The complete latest schoolchildren's reference book. Ukrainian lands as part of the Austrian and Austro-Hungarian empires. Western Ukrainian lands as part of the Austrian empire. National revival in Ukraine. Cyril and Methodius Brotherhood

Ministry of Agrarian Policy of Ukraine Pribrezhnensky Agrarian College NAU

Methodological development of lecture lesson No. 4 on the discipline “History of Ukraine”.

Teacher Lozovskaya T.N.

Evpatoria -2009

Topic: Ukrainian lands under the rule of the Russian and Austrian Empire in the 19th century.

Administrative and territorial structure of Ukrainian lands as part of foreign states. Population size and ethnic composition. The crisis of serfdom and the development of capitalist relations. The beginning of the industrial revolution. Exacerbation of socio-economic contradictions in Ukraine. Peasant uprisings. The initial stage of national revival. The formation of the Ukrainian intelligentsia. Activities of the Decembrists in Ukraine. Cyril and Methodius Brotherhood, Personality of T. Shevchenko. Participation of Ukraine in the Russian-Turkish wars (1806-1812), (1828-1829), annexation of Bessarabia to Russia. War with Napoleon 1812 The nature of Austria's policy towards the Ukrainian population. The reforms of Maria Theresa and Joseph, their role in the development of the national and cultural life of Galicia and Bukovina. Socio-political movement. Bourgeois revolution of 1848 Abolition of serfdom. Home Ruska Rada. Exacerbation of social and class contradictions. Peasant uprisings. Abolition of serfdom in the Russian Empire. Bourgeois reforms of the 60-70s of the 19th century. Development of bourgeois relations in agriculture. Features of the industrial revolution. Ukrainian cooperative movement. Features of the economic development of Galicia, Northern Bukovina, Transcarpathia. Social structure of the Ukrainian population. Ethnomigration processes. Cultural and educational stage of the national movement. Ukrainophiles. Community movement. Valuevsky circular. Emsky decree. Crisis of the community movement. Activities of Russian populist groups in Ukraine. The birth of Ukrainian socialism. Revolutionary democratic movement. The beginning of the proletarian movement. Political and administrative status of Western Ukrainian lands. People's and Muscovite currents of the national liberation movement. The origin of the national political movement in Ukraine. The emergence of Ukrainian political parties.

Number of hours : 2

Form of conduct: lecture

Goals: - To form in students a system of knowledge about the essence of socio-political processes, their objective conditionality, interconnection;

Be able to analyze and evaluate the phenomena of political development of Ukrainian society in the context of world history, compare historical processes with eras;

Use the acquired knowledge to predict social processes;

Foster a patriotic attitude towards Ukraine.

Interdisciplinary connections: fundamentals of economics, fundamentals of law, sociology, political science, cultural studies

Educational and methodological literature: Boyko O. D. History of Ukraine.-K.: Academy, 2001.

Braichevsky M. Abstract of the history of Ukraine.-K., 1994.

Grushevsky M. History of Ukraine.-K., 1991-1998.

Subtelny O. Ukraine: history.-K., 1996.

Basic Concepts: Russian-Turkish war, Bucharest peace, Russian-French war, dragoons, Azov Cossack army, crisis, scheduled system of corvee, government lands, audits, tithes, credit, pledge, military settlements, industrial revolution, labor productivity, rationalization of production, commodity production, market, duty, separatism, socio-political movement, autonomy, almanac, politicization, Freemasonry, Decembrists, opryshki, censorship, status.

Personalities of this period: Senyavin D, Lazarev M., Kazarsky A., Greig A., Karmelyuk U., Kapnist V., Kotlyarevsky I., Maksimovich M., Muravyov-Apostol S., M., Pestel P., Bestuzhev_Ryumin M., Volkonsky S., Kostomarov N., Kulish P., Kobylitsa L., Shtolyuk M., Shevchenko T., Gogol N.

Progress of the lesson:

Org moment. Updating knowledge.

Name the periodization of the history of Ukraine

Name the chronological framework of each period

Analyze the main periods of formation of the Ukrainian nation

Remember the sources of law and name them

Which states were part of the Ukrainian lands in the 14th-18th centuries?

What is a union

Explain the terms: Cossacks, Ukraine, liberation war, Hetmanate, autonomy of Ukraine.

Analyze the causes, driving forces and results of the liberation war

Name the system of government and administration in the Hetmanate

3.Explanation of new material.

1. Socio-economic and political situation in Ukraine in the 1st half. 19th century, 2nd half 19th century

2. Abolition of serfdom and reforms of the 60-70s. in Ukraine, their meaning.

3. Western Ukrainian lands as part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in the 1st half. 19th century, socio-political and state structure of Ukrainian lands in the 2nd half. 19th century

4.Culture of Ukraine in the 19th century.

Ukraine at the end of the 18th-1st half of the 19th centuries. being a dependent state, it could not conduct an independent foreign policy. Remaining a material base, a strategic bridgehead and a source of replenishment for the army of the Russian Empire, it took part in the Russian-Turkish wars of 1806-1812 and 1828-1829, and the Russian-French war.

At the end of the 18th - 1st half of the 19th century. The landowner economy of Ukraine, based on the labor of serfs, was in decline. The old forms of farming did not meet the requirements of the time, and the landowners could not introduce new ones. Agriculture found itself in a difficult transitional state, which was called a crisis.

In the 1st half of the 19th century. In Ukraine, market relations are belatedly, slowly but steadily being formed. For the development of capitalism, the following conditions are necessary: ​​free accumulation of capital, a wide internal market, and a civilian labor force. These factors of economic development during this period of time were not yet sufficiently formed. But the industrial revolution that began at that time was of great importance.

The emergence and development of market relations in Ukraine was accompanied by an increase in the urban population and a revival of domestic and foreign trade. However, the dependent position of Ukraine within the Russian Empire already in the 1st half of the 19th century. turned Ukrainian territory into a sales market and source of raw materials. A consequence of Ukraine's loss of its statehood was the settlement of its cities mainly by non-Ukrainians. These circumstances had a negative impact on the further socio-economic and political development of Ukraine. (The concept of urbanization).

The crisis of serfdom was accompanied by a worsening of relations between landowners and peasants. Ukrainian peasants often resorted to armed protests. For the first half of the 19th century. In various regions of Ukraine - on the Left Bank, Slobozhanshchina, Right Bank and South - several hundred peasant uprisings took place. Especially large - in Podolia under the leadership of U. Karmelyuk, in the Kiev region - “Kiev Cossacks”.

An important page in the anti-serfdom struggle of the Ukrainian peasantry was the uprising of military settlers. These unrest convincingly demonstrated that the overwhelming majority of the population of Ukraine opposed serfdom and was ready for an active armed struggle to eliminate it.

- “Nikolaev reaction”

The acute crisis in society gave rise to dissatisfaction not only among the peasantry. Discontent arose among that part of wealthy and educated citizens who were not indifferent to the future of the country. They began searching for a way out of the crisis. This search for new ways of social development was accompanied by discussions, intense ideological struggle, and the involvement of people previously indifferent to politics into politics. All this together was a socio-political movement.

Federation

- “History of the Russians”

Policy

Chauvinism

- "Love of Truth"

- “Little Russian Society”

A feature of the socio-political movement of Ukraine was the presence in it, in addition to Ukrainian, Russian and Polish movements, which reflected the interests of the Russian and Polish populations of the Russian Empire. Representatives of each of these movements had their own views on the past and future of the Ukrainian people. At the same time, they had great hopes for the support of the Ukrainian population.

- "Union of Salvation"

- "Union of Welfare"

Southern Society

- “Russian Truth”

Constitution N. Muravyov

- “Society of United Slavs”

- “Little Russian Society”

Spitsruten

The organization and activities of the Cyril and Methodius Brotherhood (1846-1847) opened a new stage in the struggle of the Ukrainian people for their national and social liberation. The main goal of the society was the achievement of state independence by Ukraine with a democratic system in a federal union of the same independent Slavic states. This was the first attempt by the Ukrainian intelligentsia to move from the cultural to the political stage of the struggle for national liberation and development of Ukraine.

- “The Book of the Life of the Ukrainian People”

- “Charter of the Slavic Society”

National elite

Panslavism

Confederation

Beginning of the 2nd half of the 19th century. The Russian Empire was marked by a peasant reform, which created conditions for the rapid economic development of Naddnepryansk Ukraine.

Secret committee, manifesto, arrears.

Crisis of the feudal-serf system

Features of the economic development of Ukrainian lands on the eve of reforms

Progress and regression

Tchaikovsky M., Herzen A.

In order to adapt the country to new conditions of socio-economic development, to the needs of a market economy, the government is carrying out reforms of administrative and political management. But the reforms concerned only local government, the judicial system, public education, the army, and censorship. While carrying out reforms in various spheres of society, the government took little into account local and national characteristics.

Judicial

Zemskaya

City government reform

Education reform

Military reform

Financial reform

Censorship reform

The reforms opened up prospects for the rapid industrial development of Naddniepryanskaya Ukraine (population, minerals, geographical location). Intensive construction of factories and factories begins.

Ukrainian industrial district

First railway line

Protectionism

Western Ukrainian lands (Eastern Galicia, Bukovina, Transcarpathia) in the 1st half. 19th century They were part of the Austrian Empire. As in the Naddniepryan region, the vast majority of the Ukrainian population worked in agriculture. There were no Ukrainian gentry in the region, the Ukrainian intelligentsia was small in number. Therefore, the Ukrainians were ruled by foreigners: in Galicia - the Polish gentry, in Bukovina - the Romanian boyars, in Transcarpathia - the Hungarian feudal lords.

As a result of the reforms of Maria Theresa and Joseph (agrarian, religious, educational), the situation of Ukrainians was partially improved. However, the successors of the reformers abandoned most of the innovations of their predecessors. Multi-day corvee labor, new taxes and duties were reintroduced. The situation of the peasants deteriorated so much that they were forced to run away from their masters.

In Western Ukraine, 1st half. 19th century It was marked by peasant protests, which took various forms: from written complaints to escapes and armed struggle.

- "Cholera Riots"

Oprishki

First half of the 19th century. It became the beginning of a national revival in Western Ukrainian lands. The revival was led by the Greek Catholic clergy - the only educated social group of Ukrainians that preserved national identity.

- "Society of Greek Catholic Priests"

- "Russian Trinity"

- “Mermaid of the Dniester”

In 1848 European peoples rebelled against the regime of autocracy of monarchs demanding democracy and political equality. Active participants in the revolution of 1848-1849. became Western Ukrainians. The government was forced to make concessions (abolition of corvee). The revolution helped accelerate the self-organization of Ukrainians. The Golovna Ruska Rada was created - the first political body in the history of Ukrainians of the Austrian Empire.

Central Rada of the People

- “Zorya Galitska”

Easements

- "matitsa"

- “Russian Cathedral”

Despite all the oppression, Ukrainian culture in the 1st half of the 19th century. continues to develop. Thanks to the development of capitalism, society's need for education and science grew. With the growth of national self-awareness, national features began to emerge more and more clearly in literature, theater, music, and architecture.

Education and science

Ukrainian literature, theater, music

Architecture, sculpture, painting

Osipovsky T., Ostrogradsky M., Maksimovich M., Kostomarov N., Markevich N., Kotlyarevsky I., Gulak-Artemovsky P., Kvitka-Osnovyanenko G., Kulish P., Gogol N., Shevchenko T., Verbitsky M.

Kharkov University, parish schools, district schools, gymnasiums, lyceums, Lviv Ossolinsky Institute, St. Vladimir University, Nizhyn Gymnasium, rector, dean,

Independent work (tasks).

4.Result of the lesson. Assessment.

5.Homework.

How cities and trade developed in the 2nd half of the 19th century.

Describe the Western Ukrainian lands as part of Austria-Hungary in the 2nd half. 19th century, compare with Naddniepryanskaya Ukraine

Abstracts: - Our region in the 1st half of the 19th century.

Crimean (Eastern) War and Ukraine

Reasons and beginning of labor emigration of Ukrainians in the 2nd half. 19th century

Crimea in the 2nd half. 19th century

Personalities of the 19th century.

Ukrainian culture of the 19th century.

At the end of the 18th century, almost every state was characterized by significant territorial changes, which was associated with wars for hegemony on the European continent. Let us recall the strengthening of the Ottoman Empire, and its rise to one of the dominant places on the continent, and the Russian-Turkish wars, which, as a result, eliminated the danger of the Turks conquering Eastern and Central Europe. But at the same time, not a single state managed to impose its hegemony on Europe at that time, which is why the end of the 18th century. can be described as a period of relative European equality of power. And only the French Revolution and the divisions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth somewhat changed the situation and raised the Russian Empire to a higher level compared to other powers. In an effort to seize vast territorial expanses, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth lost itself as a historical phenomenon, and the end of the 18th century. became fatal for her. It was then that it was divided between Prussia, the Austrian and Russian empires, which by that time exercised significant influence on various spheres of life in Europe, and lost its state independence for a long time. Thus, as a result of the II and III sections of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, significant territories of the Right Bank of Ukraine were transferred to the Russian Empire. The tsarist government sought to merge these lands into a single whole with the empire, as... this was previously done with Left Bank Ukraine.

The historical fate of the Ukrainian people developed in such a way that from the end of the 18th century. and almost until 1914 it was divided between the Romanov and Habsburg empires. After three partitions of Poland (1772–1795), Right Bank Ukraine (Kiev region, Volyn, Podolia), Beresteyshchyna and Kholmshchyna became part of the Russian Empire, and Galicia, Bukovina and Transcarpathia became part of the Austrian Empire. In 1774, after another war with Ottoman Turkey, the Russian Empire annexed Crimea and the Northern Black Sea steppes.

M. N. Krechetnikov, an infantry general, on the orders of Catherine II, participated in the suppression of the Haidamaks uprising, was the governor-general of the regions that ceded to Russia after the second partition of Poland (1790s)

At the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries. Ukrainian lands were transformed into ordinary structural divisions of the political and administrative systems of the Romanov and Habsburg empires. In place of the autonomous Ukrainian regions - Slobozhanshchina and Left Bank - Kharkov, Chernigov and Poltava provinces appeared, and territories where the majority of the population were Ukrainians were added to the Russian provinces neighboring the Ukrainian lands. The lands of Right Bank Ukraine, which as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth made up the Kiev, Bratslav, Podolsk and Volyn voivodeships, were transformed into the provinces of Kyiv, Podolsk and Volyn. After the Russian-Turkish War of 1806–1812. The territory inhabited mainly by Moldovans between the Dniester and Prut rivers was transferred to the Russian Empire. Here the Bessarabian region was created, which included the newly formed counties of Izmail, Akkerman and Khotyn with a predominant Ukrainian population. Southern (Steppe) Ukraine is the territory of the so-called “Wild Field”, which by the last quarter of the 18th century. inhabited only by Tatars and Zaporozhye Cossacks, it was transformed into Ekaterinoslav, Kherson and Tauride provinces.

In the provinces, the state power of the Russian Empire was represented by provincial boards, headed by governors who were appointed and removed by the emperor. The provinces consisted of districts headed by police officers. The districts, in turn, were divided into camps led by police bailiffs. An important government institution was the Treasury Chamber. She was in charge of collecting various state taxes from the population. The established administrative and managerial apparatus was designed to protect imperial power on the ground.

The Austrian government has developed more flexible forms of administrative-territorial division. Galicia (with part of the Polish lands) was allocated to the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria with its center in Lviv. In 12 out of 18 districts (since the mid-19th century), in 50 out of 74 districts, the Ukrainian population predominated. Since 1787, Bukovina has been part of it as a district, and since 1849 it received the status of a separate crown region.

Transcarpathia was part of the Pozhonsky (Bratislava) governorship and only for a short time after the revolution of 1848–1849. had the status of an autonomous Uzhgorod district. In 1867, Austria recognized Hungary's right to self-government within a single empire.

Thus, the incorporation of Ukrainian lands was accompanied by the leveling of the features of their territorial and administrative structure, forms of self-government, established courts, etc.

The basis of agriculture, which at the end of the 18th - in the first half of the 19th century. characterized by very low productivity and consisted of serf labor. Back in the middle of the 19th century, the bulk of the 13.5 million population of the Ukrainian provinces of the Russian Empire was the feudal-dependent peasantry, where 5.3 million were landowner peasants, and 5.2 million were state peasants. Routine agricultural tools, the lack of draft animals among peasants, and natural disasters (droughts, frosts, and the like) predetermined low yields, which on average remained at the level of one-four, one-five.

Serfdom was most widespread in Right Bank Ukraine (75–90%). There, during 1847–1848. The imperial government carried out the so-called inventory reform, which included the introduction of inventory books where the norms of corvee and other duties of serfs were recorded. But these norms were determined by the landowner himself, whose land property remained inviolable. In the Left Bank, Sloboda and Southern Ukraine, serfdom, based on historical conditions, remained the least widespread compared not only to the Right Bank, but also to the Russian provinces themselves. There, the percentage of serfs among the peasantry was relatively low: they made up less than half of the local peasants.

To increase the profitability of their farms, landowners intensified the exploitation of peasants by raising corvee rates or expanding land holdings at the expense of selected peasant plots. Both the first and second undermined the economic viability of the peasants, that is, the productive force on which the landowners' farms rested. Individual highly educated landowners tried to raise the culture of agriculture. For this purpose, for example, the founder of Kharkov University Vasily Karazin organized the Philotechnical Society, which over the seven-year period of its existence developed many useful recommendations and introduced many inventions and discoveries in the agricultural and livestock industries. However, such examples are few.

A certain part of the peasants managed to acquire capital in order to buy themselves out of serfdom. Having gained freedom, they expanded the scope of their economic activities, primarily in the field of trade and industry. In the middle of the 19th century. many of them were already owners of industrial enterprises with hired workers. Such enterprises gradually replaced the manufactories of the landowners.

Thus, natives of the Cherkassy region, the sons of the former serf artisan Mikhail Yakhnenko, established in the 40s. XIX century an industrial and trading company that specialized mainly in the production and sale of sugar. Subsequently, the Yakhnenko-Simirenkos became the most prominent and richest industrialists of the Russian Empire, also known for their extensive philanthropic activities.

The increase in labor productivity in industrial production in Ukraine was facilitated by the technical revolution, which began with widespread implementation in the 40s. new machinery in sugar factories. Factory enterprises began to be built more often in cities, and not just in villages and towns, as was done before. By the middle of the 19th century, when the manufactories of the landowners had completely dilapidated, in the Ukrainian industry over 90% of all factories operating with civilian labor belonged to merchant entrepreneurs. However, in the sphere of trade in industrial goods in the first half of the 19th century. Ukrainian fairs (in Kyiv, Kharkov, Elisavetgrad) were dominated by merchants from the central provinces of Russia - most of the profits from fair trade went to Russia.

1. Ukrainian lands as part of the Austrian and Russian empires at the beginning of the 19th century

Administrative-territorial division in the 50s of the XIX century

Until the beginning of the 19th century, as a result of the three partitions of Poland, the Russian-Turkish wars, the liquidation of the Hetmanate and the Zaporozhye Sich, the Ukrainian lands came under the rule of the Russian and Austrian empires.

The Russian Empire owned Slobozhanshchina, the Left Bank, the Right Bank and the South, which accounted for about 85% of the lands inhabited by Ukrainians. The Austrian Empire included approximately 15% of Ukrainian lands, namely Eastern Galicia, Northern Bukovina and Transcarpathia. The territories that were under the rule of the Russian Empire are usually called the Dnieper Ukraine, and the Western Ukrainian lands are part of the Austrian Empire.

After the annexation of the Ukrainian lands to the Russian Empire, a general imperial administrative structure was extended to them. By the middle of the 19th century. of the 10 governor generals of Russia, three were located in the Dnieper region. The General Government is a large territorial-administrative unit, which included several provinces. The governor-general was appointed and dismissed only by the emperor; he had virtually unlimited power (military, administrative, judicial, financial). The three General Governments on the Ukrainian lands included 9 provinces, in which the administrative and executive function was carried out by governors. The provinces were divided into districts, headed by police officers

The administrative-territorial division did not take into account the ethnic composition of the population. On the Left Bank, Ukrainians made up 95% of the population, in Slobozhanshchyna - 86%, on the Right Bank - 85%, in the south - 74%. Many Ukrainians settled in Kuban, Don, parts of Voronezh, Kursk, Grodno, Mogilev and Bessarabian provinces.

Jews were a large national minority in Ukrainian lands. After the first partition of Poland, the Russian government introduced a “Pale of Settlement” for Jews in 1791, beyond which members of this minority were prohibited from settling. The ban lasted until 1917. The entire Dnieper region, except Slobozhanshchina, was part of the Pale of Settlement. This event confirmed that the Russian government pursued a policy of discrimination against people based on their nationality. In addition, Jews were forbidden to settle in Kyiv, Nikolaev, Sevastopol, state and Cossack villages of the Poltava region. Special Jewish quarters were created in many cities

As part of the Austrian Empire, the lands inhabited by Ukrainians belonged to different administrative units of the empire. The Austrian authorities also did not pay attention to the ethnic composition of the population when they carried out administrative-territorial demarcation.

Thus, the eastern lands (where the majority were Ukrainians) and the western Galician lands (where the majority were Poles) fell into one administrative-territorial unit called the “Kingdom of Galicia and Ladomeria” with its capital in the city of Lviv. The Polish gentry was reliably in charge of the representative body of the region, although they were not the decisive force in local self-government. The fullness of all administrative power was concentrated in the hands of the governor, later the governor, who was appointed by the emperor himself. The “Kingdom” was divided into 18 districts, of which 12 were Ukrainian parts of the region. Until 1861, Bukovina was a separate district (also without ethnic division, although the Ukrainian population predominated in Northern Bukovina, and the Romanian population in Southern Bukovina). territorial administrative Ukrainian land

Transcarpathian Ukraine was subordinate to the Pozhonsky viceroyal administration of the Kingdom of Hungary and was divided into four comitat. All power in the comitat belonged to administrators, who were appointed from among the large landowners. The overwhelming majority of the region's population were Rusyn peasants, enslaved by Hungarian landowners.

Ukrainians made up the population: in Eastern Galicia - 71%, in Bukovina - 69%, in Transcarpathia - 40%

The entire population of the Dnieper Ukraine was divided according to class into nobility, clergy, burghers and peasants. The overwhelming majority of the population were peasants. The situation of the peasants was different. 40-45% of the peasants were serfs. There were also state peasants, they were not personally dependent, they had the opportunity to run their own farms, giving a quarter of their income as tax to the state.

In Western Ukrainian lands, peasants also made up the overwhelming majority of the population. The Ukrainians of the region actually did not have their own national elite; it was Polonized, or Romanianized. The only representative of the educated strata in Eastern Galicia and Transcarpathia was the Greek Catholic clergy. In Bukovina, only a small stratum of Orthodox priests resisted Romanianization. Consequently, at the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries. Ukrainian lands as part of the Russian and Austrian empires found themselves in different conditions, which also led to differences in their development. The leading idea, which in the 19th century. inspired Ukrainian patriots, there was an awareness of belonging to a single people, albeit torn in half and enslaved by two empires

By the middle of the 19th century. An administrative-territorial division of Ukrainian lands took shape, which lasted until the end of the First World War (1914-1918).

Ukraine did not have its own state. Its territory was distributed between the Russian and Austrian empires. An imperial administrative-territorial structure has spread in Ukraine, created to overcome the spirit of opposition and to use Ukrainian natural and human resources for the needs of two empires.

Events of the late XVIII - first third of the XIX centuries. led to the loss by the Ukrainian people of those states and layers that were capable of protecting their cultural, economic, social and political interests. Using this, official St. Petersburg and Vienna pursued a policy of national and social oppression. A special stage in the history of Eastern Galicia and Bukovina was the period of enlightened absolutism of Maria Theresa and Joseph II.

In the international arena, Ukraine’s role was reduced to using it as a military-strategic base for the successful conduct of wars. This manifested itself especially clearly in Napoleon’s plans for Ukraine and in the policy of Alexander 1 in reviving the Ukrainian Cossacks for participation in the Patriotic War of 1812 and the foreign military campaign of 1813–1814. International events of the first third of the 19th century. led to the liquidation of the Transdanubian Sich and at the same time created favorable conditions for the development of the lands of the Northern Black Sea region.

Ukrainian lands as part of the Russian and Austrian empires at the end of the 18th - first half of the 19th century.

As a component of European civilization, Ukraine began to be imbued with such ideas as “nationality”, “nation”, “people’s rights”. Having lost even the remnants of Cossack statehood, the Ukrainian elders, clergy, wealthy Cossacks and peasants faced the threat of losing their social achievements. Defending her leading social position, the elder turned to Ukrainian history, remembering the joint struggle for liberation with the people, and her social origin.

Under the influence of European ideas and interest in their own destiny, the best representatives of the Cossack elders were imbued with the idea of ​​nationality. They understood more and more clearly their unity with the people, they were proud of the people, that is, of their heroic past, original culture, and high ideals. Kharkov University became the center of cultural and national revival.

Under the influence of the ideas of the Great French Revolution, individual representatives of Ukrainians from the autonomist group in opposition to the Russian government realized the national idea of ​​reviving the state as a guarantor of protecting the interests of the people. An outstanding work that affirmed the national idea in Ukrainian social and political thought was “The History of the Rus.”

Thanks to the efforts of the Greek Catholic clergy, national life gradually awakened in Western Ukraine. Here, Greek Catholics achieved the introduction of academic disciplines in Ukrainian in primary schools and opened more than 400 new schools. The highest achievement in Western Ukraine was the activity of the “Russian Trinity” circle, which launched a new Ukrainian literature in Eastern Galicia, opposed the policy of denationalization, and called for the unity of both parts of Ukraine.

1. The socio-economic situation of Western Ukrainian lands within the Austrian Empire at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries. Galicia, Bukovina and Transcarpathia at the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries. were the most backward Austrian provinces. Serfdom hindered the development of industry and agriculture. Large feudal landownership was dominant in Transcarpathia and Eastern Galicia. In Bukovina, the mass of peasant owners predominated (up to 30%).

Being part of the multinational Austrian Empire, the Western Ukrainian lands, in turn, were multinational. Along with representatives of the indigenous nation - Ukrainians, many Poles, Jews, Hungarians, Germans, Romanians, etc. settled here at different times. But the Ukrainians prevailed: at the end of the 18th century. there were 2.2 million of the 3.5 million total population.

Although these Ukrainian territories existed as a separate life, and their fate had many general: The Ukrainian population was subjected to constant social and national-religious oppression: in Eastern Galicia - from the Polish gentry, in Bukovina - from the Romanian boyars, in Transcarpathia - from the Hungarian gentlemen. The Austrian authorities pursued a policy of Germanization of Ukrainians, the Polish lords tried to Polish the Ukrainian population of Eastern Galicia, the Romanian boyars sought to Romanize Ukrainian Bukovina, and the Hungarians pursued a policy of Magyarization in Transcarpathia. All of them tried to assimilate the Ukrainian population, eliminate the Ukrainian language and Ukrainian culture, and break the connection between the Ukrainian population of Western Ukraine and Dnieper Ukraine. This was colonial policy Austrian government.

2. Reforms of Maria Theresa and Joseph II In the 70s - 80s. In the 18th century, during the reign of Empress Maria Theresa (1740-1780) and her son Joseph II (1780-1790), reforms were carried out in the Austrian Empire. They were based on ideas enlightened absolutism and pursued the goal, by strengthening state centralization and establishing control of the ruling dynasty over all spheres of public life, to strengthen the empire, modernize it and attract it to new historical processes, to ensure a strong position of the empire in the international arena.

The Austrian government continued its policy state protectionism, which contributed to the development of production and trade. During agricultural reforms, peasants were freed from personal dependence and the size of corvée was determined (up to 30 days a year). Consequence religious The reform was the equalization of the rights of the Catholic, Protestant and Greek Catholic churches. Believers of these faiths were equally entitled to access to universities, to public service, were allowed to sell and buy land, etc., and priests received the status of civil servants. When implementing administrative reforms, noble self-government (especially developed in the former lands of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) was replaced by bureaucratic-bureaucratic management, which reported directly to the imperial court. Was created standing army based on compulsory military service, centralized recruitment and the collection of a permanent military tax, which sharply limited the role of the noble militia. In the Austrian Empire it was carried out educational reform: general secondary education was proclaimed, a wide border of state educational institutions was created, in primary school education was carried out in the native language, Greek Catholic seminaries were opened in Lvov and Uzhgorod.

Overall reforms positively influenced the lives of Western Ukrainians and contributed primarily to the political modernization of the region, but after the death of Joseph II, the aristocracy began to resist the reforms and they were stopped.

3. The beginning of the collapse of the feudal-serf system. In the 20s - 30s. XIX century The collapse of the feudal-serf system began in the Austrian Empire. New capitalist relations began to emerge. A common phenomenon was the emergence manufactories, which gradually switched to factory production.

IN Eastern Galicia, Lviv was the administrative, industrial and commercial center of which weaving was in first place. There was almost no village or estate where linen was not produced, which was sent to Vienna, Brno, and Budapest. Leather production intended for export developed. New ceramic and iron processing enterprises and foundries were established, and the salt industry developed. However, the beginning of the industrial revolution in the German and Czech provinces of the Austrian Empire had a very negative impact on Galician industry. Galician crafts and manufacturing could not withstand the competition of factory products and began to decline. According to 1846 data, there were 56 cities and 138 towns in the region, but the urban Ukrainian bourgeoisie was small and economically weak.

In connection with the general spread of commodity production in the Austrian Empire, Western Ukrainian lands began to develop trade, the main forms of which were fairs and bazaars. Trade relations between Eastern Galicia and Ukrainian lands within Russia developed. The trade route ran through the city of Brody, which became the center of trade. Wood and linen were exported from Eastern Galicia, and livestock and industrial products were imported from the Dnieper Ukraine. Agricultural products and raw materials were exported to Western European countries.

The situation was also difficult in Bukovina. But compared to Eastern Galicia, it was somewhat improved by the fact that cattle breeding had played a large role in the Bukovinian economy since ancient times. The backward agrarian region remained Transcarpathia. The expansion of the landed estates was accompanied here by a reduction in peasant plots. The Hungarian Diet erected progressive agrarian laws founded by Joseph P.

Agriculture in Western Ukrainian lands remained low level. The land belonged to large landowners: these were magnates, gentry, the state and the church. From this time on, in Western Ukrainian lands there was a further strengthening of landlord oppression. In 1802-1803 The Austrian government allowed landowners to use bodily punishments against their peasants. Corvée increased and additional duties were introduced. The landowners sought at any cost to take away the land from the peasants and sow it with grain, due to the fact that grain had become a valuable commodity. The situation of the peasants was also worsened by natural disasters - droughts, crop failures, epidemics...

4. Strengthening the fight against social oppression. The strengthening of feudal oppression in Western Ukrainian lands caused decisive resistance from the working population - peasants, townspeople, artisans, and workers. The forms of anti-serfdom protest were: the flight of peasants, damage to the landowners' meadows and crops, deforestation, reprisals against village elders, arson of landowners' estates, distilleries and other enterprises. The peasants refused to pay state taxes and avoided recruitment.

Ongoing rebel movement, which acquired a special scope in the Carpathian region in 1810-1825. They attacked landowners, entered the master's estates, robbed them, burned outbuildings, and punished the oppressors. In the 20s XIX century was the leader of the Carpathian opryshki Miron Shtolyukom. A big uprising in Transcarpathia took place in 1830. The government sent regular troops to suppress it. The rebels were severely punished. Individual rebel actions continued until 1848.

In 1831, in Transcarpathia they began "cholera riots" The reason for the mass protest of peasants was the restrictions (quarantine, ban on movement) introduced due to the cholera epidemic. The rebels opposed the system of existing land relations. As a result, the government abolished some of the secondary duties (law of 1836)

In 1838, mass peasant uprisings began in Bukovina. The serfs refused to fulfill the agreements imposed on them by the landowners, which stated an increase in peasant duties. These protests were suppressed only with the help of troops. In 1843-1844. a mass uprising of peasants began in Bukovina under the leadership Lukyana Kobylitsy. Ruled by their leader, the inhabitants of 22 Bukovina villages seized forests and pastures, refused to fulfill duties, expelled officials and established self-government. Military force was again used against the peasants. Several hundred peasants were arrested and punished.