The concept and types of circumstances in the Russian language. Definition and types of circumstances in Russian What is a circumstance in Russian examples

What do we know about such a minor member of the sentence as a circumstance? In fact, quite a bit, just a standard set of information that teachers present to us on a silver platter. But even in this state, we cannot fully understand the topic, because we treat this member of the sentence extremely dismissively. But what happens if we try to throw the circumstance out of our language, uproot it from everyday life? What then?

It may seem ridiculous and absurd to you, but just imagine this picture: our speech will become simpler, lose its color, become poorer, become dry, mean and monosyllabic. Without circumstances, as well as without any secondary member of the proposal, we will not be able to fully tell about our feelings and thoughts, we will not be able to correctly and correctly convey this or that information to others. Such a prospect does not seem optimistic and rosy, does it? Therefore, it is important to appreciate our language, to protect it, not to forget, at first glance, such unnecessary and complex secondary members of the sentence. Do not be lazy and try to at least understand the meaning and types of circumstances. The table and the materials below will help you in your study.

Circumstance: what is it?

To begin with, in order to delve into the essence of the topic, it is worth paying attention to the fundamental aspects, the meaning and concept of the circumstance itself. If we turn to the course of the Russian language, we can easily recall that the circumstance is a secondary member of the sentence, related to the predicate and denoting a sign of action.

Circumstance in the offer

There are several ways to express circumstances. For the most part, we meet this member of the sentence, expressed by adverbs or nouns in the indirect case. However, this is not all. In addition to the above, a circumstance can be represented as a gerund, an infinitive, a comparative phrase, a phrase, or even a phraseological phrase. When parsing into sentence members, circumstances are indicated by a dotted line with dots.

Concept and basic information in the table

Interestingly enough, there are many circumstances, diverse in their meaning. Unfortunately, or perhaps fortunately, only 8 types of circumstances are studied in the school course.

This table presents the main types and questions of circumstance. With a deeper study, you will find that there are many more classifications of them. Ordered and sorted types of circumstances in a table is a great way to learn, because you no longer need to collect information piece by piece: everything is available in one place.

Examples

It is impossible to understand this topic by learning only the types of circumstances in the table. At the same time, it is important to refer to examples, simple, clear and understandable, they are presented below.

Circumstances of mode of action and degree:

1. Conductor ( as?) loudly announced the desired stop.

2. Friends walked, ( as?) moving your feet slowly.

In addition, there is another kind of circumstance of the manner of action - the circumstance of degree, for example:

1. He hit his fist ( in what degree?) very much.

2. The number of tennis players has increased ( how many times? in what degree?) triple.

Place circumstances:

1. The criminals jumped out ( where?) from the corner.

2. (Where?) Everywhere this strange sound was heard.

Time Circumstances:

1. (When?) Yesterday Arkady came to his grandmother in the village.

2. (When?) Leaving this place he promised to return.

3. We stayed on the seashore ( how long?) all day.

Assignment conditions:

1. (Despite what?) Despite inclement weather we hit the road.

2. (Against what?) Against all expectations, the athlete performed well in the competition.

3. (Against what?) Contrary to prejudice He turned out to be a good and decent person.

Cause Circumstances:

1. (For what reason?) due to severe discomfort I missed the meeting.

2. We had to miss this meeting ( for what reason?) due to bad weather.

Purpose circumstances:

1. He brought the bag, ( why?) wanting to help.

2. Igor took the toy ( why?) to spite my brother.

Condition Circumstances:

1. Do not go outside ( under what condition?) in heavy rain.

2. You need to call the fire department ( under what condition?) in case of fire.

Comparison Circumstances:

1. Her green eyes sparkled, ( as?) like emeralds.

2. The sand sparkled in the rays of the sun, ( as?) like gold.

The meaning of the circumstance

Studying the main types of circumstances in the 8th grade, we do not attach much importance to them, although this is extremely important. As mentioned at the very beginning, circumstances play an interesting and far from the last role in the Russian language. Thus, in this article, we figured it out, learned about the issues of circumstance and its types, understood the significance and versatility of this member of the sentence, learned something new and interesting.

You should not memorize the table of types of circumstances by heart, because the line between their meanings is very thin. With this form of study, you can easily make a mistake. In order to improve and improve your knowledge, try to understand the meaning of the questions and understand them.

The secondary members of the sentence play a very important role in it, so you need to study this topic in Russian lessons very carefully. Take, for example, a circumstance - why is it needed, how is it expressed, how is it emphasized? A 6th grade student should know all this very well and use it in practice when parsing a sentence.

Circumstance in Russian: the role and features of the minor member of the sentence

So, this minor term is needed in a sentence to indicate the time or place of the action, its cause and circumstances, and so on. Obviously, there are different types of circumstances, and the table will help to figure out which ones and consolidate knowledge with the help of examples:

Meanings are determined by questions, but it is very often difficult to determine which specific type of circumstance belongs to, because they can characterize the situation as a whole or combine several meanings at once. Such circumstances are not distinguished into a special group, but they are generally called the circumstances of the situation, the situation. For example: Grass turns green in the sun. They sat in silence and so on.

What is the circumstance and the scheme of its analysis

Most often, this minor member of the sentence is expressed by an adverb, a noun with or without a preposition, always in the indirect case), as well as a pronoun, gerund and a verb in an indefinite form.

If the circumstance is expressed by a noun in the indirect case, then a case question can be posed to it, but at the same time it will not be a syntactic question, that is, it will not be possible to determine from the case question what kind the circumstance belongs to.

Usually the circumstance explains three parts of speech (although this rule is not without exceptions) - this is a verb, adjective or adverb.

To analyze a circumstance, you must first indicate its type by meaning, and also indicate how it is expressed and in what morphological form the word is, if it is changeable.

What have we learned?

A circumstance is such a minor member of a sentence that indicates the time of what is happening, its place, reason, and so on. On this basis, it is divided into several different types, which can be established by asking a question to the circumstance. However, this minor member of the sentence can characterize the situation as a whole or indicate several points of what is happening at once - then it will be a circumstance of the situation. It can most often be expressed as a noun in the indirect case (in this case, the morphological question will not coincide with the syntactic question), a verb or an adverb. In order to analyze a circumstance, it is necessary to indicate its meaning and how it is expressed.

Topic quiz

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1. Circumstance- a minor member of the sentence, which denotes time, place, reason, manner of action, etc. etc. and answers the questions when? where? why? as? etc

For example: My sister dragged him somewhere.
2. Circumstances are most often expressed:

A noun in the indirect case with or without a preposition;

Lived (where?) in the mountains; created (how?) with enthusiasm.
adverb;

He lived (how?) miserably.

pronoun-adverb;

I went (where?) to Kyiv.
participle;

Sat (how?) akimbo.
infinitive.

He went out (for what purpose?) to swim.

3. The circumstance usually explains:

Go to work.
adjective;

Extremely exhausted, tired to the point of losing his pulse.
adverb.

Too slow.

4. Circumstances can vary in meaning. These values ​​can be determined by questions.

Types of circumstances
1) places. Answers the questions: where? where? where?
For example: Well (where?) here.
I'm leaving (where?) in the city.
I came from (where?) from afar.
2) Time. Answers the questions: when? since when? How long? how long?
For example: He got up (when?) in the evening.
Since spring (since when?) there have been no letters from my mother.
Until tomorrow (until when?) we will not manage.
For five years (how long?) there was no letter from my mother.
3) Mode of action, measure and degree. Answers the questions: how? how? how? to what extent? in what degree? how much?
For example: She looked (how?) unfriendly.
They decided to go (how? in what way? in what way?) through the forest.
The dress (how? to what extent?) was badly burned.
He (to what extent? how much?) completely forgot the rules of the Russian language.
4) Comparisons. Answers the questions: how? like who? like what?
For example: The cat (how? like what?) curled up on the edge.
Behind the stove, a cricket ticked (how? like what?), like clockwork.
5) Reasons. Answers the questions: why? from what? for what reason?
I remained silent (why?) out of politeness.
He died (why? for what reason?) from fear.
He cheered up (why? for what reason?) from the wine.
6) Goals. Answers the questions: why? for what? for what purpose?
For example: She did it (why? for what purpose?) on purpose.
They stopped (for what? for what purpose?) to rest.
She went (for what purpose?) to visit the patient.
7) Conditions. Answers the questions: under what condition?
For example: She asked to be called (on what condition?) if necessary.
The Dnieper is wonderful (under what condition?) in calm weather.
Note!
8) Concessions. Answers the questions: contrary to what? in spite of what?
For example: She returned (against what?) against all expectations.
We, (despite what?) despite being tired, decided to continue working

1) Circumstances are very often expressed by nouns in the indirect case with or without a preposition. Any noun (as a part of speech) can be asked a case question. However, the syntactic question and the morphological question may not be the same.

For example: I admire their (what?) kindness. - He went (how?) With a quick step; I (how? like whom?) would gnaw out bureaucracy like a wolf;

2) sometimes a circumstance can combine several meanings or characterize the situation, the situation as a whole (in this case, the circumstance usually denotes the state of nature, weather, environment, etc.).

For example: The river glitters cheerfully in the sun. It is very difficult to ask one of the above questions to the circumstance on the sun (where? when? under what condition?). The most accurate question would be in what situation? in what setting?

Such circumstances are often called the circumstances of the situation (situation). Most regularly, this meaning is expressed by forms: in silence, in light, in darkness, in fog, in the sun, among silence, etc.

Circumstance analysis plan

Specify the category of the circumstance by value.
Indicate what morphological form the circumstance is expressed in.

Sample parsing

Here they even ate with grief turned gray.

Here is the adverbial adverb of place.

From grief - the circumstance of the cause, expressed by a noun in the genitive case with the preposition s.

The Russian language is a difficult subject. Indeed, in it there are not only parts of speech with their own principles of writing, but also members of sentences. If the main members - the subject and the predicate - are given to children easily, then many problems arise with the secondary ones. This is especially true of circumstances that are often confused with additions. Let's try to deal with this issue.

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General information

The circumstances in the sentence are an important member that allows us to preserve the flavor of our speech and enrich it. Try removing it from any sentence and see for yourself. For example:

1. He hit the table with his fist. 2. He hit the table with his fist with all his might.

There is not enough expression in the first sentence, we cannot understand how the person acted. The second sentence, thanks to the introduced phrase “with all my strength”, already shows the state of the actor.

Let's find out now what is a circumstance in Russian. Let's start the discussion with regulations.

So, circumstance by definition in Russian, it is customary to name the secondary members of the sentence, which are associated with the predicate and indicate a sign of action. They answer the following questions: where? where? where? as? why? and why? Circumstances are underlined by a dashed line with dots.

Students also need to know what is the circumstance. Introduction to this member begins in 4th grade in any program, but students receive general information. Starting from grade 5, the information will expand after learning new parts of speech, getting to know set phrases.

Children should understand that circumstances can be expressed:

Types of circumstances

Often children are given the task to characterize the types of circumstances. This is not an easy question, because you need to have a lot of knowledge. Assistance in completing the task is provided tables available in every textbook Russian language. You just need to skillfully use them.

So, let's look at the types of circumstances in Russian. There are eight in total.

Place and time

This category of circumstance indicates the place where the action takes place. Most often, the minor member is asked questions: where? where? where? They are expressed by adverbs or nouns with or without prepositions. For example. (Where) All around, wherever you look, the sea was blue.

Often the circumstance denotes the time of action. By the way, you can ask questions:

• when?
• how long?
• since when?
• for what time? and so on.

In this case, the members of the sentence are expressed by an adverb, noun or participle:

1. Grandmother (when?) From sunrise to sunset busied about the house.
2. A new school in the village of Aleksandrovka was commissioned (when?) at the beginning of 2017.
3. The sun (at what time), leaving the horizon, painted the sky in crimson.

Course of action, measure and degree

This is another rep. category of circumstances. Their task is to express a sign of action in a certain way or to some extent. Questions:

• how?
• how many times?
• in what degree?

They can express yourself adverbs, indirect nouns with or without prepositions, adverbs and participles. They most often depend on the verb, but sometimes they are controlled by adverbs, adjectives indicating the degree of quality:

Reason and purpose

Member of the proposal, in this case may designate the reason for the action. He answers questions:

• why?
• from what?
• for what reason?

Offer options:

1. (For what reason) Due to an accident on the stage, the train was stuck in a field for ten hours.
2. (Why?) By the grace of her grandmother, Dashutka has new friends.
3. In the garden (Why?) It was stuffy from the aroma of flowers.
4. We left the house early (why?) to be in time before the heat.

The presence of such a minor member of the sentence indicates the purpose of the action. They are expressed by the initial form of the verb, a noun in the indirect case, or an adverb. Questions to be asked: why? for what purpose?

If the member of the sentence is expressed by the initial form of the verb, then the union “to” can be put before it. For example: Margarita went to the store to buy bread. I went (for what purpose?) - to buy bread. To rephrase the sentence: I went to the store to buy bread.

Comparisons

It is often necessary to compare some items, to more accurately name the main characteristics. This is where comparisons come in handy. They answer questions about nouns. There is only one question - how? Before the circumstance are often the words "as if", "as if".

For example:

1. Green eyes girlfriend shone, (how?) Like emeralds.
2. The ripples on the river in the rays of the setting sun shimmered (how?) Like foil.

Conditions and concessions

It is expressed by a noun with or without a preposition, as well as a participial phrase. This type of circumstance is rarely used in speech, since these are book turns. Indicates the conditions under which actions can be performed, answers the question: under what conditions? For example: The police are called (under what condition) in case of danger to life.

These secondary members, expressing a concession, appear in sentences if it is necessary to designate phenomena that prevent or do not correspond to an action, a state, but still occur, as it were, contrary to what is happening.

Questions are asked to such members of the proposal: in spite of what? contrary to what? They can be expressed as nouns. A prerequisite is the presence of helper words: although, in spite of everything, in spite of everything.

Examples:

1. Despite the bad weather forecast, we still went fishing.
2. Although my mother scolded me, I still did not get angry with her.
3. Despite the unbearable conditions of detention, the Decembrists always remained real people.

There is no need to specifically memorize the table. It is only necessary to understand the essence of the secondary members, their meaning, then there will be no difficulties with the definition of the species.

Circumstance- this is a secondary member of the sentence, which indicates the place, time, purpose, method, measure, degree of action (sign) and answers the questions where? when? why? why? as? etc. For example: The days of late autumn are usually scolded(A. Pushkin). Circumstances are more often related to the predicate, less often to other members of the sentence. Ways of expressing circumstances:

1. adverb:

You look around - and the soul is light, And the thought ripens so freely, widely, And the song in honor of the Motherland is sung sweetly.(I. Nikitin)

2. noun in the indirect case with and without a preposition:

Fog fell over the river at night(K. Paustovsky);

3. infinitive (with the meaning of purpose):

Travelers settled down by the stream to rest and feed the horses.(A. Chekhov);

4. comparative turnover:

Why is your name ringing like an August coolness?(S. Yesenin);

5. gerund (participle turnover):

Brook, bubbling, runs to the stream(A. Fet);

6. whole phrase:

Seven times measure cut once(Proverb);

7. phraseological turnover:

... I hurry to you headlong(A. Griboyedov).

Main types of circumstances

Circumstances are divided into the following groups:

1. Circumstances of the place. Designate a place, a path of movement, etc. Answer questions where? where? where? and etc.

Examples: Green grass everywhere(I. Turgenev); And day and night through the snowy desert I hasten to you ...(A. Griboyedov).

2. Circumstances of time. Indicate the duration of the action. Answer questions when? since when? How long? and etc.

Examples: In the morning, the Larins' house is full of guests(A. Pushkin).

3. Circumstances of the mode of action and degree. They denote the quality or method of performing an action, measure, degree of action (sign). Answer questions as? how? how? to what extent? how much? at what price? and etc.

Examples: The willow leans sadly at the mass soldiers' graves (M. Dudin). Somehow Seryozha fell in the yard, got blood on his knees and came home crying.(V. Panova). The station was about a mile away(M. Lermontov). Each such piece weighs hundreds of pounds.(V. Garshin). He was daring to the point of madness(I. Turgenev).

4. Cause Circumstances. Indicate the reason for the commission of an action or the occurrence of a symptom. Answer questions why? from what? because of which? for what reason? and etc.

Examples: Why is the sea wave so dear to me?(A. Zharov); Uncut grasses are so fragrant that, out of habit, the head becomes foggy and heavy.(K. Paustovsky); He felt ashamed because of his doubts(I. Turgenev).

5. Circumstances conditions. Indicate a condition under which an action can take place. Answer questions under what condition? in which case?

Examples: What would happen to her in case of my illness!(A. Chekhov); Without sowing, do not wait for the harvest(Proverb); If you don't see the bitter, you won't know the sweet either.(Proverb).

6. Assignment Circumstances. Indicate that the action is performed despite the obstacles. Answer questions in spite of what? contrary to what?

Examples: Against my wishes, they met(V. Garshin); Nejdanov felt lonely, despite the devotion of friends(I. Turgenev); Work, despite the early hour, was already in full swing.(V. Nabokov).

7. Purpose Circumstances. Describe the purpose of the action. Answer questions why? for what? for what purpose?

Examples: Maria Trofimovna does everything in her power to decorate and enrich the land(K. Paustovsky); Everything was given for his salvation: happiness, love, life was given(K. Paustovsky).

8. Circumstances of comparison. Indicates a comparison. Answer the question like what?

Examples: Like an enchanted village dozing on a hill(N. Gogol); The snow lay in waves and shone like sugar(L. Tolstoy); My companion purrs, like a cat, some song(M. Gorky); I, like a sunbeam, was alive and now I had to sit motionless, like a stone(M. Gorky).

The circumstance in the sentence is indicated by a dotted line with a dot. To easily remember questions of circumstances, you can learn a rhyme: where? where? when? where? why? why? And How?

Let's take a look at the suggestions:

1. In the evening, the frogs croaked loudly by the lake.

(Who?) Frogs are subjects.

(What did they do?) croaked - this is a predicate.

Kwakali (where?) By the lake - this is the circumstance of the place.

They croaked (how?) loudly - this is a circumstance of the mode of action.

Kwakali (when?) In the evening - this is a circumstance of time.

2.The owl flies out to hunt at night.

(Who?) An owl is the subject.

The owl (what is it doing?) flies out - this is a predicate.

Flies out (where?) to hunt - this is a circumstance of the place.

Takes off (when?) at night - this is a circumstance of time.

3. A woodpecker drums loudly in the silence of the forest.

(Who?) The woodpecker is the subject.

The woodpecker (what is he doing?) is drumming - this is a predicate.

Drumming (how?) loudly - this is a circumstance of the mode of action.

Drumming (where?) In silence - this is the circumstance of the place.

In the silence (what?) of the forest - this is the definition.

They were heard (where?) Across the river - these are the circumstances of the place.

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