we have compiled a table.

Table 1. English concrete and abstract nouns

A few more examples:

I love my husband.
In this sentence, the word love expresses action, and therefore acts as a verb.

Send them my love.
In this sentence, the word love is an abstract concept because it exists outside of the five senses.

Maria Could taste cilantro in the salsa.
In this sentence, the auxiliary verb "could" illustrates an action. After all, Maria can physically try salsa.

Abstract forms of nouns are very common and are an important part of communication. In many cases, these types of nouns are formed by adding a suffix or changing the root of a word. Child is a specific noun, and childhood- abstract.

As a rule, abstract nouns have the following suffixes:

Tion
-ism
-ity
-ment
-ness
-age
-ance
-ence
-ship
-ability
-acy

Typical mistakes of English-speaking bloggers

Abstract nouns can be formed from adjectives by adding a suffix -ness: happy / happiness, sad / sadness, kind / kindness, cheerful / cheerfulness.

However, a large group of adjectives has various nouns that do not need to be added - ness or another suffix. A common stylistic error is adding -ness to adjectives that already have the corresponding noun forms.
For example, the adjective humble is the corresponding noun humility , but many native English speakers do not know about it and write humbleness.

Politicians Need More humbleness.

Here are some additional adjective/abstract noun pairs that are often confused by journalists and bloggers.

Table 2. English abstract nouns and adjectives

angry / angry	angry / angry
anxious / anxiety	agitated / agitated
brave / bravery	courageous / audacity
curiosity / curiosity	curious / curiosity
generosity / generosity	generous / generosity
imaginative / imagination	figurative / imagination
intelligence / intelligence	smart / mind
jealous / jealousy	jealous / jealousy
loyal / loyal	devoted / devotion
mature / maturity	mature / maturity
peculiarity / peculiarity	special / feature
sane / sanity	sensible / mind
sensitive / sensitivity	sensitive / sensitivity
strength / strength	strong / strength
stupidity / stupidity	stupid / stupidity
tolerance / tolerance	tolerant / tolerance
warm / warm	warm / warm
wise / wisdom	wise / wisdom

As practice shows, many students, moving to the level Pre-Intermediate have difficulty remembering abstract nouns. Perhaps you have the same problem.

This is not surprising at all, because unlike concrete or real nouns, abstract nouns are difficult to visualize and imagine. But you can’t do without them if you want to communicate on high level. Therefore, in this article we will look at the features of abstract nouns, which will help you classify and remember them.

First, let's look at how abstract nouns are formed. They can be formed by adding a suffix to a verb, adjective, or other noun. Depending on this, suffixes also differ.

Verb suffixes

- ment

Abstract nouns with this suffix denote processes. Most often it is combined with verbs, but rarely combined with adjectives.

arrange - arrangement

develop - development

engage - engagement

enjoy - enjoyment

manage-management

-ation/-ition /-tion / -sion

The suffix -ition has many variations. Note that adding suffixes changes the spelling of nouns.

admiration - admiration

admit-admission

create - creation

decide - decision

discuss - discussion

donate - donation

imagine-imagination

inform - information

produce - production

- f

Abstract nouns derived from some verbs ending in V/VE are formed with the suffix F.

believe - belief

prove - proof

Adjective suffixes

- ness

If the adjective ends in Y, then adding a suffix changes Y to I.

happy-happiness

lonely - loneliness

sadness

tidy - tidiness

weakness - weakness

- ce/ - cy

Most often, adjectives that end in T / TE are combined with this suffix.

absent - absence

accurate-accuracy

obstinate - obstinacy

present-presence

prominent - prominence

- ity

Sometimes this suffix is added to the adjective without change, but in some cases there is a change.

curiosity- curiosity

hilarious - hilarity

possible - possibility

responsible-responsibility

vulgar - vulgarity

- dom

The suffix -dom can be combined with adjectives and with other nouns.

bored - boredom

free - freedom

wise - wisdom

- th

Abstract nouns with this suffix denote qualities and properties.

broad-breadth

healthy - health

long - length

strong - strength

wealthy-wealthy

wide-width

There are also suffixes that form abstract nouns from adjectives, verbs, and other nouns:

- ery/ - ry

Abstract nouns with this suffix can denote various phenomena and concepts. Among them: vocation or occupation, personal qualities and prefabricated concepts.

ancestor - ancestry

brave - bravery

carpentry - carpentry

chemist - chemistry

machine - machinery

mock-mockery

pot - pottery

slave - slavery

trick - trickery

- ise/ - ice

These suffixes are combined with nouns, adjectives and verbs.

coward - cowardice

expert - expertise

just - justice

merchant - merchandise

serve - service

- hood

With the help of the suffix - hood

abstract nouns are formed from other nouns.

adult - adulthood

brother - brotherhood

child - childhood

neighborhood - neighborhood

- ics
This suffix denotes a system of knowledge, facts in a particular area.

economics

linguistics

mathematics

numismatics

politics

- ship

This suffix serves to form abstract nouns from other nouns.
The suffix - ship forms nouns that denote different kinds relationships.

apprentice - apprenticeship

entrepreneurship - entrepreneurship

friend - friendship

member-membership

partner - partnership

relation - relationship

How to remember abstract nouns?

When you encounter a new adjective or verb, ask your teacher or look up in a dictionary if there is an abstract adjective derived from the same root. In your notebook, start a separate page where you will write adjectives, verbs and abstract nouns formed from them into the table. Vocabulary expansion is more effective if you memorize not one word, but several words at once - different parts of speech formed from the same root. If you learn to study words in this way, then, if necessary, not one word will appear in your memory, but several at once. In addition, you will form abstract nouns yourself and intuitively feel which suffix goes with which word. Good luck in learning English!

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