Introduction

The term "labor resources" arose in the early years of Soviet power and was used in an environment of centralized management of the country's human resources. In conditions where, along with the right to work, the obligation of every able-bodied citizen to work (or study outside of work) was legislated, persons who did not work for a long time without good reason were prosecuted and could be punished with imprisonment. Strict statistical accounting of the working population - labor resources (along with natural, material and financial resources) was one of the elements of centralized economic planning.

Since mid-1993, Russian statistics have switched to the population classification system recommended by international conferences of labor statisticians and the International Labor Organization, according to which it is divided into economically active and economically inactive.

The main resource of each enterprise, on the quality and efficiency of whose use the results of the enterprise’s activities and its competitiveness depend, is labor resources.

One of the main and currently known factors of production, and often the main one and requiring the greatest costs, is labor.

The decisive factor in the development of production is always and everywhere human labor. Labor, as a universal condition for the exchange of substances between man and nature, is an eternal and natural condition of human life.

A prerequisite for the labor process is the connection of a worker who has a combination of physical and spiritual abilities for work - labor power - with the means of production. Consequently, the main productive force of society is labor resources.

The complexity and versatility of the problems of increasing the efficiency of the use of labor resources is due to their organic relationship with all phases of social reproduction, which predetermines the need for their comprehensive study.

Nowadays, the demographic situation has a great influence on the formation of the labor market. The main trends in the demographic development of Russia at present and in the near future are determined by the interaction of the following groups of factors:
- deformation of the age pyramid of the population of Russia as a result of world wars and social cataclysms of the 20th century;
- population aging;
- the presence of all types of migration in Russia;
- protracted demographic crisis.

The above-described trends towards a sharp reduction in the birth rate, a continuing increase in mortality, and a decrease in the rate of natural increase to negative values ​​are very stable, since they have been developing over the past 20-40 years, and the current economic crisis is only aggravating their manifestation.

Over almost the last 40 years in Russia, mortality has been steadily increasing, the birth rate has not increased, and since the mid-80s it has also begun to decline rapidly. This has led to the fact that, since 1992, the mortality rate has steadily exceeded the birth rate.

The dynamics of mortality in Russia is as follows:

Since 1998, its gradual decline began;

Mortality reductions will be 10 to 15% higher in those age groups where excess mortality has been particularly high over the past 20 years, namely ages 15 to 60.

For the same reasons, the rate of decline in the mortality rate of men will be higher than that of women.
Negative trends in reproduction that persist for quite a long time usually lead to depopulation, which is an undesirable reality for Russia, since it can negatively affect the possibility of restructuring the national economy and overcoming today’s severe crisis.

If current trends continue, the population of most territories in Russia will halve every 28 to 30 years.

The standard of living is determined, first of all, as the provision of the population with necessary material goods and services, a sufficient level of their consumption and the degree of satisfaction of reasonable (rational) needs. This is how well-being is understood. To increase the standard of living, you need to increase the level of wages. The standard of living is largely determined by the income of the population, the size of which mainly determines the degree of satisfaction of the population’s personal needs for material goods and services.

Wages are the main indicator of living standards. Salary is a multifaceted, multifunctional category. It is the most important element of distribution relations, one of the main social factors of economic development, increasing the competitiveness of the national economy. By forming the motivation for effective, productive and high-quality work, it stimulates the growth of production of goods and services, ensures effective consumer demand and expansion of the domestic market, and influences the labor market conditions. On the other hand, the level of wages determines the possibilities of reproduction of the labor force, taking into account modern criteria of health, education, professional training and thereby influences the qualitative characteristics of labor potential.

Wages are a very complex economic phenomenon, reflecting the interaction of many economic processes. For the employer, wages are an essential component of production costs, and he tries to minimize them, especially per unit of production, both through a more rational workload of the employee during working hours, and through a more efficient organization of labor and production, increasing its technical level, as well as more stringent labor standardization. For a worker, wages are the income that he receives in exchange for his labor at the employer’s enterprise, and he is naturally interested in increasing this income both by increasing the price of labor in the labor market and by applying greater labor efforts to earn more money. The confrontation between these two trends, the strength of which is also determined by a number of other factors, both economic and socio-political factors, determines the level and dynamics of wages.

Due to the problems discussed above, the rural population is declining.

The object of study of this course project is the workforce, in particular the economic and statistical analysis of labor resources, the efficiency of their use in APKFZAO "Taremskoye" of the Pavlovsk district of the Nizhny Novgorod region.

The main goal is to study and analyze the supply of labor resources at APKFZAO “Taremskoe” in the Pavlovsk district.

Objectives: analyze the presence and composition of employees at the enterprise for the period 2002 - 2006; consider a system of indicators for the efficiency of using labor resources on the farm; identify the main factors influencing the efficiency of the use of labor resources and conduct their statistical analysis.

When studying this topic, the following research methods were used: grouping method, index analysis method, correlation method, time series method, absolute growth and average annual growth rate method, multifactor correlation analysis, graphical and other economic and statistical methods.

1. Indicators of the availability, composition and provision of labor resources in APKFZAO "Taremskoye" of the Pavlovsk district.

The prerequisite for the development of social production, the main productive force, is the population - that part that has a combination of physical and spiritual abilities that allow it to work. The working-age population acts as a part of the population limited by certain age limits. The boundaries of working age are fluid and determined by socio-economic conditions and physiological characteristics of human development.

Socio-economic conditions play a decisive role in normalizing the limits of the working age of the population. The maximum age limit corresponds to the physiological limit for the participation of older people in labor activity, provided for by the law on pensions. The initial limit is determined by the physiological development of young people, their knowledge, level of education, and duration of study.

Thus, the formation of age groups of the working population is determined by objective conditions not only of the physiological development of people, but also, above all, of social relations. This is largely reflected in the formation of the demographic structure of the working-age population and its distribution throughout the country.

Labor resources include that part of the working population that has the necessary physical data, knowledge and skills in the relevant industry, i.e. labor resources include, on the one hand, those people who are employed in the economy, and on the other, not busy, but able to work. Thus, labor resources consist of actual and potential workers.

For men, the working age is 44 years (from 16 to 59 years inclusive), and for women - 39 years (from 16 to 54 years inclusive).
The population of the Russian Federation as of January 1, 1996 was 147 million people. In terms of population, Russia ranks 6th in the world, behind China (1232 million people), India (939 million people), USA (266 million people), Indonesia (196 million people), Brazil (157 million people) . person).

The economically active population (labor force) is the part of the population that offers its labor for the production of goods and services. The economically active population excludes employed and unemployed people.

The personnel of the enterprise (labor force) are all persons hired under a contract, regardless of age and location.

At APKFZAO Taremskoye, the average number of employees, unlike other enterprises, is decreasing. So in 2002, 2005, 2006. the number of men is greater than that of women, and in 2004 it was the other way around. But the average number of all employees since 2002. until 2006 is also decreasing, by an average of 18.3%, including for permanent workers by 15.1%. Table 1 demonstrates this.

Based on the data in the first table, you can find out what share each employee makes up of the total number of employees (Table 2).

Thus, permanent employees make up the largest share of employees in APKFZAO "Taremskoye" of the Pavlovsk district: in 2002. make up 63.2%, in 2006 – 65.6%. And trade and public catering workers in 2002 make up the smallest - 2.6%, and in 2006. the smallest share is made up of seasonal and temporary workers - 1.8%.

Table 1.1

Availability and composition of personnel of APKFZAO "Taremskoye" of Pavlovsk district

Introduction

1.2 Problems of economic development

1.3 Structural shifts

Chapter 2. India, as the largest country in BRIC

2.1 World GDP share

2.2 Share in world trade

2.3 Share in world production

2.4 Science and technology

2.5 Dynamics of capital outflow and inflow

Conclusion

Bibliography

Application

Introduction

India is a developing agro-industrial country with developed industry and is included in the group of countries with low per capita income. One of the largest countries in the world. India occupies 2.4% of the world's territory and has 17.00% of the world's population. Population - 1.173 billion people. (2010) (Table 1) (Fig. 1), second place in the world after China. The annual growth rate is 1.6% (Table 4), the number of deaths and births per 1000 inhabitants is 8.18 and 22.2, respectively (2006), the migration rate is 0.07. Life expectancy is 64 years (men - 63 years, women - 64 years). (2008) (Table 4) It is estimated that in the next 20 years the country's population will increase by 300 million people.

India is located in southern Asia. In the northwest it borders with Pakistan and Afghanistan; in the north - with China, Nepal and Bhutan; in the east - with Myanmar and Bangladesh. In the south, the Palk Strait and the Gulf of Manara separate it from Sri Lanka, and the Republic of Maldives is located to the southwest. The maritime border between India and Indonesia runs along the Great Channel between the islands of Great Nicobar and Sumatra.

The country has significant mineral resources, large reserves of iron ore, bauxite, chromite, manganese ore, large deposits of copper and tungsten ores. In terms of production volume, the country is among the 10 largest economies in the world.

In recent years, India has experienced steady economic growth, influencing current trends in the global markets for raw materials, primarily oil, and finished goods. India's economic dynamism and social progress are contributing to the growing role of the Asian region in global economics and politics. A huge and constantly growing market, developing infrastructure, flexible regulatory environment, incentives, a stable government and a good economic outlook make India an attractive investment destination. The main factors determining the investment attractiveness of India are considered to be the growing domestic demand in this country.

The relevance of the topic is determined by the growing role of India in the economy of the Asian region and in world politics in general. Of interest is the analysis of the most relevant aspects of economic policy, factors that ensure not only the rapid growth of the national economy, but also the creation of the main prerequisites for its modernization and diversification.

The significant relevance of the topic is the growing and deepening interest of Russia and India in establishing mutually beneficial political, trade and economic relations.

Relations between India and Russia are in the nature of a strategic partnership, which serves as a solid basis for bilateral interaction - both cultural and economic. The geopolitical interests of the two countries have much in common.

Fig1. Population of India and China, people.

Chapter 1 Main features of economic development

1.1 Rates and factors of economic growth

The combination of basic development factors (natural and human resources, capital in monetary and material form, science and technology) forms the economic potential of the country, which in turn represents the basis for its development and at the same time is the result of previous economic growth. Economic potential can be considered not only from the point of view of production and the availability of resources necessary for its implementation, but also from the point of view of their consumption. The closest analogue of the concept of economic potential in the system of economic categories is productive forces. It is necessary to take into account that they include both functioning and unused, but available resources that can be included in the country’s economic turnover. The size of economic potential, the structure and combination of basic factors used in the production process largely determine the possibilities, direction and nature of economic growth. Today, India ranks 4th in the world in terms of economic potential.

Economic growth in India is decisively based on internal factors and is focused primarily on its own needs and the domestic market, and the main sectors of the economy have a relatively broad endogenous development base (for example, agriculture, in principle, should provide the population with food)

The demographic factor and the state of the labor market are largely determining for the development of India. The initial characteristic of demographic potential is the population size, which directly determines the size of the labor force and consumer potential of the country, as well as the possibilities for their further growth.

India is the second (after China) country in the world in terms of population, according to the World Bank (Fig. 1. Table 1). The country has a fairly high rate of annual population growth - 1.6% (Table 4). This is a country with a large working-age and economically active population. The abundance and cheapness of labor can be considered a positive factor. However, all residents of the country can be considered from two points of view - as one of the types of resources, or as a huge mass that the state needs to support. In this sense, the consequences of the “demographic explosion” of the 50s-70s are deeply contradictory. In the socio-economic conditions of India, it led to a significant increase in the unused or inefficiently used share of labor resources, the “eating” of a significant part of the increase in national income by the growing population, the aggravation of the food problem, and the complication for the state of the choice between economic and social development imperatives. And although the peak of the “demographic explosion” has generally passed, the demographic problem has not yet lost its urgency and complicates the solution of social and economic problems.

Only a large number of labor resources is not enough to achieve stable economic growth, since if there are large quantities of low-skilled labor, the latter can become a brake on economic development, i.e. labor potential is also determined by the qualitative characteristics of the labor force: its educational and professional qualification level, living conditions that affect labor productivity. On all these indicators, India has seen noticeable, albeit uneven, progress across regions of the country. Already in 2006 in India, according to UNESCO, government spending on education amounted to 4.1% (5% on average in the world), the adult literacy rate reached 60%, the proportion of students in the relevant age groups: primary education - 95%, secondary - 52 %, higher – 10%.

The present and future of the country's economy are highly educated people. Human resource development is at the center of all economic activity. In the 21st century The most integrated factor of the economy is information technology services. Indian IT specialists are working all over the world, whose high level is a future investment in the economy, and technologies that were created in India are able to fully integrate the economy and society.

India is the youngest nation in terms of the age of its citizens. This indicator is considered key for long-term economic development, since a young nation, multiplied by its education, is fertile ground for the dynamic movement of society as a whole. The main reason why India could soon become the second largest economy in the world is that many international companies are already anticipating a major “demographic crisis” in China. Due to the “One family - one child” policy pursued there, there will soon be a shortage of young workers there. By 2020, India will have 116 million working-age people of this age, and China will have 94 million.

Thus, India's greatest asset is its labor force base. This diversified society is capable of providing the market with any advanced product. It provides a fertile environment for new ideas and experimentation in all areas.

There is such an aspect as “brain drain” from India to the USA. Even with a large population, India cannot afford to lose some of its most skilled workforce. Today, India needs to strive to improve its place in the IEO system, which will largely be facilitated by retaining the best specialists.

The nature of economic growth is largely determined by the structure and volume of available natural resources. India is one of the countries whose agricultural resources are sufficient for self-sufficiency in food and agricultural raw materials for the manufacturing industry.

Land resources are the natural wealth of the country, since most of the soils have high fertility. Livestock resources are significant. Forests occupy 22% of India's area, but there is not enough wood for economic needs. India's mineral resources are significant and varied. The main deposits are located in the northeast of the country, where the largest iron ore and coal basins and manganese ore deposits are located, which creates favorable conditions for the development of industries. The mineral resources of South India are diverse: bauxite, chromite, brown coal, graphite, mica, diamonds, gold. In the state of Gujarat there is oil on the continental shelf. At the same time, it must be emphasized that the country does not have a sufficient range of mineral resources necessary for modern industrial production. In addition, mineral reserves by themselves are not able to provide conditions for sustainable economic growth.

Economic potential also finds indirect expression in a set of indicators characterizing the development of industry as a whole, manufacturing industry, including heavy industry, and especially the production of machinery and equipment. According to these indicators, India occupies an important place among developing countries.

New industries based on the use and production of information technologies are identified. Many years of investment in science and technology are beginning to pay off, creating a powerful technological base for the modern Indian economy. While much of rural India remains impoverished, new, urban, vibrant information technology hubs are emerging across the country. Indian cities such as Bangalore, Chennai (Madras), Mumbai (Bombay) and Hyderabad are becoming hubs for software and hardware exports, the forefront of India's modern economy.

It must be emphasized that the size of the country and its budget make it possible to maneuver investments, to “cut out” and direct the necessary funds at the right time for the development of key areas of science, technology and economics, taking into account their future rather than immediate returns. Thanks to this, India has taken a major step forward in the implementation of such national science-intensive programs as geological exploration, nuclear, electronics, space and others.

Under the conditions of scientific and technological revolution, science took a special place in the productive forces, and the leading role in economic potential passed to its scientific and technical component. Among developing countries, India stands out noticeably in terms of the number of higher education institutions and the number of students. The country has such an educational base that it provides serious assistance to other developing countries in training personnel. At the same time, the training of technical personnel is still insufficiently represented in the Indian higher education system.

An important role in the formation of scientific and technical potential belongs to R&D financing, and one of the indicators of financial support for science is the share of R&D costs in GDP. According to these indicators, already at the end of the 70s, India approached the level of some developed countries. Using financial leverage, India is seeking to shift scientific research into areas more closely linked to economic development. Half of the funds are allocated by the government to finance R&D in the defense, space and nuclear industries - directly for scientific research and for the implementation of developments in industry.

The increase in growth rates is explained by significant processes of industrialization, overcoming the backwardness of the socio-economic structure of the economy, and the strengthening of national capital.

Each such region covers several states connected by a single geographic and economic community, and is less often limited to one large state. The economic and geographical zoning of India is carried out by different researchers - Indian and foreign - in different ways. Some regional differences in the economic life of this great country are determined by the economic regions allocated on its territory...

Until June (very hot, dry + 35-45*C) Months I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Temperature 14 17 23 28 33 34 31 30 29 26 20 15 Precipitation, mm 25 23 18 8 8 66 211 173 150 31 3 5 4.2. Water Resources India has a large number of water resources: rivers, glaciers, seas and oceans. The rivers Ganges (2510 km), Brahmaputra (2900 km), Indus (2879 km), Narbada and...

Rates and factors of economic growth

The combination of basic development factors (natural and human resources, capital in monetary and material form, science and technology) forms the economic potential of the country, which in turn represents the basis for its development and at the same time is the result of previous economic growth. Economic potential can be considered not only from the point of view of production and the availability of resources necessary for its implementation, but also from the point of view of their consumption. The closest analogue of the concept of economic potential in the system of economic categories is productive forces. It is necessary to take into account that they include both functioning and unused, but available resources that can be included in the country’s economic turnover. The size of economic potential, the structure and combination of basic factors used in the production process largely determine the possibilities, direction and nature of economic growth. Today, India ranks 4th in the world in terms of economic potential.

Economic growth in India is decisively based on internal factors and is focused primarily on its own needs and the domestic market, and the main sectors of the economy have a relatively broad endogenous development base (for example, agriculture, in principle, should provide the population with food)

The demographic factor and the state of the labor market are largely determining for the development of India. The initial characteristic of demographic potential is the population size, which directly determines the size of the labor force and consumer potential of the country, as well as the possibilities for their further growth.

India is the second most populous country in the world (after China), according to the World Bank. The country has a fairly high annual population growth rate of 1.6%. This is a country with a large working-age and economically active population. The abundance and cheapness of labor can be considered a positive factor. However, all residents of the country can be considered from two points of view - as one of the types of resources, or as a huge mass that the state needs to support. In this sense, the consequences of the “demographic explosion” of the 50s-70s are deeply contradictory. In the socio-economic conditions of India, it led to a significant increase in the unused or inefficiently used share of labor resources, the “eating” of a significant part of the increase in national income by the growing population, the aggravation of the food problem, and the complication for the state of the choice between economic and social development imperatives. And although the peak of the “demographic explosion” has generally passed, the demographic problem has not yet lost its urgency and complicates the solution of social and economic problems.

Only a large number of labor resources is not enough to achieve stable economic growth, since if there are large quantities of low-skilled labor, the latter can become a brake on economic development, i.e. labor potential is also determined by the qualitative characteristics of the labor force: its educational and professional qualification level, living conditions that affect labor productivity. On all these indicators, India has seen noticeable, albeit uneven, progress across regions of the country. Already in 2006 in India, according to UNESCO, government spending on education amounted to 4.1% (5% on average in the world), the adult literacy rate reached 60%, the proportion of students in the relevant age groups: primary education - 95%, secondary - 52 %, higher – 10%.

The present and future of the country's economy are highly educated people. Human resource development is at the center of all economic activity. In the 21st century The most integrated factor of the economy is information technology services. Indian IT specialists are working all over the world, whose high level is a future investment in the economy, and technologies that were created in India are able to fully integrate the economy and society.

India is the youngest nation in terms of the age of its citizens. This indicator is considered key for long-term economic development, since a young nation, multiplied by its education, is fertile ground for the dynamic movement of society as a whole. The main reason why India could soon become the second largest economy in the world is that many international companies are already anticipating a major “demographic crisis” in China. Due to the “One family - one child” policy pursued there, there will soon be a shortage of young workers there. By 2020, India will have 116 million working-age people of this age, and China will have 94 million.

Thus, India's greatest asset is its labor force base. This diversified society is capable of providing the market with any advanced product. It provides a fertile environment for new ideas and experimentation in all areas.

There is such an aspect as “brain drain” from India to the USA. Even with a large population, India cannot afford to lose some of its most skilled workforce. Today, India needs to strive to improve its place in the IEO system, which will largely be facilitated by retaining the best specialists.

The nature of economic growth is largely determined by the structure and volume of available natural resources. India is one of the countries whose agricultural resources are sufficient for self-sufficiency in food and agricultural raw materials for the manufacturing industry.

Land resources are the natural wealth of the country, since most of the soils have high fertility. Livestock resources are significant. Forests occupy 22% of India's area, but there is not enough wood for economic needs. India's mineral resources are significant and varied. The main deposits are located in the northeast of the country, where the largest iron ore and coal basins and manganese ore deposits are located, which creates favorable conditions for the development of industries. The mineral resources of South India are diverse: bauxite, chromite, brown coal, graphite, mica, diamonds, gold. In the state of Gujarat there is oil on the continental shelf. At the same time, it must be emphasized that the country does not have a sufficient range of mineral resources necessary for modern industrial production. In addition, mineral reserves by themselves are not able to provide conditions for sustainable economic growth.

Economic potential also finds indirect expression in a set of indicators characterizing the development of industry as a whole, manufacturing industry, including heavy industry, and especially the production of machinery and equipment. According to these indicators, India occupies an important place among developing countries.

New industries based on the use and production of information technologies are identified. Many years of investment in science and technology are beginning to pay off, creating a powerful technological base for the modern Indian economy. While much of rural India remains impoverished, new, urban, vibrant information technology hubs are emerging across the country. Indian cities such as Bangalore, Chennai (Madras), Mumbai (Bombay) and Hyderabad are becoming hubs for software and hardware exports, the forefront of India's modern economy.

It must be emphasized that the size of the country and its budget make it possible to maneuver investments, to “cut out” and direct the necessary funds at the right time for the development of key areas of science, technology and economics, taking into account their future rather than immediate returns. Thanks to this, India has taken a major step forward in the implementation of such national science-intensive programs as geological exploration, nuclear, electronics, space and others.

Under the conditions of scientific and technological revolution, science took a special place in the productive forces, and the leading role in economic potential passed to its scientific and technical component. Among developing countries, India stands out noticeably in terms of the number of higher education institutions and the number of students. The country has such an educational base that it provides serious assistance to other developing countries in training personnel. At the same time, the training of technical personnel is still insufficiently represented in the Indian higher education system.

An important role in the formation of scientific and technical potential belongs to R&D financing, and one of the indicators of financial support for science is the share of R&D costs in GDP. According to these indicators, already at the end of the 70s, India approached the level of some developed countries. Using financial leverage, India is seeking to shift scientific research into areas more closely linked to economic development. Half of the funds are allocated by the government to finance R&D in the defense, space and nuclear industries - directly for scientific research and for the implementation of developments in industry.

The increase in growth rates is explained by significant processes of industrialization, overcoming the backwardness of the socio-economic structure of the economy, and the strengthening of national capital.

Problems of economic development

Poverty and unemployment are slowly decreasing in the country. 26% of the population is below the poverty line. The income of the population does not allow them to purchase a minimum of food. Industrial consumer goods are bought by the wealthy elite (5-10%) of the population.

As a result, a dual, dualistic market remains in the country. The stagnation of effective demand for basic necessities, which the majority of the population needs, is combined with an increase in effective demand for durable goods.

Among the problems of the Indian economy, it is necessary to note, in particular, the following:

· strong dependence on imports of crude oil (the country meets 77% of its needs for this product through imports). Explored reserves of coking coal are very limited, the quality of thermal coal is low, and the country experiences chronic power outages and shortages;

· due to the fact that almost 26% of the country's residents live below the poverty line, the state is forced to spend significant funds to ensure their minimum subsistence level through various types of benefits, grants, and subsidies;

· the main sectors of the economy are still dominated by state corporations, which negatively affects the development of competition and other market mechanisms;

· "over-regulated" and bureaucratic processes of administrative decision-making, widespread corruption;

· underdevelopment of infrastructure;

· numerous problems of agriculture, with which the lives of a huge number of Indians are connected, incl. a small number of modern farms, low mechanization of agricultural production, lack of storage facilities for agricultural products, a large number of intermediary structures, dependence of farming on weather conditions, etc.;

· high unemployment rate, which ranges from 9% in rural areas to 12% in cities.

In 2008 India's GDP exceeded $1 trillion (table), thanks to which the country entered the club of trillionaire states, becoming its twelfth member. Overcoming the barrier was facilitated by the strengthening of India's national currency, the rupee, against the dollar. However, analysts emphasize that the country's economy is overheated, and such a rapid strengthening of the rupee will work against Indian exporters. In India, they are confident that economic growth will continue.

Many experts note, comparing the republic with China (a giant in the production of goods), that “if India plays its cards correctly, it can become a world leader in the services sector.”

Resolving issues related to improving the environmental and material living conditions of Indian citizens, increasing the level of education of the country's population, resolving social conflicts, legal regulation in the field of labor migration, increasing the standard of living of all citizens in general, will help India in the near future become the biggest surprise in world economy. If the country continues to pursue the course of economic reforms, then in the near future it will be among the fastest growing economies in the world and will become one of the main centers of foreign investment. It is likely that along with India's economic success, its global political influence will also grow, beneficially influencing the development of the world economy as a whole.

Structural shifts

India has undergone significant changes in recent decades. Their engine was the service sector, the share of which rose from 40% in 1990 to 50% in 2004. In terms of the share of services in GDP, India exceeds the level of countries with low per capita incomes. The speed, quality and complexity of the type of services offered for sale are increasing and aiming to meet international standards.

Trade, hotel business, transport and communications developed at the fastest pace. The government considers the information and computer technology sector as one of the leading sectors for strengthening the country's position in the world economy. India is fast becoming a major force in the information technology sector. The potential is increasingly being identified by global software giants such as Microsoft, Hughes, and Computer Associates, which have made significant investments in India. A number of multinational corporations are taking advantage of the comparative cost advantage and highly skilled workforce available in India and have set up service centers and fulfillment centers in India to cater to the needs of their global customers.

The capital market is developing rapidly. The vast financial and banking sector contributes to the rapid growth of the Indian economy. The sector also has a number of national and state financial institutions. They include foreign and institutional investors, investment funds, leasing companies, and venture capital enterprises. In addition, the country has a developed stock market, comprising 23 stock exchanges, with more than 9,000 registered companies, with capitalization accounting for 26% of GDP. Indian stock markets are rapidly transforming towards a market that is modern in terms of infrastructure in line with global practices, such as derivative trading in futures, special trading conditions for certain stocks, online trading, etc. Indian companies use external sources of finance on a large scale.

An extensive financial and banking sector supports India's rapidly growing economy. The country can be proud of its wide and developed banking network. The sector also has a number of national and state financial institutions. They include foreign and institutional investors, investment funds, leasing companies. India has a developed stock market with over 20 stock exchanges with over 10,000 listed companies. Indian capital is moving rapidly towards the market, which is modern in the conditions of present infrastructure, as well as in the best traditions of international economics.

Geographical and geopolitical characteristics of India at the present stage.
Characteristics of the population, assessment of labor resources.
Natural resource potential of the country.
General characteristics of the country's economy (analysis of industry and agriculture: structure, achievements).
Foreign economic relations.
Conclusion.

Geographical and geopolitical characteristics of India at the present stage.

Government structure of India.

Administrative divisions of India .

Characteristics of the population, assessment of labor resources.

Natural resource potential of the country.

General characteristics of the country's economy.

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Introduction

Chapter 1 Main features of economic development

Rates and factors of economic growth

Problems of economic development

Structural shifts

Chapter 2. India, as the largest country in BRIC

2.1 World GDP share

2.2 Share in world trade

2.4 Science and technology

2.5 Dynamics of capital outflow and inflow

Conclusion

Bibliography

Application

Introduction

India is a developing agro-industrial country with developed industry and is included in the group of countries with low per capita income. One of the largest countries in the world. India occupies 2.4% of the world's territory and has 17.00% of the world's population. Population - 1.173 billion people. (2010) (Table 1) (Fig. 1), second place in the world after China. The annual growth rate is 1.6% (Table 4), the number of deaths and births per 1000 inhabitants is 8.18 and 22.2, respectively (2006), the migration rate is 0.07. Life expectancy is 64 years (men - 63 years, women - 64 years). (2008) (Table 4) It is estimated that in the next 20 years the country's population will increase by 300 million people.

India is located in southern Asia. In the northwest it borders with Pakistan and Afghanistan; in the north - with China, Nepal and Bhutan; in the east - with Myanmar and Bangladesh. In the south, the Palk Strait and the Gulf of Manara separate it from Sri Lanka, and the Republic of Maldives is located to the southwest. The maritime border between India and Indonesia runs along the Great Channel between the islands of Great Nicobar and Sumatra.

The country has significant mineral resources, large reserves of iron ore, bauxite, chromite, manganese ore, large deposits of copper and tungsten ores. In terms of production volume, the country is among the 10 largest economies in the world.

In recent years, India has experienced steady economic growth, influencing current trends in the global markets for raw materials, primarily oil, and finished goods. India's economic dynamism and social progress are contributing to the growing role of the Asian region in global economics and politics. A huge and constantly growing market, developing infrastructure, flexible regulatory environment, incentives, a stable government and a good economic outlook make India an attractive investment destination. The main factors determining the investment attractiveness of India are considered to be the growing domestic demand in this country.

The relevance of the topic is determined by the growing role of India in the economy of the Asian region and in world politics in general. Of interest is the analysis of the most relevant aspects of economic policy, factors that ensure not only the rapid growth of the national economy, but also the creation of the main prerequisites for its modernization and diversification.

The significant relevance of the topic is the growing and deepening interest of Russia and India in establishing mutually beneficial political, trade and economic relations.

Relations between India and Russia are in the nature of a strategic partnership, which serves as a solid basis for bilateral interaction - both cultural and economic. The geopolitical interests of the two countries have much in common.

Fig1. Population of India and China, people.

Chapter 1 Main features of economic development

1.1 Rates and factors of economic growth

The combination of basic development factors (natural and human resources, capital in monetary and material form, science and technology) forms the economic potential of the country, which in turn represents the basis for its development and at the same time is the result of previous economic growth. Economic potential can be considered not only from the point of view of production and the availability of resources necessary for its implementation, but also from the point of view of their consumption. The closest analogue of the concept of economic potential in the system of economic categories is productive forces. It is necessary to take into account that they include both functioning and unused, but available resources that can be included in the country’s economic turnover. The size of economic potential, the structure and combination of basic factors used in the production process largely determine the possibilities, direction and nature of economic growth. Today, India ranks 4th in the world in terms of economic potential.

Economic growth in India is decisively based on internal factors and is focused primarily on its own needs and the domestic market, and the main sectors of the economy have a relatively broad endogenous development base (for example, agriculture, in principle, should provide the population with food)

The demographic factor and the state of the labor market are largely determining for the development of India. The initial characteristic of demographic potential is the population size, which directly determines the size of the labor force and consumer potential of the country, as well as the possibilities for their further growth.

India is the second (after China) country in the world in terms of population, according to the World Bank (Fig. 1. Table 1). The country has a fairly high rate of annual population growth - 1.6% (Table 4). This is a country with a large working-age and economically active population. The abundance and cheapness of labor can be considered a positive factor. However, all residents of the country can be considered from two points of view - as one of the types of resources, or as a huge mass that the state needs to support. In this sense, the consequences of the “demographic explosion” of the 50s-70s are deeply contradictory. In the socio-economic conditions of India, it led to a significant increase in the unused or inefficiently used share of labor resources, the “eating” of a significant part of the increase in national income by the growing population, the aggravation of the food problem, and the complication for the state of the choice between economic and social development imperatives. And although the peak of the “demographic explosion” has generally passed, the demographic problem has not yet lost its urgency and complicates the solution of social and economic problems.

Only a large number of labor resources is not enough to achieve stable economic growth, since if there are large quantities of low-skilled labor, the latter can become a brake on economic development, i.e. labor potential is also determined by the qualitative characteristics of the labor force: its educational and professional qualification level, living conditions that affect labor productivity. On all these indicators, India has seen noticeable, albeit uneven, progress across regions of the country. Already in 2006 in India, according to UNESCO, government spending on education amounted to 4.1% (5% on average in the world), the adult literacy rate reached 60%, the proportion of students in the relevant age groups: primary education - 95%, secondary - 52 %, higher – 10%.

The present and future of the country's economy are highly educated people. Human resource development is at the center of all economic activity. In the 21st century The most integrated factor of the economy is information technology services. Indian IT specialists are working all over the world, whose high level is a future investment in the economy, and technologies that were created in India are able to fully integrate the economy and society.

India is the youngest nation in terms of the age of its citizens. This indicator is considered key for long-term economic development, since a young nation, multiplied by its education, is fertile ground for the dynamic movement of society as a whole. The main reason why India could soon become the second largest economy in the world is that many international companies are already anticipating a major “demographic crisis” in China. Due to the “One family - one child” policy pursued there, there will soon be a shortage of young workers there. By 2020, India will have 116 million working-age people of this age, and China will have 94 million.

Thus, India's greatest asset is its labor force base. This diversified society is capable of providing the market with any advanced product. It provides a fertile environment for new ideas and experimentation in all areas.

There is such an aspect as “brain drain” from India to the USA. Even with a large population, India cannot afford to lose some of its most skilled workforce. Today, India needs to strive to improve its place in the IEO system, which will largely be facilitated by retaining the best specialists.

The nature of economic growth is largely determined by the structure and volume of available natural resources. India is one of the countries whose agricultural resources are sufficient for self-sufficiency in food and agricultural raw materials for the manufacturing industry.

Land resources are the natural wealth of the country, since most of the soils have high fertility. Livestock resources are significant. Forests occupy 22% of India's area, but there is not enough wood for economic needs. India's mineral resources are significant and varied. The main deposits are located in the northeast of the country, where the largest iron ore and coal basins and manganese ore deposits are located, which creates favorable conditions for the development of industries. The mineral resources of South India are diverse: bauxite, chromite, brown coal, graphite, mica, diamonds, gold. In the state of Gujarat there is oil on the continental shelf. At the same time, it must be emphasized that the country does not have a sufficient range of mineral resources necessary for modern industrial production. In addition, mineral reserves by themselves are not able to provide conditions for sustainable economic growth.

Economic potential also finds indirect expression in a set of indicators characterizing the development of industry as a whole, manufacturing industry, including heavy industry, and especially the production of machinery and equipment. According to these indicators, India occupies an important place among developing countries.

New industries based on the use and production of information technologies are identified. Many years of investment in science and technology are beginning to pay off, creating a powerful technological base for the modern Indian economy. While much of rural India remains impoverished, new, urban, vibrant information technology hubs are emerging across the country. Indian cities such as Bangalore, Chennai (Madras), Mumbai (Bombay) and Hyderabad are becoming hubs for software and hardware exports, the forefront of India's modern economy.

It must be emphasized that the size of the country and its budget make it possible to maneuver investments, to “cut out” and direct the necessary funds at the right time for the development of key areas of science, technology and economics, taking into account their future rather than immediate returns. Thanks to this, India has taken a major step forward in the implementation of such national science-intensive programs as geological exploration, nuclear, electronics, space and others.

Under the conditions of scientific and technological revolution, science took a special place in the productive forces, and the leading role in economic potential passed to its scientific and technical component. Among developing countries, India stands out noticeably in terms of the number of higher education institutions and the number of students. The country has such an educational base that it provides serious assistance to other developing countries in training personnel. At the same time, the training of technical personnel is still insufficiently represented in the Indian higher education system.

An important role in the formation of scientific and technical potential belongs to R&D financing, and one of the indicators of financial support for science is the share of R&D costs in GDP. According to these indicators, already at the end of the 70s, India approached the level of some developed countries. Using financial leverage, India is seeking to shift scientific research into areas more closely linked to economic development. Half of the funds are allocated by the government to finance R&D in the defense, space and nuclear industries - directly for scientific research and for the implementation of developments in industry.

The increase in growth rates is explained by significant processes of industrialization, overcoming the backwardness of the socio-economic structure of the economy, and the strengthening of national capital.

1.2 Problems of economic development

Poverty and unemployment are slowly decreasing in the country. 26% of the population is below the poverty line. The income of the population does not allow them to purchase a minimum of food. Industrial consumer goods are bought by the wealthy elite (5-10%) of the population.

As a result, a dual, dualistic market remains in the country. The stagnation of effective demand for basic necessities, which the majority of the population needs, is combined with an increase in effective demand for durable goods.

Among the problems of the Indian economy, it is necessary to note, in particular, the following:

strong dependence on imports of crude oil (the country meets 77% of its needs for this product through imports). Explored reserves of coking coal are very limited, the quality of thermal coal is low, and the country experiences chronic power outages and shortages;

due to the fact that almost 26% of the country’s residents live below the poverty line, the state is forced to spend significant funds to ensure their minimum subsistence level through various types of benefits, grants, and subsidies;

the main sectors of the economy are still dominated by state corporations, which negatively affects the development of competition and other market mechanisms;

"over-regulation" and bureaucratization of administrative decision-making processes, widespread corruption;

underdeveloped infrastructure;

numerous problems of agriculture, with which the lives of a huge number of Indians are connected, incl. a small number of modern farms, low mechanization of agricultural production, lack of storage facilities for agricultural products, a large number of intermediary structures, dependence of farming on weather conditions, etc.;

high unemployment rate, which ranges from 9% in rural areas to 12% in cities.

In 2008 India's GDP exceeded $1 trillion (table), thanks to which the country entered the club of trillionaire states, becoming its twelfth member. Overcoming the barrier was facilitated by the strengthening of India's national currency, the rupee, against the dollar. However, analysts emphasize that the country's economy is overheated, and such a rapid strengthening of the rupee will work against Indian exporters. In India, they are confident that economic growth will continue.

Many experts note, comparing the republic with China (a giant in the production of goods), that “if India plays its cards correctly, it can become a world leader in the services sector.”

Resolving issues related to improving the environmental and material living conditions of Indian citizens, increasing the level of education of the country's population, resolving social conflicts, legal regulation in the field of labor migration, increasing the standard of living of all citizens in general, will help India in the near future become the biggest surprise in world economy. If the country continues to pursue the course of economic reforms, then in the near future it will be among the fastest growing economies in the world and will become one of the main centers of foreign investment. It is likely that along with India's economic success, its global political influence will also grow, beneficially influencing the development of the world economy as a whole.

1.3 Structural shifts

India has undergone significant changes in recent decades. Their engine was the service sector, the share of which rose from 40% in 1990 to 50% in 2004. In terms of the share of services in GDP, India exceeds the level of countries with low per capita incomes. The speed, quality and complexity of the type of services offered for sale are increasing and aiming to meet international standards.

Trade, hotel business, transport and communications developed at the fastest pace. The government considers the information and computer technology sector as one of the leading sectors for strengthening the country's position in the world economy. India is fast becoming a major force in the information technology sector. The potential is increasingly being identified by global software giants such as Microsoft, Hughes, and Computer Associates, which have made significant investments in India. A number of multinational corporations are taking advantage of the comparative cost advantage and highly skilled workforce available in India and have set up service centers and fulfillment centers in India to cater to the needs of their global customers.

The capital market is developing rapidly. The vast financial and banking sector contributes to the rapid growth of the Indian economy. The sector also has a number of national and state financial institutions. They include foreign and institutional investors, investment funds, leasing companies, and venture capital enterprises. In addition, the country has a developed stock market, comprising 23 stock exchanges, with more than 9,000 registered companies, with capitalization accounting for 26% of GDP. Indian stock markets are rapidly transforming towards a market that is modern in terms of infrastructure in line with global practices, such as derivative trading in futures, special trading conditions for certain stocks, online trading, etc. Indian companies use external sources of finance on a large scale.

An extensive financial and banking sector supports India's rapidly growing economy. The country can be proud of its wide and developed banking network. The sector also has a number of national and state financial institutions. They include foreign and institutional investors, investment funds, leasing companies. India has a developed stock market with over 20 stock exchanges with over 10,000 listed companies. Indian capital is moving rapidly towards the market, which is modern in the conditions of present infrastructure, as well as in the best traditions of international economics.

Chapter 2. India, as the largest country in BRIC

Despite the weak development of “pure” science, India is a leading global center for some types of high-tech services, in particular software and business outsourcing, and engineering. She managed to achieve this through an effective innovation support system. According to Goldman Sachs' forecast, India should demonstrate the most impressive economic growth.

2.1 World GDP share

India ranks 12th in terms of GDP at current prices. It is about 1.210 billion US dollars (Table 7) (Fig. 2). GDP growth in FY 2009-2010 – about 1.3% (Table 2). When recalculated according to the UN methodology using “purchasing power parity”, India ranks fourth in terms of GDP in the world after the USA, China and Japan. India's GDP at purchasing power parity is about 3.23 trillion. US dollars, the GDP per capita according to this indicator is about 3045 US dollars.

In the structure of GDP, the share of the industrial and agricultural sectors continues to decline (21 and 22%, respectively), while the share of infrastructure and service sectors (57%) is constantly growing.

Average annual inflation rate in FY 2009-2010 amounted to 4.7%. (Table 2)External debt as of June 2009 amounted to 294.94 billion US dollars (Table 3). The level of gold and foreign exchange reserves exceeded $130 billion. Foreign direct investment in the Indian economy in FY 2008-2009. amounted to 34.9 billion dollars (Table 5), portfolio – 235.4 billion USD (Table 5).

In FY 2008-09 India's foreign trade turnover reached 324.9 billion US dollars (Table 6), exports - 125.2 billion US dollars, imports - 199.7 billion US dollars. (Table 6). The basis of Indian exports are agricultural and industrial raw materials, food and textile products, precious stones and products made from them, machinery and equipment, and software. India's largest trading partners are the USA, China, and Japan.

The main sectors of the economy have the following share in GDP production: agriculture - 31%, industry and construction - 28%, transport and communications - 7% and services - 34%. National income per capita is about $300 per year. Only about 5% of the population has a per capita income above the American average; the size of the middle class is 250 million people. At the same time, about 26% (2007) of the population live below the official poverty line.

The public sector plays an important role in the development of India's national economy, contributing 28% of GDP and 39% of industrial output. State-owned enterprises account for 100% of oil production and refining, 98% of coal, 94% of electricity generation, and 80% of steel production. As mentioned above, the public sector occupies leading positions in such areas as the defense industry, nuclear energy, railway, air and sea transport, and communications. Programs for partial privatization of the public sector are being implemented through the sale of up to 49% of shares to financial institutions, and subsequently to individuals.

The private sector predominates in agriculture, mechanical engineering, chemical, light, food and medical industries, construction, trade, and road transport. The private sector also includes Indian monopolies such as BIRLA, TATA, THAPAR, SINGHANIA and others. Their names are given by the names of their owners; as a rule, these are entire dynasties of businessmen. Some of the Indian monopolies are among the richest corporations in the world.

The largest monopoly is the TATA Group of Companies, whose annual capital turnover reaches 14 billion US dollars and profits of 10.37 billion US dollars or 2.4% of India's GDP. The Group accounts for 6% of the country's export potential. The Group's interests are concentrated in such industries as: metallurgy, heavy engineering, chemistry, electric power, computer science and telecommunications, automotive, hotel business, production of tea, coffee, consumer goods, incl. - leather goods, investing, finance and economic consulting.

India's external debt to GDP ratio has improved significantly, with external debt standing at 20% in March 2008, one of the lowest among developing countries. The external debt itself currently exceeds $294 billion (beginning of 2009). Economic development in different states is very uneven - applied both to sectors and industries, and to regions and states of the country. If in FY 1980/81 The highest level of per capita income (2674 rupees in the state of Punjab) exceeded the lowest (917 rupees in the state of Bihar) by 2.9 times, then in 1992/93. this gap is already 3.31 times (Rs. 10,857 in Punjab and Rs. 3,280 in Bihar). Regional uneven development serves as a breeding ground for various autonomist and separatist tendencies. In terms of gross national product, India's economy ranks 12th in the world ($1 trillion). India's economy grows at 9% (2008-2009), placing it second (after China) among the fastest growing countries in the world. The annual per capita income is less than $1,000 (about 120th in the world), which is comparable to other poor countries.

Fig.2. GDP volume in US dollars, 2009

The main reasons for this are India’s huge and growing population (approx. 1.2 billion) (Table 1), poorly developed infrastructure, a huge gap between rich and poor, as well as territorially uneven economic development. A third of Indians live below the poverty line.

2.2 Share in world trade

India's external trade turnover for 2008-2009 is 324.7 billion US dollars (Table 6). Exports amount to 125.2 billion US dollars, imports - 199.7. Largest exporters: United Arab Emirates, USA, Singapore, Great Britain, Netherlands, Germany (Table 6) (Fig. 3)

Fig. 3 Largest importers: China, United Arab Emirates, USA, Saudi Arabia, Germany, Iran, Switzerland. (Table 6) (Fig. 4)

India has achieved impressive success in foreign economic activity. Exports increase annually by an average of 10-13%, and imports have stabilized. The rupee exchange rate is becoming increasingly stable. Inflation growth rates are maintained at 6-8% (Table 2). India's foreign economic liberalization continues, and to a large extent the country has abandoned protectionist policies and lifted administrative bans on the import of raw materials and equipment by private entrepreneurs. The maximum level of import tariffs for 15 years was reduced from 400% to 65%. To encourage exports, the government devalued the rupee by 24% and removed most exchange restrictions. Currently, the rupee is effectively a convertible currency. Foreign investments, which were previously restricted in every possible way, began to be encouraged: for example, for foreign investors to purchase blocks of shares in Indian enterprises, special permits are no longer required if the stake does not exceed 51%.

The Government of India has put in place a protectionist mechanism to ensure adequate protection of the rights of domestic producers. Changes in tariff policy were expressed, first of all, in the maximum increase in the rates of import customs duties on certain types of goods, the domestic production of which in India is crucial for the country's economy.

For a number of agricultural and horticultural products, which were previously included in the list for free import, upper limits for customs duty rates were established. In relation to such “sensitive” goods, appropriate regulations of the Government of India have been adopted in order to legislate an increase in customs tariff rates. It was also decided to introduce changes to the Foreign Trade Act 1992 (Forcing Trade Act) in order to give legal force to government actions as temporary, necessary and protective against the consequences of the abolition of quantitative restrictions.

Increased import duties have been introduced to protect domestic producers:

for the import of agricultural products such as wheat, rice, corn, other cereals, copra and coconut oil classified as government trade goods. Similarly, petroleum products are imported, including gasoline, diesel fuel and aviation fuel, classified as government traded goods. Import of urea (urea) is also carried out through the mechanism of state trade;

the import of all goods is subject to such existing internal regulatory legal acts as the Law on Adulteration of Food Products, Regulations on Meat Products, and the Procedure for Control over the Collection, Processing and Waste of Tea;

the import of textile materials using unauthorized dyes is prohibited;

Imports of foreign alcoholic beverages, prepared foods and tea are subject to existing domestic health and hygiene regulations.

India's share in world trade is less than 1%. The government has set a goal of achieving at least 20% annual export growth.

To achieve the goals of increasing the country's share in world trade, attention is being paid to measures and means to promote exports, and the search for new mechanisms to facilitate its expansion is accelerating.

In India's Export-Import Policy (EIP) for 2002-2008. It is planned to create such conditions for the development of exports that would allow achieving the goal set in the 10th Five-Year Plan and the Medium-Term Export Strategy - to increase India's share in world trade from 0.7% to 1% by 2008. The volume of exports by 2009 increased from 46 to more than 125 billion US dollars (Table 6).

Export-import policy for 2002-2008. consolidates and develops previously adopted decisions aimed at developing exports and increasing the competitiveness of Indian goods by creating favorable conditions for exporters that would not contradict WTO rules and would not discriminate against local producers focused on the domestic market.

The new proposals formulated in the export-import policy for 2002-2008 are structurally united in six main areas:

Measures for further development of Special Economic Zones

Measures to increase exports in such sectors of the economy as agriculture, handicrafts, small and medium-sized businesses, leather, textile and jewelry industries;

Measures to develop the export of high-tech products;

Measures to increase volumes and expand the geography of exports;

Measures to reduce transaction costs and simplify regulation of export-import transactions;

Measures to further develop export promotion schemes.

India is a major exporter of labor. There is a large outflow of qualified workers and students from the country. Indians occupy a prominent place among researchers and engineers in the United States. Emigrants provide a large influx of funds - over 50 billion dollars. in 2007

In general, India's position in the structure of international economic relations reflects the increasing influence of external factors and their increasing importance in the country's development, which reflects the general trend towards the internationalization of economic life.

2.3 Share in world production

For several years after independence, India was dependent on foreign aid due to food shortages. Food production has grown steadily over the past 40 years, largely due to the expansion of irrigated land and the widespread use of high-quality, high-yield seeds, fertilizers and pesticides. India has a huge reserve of cereals and is also an exporter of cereals. The income side, especially tea and coffee, are the main exports. India is the largest tea producer in the world, with an annual production of about 470 million tons, of which 200 million tons are exported. India also contains about 30% of the world spice market, with exports of about 120,000 tons per year. In order to strengthen the sector and create infrastructure for the processing, transportation and storage of grain and food, infrastructure status was granted, which implies tax exemption.

After a decade of reform, the manufacturing sector is preparing to meet the demands of the new millennium. Investment in Indian companies reached a record level by 1994, and many multinational corporations decided to set up shop in India to take advantage of the improved financial climate. In order to further grow the industrial manufacturing sector, foreign direct investment has been allowed through the automatic route in almost all industries with some restrictions. Structural reforms were undertaken in the excise regime to introduce a flat rate and simplify procedures and regulations. Companies in the manufacturing sector coalesced around their core competencies, forging links with foreign companies to acquire new technologies, management expertise and access to foreign markets. The advantageously low costs associated with manufacturing in India have established India as an attractive sector for manufacturing and a source for global markets.

Light industry is a traditional sector of the Indian economy. India has a strong textile base based on natural fabrics. India is one of the leading countries in the world in the production of cotton fabrics, and in the production of jute products (technical, packaging, furniture fabrics, carpets) it ranks first. The largest centers of the cotton industry are Bombay and Ahmedabad, and the jute industry is Calcutta.

The textile industry occupies a significant place in both the Indian and international economies. Its contribution to the Indian economy is reflected in the production of manufactured goods, employment and foreign exchange earnings. The Indian textile industry has advantages over other major textile producing countries in terms of cost of raw materials and labor cost in producing various types of textile products.

Excellent management, high productivity and experience have brought an increasing number of global automobile manufacturers to India. Suzuki and Hyundai have established an export center for their world famous cars in India.

In global production, despite the huge underlying shifts in the Indian economy, the country stands out in its primary and basic industries. In the early 2000s, India accounted for 60% of world production of mica, 30 groundnuts, 28% tea, 21% rice, 11% milk and sugar, 10% wheat. India is one of the largest producers of rubber and coffee.

Labor productivity remains low. In terms of overall competitiveness, the Indian economy ranks 34th in the world. Today, Indian companies successfully compete in international markets in pharmaceuticals, steel, cement and automobile parts.

For decades India

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