Man as a result of biological and sociocultural evolution. Theories of human origin. Social studies summary on the topic “natural and social in man” Natural and social in human activity
Human- is a subject of socio-historical activity and culture, a biosocial being with consciousness, articulate speech, moral qualities and the ability to make tools.
Origin
Scientists emphasize that the emergence of man, his separation from the animal world, is as great a leap in evolution as the emergence of living things from non-living things. The most popular today are four popular theories of origin:
- Religious- the divine origin of man. The soul is the source of humanity in man.
- Paleovisit theory- man is the creation of aliens from outer space who, having visited the Earth, left human beings on it.
- Evolutionary(XIX century, Charles Darwin) - man as a biological species has a natural, natural origin and is genetically related to higher mammals.
- Labor(XIX century, Friedrich Engels) - The main reason for the emergence of man is labor. Under the influence of labor, specific human qualities were formed: consciousness, language, creative abilities.
Scientists believe that the process of evolution was influenced by cosmic factors: the degree of solar activity, the periodic change of the Earth’s magnetic poles, during pauses between which the shield of electromagnetic fields protecting the biosphere weakened for several millennia, so radiation of cosmic origin increased. Archaeologists also drew attention to the fact that the discovered sites of ancient people coincide with places of intense movement of lithospheric plates, faults and cracks in the earth's crust, which caused increased levels of radiation.
It is possible that tectonic, volcanic, seismic and radiation disasters had a significant impact on the climatic panorama of the ancestral home of man. One of these periods of changing magnetic poles occurred exactly 40 thousand years ago. One of the possible reasons that served as the impetus for the crisis of the purely animal way of existence of our distant ancestor is a change in the structure and structure of the brain (damage to one of the parts of the brain connected to each other - the amygdala, cingulate gyrus or medullary vault), which led to differentiation functions of the hemispheres themselves. In animals, the hemispheres essentially duplicate each other, doubling the body's capabilities and allowing, in the event of damage to one, the other hemisphere to take over all the functions of the damaged one. In humans, both hemispheres operate according to different programs.
Thus, the capabilities of the psyche and its plasticity increase significantly. The information and adaptation capabilities of the psyche are many times higher than the capabilities of physiological changes in the body. Instead of adapting to the environment, a person modifies his own behavior. Under the influence of radiation, the higher herbivorous primates dramatically changed their behavioral stereotypes: they began to prefer meat to plant foods, and they began to have the ability to bear children throughout the year. And what is even more important - there was liberation from the blind power of animal instincts.
Differences between humans and animals:
- Possesses thinking and articulate speech.
- Capable of conscious, purposeful creative activity.
- In the process of its activities, it transforms the surrounding reality, creates the material and spiritual benefits and values it needs.
- Capable of making tools and using them as a means of producing material goods.
- It reproduces not only its biological, but also its social essence and must satisfy not only its material, but also its spiritual needs.
Individual. Personality. Individuality
The understanding of a person as a complex system is expressed in such concepts as “individual”, “personality”, “individuality”.
Individual is a single representative of the human race, a specific bearer of all the social and psychological traits of humanity: reason, will, needs, interests, etc. In other words, an individual is a person as a separate individual among other people.
Personality- is a human individual who is a subject of conscious activity, possessing a set of socially significant traits, properties and qualities that he realizes in public life. In other words, a personality is a person with socially significant qualities. However, it is important to remember that not every person is an individual. People are born as human beings and become individuals through the process of socialization.
Personality structure:
- Social status (a person’s place in the system of social relations);
- Social role (a mode of behavior approved normatively and corresponding to social status);
- Personality orientation (needs, interests, views, ideals, motives of behavior).
Individuality- this is the unique originality of human manifestations, emphasizing the exclusivity, versatility and harmony, naturalness and ease of his activities. In other words, individuality is a person as one of many, but taking into account his personal characteristics: appearance, behavior, character, etc.
Biosocial nature
One of the key issues of social knowledge is the question of “human nature,” that is, certain permanent qualities of any human personality. Using this concept, scientists emphasize the fundamental difference between humans and animals. American sociologist John Dewey believes that the variety of meanings of the concept “human nature” can be reduced to four:
- human nature is an innate biopsychic constitution characteristic of man as a species;
- human nature is what determines the eternal and unchanging aspirations and desires of people;
- human nature is devoid of innate motivations and aspirations, it is simply a specific way of reacting to the external world, a way of perceiving the world;
- human nature is not innate; on the contrary, it is manifested in the fact that a person is able to independently create cultural values, moral ideals, and norms.
Some scientists understand human nature as a complex of basic abilities that provide a person with satisfaction of his biological needs and adaptation to the environment. What influences human nature: heredity, environment, society?
The entire life of the animal world is determined and controlled by instincts. Always in the same unchanging way, beavers build their dams, swallows build their nests, and squirrels prepare food for the winter. This is a manifestation of instinct - a certain innate way of responding, inherent in the entire biological species. But a person knows hundreds of ways to both build a home and meet the needs for food, safety, etc. Consequently, a person becomes a person not so much by birth as he becomes one in the course of socialization, that is, the process of mastering methods of activity, rules and norms developed by society, and mastering culture. Experience shows that only in society can a person find his human essence. If he is formed outside of society, for example, among animals, he becomes a beast.
Man is fundamentally different from animals in his intelligence, which allows him to restrain and control bodily drives and instincts. Thanks to reason, he comprehends the laws of the universe, discovers science, transforms nature and creates a new habitat. In addition, only a person develops faith in supernatural forces, the distinction between good and evil, awareness of the finitude of his existence in the world, his mortality, memory of the past, not only his own, but also of other people, faith in the future. A person has a rich emotional world. He can cry and laugh, love and hate, sympathize with the misfortune of others and, on the contrary, show callousness and cruelty, give assessments and make judgments about certain phenomena, create something new that has no analogues in nature, create. In philosophy there is one of the key collective terms - “subject”. It covers the concepts listed above, since it characterizes the cognitive and practical activities of a person.
Many thinkers of different eras noted such a specific feature of the human being as incompleteness and openness. Man by nature is not endowed with instincts that ensure survival. It does not have scary claws, fangs, or invisible coloring, which helps animals avoid danger. As a biological being, man is weaker than many animals, and yet, thanks to his mind, he has become the most powerful force on earth.
Awareness of the duality of one’s nature is a fundamental property of man. On the one hand, like any animal, he is subject to the physical and biological conditions of survival, but on the other hand, he is determined by social norms, has a consciousness of freedom and strives to fulfill the spiritual ideals of goodness, justice, beauty and truth... People are not born, but become, But what is a person and who should he become? Each historical era solves this riddle in its own way. Therefore, there is no reason to talk about innate aggressiveness or, on the contrary, solidarity, since the natural inclinations that every person has are successfully suppressed or intensified by society. People literally have to learn everything themselves, and everything they know is a product of cultural development, upbringing and education. People are not born, but become. And the process of this formation is socialization.
Man belongs to the higher mammals, forming a special species, Homo sapiens (Homo sapiens). The biological nature of a person is manifested in his anatomy and physiology: he has circulatory, muscular, nervous and other systems. This is a condition, a prerequisite for human existence.
A person becomes a person only by entering into social relations, into communication with others. The social essence of a person is manifested through such properties as the ability and readiness for socially useful work, consciousness and reason, freedom and responsibility, etc.
1.1 Natural and social in man (man as a result of biological and sociocultural evolution)
As you and I know,the problem of man is one of the main ones in philosophy . Of great importance for understanding the essence of man and the paths of his development is clarification of the question of his origin.
The theory of the origin of man, the essence of which is to study the process of his emergence and development, is called anthropogenesis (from the gr. anthropos - man and genesis - origin).
There are several approaches to solving the question of human origins:
Religious theory (divine; theological). Implies the divine origin of man. The soul is the source of humanity in man.
Paleovisit theory . The essence of the theory is that man is an extraterrestrial being; aliens from outer space, having visited the Earth, left human beings on it.
Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution (materialistic). Man is a biological species, his origin is natural. Genetically related to higher mammals. This theory belongs to materialistic theories (natural science).
Natural science theory of F. Engels (materialistic). Friedrich Engels states that the main reason for the emergence of man (more precisely, his evolution) is work. Under the influence of work, a person’s consciousness was formed, as well as language and creative abilities.
Thus, only assumptions can be made about the reasons that determined the formation of man himself.
The influence of cosmic energy, electromagnetic waves, radiation and other influences on his psychophysical state is enormous.
Man is the highest stage of development of living organisms on Earth.
Biologically, humans belong to the mammalian hominids, human-like creatures that appeared about 550 thousand years ago.
Man is essentially a biosocial being. It is part of nature and at the same time inextricably linked with society. The biological and social in man are fused together, and only in such unity does he exist.
Biological nature of man - this is its natural prerequisite, a condition of existence, and sociality is the essence of man.
Man is a biological being. Man belongs to the higher mammals, forming a special species, Homo sapiens. The biological nature of a person is manifested in his anatomy and physiology: he has circulatory, muscular, nervous and other systems. Its biological properties are not strictly programmed, which makes it possible to adapt to different living conditions
Man is a social being. Inextricably linked with society. A person becomes a person only by entering into social relations, into communication with others. The social essence of a person is manifested through such properties as the ability and readiness for socially useful work, consciousness and reason, freedom and responsibility, etc.
Absolutization of one of the aspects of human essence leads to biologization or sociologization.
The main differences between humans and animals:
A person has thinking and articulate speech. Only a person can reflect on his past, critically assessing it, and think about the future, making plans. Some species of monkeys also have communicative capabilities, but only humans are capable of transmitting objective information about the world around them to other people. You can add other ways of reflecting the surrounding reality to speech, for example, music, painting, sculpture, etc.
A person is capable of conscious, purposeful creative activity:
Models his behavior and can choose various social roles;
Has predictive ability, i.e. the ability to foresee the consequences of one’s actions, the nature and direction of the development of natural processes;
Expresses a value-based attitude to reality.
An animal's behavior is subordinate to instinct; its actions are initially programmed. It does not separate itself from nature.
A person, in the process of his activity, transforms the surrounding reality, creates the material and spiritual benefits and values he needs. Carrying out practically transformative activities, a person creates a “second nature” - culture. Animals adapt to the environment, which determines their lifestyle. They cannot make fundamental changes in the conditions of their existence.
Man is capable of making tools and using them as a means of producing material goods. In other words, a person can make tools using previously made means of labor.
A person reproduces not only his biological, but also his social essence and therefore must satisfy not only his material, but also his spiritual needs. Satisfaction of spiritual needs is associated with the formation of a person’s inner (spiritual) world.
Thus, man is a unique being (open to the world, inimitable, spiritually incomplete); a universal being (capable of any type of activity); a holistic being (integrates (combines) the physical, mental and spiritual principles).
Man, society is part of the material world. As part of a single whole, nature and society have some common features, but at the same time they differ from each other. Let's try to figure this out: what is common and what is the difference between nature and society.
First let’s define what “nature” is.
Definition of “nature”
Nature in a broad sense - this is the whole Universe. Of course, in the social studies course we study the features not of this Universe, but of that part of it where man lives.
Nature in the narrow sense - the environment around a person in which he lives, the biosphere.
Highlight:
- Natural environment — that is, the natural conditions of human life.
- Built environment - that is, created by people, its culture
(material and spiritual), this environment is also called second nature .
Similarities and differences between nature and society
| NATURE | SOCIETY |
Similarities:
|
|
| Differences | |
| Can develop independently of a person. Nature existed when man was not yet on Earth at all. | Closely connected with nature, cannot exist without it. |
| It develops according to laws independent of the will and desires of people. | It develops according to the laws created by society itself, under the influence of people’s activities. |
| Incapable of creating culture. | Creates culture. |
Nature and society interact with each other, and in two aspects: positive and negative.
Interaction between society and nature
| NATURE | SOCIETY |
| Positive influence | |
| 1.Is the environment where a person lives. 2. Nature is the source of life (heat, food, clothing, etc.) 3. Source of means of production (metal, coal, oil, etc.) 4.Nature stimulates the development of society: by mastering nature, society improves and develops (challenge-response theory) Toynbee). |
1. Protection of the natural environment - preservation from pollution, depletion, and destruction of nature. 2. Ensuring environmental safety - protection of individuals, enterprises, territories, regions, etc. from threats arising from anthropogenic human activities and natural environmental disasters. 3.Creation energy-saving technologies, treatment facilities, etc. 4. Protection of flora and fauna (“Red Book”) |
| Bad influence | |
| 1.The ability of natural and geographical conditions to accelerate or slow down the pace of social development. 2.The ability to have a negative impact on people’s health (meteorological addiction, etc.) 3. Destructive effects of disasters (earthquakes, floods, drought) |
1. Depletion of subsoil 2. Pollution of the Earth, especially water bodies, and the atmosphere with industrial waste 3. Destruction of flora and fauna, deforestation 4.The use of atomic energy for both military and peaceful purposes, above-ground and underground nuclear explosions |
Human influence on nature is unity of creation and destruction .
Some TERMS:
Biosphere- the earth's shell, engulfed in life.
Noosphere- the sphere of reason, the region of existence of intelligent beings.
Ecumene- part of the globe inhabited by humans (from the Greek I inhabit, I inhabit).
Legal protection of nature
1.Internationally
- UN. World Charter for Nature (1982).
- UNESCO. Program “Man and the Biosphere”. 1970.
- Roman Club. International public organization, created in 1968. It includes about 100 scientists, public figures, and foundation managers.
Target : a study of human development in the era of scientific and technological revolution. They advocate easing international tension.
- « Greenpeace" Non-governmental organization.
Target : ensuring the environmental safety of humanity. It includes more than one hundred states. Created in 1971, Russia joined in 1989.
- IAEA- International Atomic Energy Agency.
Target : ensure nuclear safety and environmental protection.
- WHO— World Health Organization. One of the tasks is the fight against air pollution.
- At the state level:
1.Constitution of the Russian Federation. Articles 42.58 (see the Constitution of the Russian Federation).
2.Law " About environmental protection", 2002
- Water Code. 1995
4.Forest Code. 1997 etc.
Material prepared by: Melnikova Vera Aleksandrovna
Now let’s consolidate what we’ve learned! Let's solve the written task of field C.
C6. Name at least three features of the human body that form the biological basis of human activity as a social being. Give examples of the implementation of each of the features.
So, let's talk. We know the properties of the organism common to animals and humans(mammals, viviparity) and unique (developed brain, upright posture, developed hand). Which ones are they asking us about? Those that are prerequisites for social activity(work, communication, play, creativity). These are unique features, therefore, since abstract thinking, for example, allows you to create (masterpieces of art).
Now we give examples, and specifics here regarding the wording of the task are not required, it is enough to explain each feature:
- Abstract thinking allows a person to create an architectural design for a house.
- Articulate speech allows for contact during the construction of this house in the team.
- The special structure of the hand allows a person to perform labor.
Now let's look at a few more tasks of different types on the topic. We remind you that in our group we regularly solve questions of different types and levels of complexity. Here is an example of our analysis of a task on the topic “Natural and social in man.”
We see that the majority of subscribers to the site and group, after viewing the topic, realized that this is a distinctive feature, and an animal cannot be a person. Consciousness is an awareness of the results and consequences of one’s own actions, close to the concept. Use natural objects - for example, take a stick and knock a banana off a tree. Both man and monkey, for example, are capable of this. The correct answer is therefore 1.
Another example of a Part A assignment on the topic being discussed:
Most choose correctly option 4. Goal is achievement (reliable information is almost a synonym). Any activity (characteristic of human activity) ... option 1 is not correct. Same as option 3. For any type of personal activity, a person uses tools (whether it’s a shovel or instruments, it doesn’t matter).
Now let's turn to the more complex tasks of Part C, which must be completed after analyzing EVERY topic studied. Tasks C5 and are an ideal way to consolidate your knowledge.
Let's build this plan (C8): “Natural and social in human activity.”
First of all, let's define the structure of our plan. It has 4 (!!!) components, this happens extremely rarely. We need to highlight: 1. 2. the natural component of activity 3. the social component of activity 4. the relationship between the natural and the social in activity (this is not directly given here, but is implied).
C8.You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic“Natural and social in human activity.” Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in subparagraphs.
1. The concept of "activity"
2. Natural in human activity:
- instinctiveness
- desire for self-preservation
- desire for procreation
We remember that we do not disclose the first point; there is no need to give a concept. Why did you start with activities? This is the key concept of the presented plan topic. Next, have you thought about what brings a person closer to an animal? And we revealed point 2. Next:
3. Social in human activity:
- work and communication
— satisfaction of prestigious needs
- consumption of spiritual values
We went through the needs above the existential, and paraphrased a little. Now the most important thing is the relationship. Besides, without this point we. in fact, we won’t reveal the plan, but he will insure us (they require 3 - write 4!). Can you be a bit more specific:
4. The relationship between the social and spiritual in human activity:
- suppression of natural needs by social ones
— “humanization” of natural needs
- the creation of culture in contrast to nature.
Here's our plan in full:
1. The concept of "activity"
2. Natural in human activity:
- instinctiveness
- desire for self-preservation
- desire for procreation
3. Social in human activity:
- work and communication
— satisfaction of prestigious needs
- consumption of spiritual values
4. The relationship between the social and spiritual in human activity:
- suppression of natural needs by social ones
— “humanization” of natural needs
- the creation of culture in contrast to nature.
So, we read the theory, watch the video, analyze the tasks, and try to do another difficult written task on our own:
C5.What meaning do social scientists put into the concept "transformative activity"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, compose two sentences: one sentence containing information about the types of human activities, and one sentence revealing the connection between thinking and activity.
I'm waiting for your answers in the comments or in the group
The process of human emergence and development is called anthropogenesis.
The main differences between humans and animals
A person has thinking and articulate speech. A person is capable of conscious, purposeful creative activity:
– models his behavior and can choose various social roles;
– has prognostic ability, i.e. the ability to foresee the consequences of one’s actions, the nature and direction of the development of natural processes; – expresses a value-based attitude to reality.
An animal's behavior is subordinate to instinct; its actions are initially programmed. It does not separate itself from nature.
Man, in the process of his activity, transforms the surrounding reality, creates a “second nature” - culture. Animals adapt to their environment.
Man is capable of making tools and using them as a means of producing material goods.
A person must satisfy not only his material, but also his spiritual needs; this is associated with the formation of a person’s inner (spiritual) world.
Man has consciousness.
Consciousness
Consciousness- this is a form of mental reflection of reality and the ability to purposefully, generally and evaluatively reflect objective reality in sensory and logical images.
Properties of consciousness:
– activity (reflects the world purposefully; serves as the basis for human transformative activity);
– selectivity (differences in content both at the personal and at the social level);
– subjectivity;
- creative beginning.
Unconscious– phenomena, processes, properties and states that influence human behavior, but are not realized by him. Manifests itself in slips of the tongue, slips of the tongue, fantasies, dreams, dreams.
Social (collective) consciousness– consciousness of a group of society, public opinion. Relatively independently, it is spread by education, the media, political parties and social movements.
Self-awareness– a person’s awareness of his actions, feelings, thoughts, motives of behavior, interests, position in society, awareness of himself as an individual capable of making decisions and being responsible for them.
Self-knowledge– a person’s study of his own mental and physical characteristics. Occurs in the process of activity and communication.
Self-esteem– emotional attitude towards one’s own image (always subjective). Self-esteem can be realistic (in people oriented towards success), unrealistic (inflated or underestimated in people oriented towards avoiding failures).
Behavior- a set of human actions performed by him over a relatively long period under constant or changing conditions. Behavior consists of actions.
Deed- an action considered from the point of view of the unity of motive and consequences, intentions and deeds, goals and means.
Man, individual, individuality, personality: definition and relationship of concepts
| Human– a generic concept indicating that a creature belongs to the human race. | ||
| Individual- a single representative of the species "homo sapiens". Individual characteristics are morphological features (height, bodily constitution and eye color) and psychological properties (abilities, temperament, emotionality) |
Personality- this is a social property of an individual, a set of socially significant traits formed in the process of interaction with other people and characterizing him as a member of society in work, cognition, and communication. Personality traits: rationality, freedom, responsibility |
Individuality– this is the unity of the unique personal properties of a particular person, the originality of his psychophysiological structure (type of temperament, physical and mental characteristics, intelligence, worldview, life experience) |
Personality formation occurs in the process of human socialization, during which the individual masters the social functions and roles developed in society, social norms and rules of behavior, communication with other people. A formed personality is a subject of free, independent and responsible behavior in society.
Formation of individuality- this is the process of individualization of an object, self-determination and isolation of the individual, its separation from the community, the design of its individuality, uniqueness and originality. A person who has become an individual is an original person who has actively and creatively demonstrated himself in life.
Activity
Activity- a way of relating to the outside world, consisting in transformation and subordination of it to human goals (conscious, productive, transformative and social in nature).
Differences between human activity and animal activity
| Animal activity | Human activity |
| adaptation to natural conditions | not only adaptation, but also transformation of the natural and social environment |
| actions based on a genetic program aimed at realizing physiological needs | does not have a genetically programmed program, develops a program of activities in the process of socialization, using the experience of previous generations |
| expediency guided by instinct | not only expediency, but also the ability to consciously set goals |
| uses ready-made natural materials | creates tools, new materials, creates a new reality - the world of human culture and social relations |
Activity structure
Types of actions:
– goal-oriented (behavior is goal-oriented, the means and side effects of its actions are realized.);
– value-rational (the individual follows his beliefs about duty, dignity, beauty, piety, etc.);
– affective (unconscious, caused by the emotional state of the individual, sudden clouding of consciousness);
– traditional (automatic, based on long-term habit).
Main types of activities:
– a game(the process is important, not the result; the dual nature of the game: real and conditional);
– doctrine(expedient activities to assimilate knowledge, skills, and abilities accumulated by previous generations);
– work(aimed at achieving a goal, it is characterized by practical usefulness, the ability to satisfy various needs of people).
Depending on the subject, the activity can be individual and collective.
The nature: reproductive (repeating what has already been achieved) and productive - creative (a type of activity that generates something qualitatively new, never existing before).
According to social norms: legal - illegal, moral - immoral.
In relation to social progress: progressive - reactionary, creative - destructive.
In the sphere of public life: economic, social, political, spiritual.
According to the characteristics of human activity: external - internal.
Communication
Communication is a process of interaction between people, as a result of which information, emotions, and moods are transferred.
| Communication structure | |||
| Subjects | Target- something for which a person has a need for interpersonal relationships | Content | Communication means– methods of transmitting, processing and decoding information |
|
– actually existing partners; |
– transfer and receipt of knowledge; |
information transmitted in the process of communication: knowledge, experience, skills, emotions, feelings |
– sense organs (vision, hearing, smell, touch); |
Communication functions:
– socialization (formation and development of interpersonal relationships);
– cognitive (obtaining new information);
– psychological (emotional support);
– identification (an expression of a person’s involvement in a group);
– organizational (distribution of responsibilities, establishment of rules).
Needs and interests
Pyramid of human needs (according to Maslow)
To ensure his life and for the purpose of his development, a person satisfies various needs, which are called requirements.
Need- This is a person’s need for something.
A perceived need becomes the motive for human activity.
The needs of each next level become urgent when the previous ones are satisfied.
A special feature of a person is the ability rank your needs in accordance with your principles and beliefs.
Human needs are limitless.
Reasonable needs- these are the needs that help the development in a person of his truly human qualities: the desire for truth, beauty, knowledge, the desire to bring good to people, etc.
Imaginary needs– artificially created by man, the implementation of which can be dispensed with (for example, smoking).
Needs underlie the emergence of interests and inclinations.
Interest- a person’s purposeful attitude towards an object.
Addiction- focus on a specific activity.
A person’s interests and inclinations express the direction of his personality, which determines his life path, the nature of his activities, etc.
Freedom and responsibility in human activity
Liberty– the ability and ability of a person to consciously choose a decision and perform an action in accordance with his goals, interests, ideals and assessments.
Responsibility- an objective, historically specific type of relationship between the individual and society from the point of view of the conscious implementation of the mutual requirements placed on them.
Conditions for the existence of freedom
A person makes a choice at his own peril and risk, i.e. freedom is inseparable from responsibility for using it.The freedom of one should not harm the freedom and interests of another, i.e. freedom cannot be absolute.
Personal abilities
Capabilities– individual characteristics of a person, which are subjective conditions for the successful implementation of certain types of activities. Abilities have a biological basis in the form inclinations. The main condition for the development of abilities is the practical activity of a person.
Types of abilities:
- natural abilities - associated with innate inclinations (increased flexibility of joints, acute hearing);
- general intellectual abilities (developed memory, imagination, logical thinking);
- special abilities - determine a person’s success in specific activities (mathematics, music, sports).
– capable;
– with outstanding abilities;
– talented;
- brilliant. Geniuses– people with extraordinary creative potential, capable of unique, qualitatively new discoveries and creations. Signs of genius:
– originality;
– deep meaning, significance;
- this is the result of “illumination from above.”
Abilities determine a person’s life - his type of activity, level of education, profession, social circle, lifestyle, physical and mental health. The development of abilities allows a person to increase his status, self-esteem and standard of living.
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