An example of calculating the ventilation of a kindergarten. Features of air exchange design for preschool institutions. Basic and alternative ventilation schemes for kindergartens

No one will deny that the health of the entire population of the country directly depends on how well the ventilation in the kindergarten is designed. But with regard to the regulations that define the rules for the development of such systems, there is an extremely conservative approach, perhaps due to the reluctance to face the consequences of possible errors.

At the same time, the replacement of old windows with modern double-glazed windows in kindergartens is carried out without any restrictions, which leads to a clear discrepancy between the current air exchange standards and the actual air quality in kindergartens.

In this review, we have collected information that will help the developer evaluate the possibility of installing mechanized air exchange systems, taking into account current standards for the design of ventilation in preschool buildings.

From a technical point of view, the design of air exchange systems in preschool institutions is carried out according to the same standards as for other ventilation systems with similar performance.

But in practice, a number of specific nuances should always be taken into account.

The main feature is that ventilation in kindergartens is entrusted with not only the task of mechanically renewing the required volumes of air, but also the direct prevention of colds.

The preventive effect in this case is achieved in two ways:

• creating an air environment that is as unfavorable as possible for the transfer of pathogenic bacteria and viruses;
• maintaining optimal temperature and humidity air parameters necessary for the normal functioning of the child’s immune system;
• creating such dynamics of air exchange that would eliminate local or general hypothermia of children.

It must be emphasized that from the point of view of a pediatrician, the priority of the criteria used in the development of ventilation in kindergartens should be distributed in the following sequence:

1. Relative air humidity is 40-60%.
2. Temperature restrictions (maximum 22 0 C for bedrooms, and maximum 24 0 C for playrooms).

Unfortunately, in practice, there is widespread violation of the listed standards, which is why children are often in overheated (and, consequently, “overdried”) rooms. But the most unpleasant moment in this situation is that ventilation developers formally do not violate official standards.

The fact is that, according to SanPiN 2.4.1.3049-13, air exchange in kindergartens should be of a supply and exhaust type, with a natural impulse. The required air replacement rate is about 1-1.5 (but not less than 50 m3 per hour per person).

Since it is impossible to ensure the specified multiplicity only due to natural infiltration through windows, the air parameters are regulated through through and corner ventilation carried out during those periods when there are no children in the premises.

The frequency and duration of such ventilation is tied to the climatic region and is quite precisely regulated in the above documents.

For climatic regions II and III, which include most of central Russia, the duration of ventilation is as follows:

But we can immediately name several real situations when the schedule and ventilation regime are not followed. Moreover, the results of inspections often reveal violations such as completely dismantled rotary-lever mechanisms for opening windows or sealing of all cracks (that is, taping up windows as part of “heat savings”).

In addition, in the official documentation there are obvious contradictions in the requirements for the quality of air entering as an influent in the kindergarten ventilation system. Thus, GOST 30494 and GOST R EN 13779 say that the air quality included in the calculations during the design of air exchange for kindergartens, hospitals and clinics must correspond to class 1. Which is clearly unattainable during cross-ventilation, carried out in a room located on the ground floor in a densely populated microdistrict.

Taking into account all of the above, the development of ventilation systems for kindergartens should only be carried out by qualified designers who have experience in organizing alternative air exchange schemes to ensure the required air quality.

Basic and alternative ventilation schemes for kindergartens

The design of ventilation systems for preschool institutions is carried out taking into account the requirements and standards listed in the following regulatory documentation:

• SanPiN 2.4.1.3049-13 (“Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the design, content and organization of the operating mode of preschool educational organizations”);
• SP 60.13330.2012 (“Heating, ventilation and air conditioning”);
• GOST 30494 (air quality requirements).

It should be noted that today there are two approaches to developing ventilation for kindergartens:

• traditional (without mechanics);
• modern (using mechanized supply and exhaust systems);
• combined (when the traditional ventilation scheme is supplemented with high-tech installations).

Traditional approach

In traditional versions, exhaust is provided by natural convection through special ventilation shafts connected to adjacent rooms. Separate exhaust ducts must be provided for catering units, medical stations, laundries and sanitary rooms.

The performance of the hood is determined taking into account the climatic region in which the designed kindergarten is located. In this case, the required multiplicity is not taken from ready-made tables, but is calculated as a derivative of the temperature regime of the room.

The table on the right lists the main types of premises found in kindergarten projects, and also indicates the basic air temperature levels that the developed system must ensure.

Please note that according to official standards, a separate influx is given only to those kindergartens that are located in climatic region I.

In all other cases, the inflow is ensured by natural infiltration, supply through transoms and vents, as well as during ventilation.

In some cases, mechanical stimulation of air exchange through an exhaust hood is allowed (in catering units, showers, sanitary rooms.)

Among the key requirements taken into account when calculating a ventilation project using a traditional scheme, the following should be noted:

• It is prohibited to use air ducts made of asbestos-cement pipes;
• The area of ​​the vents must be at least 1/50 of the floor area.

Installation of separate smoke or fire ducts in kindergartens, as a rule, is not carried out.

Modern ventilation option

Despite the fact that the imperfections of traditional design methods seem obvious, modern ventilation schemes in kindergartens are used quite rarely.

This is partly due to the fact that completely autonomous supply and exhaust systems are several times more expensive than traditional options, both in terms of design and maintenance costs. It is also important in this case that for each auxiliary subsystem it will be necessary to build a separate network of air ducts.

The second reason is the inevitable flows of colder outside air created by supply diffusers in continuous ventilation systems (this effect is observed even in cases where the supply is supplied through a heater or recuperator).

However, in those kindergartens that do not depend on the municipal budget, today they install mechanized supply and exhaust ventilation systems, which make it possible not only to accurately control the temperature in the premises, but also to immediately correct air humidity.

But it must be taken into account that such a system must provide conditions for complete disinfection of air flows, as well as allow for regular cleaning of air ducts and replacement of filters.

Modernization of traditional air exchange

Unfortunately, for most municipal kindergartens, the approach discussed in the previous paragraph is not applicable due to the high cost of autonomous systems and the lack of clear standards for the design of supply channels (that is, there is always a formal reason to reject such a ventilation system).

But taking into account the fact that the main “wrong” factor in traditional ventilation systems is low relative air humidity during the heating season, a partial solution to the problem was developed - the installation of local humidifiers.

Most often, such units are produced in a multifunctional version, when a humidifier and a system for wet air purification are located in one installation.

The use of such systems does not require any additional approvals, and the decision to install it is made, as a rule, at a parent meeting.

Note that room humidifiers can use different methods of spraying water and disinfecting it (evaporation or ultrasonic crushing). In kindergartens, it is recommended to install systems with ultrasonic sprayers that provide silent and safe aeration.

To conclude the review, we will once again list several non-obvious features characteristic of ventilation in kindergartens:

• with through ventilation in the cold season, the internal atmosphere is replaced by drier external air, the heating of which leads to even greater drying (usually up to 20-30%, instead of the required 40-60%);
• increased temperature in the playroom and bedroom, resulting from a violation of the ventilation schedule, is far from a positive factor, since this makes children sweat and become more susceptible to any, even the weakest, drafts.

The Mega.ru company accepts orders for the design and modernization of ventilation systems of any level of complexity, including air exchange units for kindergartens. You can clarify the specifics of cooperation and make an application for preparation for design by calling the numbers published on the page.

Fresh air is a necessity for young children; it gives them the opportunity to grow, ensures the proper functioning of all organs, and helps prevent allergies and respiratory diseases. Therefore, authorities and supervisory authorities place high demands on institutions where young children are kept and stay for long periods of time. According to them, strict, scientifically based standards are being developed so that the health and safety of children is not threatened. Kindergartens must keep incoming pupils in conditions that fully comply with the rules - in particular, they need to take care of timely and high-quality ventilation.

Children spend a lot of time in kindergarten. They gather in groups, sometimes quite large, and ensuring the quality of ventilation is an important and time-consuming task. Air characteristics (cleanliness, humidity, temperature) are key factors in maintaining the health and activity of children. Heating and ventilation of the kindergarten, adjusted in accordance with the standards, help maintain immunity, promote hardening of the body and allow:

• reduce the level and frequency of diseases caused by viruses and infections;
• ensure the influx and circulation of fresh air flows saturated with oxygen;
• create a favorable microclimate;
• eliminate air pollution;
• normalize indoor humidity;
• minimize costs for heating and air purification.

We offer ready-made solutions for ventilation of kindergartens and schools

Parameters and limitations for air ventilation systems in kindergartens

The ventilation project for a kindergarten is always developed carefully. At the initial stage, engineers collect all information about existing restrictions, standards, and requirements. It is contained in special tables (for calculated temperatures and air exchange), which are formed by sanitary control authorities, and take into account seasonality, regionality and all other factors.

The ventilation mode of kindergartens provides for many restrictions:

• it is impossible to seal the natural inflow holes in the windows (their presence on each window is mandatory);
• after children leave bedrooms, educational or sports premises, they need to be intensively ventilated;
• if the outside temperature is not higher than +20°C, then you cannot keep the windows open for more than a three-minute period;
• in rooms where children are located, there should be a pair of holes for natural air exhaust (along the upper edge);
• the area of ​​the ventilation openings (together with the vents) should be 1/50 of the floor area;
• ventilation in utility rooms (laundry room, toilet, kitchen) should not pass through children’s rooms.

The ventilation standards for kindergartens have been developed in detail and are regulated by SNiP P-L No. 3-71. At least 50 m3/h per hour should be supplied per child.

Organization of ventilation in preschool institutions

The main type of ventilation used in kindergartens is supply and exhaust. In all rooms where children spend a lot of time, it is necessary to ensure a favorable microclimate. It is permissible to remove contaminated air through adjacent rooms, for example, from the bedroom through the playroom.

Ventilation in the catering unit in a kindergarten should be organized especially carefully. It is impossible for ducts and exhaust air ducts to pass through rooms where children spend a long time, play, dine and sleep. The same applies to toilet and laundry areas.

Clean indoor air and healthy sleep help maintain children’s well-being at the proper level. If natural supply and exhaust ventilation provided by fans are responsible for clean air, then properly selected cribs and high-quality mattresses are responsible for healthy sleep. Oddly enough, the standards regulate the number of tables and chairs, as well as their sizes, but they say very little about cribs: they must correspond to the height of the child and have a rigid bed.

Despite the fact that the buildings of preschool educational institutions are equipped with heating and ventilation systems in accordance with the standards for public buildings and structures, there are certain features.

Requirements for ventilation in kindergartens

The main initial data necessary for calculating the ventilation system of kindergartens and nurseries is contained in Table 19 of SNiP 2.08.02-89. For almost all premises, it specifies the temperature regime and requirements for the frequency of supply and exhaust air exchange.

All recommendations and standards require regular ventilation of premises when children are not in them. Recommended methods are draft and corner ventilation. The duration of air freshening can vary, as a rule, it depends on the strength of the wind and its direction, the temperature of the street air, as well as the operating mode of the heating system. At least once every 1.5 hours, you need to ventilate the room with a draft for at least 10 minutes.

The maximum permissible temperature drop during ventilation is 4 degrees. When it is warm outside, it is permissible to open windows in the presence of children, but only on one side of the room. Ventilation through toilets is strictly prohibited.

Before putting children to bed, the sleeping area must be ventilated. When it's cold outside, the windows need to be closed 10 minutes before the children arrive. After the children fall asleep, the windows can be opened, but only on one side. Half an hour before getting up, they should be closed again. In the warm season, sleep should take place with the windows open, but drafts should not be allowed.

Ventilation is an effective way of natural ventilation, but it is far from the only possible one. Forced supply and exhaust ventilation of preschool premises is also widely used. Its arrangement in kindergartens also has its own characteristics:

1. It is unacceptable to lay air ducts coming from the catering unit through playrooms and sleeping areas;
2. The first-aid post must have a completely autonomous ventilation system;
3. If there are no windows in the toilet rooms, axial fans should be installed in the exhaust ducts leading from them, which will intensify air exchange;
4. The use of asbestos-cement air ducts for preschool institutions is strictly prohibited;
5. The maximum speed of air movement in the premises of nurseries and kindergartens should not exceed 0.1 m/s;
6. Heating of outside air to the required temperature should be carried out in supply cabinets, but the use of window sill supply devices is allowed;
7. Exhaust ventilation shafts must be cleaned twice a year.

Air exchange rate of buildings of preschool institutions

All rooms where children are constantly present must be provided with clean, fresh air. In one-story buildings, a normal one-time air exchange is achieved using transoms; in two-story buildings, exhaust duct ventilation with natural impulse is installed.

In the kitchen and laundry or laundry rooms, the air exchange rate should be increased to 3 - 5 per hour, and in the toilet rooms - to 2 - 5 per hour, which requires equipment in the shafts of incentive ventilation (thermal or mechanical).

In group rooms and gaming-dining rooms, through or corner ventilation should be provided, which is also recommended to be provided in bedrooms, kitchens, laundry and toilet buildings located in climatic region IV. In rooms for children, at least 50% of windows must be equipped with transoms.

The area of ​​the transom openings should be 1/40 - 1/50 of the floor area. The outer sash of the transom should open from bottom to top; transoms must have lever devices and side flaps (to direct the movement of outside air upward).

In the main rooms of the children's institution groups, a constant air temperature of 20° must be ensured, with a relative air humidity of 60 - 70%. In group rooms, a wall thermometer should hang at a height of 1 m from the floor.

Buildings of preschool institutions must be equipped with water supply, sewerage and hot water supply (in accordance with building codes and regulations, chapters P-G1-61 and P-G4-62) by connecting the building to external water supply and sewerage networks available in the populated area or the nearest environment (enterprises, holiday homes, sanatoriums, farms, etc.).

In the absence of a village or city water supply and sewerage network, local water supply and sewerage systems that meet hygienic requirements are installed.

The rate of water consumption in kindergartens without showers is 75 liters per day per child, in kindergartens with showers and in nurseries 100 liters.

Table of calculated air parameters

Two options for the kindergarten ventilation system: traditional and modern.

Traditional (simple) version of kindergarten ventilation: Previously, natural ventilation was used in kindergartens - the air flow was carried out using vents and natural leaks in the windows, and the hood came out through the shaft onto the roof with natural air support - that is, warm air rises naturally.

Of course, such a ventilation system has more disadvantages than advantages. Principle of operation:

In those rooms where children spend more time (bedrooms, playrooms), it is necessary to provide corner and cross ventilation. If the kindergarten is located where in the warm season the temperature stays above +30°C for a long time, then it is necessary to provide through or corner ventilation in the bedrooms, drying rooms, toilets and kitchens. When a room is ventilated in this way, the air is removed through adjacent rooms, for example, when ventilating, play air “leaves” through the bedroom or dressing room, and when ventilating the kitchen, through the pantry. Such ventilation will not be needed in the Far North.

When a group of children has vacated the bedroom, dining room or other room, it is recommended to ventilate the room. At a temperature of -20 °C, the time of such ventilation should be no more than 5 minutes, and in other, warmer times of the year - up to 20 minutes.

A modern version of kindergarten ventilation

Today, different methods of forced ventilation are used (supply and exhaust with heat recovery, flow valves, mixed type). The option with supply and exhaust ventilation provides the required volume of incoming and outgoing air, and also has the ability to regulate its temperature, which is very important for comfortable working conditions.

Specific features of ventilation in kindergarten

The operating principle of the supply and exhaust ventilation system is as follows. In the rooms, thanks to the supply and exhaust system, two air flows are created - clean and polluted. Air masses from the street, passing through the filter, are cleaned of dust, contaminants, and microorganisms, after which they are heated to the required temperature and enter the room. The contaminated air flow with the help of fans enters the air ducts of the installation and is discharged outside the room.

To minimize energy costs, you should approach the choice of equipment for the ventilation system responsibly. It is better to give preference to modern installations, as they are cost-effective and can provide heating and humidification of the air to the required levels. A supply and exhaust system with a recuperator is ideal for “this role.” It will significantly reduce the cost of heating the supply air in the winter, while ensuring a constant flow of fresh air at the set temperature. The recuperator transfers the heat of the exhaust air to the supply air masses, so the amount of electricity consumed (or another energy source) will be much less.

Modern monoblock ventilation systems with built-in recuperators make it possible to transfer up to 70% of heat, which in turn leads to a multiple reduction in operating costs compared to installations without heat recovery. Among the best manufacturers of such equipment are Dantex, Electrolux, Breezart, Systemair, etc. Below is an air handling unit that can provide ventilation for a kindergarten.

All regulations for the design and equipment of preschool institutions (nurseries, kindergartens and kindergartens) should be adopted in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 11-64-80 “Children's preschool institutions.

Design standards".

Preschool institutions are organized for children aged from 2 months to 7 years and are formed into groups based on age (Table 87).

Preschool group layout diagram

Table 87

Depending on the duration of service, preschool institutions can have 9, 10 and 12-hour stays for children around the clock.

Kindergartens are designed for one, two, four, six, eight, twelve, twenty-four or more groups with a number of places of 25, 50, 95, 140, 190, 280, 330, 560, 660.

The size of land plots should be taken based on one place: in kindergartens for up to 95 places - 40 m2, for 140-320 places - 35 m2, for 560-660 places - 30 m2.

On the land plots of preschool institutions, group playgrounds, a common physical education area, a berry garden, a utility area and green spaces should be provided. The green area of ​​the site must be at least 50%.

The area of ​​group playgrounds is determined at the rate of 5 m2 per 1 child in early age groups I and II; 7.5 m2 in junior group I; 7.2 m 2 - in preschool. Group areas should be fenced with bushes. Each group must have a shady canopy with an area of ​​40 m2 on the site for protection from the sun and precipitation. Group playgrounds for preschool children are connected by a 1.5 m wide ring path.

A physical education area should be provided with an area of ​​150 m2 per 50-75 and 250 m2 per 100 more children in preschool groups.

It is allowed to organize a swimming pool on the site with an area of ​​21 m2 and a depth of no more than 0.25 m.

For the berry garden, 15 m2 are allocated for each group area (shared is allowed for preschool groups).

The utility area should be isolated from the rest and located near the catering unit.

A group cell for toddlers includes: a reception room (15 m2); playing room (50 m2); bedroom (50 m2); toilet (12 m2); pantry (3 m2). The group cell for preschool children includes: dressing room (16 m2); group (50-62.5 m2); bedroom (50 m2); toilet (12 m2); pantry (3 m2).

Room for music lessons with an area of ​​75-100 m2.

In buildings of children's preschool institutions, as well as as part of complexes of kindergartens, it is allowed to design a swimming pool with a 3 x 7 bath and a variable depth from 0.6 to 0.8 m.

The medical premises include a medical room (6-10 m2) and a room for sick children (6-8 m2).

In large children's institutions, two rooms are arranged. In children's institutions for 140-280 places with round-the-clock stay for children, an isolation ward is provided, consisting of a reception room (4-6 m2), 2-4 rooms (9 m2 each), and a toilet (2-4 m2).

The catering unit consists of production premises (kitchen with washing, preparation, distribution area of ​​24, 32, 46, 64 m2 depending on capacity) and storage facilities (pantries for storing vegetables 4-6 m2 and dry foods - 7-8 m2 ).

Ventilation in preschool institutions plays a vital role, because it is at the beginning of life that the foundations for the physical health of children are laid. Clean air and its correct temperature and humidity characteristics, created by a competent ventilation system in kindergartens and other preschool institutions, will have a positive effect on the well-being of children and provide children with a healthy microclimate.

Features of air exchange

Based on current legislation, children's institutions must be located in separate buildings and be equipped with natural supply and exhaust and mechanical exhaust ventilation systems. For all rooms, natural exhaust and influx of air mixture is designed through vents, transoms and natural leaks in windows and doors. To create the required volume of supply air, it is allowed to use window supply valves. In kitchens, bathrooms and laundries, mechanically driven air mass extraction is used through the use of low-speed fans.

Ventilation of the kindergarten catering unit is created through the operation of hoods in food preparation rooms with air flow through vents and natural leaks. To replenish oxygen and remove the air mixture saturated with carbon dioxide, ventilation is provided in classrooms, playrooms and bedrooms, ensuring good ventilation of the premises. Removal of air from these rooms is carried out through the natural movement of air masses through adjacent rooms, corridors, etc.

Individual systems for removing contaminated air masses are provided for isolators, a first-aid post, storage areas for medical supplies, and clothes drying cabinets. The air mixture consumption rate for one cabinet is 10 m 3 /h. Mechanical air supply systems are not provided in kindergartens.

Temperature standards for the cold and warm seasons, air exchange rates and rules and available ventilation schemes for preschool educational institutions are regulated by SNiP P-L. 3-71.

Healthy microclimate and ventilation modes

The main task of proper ventilation of kindergarten rooms is to eliminate pollution and reduce the level of humidity in group rooms. The circulation of clean and fresh air is an effective means of preventing viral and infectious diseases.

• It is prohibited to seal natural inlet cracks in vents and windows, which should be installed on windows in all rooms.
• After children visit groups, classrooms, eating areas, bedrooms, etc., such rooms are subject to intensive ventilation: when the outside air temperature is below -20°C, ventilation is carried out for no more than 3 minutes; in the off-season, the ventilation procedure is carried out for up to 20 minutes.

The area of ​​vents, transoms and other openings for air supply to a separate room in a kindergarten should be in a ratio of 1/50 to the floor area. Two openings of the natural exhaust system should be arranged in the upper part of each group room.

Using energy-saving devices

Heating and ventilation systems in kindergartens are closely interconnected. Using a recuperator will reduce heating costs and create the necessary influx of fresh and purified air at the required temperature.

High-quality cleaning of air masses is a vital necessity in preschool institutions, since dust, pollen and fungal spores found in the air mixture can provoke various allergic reactions and diseases of the upper respiratory tract in a child with a weak immune system.

Despite the fact that equipping general education and preschool institutions with an air recovery system is not a complicated process, the calculation and execution of the work must be entrusted only to professionals.