Adjective- This independent part of speech, which indicates the attribute of an object and answers questions "Which?", "whose?" (green, bird, cold, kind).

Adjective indicates the following signs of an object:

• item size: narrow, small, low, wide;
• physical properties of an object: hard, cold, liquid, sour;
• shape and position of the object: upper, round, curved;
• abstract properties of an object: smart, funny, dreamy, angry;
• spatial characteristics of an object: southern, Tibetan, Scandinavian;

• temporary characteristics of an object: early, late, morning, afternoon, winter;
• purpose of the item: weaving, military, sleeping;

• item material: wooden, iron, gold, paper;

• quantitative attribute of an object: double, triple, quadruple;
• item affiliation: paternal, grandfather, wolf, fish and others characteristics of the item.

Classification of adjectives.

By value adjectives are divided into three categories:

- qualitative adjectives;

- relative adjectives;

- possessive adjectives.

Morphological features of adjectives.

Adjectives Declined by numbers, genders and cases. Initial form of an adjective is the nominative singular masculine case.

Adjective It has degrees of comparison, and also has full and short form.

Adjective always agrees in gender, number and case with the word being defined.

Classes of adjectives.

As mentioned above, adjectives are divided into three categories: qualitative, relative and possessive.

Qualitative adjective indicates a sign of an object that is accessible to human sensory organs (vision, touch, hearing, etc.).

There are a number parameters by which the adjective indicates a characteristic of an object:

• Item size: big, small, huge, wide;

• Item Shape: round, square, flat, straight;

• Physical properties of an object: liquid, viscous, crumbly;

• Item color: white, yellow, red;

• Taste of the item: sour, sweet, bitter, salty;

• Smell of the item: fragrant, odorous, stinking;

• Item weight: heavy, light, weightless, weighty;

• Item temperature: cold, hot, cool, warm;

• Item sound: ringing, deafening, quiet, loud;

• Overall Item Score: harmful, useful, important and etc.

Features of qualitative adjectives.

Qualitative adjectives have a whole list of features and symptoms, among which are the following:

• Availability of degrees of comparison:

bright - brighter - brightest - brightest.

• Availability of full and short form:

Cheerful is cheerful, kind is kind, fat is fat, single is single.

Note. Adjectives are not inflected by case in the short form.

• Ability to form adverbs ending in -e, -o:

Cheerful is fun, good is good, bad is bad.

• Ability to form abstract nouns:

Cheerful - fun, kind - good, evil - evil, young - youth.

• Ability to form compound adjectives repeating:

Kind-kind, sleepy-sleepy, sad-sad.

Relative adjectives.

Relative adjective indicates a sign that indirectly expresses relation to other parameters:

• Face: student life, children's nutrition.

• Place: underground river, rural road.

• Material: watermelon candy, wood chair, floral aroma.

• Time: winter hike, evening jogging

• Purpose, action, property: sliding sofa, self-propelled apparatus, ironing board.

There are also many other parameters by which relative adjectives indicate attitudes towards other objects.

Features of relative adjectives:

1. They do not form a degree of comparison: a chair cannot be more or less wooden or a spoon more or less tin.

2. Relative adjectives can be replaced by synonymous phrases: chicken soup - chicken soup, feather bed - feather bed made from down.

Possessive adjectives.

Possessive adjective indicates belonging to someone and answers the question "whose?"(whose? whose? whose?):

Wolf fur, dog tail, mother's skirt, girl's braid.

Declension of adjectives.

Declension of adjectives- this is a change in adjectives by cases, numbers and genders. As we have already said, the adjective is inextricably linked with the noun, the attribute of which is indicated, and accordingly, it is controlled by it. This means that the adjective agrees with the given noun in number, gender and case.

This rule does not apply to adjectives in short form - they are not declined by case, only by number and gender.

Masculine singular adjectives endings ending in -й are declined in the same way as adjectives ending in -й:

Good th, winding Ouch- kind Wow, winding Wow- kind wow, winding wow etc.

Adjective

An adjective is an independent significant part of speech that combines words that

1) indicate a non-procedural feature of the subject and answer questions Which?, whose?;

2) change according to gender, number and cases, and some - according to completeness/brevity and degrees of comparison;

3) in a sentence they are definitions or the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate.

Classes of adjectives by meaning

There are three categories of adjectives according to their meaning: qualitative, relative, possessive.

Quality adjectives denote quality, property of an object: its size ( big), shape ( round), color ( blue), physical characteristics ( cold), as well as the propensity of the subject to perform an action ( talkative).

Relative adjectives denote the attribute of an object through the relationship of this object to another object ( book), action ( reading) or another sign ( yesterday's). Relative adjectives are formed from nouns, verbs and adverbs; The most common suffixes for relative adjectives are the suffixes - n- (forest), -ov- (hedgehog), -in- (poplar-in-y), -sk- (warehouse), -l- (fluent).

Possessives adjectives denote that an object belongs to a person or animal and are formed from nouns by suffixes - in- (mom-in), -ov- (father-ov), -th- (fox). These suffixes come at the end of the adjective stem (cf. possessive adjective fathers and relative adjective paternal).

Qualitative adjectives differ from relative and possessive adjectives at all linguistic levels:

1) only qualitative adjectives denote a characteristic that can manifest itself to a greater or lesser extent;

2) qualitative adjectives can have antonyms ( deep - shallow);

3) only qualitative adjectives can be non-derivative, relative and possessive are always derived from nouns, adjectives, verbs;

4) qualitative adjectives form nouns with the meaning of an abstract attribute ( strictness) and adverbs ending in - O(strictly), as well as adjectives with a subjective assessment suffix ( blue, angry);

5) only qualitative adjectives have a full/short form and degrees of comparison;

6) qualitative adjectives are combined with adverbs of measure and degree ( very big, but not * very readable).

Thus, we see that qualitative adjectives are grammatically opposed to relative and possessive adjectives, which, in turn, are grammatically very similar. The difference between relative and possessive adjectives is manifested only in the type of their declension (see declension of adjectives), which gives grounds for many researchers to combine them into one group of relative adjectives, into which, with the consistent grammatical separation of parts of speech, also ordinal numerals and pronominal adjectives fall.

Declension of adjectives

Adjectives of all categories have inconstant features sort of(singular) numbers And case, in which they agree with the noun. Adjectives also agree with the noun in animation if the noun is in the V. plural form, and for the masculine gender - singular (cf.: I see beautiful shoes And I see beautiful girls) - see animate noun.

Changing an adjective by gender, number and case is called declension of adjectives.

Quality And relative adjectives are declined equally. This type of declension is called adjectival.

In the Russian language there are indeclinable adjectives that mean:

1) colors: beige, khaki, marengo, electric;

2) nationalities and languages: Khanty, Mansi, Urdu;

3) clothing styles: pleated, corrugated, flared, mini.

Fixed adjectives are also words (weight) gross, net, (hour) peak.

Degrees of comparison of adjectives

Qualitative adjectives have an inconsistent morphological feature of degrees of comparison.

School grammar indicates that there are two degrees of comparison - comparative and superlative. It is more correct to distinguish three degrees of comparison - positive, comparative and superlative. The positive degree of comparison is the initial form of the adjective, in relation to which we recognize other forms as expressing greater/lesser or greatest/smallest degrees of the attribute.

comparative adjective indicates that the characteristic is manifested to a greater / lesser extent in this object compared to another object ( Petya is taller than Vasya; This river is deeper than the other) or the same item in other circumstances ( Petya is taller than he was last year; The river is deeper in this place than in that one).

The comparative degree can be simple or compound.

Simple comparative degree denotes a greater degree of manifestation of the characteristic and is formed as follows:

positive degree stem + formative suffixes -ee(s), -e, -she/-zhe (faster, higher, earlier, deeper).

If at the end of a stem of a positive degree there is an element To /OK, this segment is often truncated: deep - deep.

Some adjectives have suppletive forms, that is, formed from another base: bad is worse, good is better.

When forming a simple comparative degree, a prefix can be added By- (newer). Simple comparative degree with prefix By- is used if the adjective takes the position of an inconsistent definition ( Give me a newer newspaper) and does not require introducing into the sentence what this feature is being compared with. If there is in a sentence both what is being compared and what is being compared with, the prefix By- adds a conversational tone ( These boots are newer than those).

The morphological features of the simple comparative degree are uncharacteristic of an adjective. This

1) immutability,

2) the ability to control a noun,

3) use primarily as a predicate ( He is taller than his father). A simple comparative degree can occupy a position of definition only in a separate position ( Much taller than the other students, he seemed almost an adult) or in a non-separated position with an attachment By- in position after a noun ( Buy me some fresh newspapers).

Compound comparative degree denotes both a greater and lesser degree of manifestation of a characteristic and is formed as follows:

element more/less + positive degree ( more/less high).

The difference between a compound comparative degree and a simple one is as follows:

1) the compound comparative degree is broader in meaning, since it denotes not only a greater, but also a lesser degree of manifestation of a characteristic;

2) the compound comparative degree changes in the same way as the positive degree of comparison (original form), i.e. according to gender, number and cases, and can also be in a short form ( more beautiful);

3) a compound comparative degree can be either a predicate or a non-isolated and isolated definition ( A less interesting article was presented in this journal. This article is less interesting than the previous one.)

Superlative comparison indicates the greatest/smallest degree of manifestation of the trait ( highest mountain) or to a very large/small degree of manifestation of the trait ( kindest person).

The superlative degree of comparison, like the comparative, can be simple or compound.

Simple superlative The adjective of comparison denotes the greatest degree of manifestation of the characteristic and is formed as follows:

positive degree basis + formative suffixes -eysh- / -aysh-(after k, g, x, causing alternation): good, Supreme

When forming a simple superlative degree of comparison, the prefix can be used nai-: kindest.

The morphological features of the simple superlative degree of comparison of adjectives are the same as those of the positive degree, i.e., variability by gender, number, case, use of the attribute and predicate in the syntactic function. Unlike the positive degree, the simple superlative degree of comparison of an adjective does not have a short form.

Compound superlative comparison of adjectives denotes both the greatest and the least degree of manifestation of a characteristic and is formed in three ways:

1) element the most + positive degree ( the cleverest);

2) element most/least+ positive degree ( most/least smart);

3) simple comparative degree + element total/everyone (He was smarter than everyone).

The forms of the compound superlative degree, formed by the first and second methods, have morphological features characteristic of the positive degree, i.e. they change according to gender, number and cases, and can have a short form ( most convenient), act both as a definition and as a nominal part of the predicate. Forms of the compound superlative degree, formed in the third way, are unchangeable and act primarily as the nominal part of the predicate.

Not all qualitative adjectives have forms of degrees of comparison, and the absence of simple forms of degrees of comparison is observed more often than the absence of compound forms.

The absence of simple comparative and superlative degrees may be due to

1) with the formal structure of the adjective: if the adjective contains a suffix that matches the suffixes of relative adjectives, it may not have a simple comparative degree ( emaciated - * emaciated, * emaciated, advanced - * more advanced);

2) with the lexical meaning of the adjective: the meaning of the degree of manifestation of the attribute can already be expressed in the basis of the adjective - in its root ( barefoot - *barefoot) or in the suffix ( fat-en-y - *thicker, angrier-y - *angry, whitish-y - *whitish, blue-yush-y - *blue-ish).

Compound forms of degrees of comparison are not formed only for words with a semantic limitation, i.e. in the second case. Yes, no forms *more feisty, *less whitish, but there are forms less emaciated, more advanced.

Short form of adjectives

Short form of adjectives is inherent only in qualitative adjectives; relative and possessive adjectives do not have a short form. Qualitative adjectives can have not only attributive (full) but also predicative (short) forms: plot interesting- plot interesting, story interesting, work Interesting, fairy tales interesting.

The short form of adjectives in modern Russian is predominantly bookish in nature, the full form is neutral.

The relationship between short and long forms of adjectives in Russian

From the point of view of correspondence of lexical meanings, three types of relationships between full and short forms of adjectives can be distinguished:

• short and long forms that coincide in their lexical meaning: obedient baby - baby is obedient, sultry day - day sultry, inflexible character - character adamant;

• short and long forms in polysemantic words coincide only in certain meanings:

Poor- 1. Regrettable, unfortunate. There will be no short form. 2. Poor. The short form is poor. The old man was poor. False- 1. Not real, fake. There is no short form. Manuscript fake. 2. Insincere. The short form is false. Feelings fake.

• the short form of the adjective differs from the full meaning and is considered as a semantic synonym:

A). the long form denotes a permanent sign, the short form - temporary: child is ill- child sick, child healthy- child healthy; b). the short form of the adjective indicates an excess of manifestation of the attribute: blouse motley (motley), grandmother old (old); V). the full form denotes an unrelated attribute, the short form denotes an attribute in relation to something: dress a short- dress short, jeans narrow- jeans narrow.

In some cases, the meaning of the long and short forms is so different that they are perceived as different words: prominent artist - from the mountain visible garden, the weather was fine clear- the purpose of the trip was clear.

Notes

Literature

• A. I. Vlasenkov, L. M. Rybchenkova. Russian language. - M., “Enlightenment”, 2000, ISBN 5-09-009509-4

• V. F. Grekov, S. E. Kryuchkov, L. A. Cheshko. A manual for Russian language classes. - M., “Enlightenment”, 2000, ISBN 5-09-009535-3

Links

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§1. General characteristics of the adjective

An adjective is an independent significant part of speech.

1. Grammatical meaning- “sign of an object.”
Adjectives include words that answer the questions: which?, whose?

2. Morphological characteristics:

• constants - rank by value, for qualitative ones: full/short form and degree of comparison,
• changeable - case, number, singular - gender.

3. Syntactic role in a sentence: for full forms of qualitative adjectives, as well as for relative and possessive adjectives - a definition, for short forms of qualitative adjectives - part of a compound nominal predicate.

§2. Morphological features of adjectives

An adjective, like other parts of speech, has a set of morphological characteristics. Some of them are permanent (or unchangeable). Others, on the contrary, are impermanent (or changeable). So, for example, the adjective sweet is a qualitative adjective, full form, positive degree of comparison. In a sentence, this word can be in different cases and numbers, and in the singular - in different genders. In the illustration, dotted lines lead to changeable features. The ability to be in full or short form, in a positive - comparative - superlative degree, is considered by linguists to be permanent characteristics. Different permanent signs are expressed differently. For example:

sweeter - comparative degree of adjective sweet expressed by the suffix -sche- and the absence of an ending,
less sweet - the comparative degree of the adjective sweet is expressed by the combination less + sweet,
sweet - short form of the adjective in singular. m.r. has a null ending, while the full form sweet has the ending -й.

Inconstant features: case, number, gender (singular) are expressed by endings: sweet, sweet, sweet, sweet, etc.

§3. Classes of adjectives by meaning

Depending on the nature of the meaning, adjectives are divided into:

• qualitative: big, small, good, bad, cheerful, sad,
• relative: golden, tomorrow, forest, spring,
• possessive: fox, wolf, father's, mother's, fathers.

Qualitative adjectives

Qualitative adjectives denote characteristics that can be expressed to a greater or lesser extent. Answer the question: Which?
They have:

• full and short forms: good - good, cheerful - cheerful
• degrees of comparison: small - less - smallest and smallest.

Most quality adjectives are non-derivative words. The stems of qualitative adjectives are producing stems from which adverbs are easily formed: bad ← bad, sad ← sad.
The meanings of qualitative adjectives are such that most of them enter into a relationship

• synonyms: large, large, huge, huge
• antonymies: big - small.

Relative adjectives

Relative adjectives are related in meaning to the words from which they are derived. That is why they are so named. Relative adjectives are always derived words: golden←gold, tomorrow←tomorrow, forest←forest, spring←spring. Features expressed by relative adjectives do not have different degrees of intensity. These adjectives do not have degrees of comparison, as well as full and short forms. Answer the question: Which?

Possessive adjectives

These adjectives express the idea of ​​belonging. Unlike qualitative and relative adjectives, they answer the question: Whose? Possessive adjectives do not have degrees of comparison, as well as full and short forms.
Suffixes of possessive adjectives: lisiy - -ii- [ii’], mamin - -in-, sinitsin - [yn], fathers - -ov-, Sergeev -ev-.
Possessive adjectives have a special set of endings. Even from the above examples it is clear that in the initial form (im.p., singular, m.r.) they have a zero ending, while other adjectives have endings - -y, -y, -oh.

Forms im.p. and v.p. possessive adjectives and plural, like nouns, and the rest - like adjectives:

Singular

Name w.r. - a: mother’s, fox, m.r. - : , mother’s, fox, m.r. - oh, e: mom’s, fox.

Rod.p. w.r. - oh, her: mom’s, fox’s, m.r. and w.r. - wow, his: mom’s, fox’s.

Daten.p. w.r. - oh, her: mom’s, fox’s, m.r. and w.r. - oh, him: mother’s, fox’s.

Vin.p. w.r. - u, yu: mother’s, fox, m.r. and Wed R. - as im.p. or r.p.

Tv.p. w.r. - oh, her: mom’s, fox’s, m.r. and w.r. - ym, them: mother’s, fox’s.

P.p. w.r. - oh, her: mom’s, fox’s, m.r. and w.r. - oh, I eat: my mother’s, fox’s.

Plural

Name - s, and: mother’s, foxes.

Rod.p. - oh, them: mother’s, fox’s.

Daten.p. - ym, them: mother’s, fox’s.

Vin.p. - as im.p. or v.p.

Tv.p. - s, them: mother’s, fox’s.

P.p. - oh, them: mother’s, fox’s.

Adjectives can move from one category to another. Such transitions are determined by the peculiarities of the context and are associated, as a rule, with the use of adjectives in figurative meanings. Examples:

• fox nora is a possessive adjective, and fox cunning is relative (does not belong to a fox, but like a fox)
• bitter medicine is a qualitative adjective, and bitter truth is relative (correlates with bitterness)
• light bag is a qualitative adjective, and light life - relative (correlates with ease)

§4. Full and short forms of qualitative adjectives

Qualitative adjectives have both forms: full and short.
In full form they bow, i.e. vary by number, by gender (in singular) and by case. Full adjectives in a sentence can be a modifier or part of a compound nominal predicate.

Late at night they left the house.

Late - qualitative adjective, positive. degree, complete, in the form of singular parts, zh.r., tv.p.

In short form, adjectives are not inflected. They do not change by case. Short adjectives vary in number and gender (singular). Short forms of adjectives in a sentence are usually part of a compound nominal predicate.

The girl is sick.

Sick - qualitative adjective, positive. degree, short form, units, w.r. In modern language, as definitions, short adjectives come in stable lexical combinations, for example: a beautiful maiden, in broad daylight.

Do not be surprised:

Some qualitative adjectives in modern language have only short forms, for example: glad, must, much.

Relative and possessive adjectives have only the full form. Please note: possessive adjectives with the suffix -in- in im.p. the form of v.p. coinciding with it. ending - as in short forms.

§5. Degrees of comparison

Qualitative adjectives have degrees of comparison. This is how language expresses the fact that signs can have a greater or lesser degree. Tea can be sweet to a greater or lesser extent, right? And language conveys this content.
Degrees of comparison thus convey the idea of ​​comparison. They do this systematically. There are three degrees: positive, comparative, superlative.

• Positive - this means that the trait is expressed without assessing the degree: tall, cheerful, warm.
• The comparative determines a greater or lesser degree: higher, more cheerful, warmer, taller, more cheerful, warmer, less tall, less cheerful, less warm.
• The superlative expresses the greatest or least degree: the highest, the most cheerful, the warmest, the highest, the most cheerful, the warmest.

From the examples it is clear that the degrees of comparison are expressed in different ways. In the comparative and superlative degrees, the meaning is conveyed either using suffixes: higher, more cheerful, highest, most cheerful, or using words: more, less, most. Therefore, comparative and superlative degrees of comparison can be expressed:

• simple forms: higher, highest,
• compound forms: taller, less tall, highest.

Among the simple forms in the Russian language, as well as in other languages, for example, in English, there are forms formed from another stem.

• good, bad - positive degree
• better, worse - comparative degree
• best, worst - superlative

Words in simple and complex comparative and superlative degrees change differently:

• Comparative degree (simple): above, below - does not change.
• Comparative degree (complex): lower, lower, lower - the adjective itself changes, change is possible by cases, numbers, and in the singular - by gender.
• Superlative degree (simple): highest, highest, highest - changes according to cases, numbers, and in the singular - according to gender, i.e. as in a positive degree.
• Superlative degree (complex): the highest, the highest, the highest - both words change according to cases, numbers, and in the singular - according to gender, i.e. as in a positive degree.

Adjectives in simple comparative form in a sentence are part of the predicate:

Anna and Ivan are brother and sister. Anna is older than Ivan. She used to be taller, but now Ivan is taller.

Other forms of comparison can be used both as a definition and as a predicate:

I approached the older guys.
The guys were more mature than I thought.
I turned to the oldest guys.
These guys are the oldest of those who study in the circle.

Test of strength

Check your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

1. Is an adjective an independent part of speech?

2. What adjectives can express characteristics that are expressed to a greater or lesser extent?

   • Quality
   • Relative
   • Possessives

3. Which adjectives are characterized by lexical relations of synonymy and antonymy?

   • For quality
   • For relative
   • For possessives

4. Are relative adjectives derivatives?

5. Which full adjectives have a special set of endings?

   • In quality
   • In relative
   • In possessive

6. Do adjectives change by case in their full form?

7. What forms of adjectives are characterized by the syntactic role of definition?

   • For full
   • For short

8. Do all adjectives change by case?

   • Not all

9. Do all adjectives change according to gender?

   • Not all

10. Do superlative adjectives change according to case?

11. Can comparatives or superlatives be expressed in one word?

12. Can adjectives change from one category of meaning to another?

Right answers:

1. Quality
2. For quality
3. In possessive
4. For full
5. Not all
6. Not all

In contact with

Adjective - is an independent significant part of speech, combining words that

1) indicate the attribute of an object and answer questions which one?, whose?;

2) they change according to gender, number and cases, and some - according to completeness/brevity and degrees of comparison;

3) in a sentence they are definitions or the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate.

Classes of adjectives by meaning

There are three categories of adjectives based on meaning:qualitative, relative, possessive.

Quality adjectives denote quality, property of an object: its size (small ), shape (round ), color (white ), physical characteristics (warm ) , as well as the propensity of the subject to perform an action (barbed ).

Relative adjectives denote the attribute of an object through the relationship of this object to another object (book ), action (reading ) or other sign (yesterday's ). Relative adjectives are formed from nouns, verbs and adverbs; The most common suffixes for relative adjectives are the suffixes -n - ( forest ), - ov - ( hedgehog ), - in - ( poplar-in-y ), - sk - ( warehouse ), - l - ( fluent ).

Possessives adjectives denote that an object belongs to a person or animal and are formed from nouns by suffixes -in - ( mom-in ), - ov - ( fathers ), - th - ( fox ). These suffixes come at the end of the adjective stem (cf. possessive adjectivefathers and relative adjectivepaternal ).

Quality adjectives differ from relative and possessive adjectives at all linguistic levels:

1) only qualitative adjectives denote a characteristic that can manifest itself to a greater or lesser extent;

2) qualitative adjectives can have antonyms (quiet - loud );

3) only qualitative adjectives can be non-derivative, relative and possessive are always derived from nouns, adjectives, verbs;

4) qualitative adjectives form nouns with the meaning of an abstract attribute (strictness ) and adverbs starting with -o (strictly ), as well as adjectives with a subjective assessment suffix (blue, angry) ;

5) only qualitative adjectives have a full/short form and degrees of comparison;

6) qualitative adjectives are combined with adverbs of measure and degree (Very funny ).

Declension of adjectives

Adjectives of all categories have inconstant signs of gender (in the singular), number and case, in which they agree with the noun. Adjectives also agree with the noun in animation if the noun is in the V. plural form, and for the masculine gender - singular (cf.: I seebeautiful shoes and I see beautiful girls ).

Changing an adjective by gender, number and case is called declension of adjectives.

Qualitative adjectives in the short form are not declined (expressions on bare feet, in broad daylight are phraseological and do not reflect the modern state of the language), as well as qualitative adjectives in the simple comparative and the compound superlative degree built on its basis (above, above all) .

In Russian there areindeclinable adjectives , which mean:

1) colors:beige , khaki , Marengo , electrician ;

2) nationalities and languages:Khanty , Mansi , Urdu ;

3) clothing styles:pleated , corrugation , bell-bottom , mini .

Fixed adjectives are also words (weight)gross , net , (hour)peak .

Their grammatical features are their invariability, adjoining to a noun, location after, and not before, the noun. The immutability of these adjectives is their constant feature.

Degrees of comparison of adjectives

Qualitative adjectives have an inconsistent morphological feature of degrees of comparison.

School grammar indicates that there are two degrees of comparison -comparative and superlative .

Comparative degree of the adjective indicates that the characteristic is manifested to a greater/lesser extent in a given object compared to another object (Vanya is taller than Kolya; This river is deeper than the other ) or the same item in other circumstances (Vanya is taller than he was last year; The river is deeper in this place than in that one ).

There is a comparative degreesimple and compound .

Simple comparative degree denotes a greater degree of manifestation of a characteristic and is formed from the base of adjectives with the help of suffixes -her(s), -e, -she/-same ( faster, higher, earlier, deeper ).

The simple form of the comparative degree of some adjectives is formed from another stem:pl O hoy - worse , good - better .

Sometimes, when forming a simple comparative degree, a prefix can be addedBy- ( newer ) .

The morphological features of the simple comparative degree are uncharacteristic of an adjective. This:

1) immutability,

2) the ability to control a noun,

3) use primarily as a predicate (He is taller than his father ). A simple comparative degree can occupy a position of definition only in a separate position (Much taller than the other students, he seemed almost an adult ) or in a non-isolated position with the prefix po- in the position after the noun (Buy me some fresh newspapers ).

Compound comparative degree denotes both a greater and lesser degree of manifestation of a characteristic and is formed as follows:

element more/less + adjective (more / less high ).

The difference between a compound comparative degree and a simple one is as follows:

1) the compound comparative degree is broader in meaning, since it denotes not only a greater, but also a lesser degree of manifestation of a characteristic;

2) the compound comparative degree changes in the same way as the positive degree of comparison (original form), i.e. according to gender, number and cases, and can also be in a short form (more handsome );

3) a compound comparative degree can be either a predicate or a non-isolated and isolated definition (Less interesting article was presented V this magazine . This article is less interesting than the previous one. )

Excellent the degree of comparison indicates the greatest/smallest degree of manifestation of the trait (the highest mountain) or a very large/small degree of manifestation of the trait (the kindest person).

The superlative degree of comparison, like the comparative, can be simple or compound.

Simple superlative adjective comparison denotes the greatest degree of manifestation of a characteristic and is formed from the base of the adjective with the help of suffixes -eish- / -aysh- (after k, r, x, causing alternation):kind-eysh-y, high-yish-yy.

When forming a simple superlative degree of comparison, the prefix can be usednai -: kindest .

The morphological features of the simple superlative degree of comparison of adjectives are the same as those of the adjective, i.e., variability by gender, number, case, use of the attribute and predicate in the syntactic function. The simple superlative degree of comparison of an adjective does not have a short form.

Compound superlative adjectives denotes both the greatest and the least degree of manifestation of a characteristic and is formed in three ways:

1) adding a wordmost the cleverest );

2) adding a wordmost/least to the initial form of the adjective (most/least smart );

3) adding a wordeveryone orTotal to the comparative degree (He was smarter than everyone ).

The forms of the compound superlative degree, formed in the first and second ways, have morphological features characteristic of adjectives, i.e. they change by gender, number and case, and can have a short form (most convenient ), act both as a definition and as a nominal part of the predicate. Forms of the compound superlative degree, formed in the third way, are unchangeable and act primarily as the nominal part of the predicate.

Not all qualitative adjectives have forms of degrees of comparison, and the absence of simple forms of degrees of comparison is observed more often than the absence of compound forms.

Completeness/brevity of adjectives

Qualitative adjectives have a full and a short form.

The short form is formed by adding positive degree endings to the stem: null ending for the masculine gender, -A for women, -O / -e for average, -s / -And for plural (deep , deepA , deepO , deepAnd ) .

A short form cannot be formed from qualitative adjectives that:

1) have suffixes characteristic of relative adjectives -sk-, -ov-/-ev-, -n- : brown , coffee , brotherly ;

2) indicate the colors of animals:brown , black ;

3) have suffixes of subjective assessment:tall , blue .

The short form has grammatical differences from the full form: it does not change by case, in a sentence it acts primarily as a nominal part of the predicate; the short form acts as a definition only in a separate syntactic position (Angry at the whole world, he almost stopped leaving the house).

In the position of the predicate, the meaning of the full and short forms usually coincides, but for some adjectives the following semantic differences are possible between them:

1) the short form denotes excessive manifestation of a trait with a negative assessment, cf..: skirt short - skirt short ;

2) the short form denotes a temporary sign, the long form - permanent, cf.:child is ill - child sick .

There are such qualitative adjectives that have only a short form:glad , much , must .

Transition of adjectives from category to category

It is possible for an adjective to have several meanings belonging to different categories. In school grammar this is called “the transition of an adjective from category to category.” Thus, a relative adjective can develop a meaning characteristic of qualitative ones (for example:iron detail (relative) -iron will (qual.) - metaphorical transfer). Possessives may have meanings characteristic of relative and qualitative (for example:Foxy burrow (possessive)- fox a cap (relative) -fox habits (quality).

Morphological analysis of the adjective

Morphological analysis of the adjective is carried out according to the following plan:

I. Part of speech. General meaning. Initial form (nominative singular masculine).

II. Morphological characteristics.
1. Constant signs: rank by meaning (qualitative, relative or possessive) 2. Variable signs: 1) for qualitative adjectives: a) degree of comparison (comparative, superlative), b) full or short form; 2) for all adjectives: a) case, b) number, c) gender
III. Syntactic role.

An example of morphological analysis of an adjective.

And indeed, she was beautiful: tall, thin, black eyes, like those of a mountain chamois, and looked into your soul (M. Yu. Lermontov).

1. Good (what?) - adjective,

initial form is good.

2. Constant signs: high-quality, brief;

inconsistent signs: units. number, female genus.

3. She (was what?)good (part of the predicate).

1. High (what?) - adjective,

initial form - tall.

Non-constant signs: complete, positive degree of comparison, units. number, female genus, I. p..

3. She (was what?) high (part of the predicate).

1. T-nenkaya - adjective,

the initial form is thin.

2. Constant signs: high-quality, complete;

inconsistent signs: positive degree of comparison, units. number, female genus, I. p.

3. She (was what?) thin(part of the predicate).

1. Black - adjective

the initial form is black.

2. Constant signs: quality;

inconsistent features: complete, positive degree of comparison, plural. number, I. p..

3. Eyes (which ones?) black (predicate).