What is the role of artificial lighting in human life. Lighting of industrial premises. Understanding Your Sunscreen

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International Year of Light and Light Technologies December 2015 2015 was declared by the UN General Assembly as the International Year of Light and Light Technologies. The goal of the initiative is to increase the world community's awareness of light issues and improve understanding of new technologies that solve energy problems in all spheres of human activity. 2015 was chosen as the year of light also because it marks a number of important round dates related to the science of light.

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Light is one of the forms of energy that the human eye can discern. Light is generated using electromagnetic radiation and travels strictly in a straight line and at a constant speed. The main colors of light are green, blue and red; when mixed in certain proportions, any existing color and shade can be obtained.

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Following Newton, who demonstrated that white light is made up of a spectrum of different colors, we must educate the world about the importance of light in building a more sustainable and peaceful future. Light brings goodness, Light develops sensitivity, response to and interaction with the world around us.

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Light for me is the stream of LOVE of the universe flowing incessantly. The huge, endless Light is mind and consciousness. Light is will and dream. Light is what reaches out when we need help so much. Light is the path to goodness and happiness. Desire for love. And to be loved. Light is hatred of dishonor, of lies, of what can kill us. Each of us knows the path to light. Don't lie, don't hit, don't humiliate. Replace hate with love. And replace timidity with strength. To look into the eyes of the enemy and light a spark of light in them.

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Sunlight plays a big role in human life. However, in addition to sunlight, people also widely use artificial sources to make the environment more suitable for work and leisure. Thousands of different types of lamps and lighting systems provide people with light and create a new, more beautiful living environment. Properly designed and selected lighting provides comfort and mood, increases productivity, and promotes health. Selecting high-quality lighting is not only about achieving sufficient illumination, but also about reliability, safety, and efficiency. The role of light in human life

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The requirements for lighting quality contained in official standards are mainly aimed at ensuring visual performance. The recommendations are based on dozens of studies conducted in different countries and are therefore the most reasonable. Basic lighting standards: Office (depending on size) - 300-500 lux (unit of illumination) Living room - 500 lux Corridor - 50 lux Staircase - 100 lux Study - 300 lux Supermarket - 500 lux Restaurant - 200 lux Museum - 200 lux Gym - 400 lux Classroom - 300 lux Laboratory - 500 lux The role of lighting in human life

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Light source is any object that emits energy in the visible range of electromagnetic wavelengths. By their nature they are divided into artificial and natural.

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Natural light sources are natural material objects and phenomena. Sun Comets Star clusters Aurora Meteorites and fireballs

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Artificial light sources are technical devices of various designs, the main purpose of which is to receive light radiation

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The sun and sunlight in human life The sun is the greatest thing that human eyes can see Robert Davydov Solar radiation stimulates the production of endorphins, “pleasure hormones,” therefore it is believed that sunlight is the best natural antidepressant. Its positive influence also extends to the sphere of interpersonal relationships: while the cold encourages us to “close ourselves,” the sun, on the contrary, “opens” us in relation to the outside world, to others. It is for this reason that in the summer it is easier for us to make new contacts and make new friends.

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Man felt the importance of the Sun for life on Earth already in ancient times. But to primitive people the Sun seemed to be some kind of supernatural creature. It was deified by almost all peoples of antiquity. Our Slavic ancestors worshiped the god of the sun's rays - Yarila, and the ancient Romans had a god of the Sun - Apollo. Kings and princes, in order to exalt their power, tried to instill in people the idea of their origin from the Sun God. The importance of the Sun for life on Earth

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The sun is a source of heat and light, without which the emergence and existence of life on our planet would be impossible. Without the Sun, there would be no green meadows, shady forests and rivers, flowering gardens, grain fields on Earth; neither humans, nor animals, nor plants could exist. The sun contains a huge amount of energy. Only about one-half of a billionth of this energy reaches Earth. But it is thanks to it that the water cycle occurs on Earth, the winds blow, life has developed and is developing. However, there are also disadvantages to this seemingly positive phenomenon. The importance of the Sun for life on Earth

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The very first source of light used by people in their activities was the fire of a fire. Over time, people discovered that more light could be produced by burning resinous woods, natural resins, oils and waxes. From the point of view of chemical properties, such materials contain a higher percentage of carbon and when burned, carbon particles become very hot in the flame and emit light. Candle Ancient time Lucina

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SIGNAL LANTERNS Before the advent of portable electric lanterns, open kerosene lamps with a wick in the spout were used. Such lamps were used when inspecting steam locomotives. A non-spill oil can was used to replenish kerosene lamps. In the past, the conductor used a flag to signal the driver during the day and a kerosene lantern at night.

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Gas lanterns Lamp gas obtained from the fat of marine animals (whales, dolphins) was used as fuel; later they began to use benzene. The idea of using gas to illuminate streets belonged to the future King George IV, and at that time the Prince of Wales. The first gas lamp was lit at his residence, Carlton House. Two years later - in 1807 - gas lamps appeared on Pall Mall, which became the world's first street with gas lighting.

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The opening ceremony of the International Year of Light took place on 19-20 January at UNESCO headquarters in Paris. UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon sent a welcoming message to the ceremony, ending with the words “Let there be a year of light.”

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In justifying the choice of the year, the UN General Assembly in its resolution notes that 2015 marks the anniversary of a number of important milestones in the history of light science. These include the writing of works on optics by Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) in 1015; Augustin Fresnel's introduction of the concept of light wave in 1815; the emergence in 1865 of the electromagnetic theory of light propagation, created by James Maxwell; the emergence in 1905 of the theory of the photoelectric effect proposed by Albert Einstein; the introduction of the concept of light into cosmology in 1915 thanks to the general theory of relativity; the 1965 discovery by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson of the cosmic microwave background radiation; advances made in 1965 by Charles Kao in the field of fiber optic communications based on light transmission.

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Light source is any object that emits energy in the visible range of electromagnetic wavelengths. By their nature they are divided into artificial and natural.

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Natural light sources are natural material objects and phenomena. Sun Comets Star clusters Aurora Meteorites and fireballs

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Artificial light sources are technical devices of various designs, the main purpose of which is to receive light radiation

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about the light in a person's life

Two centuries ago, humanity got up with the roosters and went to bed at sunset. Light – I’m awake, dark – I’m sleeping: human life was built according to this daily “day-night” cycle. Since the Industrial Revolution and the invention of electric lighting, society has gradually increased the active period of life to 24 hours.
Today, in the era of globalization of the activities of many companies, information technology services and intercontinental travel, the number of people living and working within the framework of a “flexible daily schedule” has increased sharply: in different countries this number ranges from 15 to 25% of all those employed in production and the service sector and on transport. What can help them cope with the consequences of the unnatural rhythm of life is not miracle drugs, but... ordinary daylight. Its beneficial effects on the human body have been known for a long time and are called “heliotherapy”.
Heliotherapy - light treatment - became truly popular in the 30s of the last century. Then, after the invention of penicillin, it was replaced by pharmaceuticals. It is only in the last 20 years, thanks to various discoveries in biology and medicine, that light has again become highly valued as an important component of health and well-being. Especially after it became known about the properties and mechanisms of action of the so-called ocular light (that is, light passing through the eye, but associated not only with visual perception).
After conducting research in photobiology, it became obvious that it is ocular light that is the connecting and controlling link of a large number of physiological and psychological processes in the human body. In particular, it controls a person’s “biological clock” and directly affects his mood and well-being.
The ancient clock is still ticking In chronophotobiology, light is the most important factor in controlling our internal biological clock. They are located in a special part of the hypothalamus of the brain - its suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Ocular light transmits signals to special ganglion cells of the retina (they, by the way, were discovered by scientists only in February last year). From there, signals along the nerves, entering the SCN, control circadian (circadian) and seasonal (circanimal) rhythms.
Circadian rhythms are directly related to hormonal fluctuations in the human body. In the morning, the level of the “sleep hormone”, melatonin, drops, but the level of cortisol increases - the body and mind are preparing for the activity of the coming day. In the evening, on the contrary, the level of melatonin increases, sleepiness increases, and performance decreases - we prepare for the sleep cycle. Under natural conditions, eyepiece light synchronizes the internal clock with the Earth's 24-hour day-night cycle. But in the absence of light, the biological clock begins to operate with a period of about 24 hours and 15 minutes and, accordingly, lags behind the clock time of the environment from day to day. The symptoms of this “lag” are familiar to anyone who flies on jet planes through different time zones. They disappear only after a few days, when the light “adjusts” the desynchronized internal clock to the new day and night regime, and the usual circadian rhythm is restored.
Bright mood During the day, we more than once experience bouts of drowsiness, vigor, fatigue, increased and decreased performance, and mood swings. The change in rhythms, however, is influenced not only by the time of day, but also by the season, the weather, and even the surrounding visual environment. In our latitudes, seasonal differences in mood, energy levels and vitality are observed among a significant part of the population.
Numerous studies show that the impact of “seasonal fluctuations” can be reduced or even neutralized by using lighting wisely. Even one hour of working under a bright desk lamp (providing 2500 lux of illumination) improved well-being, mood and energy levels in more than half (more precisely, 62%) of the subjects - healthy office workers.
The study of the level of stress and dissatisfaction of people was carried out under conditions of combined lighting - electric and daylight. And it has been observed that constant artificial lighting at the same illuminance level as daylight negates the differences in stress levels between summer and winter. If employees worked during daylight hours with daylight, and in the evenings and at night with electric lighting, with different levels of illumination, stress indicators in summer and winter differed greatly (not in favor of winter, of course).
Scientists have concluded that a large component of daylight in summer reduces stress levels. Bright light in winter can compensate for this difference. I didn’t see a white light from absenteeism. It has been scientifically confirmed that during daytime and night work there are different indicators of wakefulness, performance, in terms of the number of accidents and their risk, as well as in absenteeism. Other factors include individual differences, work conditions, visual tasks and the body clock.
Night shifts, in particular, are much more difficult to perform many types of visual tasks and are much more dangerous than day shifts. Some studies show that there are 20% more accidents on the night shift than on the day shift (with 80% more severe accidents), half as many accidents, and productivity drops by 10–20% compared to the day shift. The figure shows that the largest decline occurs from midnight to 6 am, and the second from noon to 4 pm.
The reason for the second, “afternoon slump” is the presence of a strong 12-hour cycle of sleep tendency, the second peak of which occurs in the second half of the day and depends little on the presence of the “lunch” itself. It is more difficult to reduce data on absenteeism to a common denominator - scientists used very different study methods. But most studies show higher rates of dissatisfaction and illness for shift workers compared to those who only work during the day. And although a visit to the doctor during the working day cannot be considered absenteeism, this does not make it any easier for the employer: the employee is in any case absent from his workplace.
How to make light healthy? Unfortunately, the level of illumination in rooms is still measured on horizontal surfaces. It would be much more correct to measure it “by eye” - more precisely, directly before your eyes. If the eyes of the “experimental subject” are exposed to light of 1000-2000 lux for three hours, this can lead to a temporary shift in his “biological clocks” from 2 to 4 hours. Moreover, the phase will be late (if the experiment is carried out in the late evening or early at night before the minimum daily body temperature is established), or run ahead (if the exposure is carried out around 6 o’clock in the morning).
Bright light and illumination of several thousand lux will help to adapt the circadian clock to night shift work, improve the quality of sleep and the period of alertness. “Life without daylight” and wearing dark safety glasses during free time also give a phase shift. But not only the time of day and light level affect a person’s biological clock. The emission spectrum also matters.
Recent studies on melatonin suppression and the discovery of the neural ganglion element have shown that the "sleep hormone" is suppressed most successfully if the wavelengths that affect the human eye are in the range of 410-460 nm. In other words, in order to make the healthiest light possible, you need to think not only about when to light and how much to light, but also how to light. And in each specific case, use lamps with different special spectral radiation distributions.
Many medical and biological studies have proven that electric light can be as effective as natural light. But only on condition that it is intense enough. After all, artificial lighting in rooms is usually much lower than even the dimmest natural light. Compare: if horizontal illumination levels in rooms without daylight are only 100–500 lux, then natural illumination even on a cloudy day is from 1000 to 2000 lux or more. What can we say about a clear sunny morning, when this figure grows in the open air to 100,000 lux. Unfortunately, little is left of these “lights” - in many cases, a small proportion of daylight enters the building for only a few hours a day. To understand what ideal an employer who is terribly unlucky with an office “without windows and doors” should strive for, it is worth remembering the following. According to research, people prefer to work in rooms with a predominance of daylight and a high level of additional electric lighting (on average 800 lux). It is in this case that the light in the workplace will be truly “healthy”, and people will be cheerful and cheerful.
What illnesses do the children of the dungeon suffer from? The consequences of poor lighting in rooms where people are forced to spend a significant part of the day are extremely unpleasant. These include increased fatigue, eye strain, frequent headaches, increased stress levels, decreased attention and performance. The less adapted the light sources are to solving specific visual problems, the higher the negative consequences.
Headaches and stress sometimes also arise due to light pulsation - it appears when using discharge lamps with electromagnetic ballasts operating at a power supply frequency (50 Hz). Therefore, such ballasts should be replaced with electronic ones that operate at high frequencies (0.4–25 kHz) and do not cause the harmful effects of pulsation.
Another possible option for reducing the effects of pulsation is to dephase fluorescent lamps in multi-lamp luminaires with electromagnetic ballasts. In short, light has an important biological significance for human health and well-being, physiological and psychological rhythms, and mood. New lighting solutions, based on recent discoveries in the field of retinal receptors and their spectral sensitivity, can significantly improve productivity and work organization.
But, of course, the increase in labor productivity is only partially due to improved visual conditions. If an employee is lazy and careless, even the 24-hour clear sun overhead will not call him to order.

For a more comfortable existence, a person needs light - at home, at work, on vacation. That's why the role of light in human life high, in the absence of sunlight, uses artificial light sources.

Properly selected lighting provides people with a comfortable and beautiful living environment, increases productivity, improves mood and allows them to lead a healthy lifestyle. With the help of light, you can solve the functional, emotional and aesthetic problems of a room, depending on its purpose.

The role of lighting in human life

Using different principles for placing lamps, you can get different ways of illuminating a particular object. This will depend on the role of lighting in human life today.

For example, if the lamps are positioned so that the entire surface of the object is illuminated, then a general lighting system is meant. If targeted illumination of individual parts or zones of an object is used, a local lighting system is used in human life.

In turn, general lighting is divided into general uniform and general localized, and local - into local and accentuating. The simultaneous use of general and local lighting creates a widespread system of combined lighting.

It is also necessary to remember that lighting greatly changes color. For example, a pastel shade of yellow (in daylight) becomes brighter in “warm” lighting, and very faint and grayish in “cold” lighting.

Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of light

Before you start lighting a room, you need to know the optimal values of illumination standards for various types of rooms. The regulated value for illumination is the first initial parameter when designing the location of lighting fixtures.

The most common standard for regulating illumination is on a conventional design plane (most often horizontal, at a height of 0.8 m from the floor), coinciding with the working surface. The basic requirements for lighting quality are mainly aimed at ensuring operability.

Basic lighting standards:

Office (depending on size) - 300-500 lux (illuminance unit)
Living room – 500 lux
Corridor – 50 lux
Stairs – 100 lux
Study – 300 lux
Supermarket – 500 lux
Restaurant – 200 lux
Museum – 200 lux
Gym – 400 lux
Training class - 300 lux
Laboratory – 500 lux

Artificial light sources

Currently, modern lighting uses 5 types of artificial light sources: incandescent lamps, incandescent halogen lamps, fluorescent lamps, gas discharge lamps and LEDs.

The advantage of incandescent lamps is their familiarity, prevalence and low cost. One of the disadvantages of such a lamp is that its spectrum differs from daylight in the predominance of yellow and red radiation and the complete absence of ultraviolet radiation.

There are incandescent lamps with an internal mirror coating that increases light output. Mirror lamps that emit directional light are the easiest way to create light accents. They are also designed for use in recessed ceiling and wall luminaires.

Halogen incandescent lamps— they provide light from a wide, diffused, soft, shadow-free beam to a sharply limited narrow beam — which allows you to create countless lighting options. Halogen lamps, unlike traditional incandescent lamps, produce light with a higher color temperature (about 3000 K).

The region of the emission spectrum of a halogen lamp is shifted to the green region, where the sensitivity of the human eye is much higher. In other words, halogen light is the closest thing to sunlight.

Fluorescent lamps characterized by increased luminous efficiency, low energy consumption and a very long service life. Such lamps are used to illuminate residential and office premises, warehouses, corridors, workshops and gyms. The shapes differ between linear, ring and U-shaped extended fluorescent lamps.

It is not recommended to use fluorescent lamps in beauty salons, hairdressers and expensive clothing stores, where correct color rendering is an integral part of the quality of the product or service provided and the role of light in human life most important here.

Gas discharge lamps. Modern high-pressure gas-discharge lamps operate on a completely different principle than incandescent lamps: electrical discharges between the electrodes cause the filler in the discharge tube to glow.

For maximum luminous output, gas discharge lamps require a certain time after ignition, approximately 2-15 minutes. This is the time it takes for filler substances to completely evaporate.

LED lightening did not immediately enter everyday life; initially it appeared in areas where a high level of illumination was not required: duty and emergency lighting, night interior lighting. The use of subminiature light sources allows you to create alternative bright light images for familiar interior items.

With the increase in luminous efficiency and the reduction in cost of LEDs, this type of lighting has spread not only to local, but also to general lighting and is widely used in both household and industrial lighting. Today it's getting more and more the role of lighting in human life.

People need to be in the sun a lot more, and not just because they don't want to look like one of those shiny, rich, pale tweets from the Twilight series. Let's look at the meaning of the sun and the reasons why you need more sun in your life!

The sun and I have a love-hate relationship. There are times when I want nothing more than to sit in the sun, relaxing on a warm beach with a good book and a cool drink. Other times I hate the sun, the way it shines so brightly, makes me sweat and usually causes heat related damage.

I recently found out that it is really good for my health, so I decided to spend more time in the sun.

Did you know: Wearing sunglasses can cause damage to your eyes. If you don't wear sunglasses that provide full UV protection, you're simply blocking out bright light. The radiation from the sun will actually still pass by the sunglasses and will be absorbed by your dilated pupils.

The meaning of the sun: reasons for long exposure to the sun

The main reason that sun exposure is so good for you is because of vitamin D, which benefits your body when it is exposed to the sun. Your body converts ultraviolet energy from the sun into a precursor—a nutrient or chemical that is then used to make vitamin D.

What's interesting is that you can't get vitamin D from the food you eat, as only a few foods, such as mushrooms, salmon and eggs, contain this important vitamin. The best way to get all the vitamin D you need is to spend time in warm, bright sunlight!

Lifehack: Spend just 30 minutes in the sun every day and you'll get as much vitamin D as you would from 200 glasses of vitamin D-fortified milk!

The Meaning of the Sun: What Does Vitamin D Do for You?

It primarily strengthens your bones. When you are exposed to the sun every day, your body produces the vitamin D it needs. The vitamin makes it easier for your bones to absorb the calcium you get from food. This means your bones will remain strong as long as you get enough sun and milk. In fact, if you don't get enough sun, you'll find that your lack of vitamin D may make you more susceptible to developing osteoporosis!
It keeps you slim— Can you spend more time in the sun? Probably not, although it may help to gain more appetite suppressing hormone. Additionally, a lack of vitamin D can make you hungry, which means you're more likely to snack. The sun will help your waistline, so get plenty of vitamin D to keep you from getting hungry.
He is struggling with depression. Have you ever noticed how much happier you feel when you spend time in the sun? Not only is it because you're so happy to get out of the house and sit on sunny beaches, but vitamin D actually increases the levels of serotonin in your body. Serotonin is the "healthy" hormone that makes you feel happy, and it's completely!
It strengthens your immune system Vitamin D is one of the nutrients your immune system needs to continue working properly. It's amazing how spending time in the sun can help you feel better after illness, and it's thanks to vitamin D! Autoimmune disorders are also more likely if you don't get enough sun exposure.

Lifehack: Take your workout outdoors for more energy. Serotonin makes you feel good, which helps boost your mood and give you more energy. Working out indoors can be tough, so take your workout outside where the sun will shine on you. You'll find that you can work longer, train harder, and you'll be less likely to stop working before you're done!

Wow! These are just a few reasons why you should get out in the sun. So it's worth spending some time relaxing on the beach with a good book, a hat to protect your face and some bright sunshine.

I know what I'll be doing this weekend!

Understanding Your Sunscreen

Did you know: Sunscreen can be bad for your health if you spend too much time wearing it in the sun. This can prevent your skin from absorbing enough vitamin D from sunlight since it blocks 95% of the sun's UVB rays. It is also associated with the rise of melanoma.