Massage techniques used in the classic technique include rubbing, stroking, squeezing, vibration, and more. This page provides massage techniques that you can use at home. It should be understood that the technique of performing massage should be supported by work experience. Only in this case, the classical massage technique will bring the desired results in the form of improving the human condition.

Massage originated a long time ago. Its history goes back more than one millennium. Massage was used in ancient times to treat many diseases, such as rheumatism, dislocations, muscle spasms. He still does not lose his miraculous power and popularity.

Basic techniques of classic massage

Massage is a set of techniques for mechanical action on the human body, including stroking, friction, and pressure on the surface of the body. The following describes the techniques of classical massage, which are aimed at improving blood flow and lymph flow in various parts of the human body.

Depending on the nature and place of application of the massage, one or another desired effect (decrease or increase in nervous excitability) can be achieved, since the functional state of the cerebral cortex changes under the influence of massage. The massage has a beneficial effect on the skin, muscles, enhances the circulation of lymph, blood and interstitial fluid. To increase the effectiveness of the massage, special aromatic fragrant oils, creams, gels and ointments are used, the therapeutic effect of which, thanks to the massage, only intensifies. Massage has existed independently in different countries. The massage technique prescribed by ancient Roman, ancient Greek, ancient Chinese doctors included a variety of techniques. Today, after numerous changes, the following main massage techniques are distinguished: stroking, squeezing, kneading, shaking, rubbing, active and passive movements, movements with resistance, percussion techniques, shaking. This sequence of actions is especially important.

Technique and techniques of stroking in massage

Stroking techniques in massage, assuming that both hands of the masseur only slide over the skin with varying degrees of pressure, without shifting it into folds. This is the first contact of a specialist with a patient, it is performed at the very beginning of the massage. Stroking can also be applied in the middle of a massage session as a soothing effect after hard techniques. The stroking massage technique has a beneficial effect on the peripheral nerve endings.

When applied, the skin is cleansed of horny scales, residual secretions of sweat and sebaceous glands, and this, in turn, activates skin respiration and excretory functions of the sebaceous and sweat glands. Stroking enhances metabolic processes in the skin, has a relaxing and analgesic effect, improves skin tone, facilitates the outflow of blood and lymph, tones and trains blood vessels.

The main stroking techniques in massage are planar and enveloping stroking. They can be superficial and deep. With a surface massage, the specialist gently and effortlessly strokes. In this case, as a result of the induced inhibition in the cortical end of the skin analyzer, there is a calming effect on the nervous system, the vessels of the skin are activated, and metabolic processes are stimulated. During a deep massage, the massaging hand exerts pressure, thereby actively affecting blood circulation in the massaged area.

Distinguish between continuous and intermittent stroking in massage, a type of the latter is alternating stroking - a procedure in which only one hand completes stroking, the second hand is transferred over it and performs the same movements, but in the opposite direction.

Rubbing and stroking in massage

Rubbing and stroking in massage is a technique in which the masseur's hand does not slide over the skin, as when stroking, but displaces it, making the skin shift and stretch in different directions.

Rubbing is most often performed in places with little blood supply, and where there is congestion, on the skin with burns, neuritis, neuralgia.

When rubbing, the masseur acts more vigorously on the areas being massaged and, therefore, increases the mobility of the massaged tissues. Rubbing causes loosening, crushing of pathological formations, contributes to the elimination of edema, resorption of various deposits.

Rubbing increases the elasticity and mobility of the muscles, as well as the range of motion in the joint.

Allocate rubbing with fingers, the elbow edge of the palm and the supporting part of the hand. Rubbing with the elbow edge of the hand is used on large joints - the hip, elbow, knee, back and abdomen.

Rubbing the supporting part of the hand is carried out on large muscle layers - back muscles, gluteal muscles, thighs.

Rectilinear rubbing is performed with the terminal phalanges of one or more fingers during massage of small muscle groups in the face, hand, foot, joints, and the most important nerve trunks.

Kneading techniques in massage

Kneading in massage is the main technique for any massage, which takes most of the time of the entire session.

Kneading massage techniques are primarily intended to affect the muscles, but at the same time, in relation to the muscles, kneading plays the role of passive gymnastics.

Kneading involves 2-3 phases of execution:

• capture of the massaged area;
• pulling, squeezing;
• rolling, crushing (kneading itself).

The main kneading techniques are longitudinal and transverse. Longitudinal kneading is performed along the muscle fibers that form the abdomen, or body, muscles, along the axis of the muscles connecting the tendon of the beginning and the tendon of attachment. This type of kneading is used to massage the muscles of the limbs, in the pelvis, back, chest, abdomen and sides of the neck.

Kneading increases the elasticity of muscle tissue, activates the contractile function of muscles, gas exchange processes and tissue nutrition, relieves muscle fatigue, increases muscle strength and improves blood supply, causes impulses in receptors embedded in muscle tissues, which are transmitted to the central nervous system and lead to reflex changes in muscular apparatus.

Cross kneading assumes that the hands of the masseur are in a transverse position in relation to the muscle being massaged.

Muscle fibers are massaged perpendicular to their direction. Cross kneading is carried out on the limbs, back, pelvis, abdomen, and cervical spine. This type of kneading should be performed starting from the abdomen of the muscle, gradually moving up to the tendon. With any kind of kneading, you should not allow your hands to slip on the skin and sharp jerks.

Vibration techniques in massage

Vibration in massage is a technique during which vibrations of various speeds and amplitudes are transmitted to the massaged area. Since the tissues have elasticity, mechanical vibrations that occur during massage on their surface in the form of waves propagate through the tissues and muscles.

Intermittent vibration, like massage techniques, is also called shock and consists in applying single, rhythmically following blows

Selection is performed with the palmar surface of the terminal phalanx of one finger, thumb and index (or index, middle and ring), thumb and other fingers, palm, fist.

To strike, the ulnar edge of the palm, the back surface of slightly spread fingers, the palm with bent or clenched fingers, the tips of the bent fingers, one or both hands clenched into a fist, are used alternately.

Vibration has a strong and varied effect on deeply located tissues, bones, nerves, affecting many organs and blood vessels.

When puncturing, the pads of the terminal phalanges of the index and middle fingers are used, separately or together.

Puncture can be performed simultaneously with both hands or sequentially using one hand or both.

Massaging the weakened muscles of the limbs or scalp, it is possible to carry out labile puncturing - puncturing with movement, in which the direction of movement coincides with the direction of the massage lines and the nearest lymph nodes.

Pat massage

The palms of one or two hands are involved in patting, while the masseur's fingers are slightly bent and soften the blow during the blows. During patting, the masseur's forearms should be bent at a right or obtuse angle, and the hands should be bent or unbent at the wrist joint.

Patting massage is performed as follows: with both hands, the masseur's brushes act on the skin alternately

Beating - massage percussion technique

Beating is a percussion massage technique, which is a rhythmic shock effect on tissues, in which a response occurs - a reflex rhythmic contraction of skeletal and smooth muscles.

The use of the tapping technique helps to improve the blood supply to tissues and increase their tone.

The behavior of the masseur, when performing tapping, is very important, since the tension of the specialist's hand can cause unpleasant painful sensations.

Shake

The shaking is performed without lifting the masseur's hand from the massaged area. This technique is a fast, rhythmic, reciprocating movement that is performed with individual fingers or the entire hand in different directions.

Concussion is used for spasms of the muscles of the abdomen, lower extremities, larynx.

Chopping

When cutting, the elbow edges of the hand are involved, which are in a bent position at a distance of 4-5 cm from each other. The masseur needs to bend the forearms at a right or obtuse angle and perform the adduction and abduction in the wrist joint with the brushes - these movements are the essence of this technique.

Chopping has a deep effect on tissues and is used to massage the back, extremities, chest and wide surfaces of the body.

The vibrations generated by chopping affect the internal organs.

Shaking

Shaking is a massage technique performed exclusively on the upper or lower extremities. It should be done with one or two hands. If this technique is carried out on the lower extremities, it is necessary to fix the ankle joint, and straighten the knee joint and shake it in a vertical plane.

If shaking of the upper extremities is performed, then it is necessary to fix the hand of the person massaged by "handshake" and massage in a horizontal plane.

Quilting

Quilting is a massage technique in which the masseur applies tangential blows to the massaged area with a brush. Quilting is done with one or more fingers and is used in the beauty massage technique. This technique is often used for muscle paresis. If it is necessary to apply quilting on a large surface of the body, for example, with obesity, scarring of the skin, the entire palm is used in the massage.

Reception of massage squeezing and its photo

Reception of massage squeezing activates blood circulation and blood flow, has an analgesic effect, enhances the processes occurring in tissues, contributes to the disappearance of stagnant and edematous phenomena

Distinguish squeezing in massage with the edge of the palm, the base of the palm and transverse squeezing. Squeezing is usually combined with kneading and is carried out rhythmically, since otherwise the passage of the lymph is difficult.

Provides for the use of the following techniques: stroking, squeezing, kneading, shaking, rubbing, active and passive movements, movements with resistance, percussion techniques, shaking. Foot massage uses stroking, rubbing, vibration, squeezing, shifting, shock techniques, pressure. All massage techniques are performed in a specific order and continuously follow each other. Recall that the muscles of the person being massaged should be relaxed as much as possible; the impact should be made towards the nearest lymph nodes, adhering to a certain pace and adjusting the degree of impact on the massaged zones; it is undesirable to carry out tough techniques in painful areas and in places where the lymph nodes are close.

Stroking is the first technique with which the massage begins. It is performed in order to increase the tone of the skin and blood vessels, enhance metabolic processes, and relax the patient's muscles. Stroking allows you to increase blood circulation in the massaged areas and supply them with oxygen. It is also used in the middle and at the end of the procedure, having a calming effect on the patient's nervous system.

According to the execution technique, planar and enveloping strokes are distinguished.

At flat stroking the masseur makes sliding movements along the surface of the patient's body with the entire hand of one or both hands (fig. 12)... Movements are performed calmly, without tension. Their directions can be different - longitudinal, transverse, circular, spiral. Plane stroking is used to massage the back, abdomen and chest.

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At embracing stroking the masseur grasps the massaged area with a hand, pressing it tightly to the skin surface (fig. 13)... This technique is used to massage the limbs, neck, sides and other rounded parts of the body.

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Depending on the degree of pressure on the massaged area, superficial and deep stroking are distinguished.

At superficial stroking the masseur makes slow, calm movements with the palmar surface of the hand. This technique has a calming and relaxing effect.

At deep stroking the massage therapist enhances the effect on the massaged areas, making movements with the palm, the back of the hand, the wrist, the edge of the hand, and the lateral surfaces of the fingers. Deep massage helps to increase blood circulation, lymph drainage, and reduce edema.

There are also continuous, intermittent and alternating strokes.

At continuous stroking the masseur makes slow constant movements on the surface of the massaged area, applying uniform pressure. The result of this technique is a decrease in the excitability of the central nervous system.

At intermittent stroking the masseur performs separate movements, rhythmically increasing the pressure on the massaged area. This technique has an exciting effect on the central nervous system, warms up muscle tissue, and helps to increase blood circulation.

At alternating stroking the masseur first works with one hand, then with the other hand performs the same movements in the opposite direction.

Stroking techniques also differ in the direction of movement during the procedure.

Straight stroking (Fig. 14 a) implies the movement of the massage therapist's palm in one direction, while the hand should be relaxed, the fingers are pressed together, the thumb is set aside. Reception can be done with one or two hands alternately.

At zigzag stroking (Fig. 14 b) the masseur makes appropriate movements in the main direction, performing them smoothly, without tension.

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At spiral stroking (Fig. 14 c) the massage therapist makes movements in the form of a spiral in the direction to the nearest lymph nodes, without exerting pressure on the massaged area.

At circular stroking (Fig.14 d) the massage therapist performs circular movements with the base of the palm, with the right hand - clockwise, with the left - counterclockwise. This technique is used when massaging small joints.

At concentric stroking the masseur grasps the massaged area with both hands and makes movements in the form of a figure of eight. This technique is used when massaging large joints, while the masseur strokes the outer side of the joint with his thumbs, and the inner side with the rest.

Combined stroking is a combination of the previous techniques, while the impact on the massaged area should be continuous. This technique is performed with two hands alternately.

There are also auxiliary stroking techniques: tongs, comb, rake and cruciform, as well as ironing.

Forceps stroking carried out by fingers folded in the form of forceps. The muscle, tendon and skin folds are captured with the thumb, forefinger and middle or thumb and forefinger, followed by a stroking motion in a rectilinear direction. This technique is used to massage small muscle groups.

Comb-like stroking performed by the bony protrusions of the main phalanges of the fingers bent into a fist. The movement is free, the fingers are relaxed and slightly apart. Reception is carried out with one or two hands, it is used to work out large muscles in the back and pelvis, as well as in areas with large fat deposits.

Rake stroking It is performed with bent fingers wide apart to the sides (the thumb is opposed to the rest), touching the massaged surface at an angle of 30-45 °. Reception is carried out in the longitudinal, transverse, zigzag and circular directions, either with one or two hands. Rake stroking can be carried out with weights performed by placing the fingers of one hand on the fingers of the other (index - on the little finger, middle - on the ring finger, etc.). This technique is used in cases where the affected areas should be lightly massaged.

Cruciform stroking It is carried out with hands interlocked crosswise into the lock, wrapping around the massaged surface. Reception is carried out with the palmar surfaces of both hands, it is used mainly when massaging the limbs, as well as the gluteal muscles and muscles of the back in order to avoid the formation of bedsores.

Ironing performed with the back of the fingers of one or two hands bent into a fist. Reception can be carried out with a burden produced by placing the other hand on the massaging fist. The technique is used to work out the muscles of the back, soles, abdomen and impact on the internal organs (without burdening).

Trituration is carried out by moving the skin with movements and has a stronger effect on the massaged area than stroking. As a result of rubbing, it improves in the tissues of the body, increases the elasticity and extensibility of the muscles. Rubbing has a beneficial effect on blood circulation, reduces swelling, relieves pain, helps dissolve deposits in the joints. This technique is carried out with the fingers, the edge of the palm and the supporting part of the hand, while it is important that the actions of the masseur do not cause pain in the patient, and the subcutaneous tissues are displaced in different directions.

Rubbing with fingers (fig. 15) can be carried out in longitudinal, transverse, zigzag, circular and spiral directions. The massage is performed with the pads of the fingers or their phalanges, and the massage therapist can work with one or two hands. Rubbing with fingers is effective in massaging the back, hands, feet, small joints and tendons.

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Rubbing with the edge of the palm is indicated when massaging the abdomen, back and large joints (fig. 16)... Rubbing with the supporting part of the hand is used to massage the muscles of the back, buttocks and thighs.

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At straight rubbing the massage therapist performs movements alternately with the palm and fingertips on small areas of the patient's body (fig. 17) .

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At circular rubbing the masseur rests on the base of the palm and performs circular movements with his fingers. This technique can be performed with two hands alternately or with one hand with weights. (fig. 18)... Circular rubbing is used on all parts of the body.

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At spiral rubbing the masseur performs movements with the supporting part of the hand or the elbow edge of the palm (fig. 19)... Depending on the area being massaged, the technique can be carried out either with one hand with weights, or with two alternately. Spiral rubbing is used to massage the chest, back, abdomen, arms and legs.

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Auxiliary techniques are hatching, planing, crossing, sawing, rake-like, comb-like and gable-like rubbing.

Shading performed alternately with the pads of the end phalanges of the thumb, index and middle fingers or the index and middle fingers folded together. To achieve a greater effect during the reception, the fingers should be straightened, maximally unbent in the interphalangeal joints and placed to the massaged surface at an angle of 30 °. Short translational movements are made, as a result of which the tissues are displaced in the transverse and longitudinal directions.

This technique has an exciting effect on the human body, and with the correct dosage it has an analgesic effect and helps to reduce the excessive excitability of the nervous system.

Planing carried out with one or two hands set one after the other. Fingers folded together and maximally unbent in the joints, translational movements are made, while the fingertips are immersed in the tissues, form a roller when pressed and stretch or displace the tissues. Planing helps to increase muscle tone, so it is necessary for muscle atrophy and the presence of large fat deposits in the subcutaneous tissue.

Crossing performed with the radial edge of the hand, while the thumb is maximally set aside. The technique can be performed with one or two hands: in the first case, rhythmic movements are carried out with the brush from oneself (in the direction of the index finger) and to oneself (toward the thumb). When massaging with both hands, the hands should be positioned with the back surfaces to each other at a distance of 3-4 cm, by moving from oneself and to oneself, a deep displacement of tissues is made. The correct implementation of this technique is evidenced by a roller formed from the massaged tissues and moving with the hands.

Sawing performed with the ulnar edge of one or both hands. In the first case, the tissues are displaced after the hand in the forward-backward direction, in the second, rubbing is carried out as a result of movement in opposite directions of the brushes facing each other with the palmar surfaces. As with crossing, when sawing, a roller of massaged tissue is formed, which moves after the hands.

Comb-like rubbing is carried out in a circular direction with a hand clenched into a fist and the back sides of the main phalanges of the fingers. This technique is effective for massaging thick muscle layers on the back, thighs and buttocks.

Rake rubbing performed with widely spaced fingers (pads and the back of the terminal phalanges) of one or two hands in a zigzag, rectilinear and circular directions. The fingers are placed on both sides of the spinal column and the pads are applied to the skin and the tissues underneath, the direction of movement is downward from the base of the neck to the lower back. With the reverse movement, the reception is performed with the back of the end phalanges. Rake rubbing can be used when massaging tissues between the affected areas, as well as intercostal spaces.

Forceps rub held by large and index or large, index and medium-84

him with fingers folded in the form of forceps. Rectilinear and circular movements are performed, the technique is used to massage tendons and small muscle groups.

Kneading is one of the main massage techniques and takes half the time allotted for the entire procedure. It is performed with the aim of deeply affecting muscle tissue, increasing their elasticity and extensibility. Kneading improves the flow of blood and lymph both in the massaged area and around it, activates tissue nutrition and oxygen supply, as well as the removal of products from them. This technique is divided into three stages: fixing the massaged area, lifting and pulling the muscle, and kneading.

At longitudinal kneading the masseur fixes the hands on the massaged area so that the thumbs are on one side of it, and the rest are on the opposite side. Then lifts the muscle and performs kneading movements from the edges to the center, squeezing it on both sides (fig. 20)... The rate of reception is 40-50 rhythmic movements per minute in the direction of the muscle fibers. Longitudinal kneading is performed until the entire muscle is massaged. Longitudinal kneading is used for the muscles of the back, chest, abdomen, pelvis, neck and limbs.

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At cross kneading the masseur fixes the hands on the muscle, placing them at a distance of 10 cm from each other at an angle of 45 ° (fig. 21)... Movements are made across the direction of muscle fibers from the middle of the muscle to the tendons, while the muscle attachment points are also massaged. It is permissible to perform this technique with both hands together, alternately (movements are performed with both hands in opposite directions) and with one hand with a burden produced by placing the palm of one hand on the back surface of the other. Cross kneading is performed while massaging the back, pelvic region, abdomen, neck and limbs.

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Ordinary kneading It is used to massage the muscles of the neck, back, buttocks, abdomen, shoulder, forearm, front and back of the thigh, back of the lower leg. To perform this technique, the masseur tightly grabs the muscle across the hand, then lifts it and makes rotational movements so that the thumb and other fingers move towards each other. After that, it is necessary to return the fingers to their original position, without tearing them off the massaged area, and release the muscle.

Double ordinary kneading is carried out similarly to an ordinary one, while the masseur performs a movement with two hands alternately from bottom to top. This technique activates the muscles, it can be used to work out the muscles of the neck, thigh, back of the lower leg, shoulder, abdomen, back and buttocks. Double neck performed as an ordinary kneading, while to increase the pressure on the muscle, one hand is weighed down with the other. This technique is used to massage the oblique muscles of the abdomen, latissimus dorsi, gluteus maximus, muscles of the front and back of the thigh and shoulder.

Double ring kneading used on various parts of the patient's body. The masseur places the hands across the massaged area at a distance of 10 cm from each other. Then he tightly presses his palm to the surface of the patient's body, without bending his fingers, grabs the muscle and performs smooth counter movements, stretching it.

Double ring combination kneading It is used for massaging the rectus abdominis muscles, latissimus dorsi, gluteal muscles, muscles of the shoulder, thigh, lower leg. When performing the technique, the masseur with his right hand performs an ordinary kneading of the massaged zone, and with the palm of his left hand kneads the same area in the opposite direction.

Double annular longitudinal kneading indicated for massage the muscles of the front of the thigh and the back of the lower leg. The masseur grabs the muscle on both sides with both hands and makes circular movements with his fingers, first shifting the hands to the center, then repeating the movement in the opposite direction.

Ordinary longitudinal kneading performed by massaging the back of the thigh. This technique combines ordinary and longitudinal kneading, and on the outer surface of the thigh, movements are made in the direction of the muscle fibers, and on the inner surface - across the muscle.

Circular beak kneading used to massage the muscles of the neck, back and limbs. To carry out this technique, the masseur must press the index finger and little finger to the thumb, place the ring finger over the little finger, and the middle finger on top. After that, kneading movements should be performed in a circle or in a spiral.

Kneading with fingertips used for massaging the head, neck, trapezius and long muscles of the back, muscles of the limbs. The therapist positions the hand so that the thumb lies across the muscle and the rest diagonally. In this case, the thumb should be relaxed, and circular movements are performed with the pads of the four fingers.

Thumb kneading It is used to massage the muscles of the chest, back and extremities. The technique for performing this technique is the same as for kneading with four fingers. The difference is that the pressure on the massaged area is produced by circular movements of the thumb, the rest remain relaxed. This technique can be carried out with one or two hands alternately or with one hand with weights.

Kneading the phalanges of the fingers used for massaging the muscles of the chest, back and limbs. To perform this technique, the masseur must bend his fingers into a fist and firmly press the phalanges to the massaged area, resting on the thumb. Then circular kneading movements are made.

Kneading with the base of the palm It is used to massage the muscles of the back, buttocks, chest and lower extremities. During the reception, the masseur places the hand with the palm down, transfers pressure to the base of the palm and performs circular movements. You can also do this with weights or with both hands.

Auxiliary techniques for kneading are felting, shifting, rolling, stretching, pressing, squeezing, twitching, comb-like and pincer-like kneading.

Wallow performed with both hands, while the masseur places his hands in parallel, clasping the massaged area, and performs kneading movements, gradually moving his hands over the surface of the patient's body (fig. 22)... This technique can have a gentle effect on the tissues, or (with vigorous exercise) it can help stimulate the muscles. It is used to knead the muscles of the shoulder, forearm, thigh and lower leg.

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Shifting performed by massaging the muscles of the back and limbs. During the reception, the masseur grasps the massaged area with his thumbs and moves it to the side with vigorous movements. It is allowed to carry out the shift without preliminary grasping, while the tissue displacement is carried out with all fingers or palm, two hands towards each other.

Rolling it is used when massaging the abdomen, chest, back, as well as if there are large fat deposits on the patient's body. The technique of this technique is as follows: with the edge of the left palm, the masseur presses on the relaxed muscles, and with his right hand grasps the massaged area, rolling it onto the left hand, and performs kneading movements. Then, in the same way, the neighboring zones are massaged. (fig. 23) .

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Stretching performed in the same way as a shift, except that the masseur conducts slow movements with his hands from the center to the sides, stretching the muscle (fig. 24)... The movements resemble playing the accordion, the technique is performed at a slow pace. Stretching has a positive effect not only on the subcutaneous muscles, but also on the receptors located here and on the nervous system as a whole.

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Pressure it is used in the treatment of diseases of the spine, increases muscle tone, improves blood circulation, the flow of oxygen to the tissues, affects the internal organs. When massaging the back, the masseur should place his hands across the spine at a distance of 10-15 cm from each other so that the fingers are on one side of the spine, and the bases of the palms are on the other. Then you should perform rhythmic pressure (20-25 movements per minute), gradually moving your hands up to the neck and down to the lower back. This technique can be carried out with the back of the fingers bent into a fist, however, the effect in this case should be less intense. (fig. 25) .

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Compression performed with fingers or hands. The masseur rhythmically presses on the massaged area at a speed of 30-40 movements per minute (fig. 26)... This technique has a beneficial effect on the lymph and blood circulation, increases muscle tone.

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Twitching performed with one, more often with both hands. The masseur grasps the massaged area with his thumb and forefinger, pulls it slightly and then releases it. This technique is carried out at a speed of 100-120 movements per minute. Twitching is used for muscle laxity, paresis and paralysis of the limbs.

Comb kneading is carried out when massaging the muscles of the abdomen and neck, helps to increase muscle tone. To perform this technique, the massaged area is grasped with the thumb and forefinger, the rest of the fingers are bent (not touching the palmar surface) and slightly divorced. Spiral kneading movements are performed.

Forceps kneading indicated when massaging the muscles of the back, chest, neck, it can be carried out in the transverse or longitudinal direction. The masseur folds the thumb and forefinger or thumb, forefinger and middle fingers in the form of forceps, grabs the massaged area with them and performs kneading movements (fig. 27) .

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Vibration- This is a kind of percussion techniques. When it is performed, the masseur makes beating movements, as a result of which vibrations occur on the massaged area, which are transmitted to the muscles. As with hardware massage, hand vibration can have different frequencies and strengths. Depending on this, its effect on the body also changes: an intermittent short vibration with a large amplitude of movements has an irritating effect, and a long one, with a small amplitude, has a relaxing effect.

Vibration enhances reflexes, helps to reduce heart rate and blood pressure, dilates or narrows blood vessels. Vibration must be combined with other massage techniques, while the exposure time to one area should be approximately 5-15 seconds, after which stroking is required. Like other techniques, vibrations should not cause pain in the massaged. It should be borne in mind that at high intensity, vibrations can be transmitted to internal organs, therefore, this technique must be carried out with extreme caution when massaging older people.

Techniques and techniques for conducting intermittent and continuous vibration have some differences.

Intermittent vibration is performed in the form of a series of rhythmic beats, while the masseur's hand is torn off from the massaged area after each movement. Reception can be carried out with the palm of the hand with bent fingers, the edge of the palm, a hand clenched into a fist, the pads of slightly bent fingers and their back surface.

The types of intermittent vibration are puncturing, tapping, chopping, patting, shaking, shaking, and quilting.

Puncturing performed by massaging small areas of the body in the places where the nerve trunks pass. This technique is carried out with the pads of one or more fingers, in one area or with movement along the lymphatic tract, with one or two hands, simultaneously or sequentially (fig. 28)... The degree of impact depends on the position of the massaged hand in relation to the massaged surface, the greater the angle, the deeper the vibration spreads.

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Beating represents rhythmic strikes on the massaged area with one or more fingers, both sides of the hand, with a hand bent into a fist. In this case, the masseur's hand should be relaxed so as not to cause pain to the patient.

One finger beating is used when massaging individual muscles and tendons, while tapping with the back of bent fingers is used when massaging the muscles of the back, buttocks and thighs.

Swinging with the elbow edge of the fist is performed with two hands, bent so that the fingers freely touch the palm (fig. 29)... The movements are made alternately, the hands of the masseur are positioned at an angle of 90 ° to the massaged surface.

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Chopping It is used to massage the back, chest, extremities and has a deep effect on the muscles, increasing blood circulation and metabolism in the massaged area. The technique is carried out with the edge of the palms with slightly spread fingers, connecting at the moment of contact with the massaged surface. The masseur's hands should be at a distance of 2-4 cm from each other. Movements are performed rhythmically, with a frequency of 250-300 beats per minute, along the direction of muscle fibers (fig. 30) .

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Beating and chopping should not be carried out on the inner surface of the thigh, in the popliteal and axillary cavities, in the region of the heart and kidneys.

Pat It is used to massage the muscles of the chest, abdomen, back, buttocks, upper and lower extremities. Movements are performed vigorously, with the palms of one or both hands alternately. In this case, the fingers should be in a slightly bent position. (fig. 31) .

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Shaking used exclusively for massage of the limbs. First, the masseur fixes the patient's hand or ankle joint, and only after that he performs the reception. When massaging the upper extremities, shaking is carried out in the horizontal plane, when massaging the lower extremities - in the vertical (fig. 32) .

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Shake it is used for spasm of the muscles of the abdomen and limbs. This technique can be carried out with your fingers or the palmar surface of the hand, making movements in different directions. (fig. 33)... The actions are similar to those of sifting flour through a sieve.

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Quilting has a beneficial effect on the skin, metabolic processes in tissues, improves blood circulation. Movements can be performed with one or more fingers, while the direction of the blows is tangential to the massaged surface (fig. 34) .

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Continuous vibration performed with constant contact of the masseur's hand with the massaged area. Reception is carried out by pressing with the pads of the fingers, their palmar or back side, the whole palm or its supporting part, as well as with a hand clenched into a fist.

Continuous vibration can be performed in one place, in this case it will be a point vibration conducted with one finger. Thanks to this technique, there is a calming effect on pain points.

With continuous vibration, the massage therapist's brush can move along the massaged area in a certain direction. This method is used when massaging weakened muscles and tendons.

When massaging the back, abdomen, buttocks, continuous vibration is performed with a brush clenched into a fist, making movements both along and across the massaged zone. A vibration technique is also used, in which the massage therapist grasps the tissue with the hand. This method is indicated for massaging muscles and tendons.

Continuous vibration techniques are shaking, shaking, shaking and pushing.

Shaking carried out with a hand, while the masseur slightly grasps the massaged area and makes movements in the longitudinal or transverse direction, changing the vibration speed. During this technique, the patient's muscles must be completely relaxed.

Shaking is carried out when massaging the limbs, improves blood circulation and mobility of ligaments and joints, relaxes muscles. When massaging the hand, the masseur should fix the patient's hand with both hands and shake it alternately up and down. When massaging a leg with one hand, the masseur clasps the ankle joint, and with the other - the arch of the foot, then makes rhythmic movements (fig. 35) .

Rice. 35

Shake can be performed on different parts of the body. So, with osteochondrosis, a concussion of the chest is shown. Performing this technique, the masseur grasps the chest of the patient lying on his back with both hands and performs continuous rhythmic movements in a horizontal direction.

For some diseases of the spine, continuous concussion of the pelvis is also performed. In this case, the person massaged lies on his stomach, the masseur places his hands on both sides so that the thumbs are on top, and the rest are on the pelvic region. The movements are performed rhythmically in different directions: back and forth, left to right and right to left.

Nudging used for indirect massage of internal organs. This technique is carried out with two hands: the left one is located on the projection area of ​​the massaged organ, and the right one - on the neighboring area, then pressure is applied.

Squeezing usually done in combination with kneading. The movements are performed rhythmically, in the direction of the course of the blood and lymphatic vessels, along the muscle fibers. The strength of the impact is determined depending on the location of the massaged area.

The squeezing technique is similar to stroking, but the movements are performed more intensively. This technique affects both the skin and connective and muscle tissues, enhances blood circulation and metabolic processes, stimulates the central nervous system, helps to reduce pain and swelling.

Transverse squeezing it is carried out with the thumb of the hand, while the masseur's hand is located across the massaged area, the movements are performed forward towards the nearest lymph nodes.

Edge squeeze performed with a slightly bent brush. The masseur places his hand across the massaged area and moves forward, in the direction of the blood vessels (fig. 36) .

Rice. 36

Squeezing with the base of the palm is carried out along the direction of the muscle fibers. The thumb should be pressed against the index finger, and its terminal phalanx is laid out to the side. Squeezing is performed with the base of the palm and the raised thumb (fig. 37) .

Rice. 37

To enhance the impact, you can squeeze with two hands with a perpendicular (fig. 38 a) or transverse weights (fig. 38 b) .

Rice. 38

An auxiliary technique is coracoid squeezing... To perform it, the masseur folds his fingers in the form of a beak and moves forward with the elbow or radial side of the hand, the edge of the thumb or the edge of the palm towards himself (Fig. 39 a, b, c, d) .

Rice. 39

Movement are used in combination with other basic massage techniques to restore mobility in the joints and have a positive effect on the musculoskeletal system in general. Movements are performed slowly, the load on the joints should not be more than the patient can bear. As with other massage techniques, the occurrence of painful sensations is unacceptable during movements.

Movements are divided into active, passive and resistance movements.

Active movements performed by the patient independently under the supervision of a masseur after a massage of a particular area. Their number and intensity depend on the specific case and the individual characteristics of the person being massaged. Active movements strengthen muscles, have a positive effect on the nervous system.

Passive movements performed by the massage therapist without effort on the part of the patient after massaging the muscles. They improve the mobility of the joints, increase the elasticity of the ligaments, and are effective in the deposition of salts.

Movement can be performed with resistance... In this case, the resistance force changes during the execution of the movement, at first gradually increasing and then decreasing at the end of the action. Carrying out movements with resistance, the masseur must control the patient's condition and how he reacts to the load.

There are two types of resistance. In the first case, the massage therapist performs a movement, and the patient resists; in the second case, they change roles. Regardless of who is resisting, it is necessary to overcome it smoothly, without sharp tensions and muscle relaxation.

Rice. 40

Head movements are carried out by tilting forward, backward, left and right, rotation in both directions. With passive performance, the patient sits down, the masseur sits behind him and fixes his head with his palms above the ears. Then the masseur gently tilts the patient's head to the right and left, performs circular movements (fig. 40)... To perform forward and backward movements, the masseur fixes one hand on the back of the patient's head and the other on his forehead (fig. 41) .

Rice. 41

Body movements also performed in a sitting position. The masseur stands behind the patient, puts his hands on his shoulders and performs a forward bend, then straightens and slightly unbends the torso back (fig. 42)... To perform turns, the masseur fixes his hands on the deltoid area and turns the body to the sides.

Rice. 42

Movement in the shoulder joint are held in different directions. The patient sits on a chair, the masseur stands behind, places one hand on the shoulder, and the other fixes the forearm near the elbow and performs up and down movements, then positions the patient's hand horizontally and turns it in and out, after which it makes rotational movements (fig. 43) .

Rice. 43

Elbow movements divided into flexion, extension, turns up and down. The massaged person sits on a chair with his hand on the table. The masseur clasps his shoulder in the elbow area with one hand, and the wrist with the other. Then he conducts flexion and extension in the elbow joint with the greatest possible amplitude, and also turns the patient's hand with the palm up and down. (fig. 44)... Movement in the elbow joint can be carried out in the supine position.

Rice. 44

Hand movements are divided into abduction and adduction, flexion and extension, circular movements. With one hand, the masseur fixes the wrist of the person being massaged, with the other clasps the fingers, after which he conducts the above movements.

Finger movements are performed as follows. The masseur fixes the metacarpal-carpal joint with one hand, and with the other, alternately flexes and unbends the fingers, performs the movements of information and dilution.

Movement in the hip joint are carried out in the supine position and on the side. To carry out flexion and extension, the patient lies on his back, the masseur puts one hand on the knee, the other on the ankle joint and flexes the patient's leg so as to bring the thigh to the stomach as close as possible, then gently unbends the leg.

To make turns, the masseur fixes one hand on the iliac crest, the other grabs the patient's lower leg below the knee and alternately turns the leg inward and outward (fig. 45) .

Rice. 45

To carry out circular movements, the masseur fixes the patient's knee joint with one hand, grabs the foot with the other and performs movements in the knee and hip joints alternately in different directions.

To perform the next group of movements, the patient must turn on his side. The masseur rests with one hand on the iliac crest, with the other grabs the lower leg in its upper part and slowly raises and then lowers the straight leg of the person being massaged. Such movements are called "abduction" and "adduction". Knee movements are carried out in the prone position and sometimes on the back. The therapist rests on the patient's lower thigh with one hand, fixes the ankle joint with the other and begins flexion. Then he removes his hand from the thigh and carries out a movement with weights, so that the heel of the massaged person is as close as possible to the buttock (fig. 46)... Extension is then slowly performed.

Rice. 46

When flexing in the supine position, the masseur fixes the ankle joint with one hand, places the other on the patient's knee and smoothly performs movements (fig. 47) .

Rice. 47

Ankle movements are divided into flexion, extension, adduction, abduction and circular movements. To perform this technique, the patient must lie on his back. The masseur clasps the foot from below with one hand, fixes the leg in the knee area with the other and carefully conducts all the indicated movements.

Toe movements are carried out as follows: the massaged person assumes a supine position, the masseur clasps the foot with one hand, the other performs alternate flexion and extension of each finger.

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Massage methodsChapter 5. Diseases of the spine

Massage technique

Massage techniques have been described in ancient times by doctors in Greece, India, China and other countries. But since then, the technique of performing techniques has undergone a number of changes and improvements.

Today, there are 5 main techniques in classical massage: stroking, kneading, rubbing, vibration and percussion techniques.

The choice and combination of the above techniques depends on many factors. First of all, the nature and stage of the disease are taken into account, as well as the gender, age of the patient and his condition at the time of the massage. In addition, anatomical and physiological features of the massaged area are also an important factor.

When carrying out massage, one technique is rarely used. A massage session usually consists of a combination of several types of techniques. In order to achieve the maximum effect, it is necessary to alternate the main massage techniques and combine them with auxiliary ones.

Massage techniques

Since the hands are the main tool of the masseur, it is first of all necessary to define working zones on them. On the palmar surface of the hand (fig. 7) there are 2 main areas: the base of the palm and the palmar surface of the fingers and 2 eminences (I and IV fingers). Each finger (except for I) has 3 phalanges: nail, middle and main. In addition, in practice, the ulnar and radial edges of the hand are also used.

Rice. 7. Palmar surface of the hand: 1 - elevation of the V finger; 2 - terminal phalanges of the fingers; 3 - elevation of the first finger; 4 - the base of the palm; 5 - radial edge of the hand; 6 - ulnar edge of the hand

In some cases, techniques are performed not only with the palm, but also with the back of the hand, with the fingers or crests of the fingers bent into a fist.

Stroking

The massage begins and ends with stroking. When performing it, the hand glides over the skin without moving it into folds, with varying degrees of pressure.

This technique influences metabolic processes, increases muscle tone, enhances blood microcirculation; facilitates the outflow of lymph and blood, which leads to a decrease in edema; promotes the rapid removal of metabolic products from the body, and also cleanses the skin from horny scales, the remains of the secretion of sweat and sebaceous glands.

In practice, two methods of stroking are used, one of which has a calming effect (surface planar stroking), and the other - tonic (deep and intermittent). In addition, the reception has an analgesic and resorption effect.

On small areas of the body, as a rule, the technique is performed with the pad of the thumb or pads of the II-V fingers, and the large surfaces of the body are stroked with the base of the palm, fists, palmar and dorsum of the hand.

Flat stroking used for massage of limbs, chest, abdomen, back, neck and face. Reception is performed with a palmar surface, tightly pressed against the skin. In this case, the brush should not be tense. Movements are made in different directions (longitudinal, transverse, circular, spiral) both with one hand and with two (fig. 8).

Rice. 8. Direction of hand movements when performing massage: a - rectilinear; b - zigzag; c - spiral; g - circular; d - hatching

Deep planar stroking most often used to massage the pelvic area, back, chest and extremities. The technique is performed with the burden of one palm with the other, with varying degrees of pressure. In this case, movements are carried out along the lymph flow towards the lymph nodes.

Embracing stroking performed with a brush folded tightly to the massaged area, folded in the form of a groove (I finger is maximally set aside and opposed to the rest (II-V) closed fingers), directing all hand movements from the periphery to the center along the vessels. When performing a wrap-around stroking (fig. 9) the hand can move both continuously and intermittently.

Rice. 9. Grasping stroking towards the nearest lymph node

Intermittent stroking usually used for massaging limbs and small areas of the body. Hand movements should be rhythmic, while you need to grab the hand and squeeze, then release.

Auxiliary stroking techniques include gripping, comb-like, rake-like, concentric stroking and ironing.

Forceps stroking used for massage of small joints (fingers and toes), tendons and individual muscles (face, ears, nose), palms, soles, lumbar region, dorsum of the lower leg. Reception is performed with thumb and forefinger or I – II and III forceps folded fingers (fig. 10)... Grabbing a muscle or joint with your fingers, stroking along their entire length.

Rice. 10. Nipple stroking

Comb-like stroking used on muscle groups in the back and pelvis. Reception is performed with the main phalanges of the bent fingers, while the thumb of the left hand is clamped with the right hand.

Rake stroking used in the scalp area, to massage the intercostal spaces and on those parts of the body where it is necessary to bypass damaged skin. Reception is carried out with the fingers of one or two hands, located in a rake-like manner, sometimes with weights. When performing this technique, the hand is located at an angle of 30 to 45 ° to the massaged surface (fig. 11).

Rice. 11. Rake stroking

Ironing (fig. 12) used to massage the back, thighs, face, abdomen, soles. Reception is carried out with the fingers of one or two hands, which are bent in the metacarpophalangeal joints at right angles to the palm, and the back surface of the main and middle phalanges of four fingers, and in the opposite direction, stroking with the pads of straightened fingers (rake-like technique).

Rice. 12. Ironing

Concentric stroking used in the massage of joints, limbs, muscles of the shoulder girdle and neck. The technique is performed by grasping the joint with both hands. In this case, the thumbs are located on one side, and the rest are on the other. Circular stroking movements are performed to the main lymph nodes in the direction of the lymph flow.

When stroking, you must follow the general guidelines:

1. The muscles of the massaged person should be in a relaxed state before starting the massage.

2. Massage begins and ends with stroking.

3. Stroking can be performed in combination with other massage techniques (rubbing, kneading and vibration).

4. Reception is performed slowly (24-26 movements per minute), rhythmically, gently, along the blood - and lymph flow, and on the back - in both directions.

5. First, superficial stroking is used, then a deeper one.

6. In case of impaired blood circulation (swelling, edema), stroking should be started from the areas that are higher, directing movements along the lymph flow.

7. It is not necessary to use all stroking options during the session.

8. On the flexion surface of the limb, techniques are carried out more deeply.

During the implementation of the technique, one should not apply too much pressure, as this can cause discomfort and pain in the person being massaged, and loose palms, spread fingers, too fast a pace and abrupt performance of the technique can lead to displacement of the skin.

Trituration

Rubbing is much more effective than stroking and has a deeper effect on the tissues. Reception is carried out along the blood and lymph flow, increasing the flow of blood and lymph to the massaged tissues, improving their nutrition and metabolic processes. Rubbing helps to loosen and crush pathological formations in various layers of tissue, increases muscle elasticity, and significantly reduces nervous excitability.

When rubbing, the hand displaces the skin, making it shift and stretch in different directions, while the skin moves along with the massage therapist's hand.

Reception is carried out with the palmar surface of the hand, the bumps of the thumbs, the pads of the index, middle and II-V fingers, the base of the palm, fists, the ulnar edge of the hand, the bony protrusions of the phalanges of the fingers bent into a fist. It can be performed with one or both hands, making longitudinal, transverse, circular, zigzag or spiral movements.

When rubbing with the palms, the brush is tightly pressed against the massaged area, while the fingers are tightly pressed against each other, and the large one is set aside.

When massaging the back, buttocks, joints, intercostal muscles, the back of the foot and hand, the Achilles tendon, rubbing with the fingertips is used. Reception is carried out by pressing the thumb to the index finger, and the pads of the II-V fingers - to the massaged area, producing a displacement of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. Reception can be done with weights.

On the back, in the area of ​​the shoulder girdle and thighs, rubbing is performed with the elbow edge of the hand, tightly pressed against the massaged area, moving the hand in a straight line or in a circle.

On large muscle groups of the back, thighs, buttocks and others, rubbing with a fist is carried out. For this, the fingers are clenched into a fist, and rubbing is done from the side of the bent fingers, as well as from the side of the little finger.

On the back muscles, joints, thighs, anterior tibial muscles and others, rubbing with the base of the palm tightly pressed against the massaged area is applied, and pressure is applied with displacement of the skin and subcutaneous tissue.

Straight rubbing (fig. 13) used for massage of small muscle groups in the area of ​​joints, hands, feet, main nerve trunks, face. Reception is performed with the terminal phalanges of one or more fingers.

Rice. 13. Sequential execution of rectilinear rubbing with fingertips

Circular rubbing used to massage almost all areas of the body: back, chest, abdomen, limbs. Reception is performed with a circular displacement of the skin by the terminal phalanges with support on the 1st finger or the base of the palm. It can also be carried out with the back of bent fingers or with separate fingers, with or without weights. (fig. 14).

Rice. 14. Circular rubbing with two hands with weights

Spiral rubbing used to massage the back, abdomen, chest, pelvis and limbs. Reception is carried out with the base of the palm or the elbow edge of the hand, bent into a fist, sometimes with the burden of one hand with the other. When performing it, use one or both hands alternately. (fig. 15).

Rice. 15. Spiral rubbing with the base of the palm

The auxiliary methods of grinding include hatching, planing, sawing, comb-like and gable-like rubbing.

Shading used in the area of ​​scars on the skin, muscle atrophy, skin diseases and flaccid paralysis. Reception is performed with the pads of the terminal phalanges of II – III or II – V fingers. In this case, the fingers should be straightened and be at an angle of 30 ° to the massaged surface. Movements in a given direction are made progressively, tissues are displaced both longitudinally and transversely (fig. 16).

Rice. 16. Shading

Planing used on extensive scars and skin diseases in the event that it is necessary to exclude the impact on the affected areas, with muscle atrophy and with the aim of stimulating them. When performing the technique, the hands are set one after the other and with forward movements resembling planing, they are immersed in the tissue with the pads of the fingers, making them stretch and displace (fig. 17).

Rice. 17. Planing

Sawing used in the area of ​​large joints, back, abdomen, thighs, cervical spine. Reception is carried out with the elbow edge of both hands, placing the hands so that the palmar surfaces are facing each other and are at a distance of 1-3 cm from each other (fig. 18)... During the reception, the hands make sawing movements in opposite directions, and there should be a roller of the massaged tissue between the palms.

Rice. 18. Sawing

If the technique of sawing is carried out by the radial edges of the hand, then it is called crossing (fig. 19).

Rice. 19. Crossing

Comb-like abrasion used to massage the muscles of the back, thighs, tibial muscles of the lower leg, soles, palms and abdomen. Reception is performed with bony protrusions of the middle interphalangeal joints.

Forceps rub used for massage of tendons, small muscle groups, auricle, nose, face. Reception is performed with the terminal phalanges of I – II or I – III fingers, making rectilinear and circular movements.

When rubbing, you must adhere to the following guidelines:

1. Rubbing can be alternated with stroking and other techniques.

2. To enhance the action of the technique, you can increase the angle between the fingers and the massaged surface or carry it out with weights.

3. Rubbing is carried out along the blood and lymphatic vessels, and the muscles of the back are massaged from the lumbar to the cervical and from the lower angles of the shoulder blades to the lower back.

4. When rubbing, do not stay in one area for more than 8-10 seconds.

All techniques are performed neatly and gently, rubbing movements are performed with skin displacement, not sliding. When performing the technique, the fingers should be straightened, since rubbing with bent fingers can cause unpleasant sensations in the person being massaged.

Kneading

Kneading is one of the most technically difficult massage techniques, or rather, a set of techniques that first fix the massaged area, then squeeze it and knead it.

The main effect of kneading is directed to the muscles, which increases their elasticity, increases blood and lymph flow, significantly improves tissue nutrition, metabolism, relieves muscle fatigue and increases muscle tone, efficiency and contractile functions. There are two types of kneading: continuous and intermittent. Intermittent kneading is performed with one or two hands in the transverse or longitudinal direction, but the movements of the hands are not uniform, but intermittent.

Kneading with one hand, or ordinary, is usually used to massage the limbs and back. It should be soft, smooth and free of painful sensations. There are two ways to perform a regular kneading.

1st method. The muscle to be massaged is tightly wrapped around the palm, and on one side of the muscle is the thumb, and on the other - all the rest, then it is lifted, squeezing between the fingers, and make translational movements.

2nd way. The muscle is kneaded between the fingers, pressing on it on one side with the thumb, and on the other with all the rest, moving along its entire length.

Kneading with two hands (double and circular) is performed in the transverse and lobar directions. It is most often used to massage the limbs, pelvis, back and sides of the neck.

Hand movements during longitudinal kneading (fig. 20) directed along the muscle fibers, along the muscle axis. The technique is conventionally divided into 3 phases: in the first, straightened fingers are placed so that the thumbs of both hands are on the front surface of the massaged area, and the remaining fingers are located on the sides of the massaged segment; in the next two phases, the hands move over the massaged area.

Rice. 20. Longitudinal kneading of the thigh muscles

Cross kneading (fig. 21) used to massage the back, pelvic area, cervical region, limbs. To perform the technique, hands are placed across the muscle fibers at a distance equal to the width of the palm. When kneading crosswise, the movements of the hands can be directed in one direction or in different directions. Reception can be performed with weights.

Rice. 21. Cross kneading with two hands (unidirectional)

The auxiliary kneading techniques are very diverse: felting, rolling, shifting, stretching, pressing, forceps kneading, kneading with the base of the palm, kneading with thumbs and kneading with the pads of the thumbs.

Felting (fig. 22) most often used for massage of limbs, thighs, shoulders. The technique is performed with palms, clasping the massaged area with them on both sides. At the same time, the fingers are straightened, the hands are parallel. Movements are performed in opposite directions with movement along the massaged area.

Rice. 22. Felting

Rolling (fig. 23) used for massage of the abdomen, chest and lateral surfaces of the back. Reception is carried out by grabbing the massaged area with one brush, and rolling movements are performed with the other, moving the nearby tissues onto the fixing brush, and thus move along the massaged area. Rolling movements can be performed on the fist or individual fingers.

Rice. 23. Rolling

Sliding (fig. 24) used for scars on tissues, in the treatment of skin diseases, with adhesions, paresis of the face and other parts of the body. As a rule, the technique is performed by making rhythmic movements and shifting the tissues relative to each other, having previously fixed the massaged surface. Shifting is performed with two hands or with two or more fingers.

Rice. 24. Shifting

Stretching(traction) is used for adhesions, scars, muscle seals, etc. The technique is performed, as a rule, with thumbs located opposite each other on the massaged area, carrying out smooth muscle stretching.

Pressure (fig. 25) used in the back, along the paraverbal line, in the buttocks, in the exit points of nerve nodes (biologically active points), on the muscles of the face (paresis of the facial nerve, skin fading, etc.). Reception is carried out intermittently, with the ends of the index and thumb (or II-V fingers), a fist, the base of the palm, it is possible with weights.

Rice. 25. Pressure

Forceps kneading used for massage of the long muscles of the back, forearm, tibial muscles, face, neck, chest. The technique is performed with the thumb and the rest of the fingers folded in the form of forceps. First, the muscle is grasped, pulled up, and then kneaded between the fingers. It can also be done with I – II or I – III fingers (pinching on the face), grabbing, pulling and kneading local areas.

Kneading with the base of the palm used on the muscles of the back, thighs, anterior tibial muscles, large joints, tightly pressing the base of the palm to the massaged area and pressing on the tissue in different directions.

Kneading with thumbs carried out simultaneously along two lines. For example, the inside of the right calf muscle is massaged with the left hand and the outside with the right. Kneading the paraverbal zones (back muscles) is carried out both spiral and linear. The technique is performed by applying a brush to the muscle being massaged, the thumb is directed forward (along the muscle line), and circular rotational (clockwise) forward movements are performed with it, with pressure on the muscle.

Squeezing produced by the bump of the thumb or its pads in a straight line with great pressure on the muscles being massaged. When weighed down, the thumb is pressed either with the base of the other palm, or with fingers II – V.

When kneading, the following guidelines should be taken into account:

1. Kneading is carried out only on relaxed muscles.

2. The technique is performed vigorously, but gently, without jerking and without causing pain, making 50–60 movements per minute.

3. Techniques are carried out both in the ascending direction, along the muscle fibers, and in the transverse and longitudinal directions, without jumping from one site to another, taking into account the pathological process.

4. The intensity of the massage increases with each session. For deep kneading, the muscles are pre-prepared (especially the muscles of the inner surface of the shoulder and thigh).

5. Techniques are carried out from the place where the muscle passes into the tendon, and the hands are placed on the massaged surface, taking into account its configuration.

Performing kneading, you should not bend the fingers in the interphalangeal joints in the first phase of the reception (fixation); slide your fingers over the skin, especially when squeezing the muscle in the second phase; press hard with the terminal phalanges of the fingers; massage with a tense hand; simultaneously work with your hands during longitudinal kneading in the third phase (crushing), as this causes painful sensations in the person being massaged.

Vibration

Vibration in technical performance is a fairly simple technique. During its implementation, vibrational movements are transmitted to the massaged area of ​​the body, produced evenly, but with different speed and amplitude, depending on the frequency of which the vessels expand or narrow, blood pressure decreases, the heart rate decreases, as well as the timing of callus formation after fractures.

Vibration is performed with the palmar surface, the terminal phalanx of one finger, thumb and index (or index, middle and ring), thumb and other fingers, palm and fist.

On the back, abdomen, chest, hips and other large muscle groups, the reception is carried out with the palmar surface. To do this, the palm is tightly pressed against the massaged area and oscillatory movements (with pressure) are performed, moving forward.

In the area of ​​the back, larynx, on the muscles of the extremities, vibrations are produced with the thumb and forefinger or thumb and all other fingers, pressing them tightly to the massaged surface and conducting fast, rhythmic oscillatory movements.

In the area of ​​biologically active points, point vibrations are used with the pad of one finger (fig. 26), which is tightly pressed against the massaged point and make rapid oscillatory movements.

Rice. 26. Point vibration

Depending on the method of reception, vibrations can be continuous (stable (fig. 27), labile (fig. 28)) and intermittent.

Rice. 27. Continuous vibration (stable)

Discontinuous vibration is used in the larynx, back, pelvis, on the muscles of the thigh, lower leg, shoulder, forearm, along the most important nerve trunks, in the places where the nerve nodes exit (biologically active points and zones). Reception is performed with the terminal phalanx of one or more fingers, depending on the area of ​​influence. If necessary, it is carried out with both hands, with the whole palm, with the base of the palm or with a fist.

Rice. 28. Continuous vibration (labile)

Intermittent vibration (shock), as a rule, is used to massage the limbs, back, chest, pelvis, abdomen, muscles of the face and head (fig. 29)... It is characterized by an irregular effect on the massaged area. As a rule, the technique is performed by inflicting frequent blows with the tips of bent fingers, the edge of the palm, the back surface of slightly unfolded fingers, the palm with bent or clenched fingers, and also a hand clenched into a fist. Movements are performed with one or two hands alternately.

Rice. 29. Intermittent vibration

Shake(shaking) is used on the muscles of the limbs, buttocks, larynx, chest, pelvis, when exposed to internal organs. Reception is performed with separate fingers or brushes, while making movements, reminiscent of sifting flour through a sieve, in different directions (fig. 30).

Rice. 30. Concussion

Shaking used when massaging the upper and lower extremities. Reception is carried out with both hands or one with fixation of the hand or ankle joint of the massaged (fig. 31)... Hands are shaken in a horizontal plane, taking her by the hand ("handshake"). Shaking of the legs is performed in a vertical plane with fixation of the ankle joint with a straightened knee joint.

Rice. 31. Shaking the lower limb

Crossing used for abdominal massage. The technique is performed with the hand of one hand with the thumb abducted on one side and with fingers II – III in a zigzag manner from the bottom up (from the pubic region to the xiphoid process) on the other.

Methodical instructions when conducting vibration:

1. The strength and intensity of the impact when performing the technique depends on the angle of inclination of the fingers in relation to the massaged surface: the more it approaches 90 °, the stronger the impact.

2. Vibrations are exciting, and shaking is soothing.

3. On the inner thighs, in the popliteal region, in the places of projection of internal organs (kidneys, heart), intermittent vibrations (tapping, chopping) are not performed, especially in the elderly.

4. Do not perform vibration on tense muscle groups.

General massage

Before putting into practice massage techniques, you need to study the technique of massage of individual areas of the body. When massaging body parts, it is necessary to take into account that each muscle group, joint, limb, segment of the body is massaged taking into account the directions of the main massage movements. Performing a general massage for health purposes, first massage the back and lumbar region, neck, chest, abdomen, then the limbs (first the arms, and then the legs) and finally the head and face.

In case of gastrointestinal diseases, the area of ​​the abdomen, lower back, neck and trapezius muscle is massaged. However, by performing self-massage or hygienic massage, you can massage all parts of the body. Consider first the massage of those parts of the body that interest us first of all (abdomen, lower back, neck and trapezius muscle), and then all the rest.

Abdominal massage

For gastrointestinal diseases, the focus is on abdominal massage. This procedure can be roughly divided into two parts: massage of the anterior abdominal wall and abdominal organs and solar (celiac) plexus. Massaging the abdominal wall and intestines helps to speed up blood circulation, eliminate venous congestion and stimulate bowel function.

Abdominal massage is performed only in the absence of contraindications, no more than 8-10 minutes, 1-2 hours after meals. Techniques are performed in the position of massaged lying on the back with the head raised, a roller is placed under the knees.

When performing massage, it is necessary to take into account the direction of the lymph flow and the location of the lymph nodes. The lymphatic vessels of the upper half of the anterior abdominal wall carry lymph to the axillary lymph nodes; the lower half - into the inguinal nodes; from the epigastric region, lymph enters the intercostal space; from the celiac to the lumbar nodes; from the hypogastric to the iliac lymph nodes.

At the beginning of the massage, a plane stroking is carried out with the right hand (while the thumb is the supporting one), with which gentle circular movements are made, starting from the navel, clockwise, covering the entire surface of the abdomen. After that, they move on to the main part of the massage: rubbing (crossing, sawing, shading), kneading with fingertips (longitudinal, transverse, felting, rolling). Then vibrations are performed and massage ends with stroking.

After the preparatory massage, the abdominal muscles should be completely relaxed.

In order to properly massage the stomach area, you need to know well its location in the abdominal cavity. As a rule, the fundus of the stomach reaches along the left midclavicular line of the V rib, and the lower border is in the region of the anterior abdominal wall 1–2 cm above the navel in women and 3-4 cm in men.

Massage in the stomach area is carried out in two positions of the massaged one: first, lying on the back, and then on the right side, using intermittent vibration with rake-like fingers in the epigastric region on the left, outside and inside, as well as receiving a concussion.

The colon area is massaged from the right iliac region to the right hypochondrium and, bypassing it, descend to the left iliac region. Then, circular or spiral rubbing with weights, intermittent pressure, shaking is carried out and the procedure is completed with circular stroking and intermittent vibration with the tips of bent fingers and pressing with the palm or fingertips from right to left in a clockwise direction over the entire surface of the abdomen.

The area of ​​the liver is massaged in the direction from the bottom to the left and to the right upward, while the ends of the fingers penetrate under the right costal edge and produce a spiral rubbing, vibration and concussion.

The gallbladder area is located on the lower surface of the right lobe of the liver. It is massaged with light planar stroking, semicircular rubbing and continuous vibration.

On the rectus abdominis muscles, forceps are used, ironing, kneading from top to bottom and from bottom to top.

The area of ​​the kidneys is massaged with the right hand in the area of ​​the projection of the right kidney, movements are directed from front to back, applying circular rubbing, shaking and stroking.

The projection of the solar plexus is on the line between the xiphoid process and the navel. It is massaged with the fingers of one hand, making circular strokes, rubbing and intermittent vibration.

Neck massage

Neck massage is performed while the patient is sitting or lying on his back. You can put a roller under your head. Most often, stroking is used (planar, enveloping, comb-shaped, pincer-shaped); rubbing (straight, circular, sawing, crossing, hatching); kneading (transverse, longitudinal, pressure, forceps, shifting, stretching); vibration. Performing techniques, all movements are directed from top to bottom.

The sternocleidomastoid muscle is massaged using forceps-like stroking and rubbing, while directing all movements along the muscle fibers from the point of attachment to the mastoid process to the sternoclavicular joint. Ring rubbing of the mastoid area is performed with one or two hands. Finish the neck massage with stroking.

Since there are a large number of large blood and lymph vessels in the neck area and very thin delicate skin, its massage increases the outflow of venous blood and lymph from the cranial cavity and its integuments.

Back, lumbar and pelvic massage

In case of gastrointestinal diseases, massage of the upper back is not performed. Massage only the lumbar region and the sacrum. But since the back is massaged when performing a general massage, it will also be described.

Back massage is carried out taking into account the direction of lymph flow and the placement of lymph nodes located in the subclavian and supraclavicular regions, in the groin, the angles of the shoulder blades, etc. Therefore, it is recommended to massage the back in two directions: from top to bottom and from bottom to top (fig. 32).

Rice. 32. The direction of the main massage movements in the back, lumbar region, neck and pelvis

Back massage is performed with the patient lying on his stomach with arms extended along the body, slightly bent at the elbows.

Back massage begins with superficial stroking. Then, gradually increasing the pressure, a flat, deep and enveloping stroking is performed with both hands, while movements are directed from the sacrum and the iliac crest upward, parallel to the spinous processes of the spinal column, to the supraclavicular fossa. Further stroking is performed at some distance from the spinal column.

For back massage, rectilinear is used (with pads and bumps of the thumbs); circular (with the pads of four fingers of one hand with weights or phalanges of four fingers); concentric (with thumbs and forefingers, the base of the palm, phalanges of bent fingers without burden and with burden) rubbing.

The main part of the massage - kneading - is performed with both hands on each side of the back, both longitudinally and transversely, or circular kneading with the thumb pad of one or both hands is applied.

The broad muscles of the back are massaged using ordinary and double ring kneading and kneading with the base of the palm. The long muscles (from the sacrum to the back of the head) are kneaded by applying deep linear stroking with the palmar surface of the thumbs of both hands, directing the movements from top to bottom and from bottom to top.

The trapezius muscle (the back of the head, the middle part of the back, the subscapularis and suprascapular regions) is massaged in accordance with the direction of the muscle fibers: in the lower part - upward, in the middle - horizontally, in the upper part - downward, using all the basic techniques. Rubbing along the spinal column is performed with circular motions of the thumb pads, fists and pads of II – IV fingers, phalanges of bent fingers, the base of the palm, etc. Back massage is finished by stroking.

The pelvic area is massaged, directing movements from the bottom up, using stroking with weights, comb-like, ironing; circular rubbing with weights, comb-like, sawing; longitudinal and transverse, ascending and descending kneading with both hands; intermittent and point vibration.

Lower limb massage

Foot massage is most often required for soft tissue injuries, damage to bones and joints; treatment of the cardiovascular system, peripheral nervous system and central paralysis. In case of gastrointestinal diseases, the thigh and groin area are massaged.

When massaging the legs, it is necessary to take into account the direction of blood and lymph flow. The blood supply to the lower extremities is carried out by the iliac artery system. In the course of the blood vessels are highly branched lymphatic vessels, and the lymph nodes are located in the groin, popliteal fossa and perineum. Lymph moves from the vessels of the buttocks and inner thighs to the lymph nodes of the perineum, and from the back of the foot and sole rises to the inguinal and popliteal nodes.

Foot massage is carried out with the patient lying on his back, and special rollers are placed under the shins and knee joints.

Massage of the lower extremities begins with the foot, then moves on to the ankle and knee joints, hips and nerve trunks (fig. 33).

Massage begins with light stroking of the fingers and the back of the foot, using comb-like, circular, rectilinear and shaded rubbing; forceps and punching kneading; patting, shaking and puncturing vibration, as well as a series of passive soft movements.

The plantar and back of the foot are massaged, alternating stroking with semicircular rubbing, moving the hands along the lymphatic vessels towards the inguinal and popliteal lymph nodes, then grasping and flat rubbing of the plantar surface, stroking the heel, rubbing and vibration of the entire sole. Finish the massage by rotating the foot clockwise. To do this, the leg is fixed with one hand, and the other, having previously clasped the foot, rotates.

The ankle joint is massaged using circular and planar stroking, some types of kneading, point vibration. Then they move on to massage the lower leg. First, it is stroked (possibly with a burden) along the front surface, directing movements to the popliteal lymph nodes, and then a comb-like, circular, rectilinear rubbing, hatching, enveloping rubbing along the front and back surfaces is performed; forceps and punching kneading; vibration and hatching.

The knee joint is massaged using circular and planar stroking; rectilinear and circular rubbing, displacement of the patella; pressure; point vibration.

Chest massage

When massaging the chest, not only the direction of blood and lymph flow is taken into account, but also the location of the muscles. In the chest area, the lymphatic vessels are directed to the supraclavicular, subclavian and axillary nodes, and in the lateral and lower parts of the chest - to the axillary cavity and axillary fossa, therefore massage movements are performed from the lower ribs to the pectoralis major muscle in an arcuate upward manner, massaging the large pectoral, intercostal, anterior serrated muscles and diaphragm. The muscle fibers of the pectoralis major muscles are fan-shaped, so massage movements are carried out in the direction from the sternum to the armpits and shoulder joint.

Chest massage is performed with the patient lying on his back or side, as well as sitting. The massage begins with stroking (superficial, planar, covering from the bottom up and outward to the armpits), and then arbitrarily massage the large pectoral, anterior dentate and external intercostal muscles at the level of the diaphragm. Performing the main part of the chest massage, apply circular rubbing, transverse kneading and vibration (fig. 34).

Massage of the external intercostal muscles, as a rule, is performed with the fingertips in the direction from the sternum along the intercostal space to the spinal column, and is completed with an enveloping planar stroking from the bottom up.

The serratus anterior muscle is massaged with the patient lying on his side, directing massage movements to the lower corner of the scapula and the spinal column, performing circular rubbing and longitudinal kneading in the intercostal spaces in the area from the II to IX ribs, alternately with stroking.

Massage of the mammary glands is performed only if there is a medical indication. When massaging the breast, movements are directed from the nipple to the base of the gland, and with insufficient secretory activity, from the base of the gland to the nipple.

Upper limb massage

Anatomically, the upper limbs include the scapula, clavicle, humerus, bones of the forearm and hand. Particular attention should be paid to the location of the lymph nodes and blood vessels, since massage movements are always carried out along the lymphatic vessels, towards the lymph nodes. The arms are supplied with blood by the subclavian artery, venous drainage is carried out through the subclavian vein, and lymphatic vessels cover the upper limbs on all sides. On the fingers, the lymphatic vessels go transversely to the lateral and palmar surfaces and from there they go to the palm, to the forearm and further to the shoulder, to the axillary and subclavian lymph nodes.

Lymph nodes are located in the elbow bend, axillary fossa, along the lower edge of the pectoralis major muscle, in the supraclavicular and subclavian regions.

Hand massage is performed in a sitting or lying position, with one hand (in this case, the other is used to fix the massaged limb and help to grasp the muscles that are being affected) or with both hands.

As a rule, massage begins with fingers and a hand ( rice. 35)... First, the dorsum of the hand is massaged, from the fingertips to the middle third of the forearm, carrying out a flat, pincer-like stroking (squeezing movements of the thumb and tightly closed other fingers of the masseur), circular stroking with one thumb, circular rubbing with the pads of all fingers and the base of the palm. At the same time, the pressure of the masseur's hands should not be very intense, since the joints located on the back of the hand and in the elbow bend are covered with thin skin and can be damaged by strong pressure.

Then each finger is massaged separately towards its base along the dorsal, lateral and palmar surfaces. When massaging the palmar and lateral surfaces of the fingers and hand, apply circular, rectilinear and comb-like rubbing, hatching, sawing. On the back of the hand, a rectilinear and circular rubbing of the interosseous spaces with the pads of four fingers is carried out and a spiral rubbing with the base of the palm.

When massaging the wrist joint, the brush is placed on the massage table or on the massage therapist's thigh, massaging first the outer and then the inner side of the palm, performing a circular soft rubbing with the thumbs.

After that, going up along the radius, along the back of the shoulder and through the deltoid muscle, a grasping stroke is performed in the area of ​​the subclavian lymph node. Then, making massage movements up the front surface of the shoulder, techniques are performed in the area of ​​the axillary lymph node.

Forearm massage is carried out by fixing the patient's hand on the knee of the massage therapist. When carrying out the technique, they grasp the wrist and gradually move along the outer part of the forearm to the elbow bend in circular stroking movements. Then the inner side of the forearm is also massaged, paying particular attention to the extensor and flexor muscles (biceps, inner brachial and triceps).

When massaging the flexor muscles, stroking, rubbing and kneading (ordinary, longitudinal, double annular, transverse and forceps) can be used.

The extensor muscles are massaged by holding the patient's hand with the other hand. In the forearm area, semicircular rubbing, transverse kneading of the shoulder muscles from the radial and elbow sides, light vibration with the base of the palm and fingertips are used.

The triceps muscle is rubbed with the phalanges of the bent fingers, a spiral movement of the base of the palm and the crests of the bent fingers; knead, resting the thumb on the muscle, and the other four, pressing, move to the end of the deltoid muscle, where the fingers should converge.

The shoulder joint is massaged taking into account its anatomical structure. It consists of the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula. The tendon of the head of the biceps brachii passes through the cavity of the shoulder joint. The muscles surrounding this joint are attached to the small and large tubercles of the humerus.

Massage of the shoulder and shoulder joint is carried out in the sitting position of the patient, lowering the forearm on the table or hip of the masseur, starting with rubbing and stroking the entire massaged area. After that, knead each muscle separately.

The deltoid muscle is massaged using a continuous grasping stroke, moving the hand in concentric circles towards the shoulder girdle. Since the muscular layer of the deltoid muscle is sufficiently developed, kneading is performed with two hands with weights.

When massaging the shoulder, use longitudinal and transverse kneading, semicircular rubbing, light patting and stroking. First, the deltoid muscle and the entire area of ​​the shoulder joint are stroked with fan-shaped movements. Then the joint is rubbed towards the neck with parallel circular movements of the thumbs, deeply penetrating the muscles, and sliding movements along the front edge of the joint to the axillary fossa. The back of the shoulder joint is massaged with a thumb and, resting four fingers on the muscle layer, move to the armpit.

The influence on the median nerve can be exerted by massaging the palm, using vibration with the pads of the fingers, which produce circular rubbing, longitudinal and transverse rubbing, light stroking and vibration of the shoulder joint, going up. Massage of the shoulder muscles ends with active-passive movements and light stroking.

The lower part of the shoulder joint is massaged by placing the patient's hand on the shoulder girdle of the masseur, who at this moment fixes four fingers on the head of the humerus, and with his thumb presses into the armpit, feeling for the head of the humerus. When rubbing the axillary fossa, the lymph nodes should not be affected. The sternoclavicular and acromial joints are massaged by rubbing and gentle stroking.

Before massaging the front and back surfaces of the elbow joint, it is necessary to stretch the ligaments and joints of the arm. The radial nerve is located between the instep support and the internal brachial muscle, and the ulnar nerve is located on the inside of the shoulder and the back of the elbow joint. They are massaged using a gentle vibration by drumming with the fingers on the arm bent at the joint.

The elbow joint is massaged while the patient is sitting or lying down, the arm is slightly bent at the elbow, the muscles are completely relaxed. Stroking the elbow joint and adjacent muscles is performed while supporting the hand, applying gentle circular strokes with the thumb, circular rubbing with the pads of all fingers and the base of the palm, semicircular rubbing, transverse kneading of the muscles of the forearm, light vibration with the base of the palm and fingertips.

In order to act on the parts of the articular bag located above the coronoid process and the inner edge of the joint, it is necessary to penetrate deep into the joint with your fingers. Massage of the elbow joint ends with light rubbing and stroking.

As already mentioned, in case of gastrointestinal diseases, the surface of the thigh is massaged. When performing the procedure, almost all classical massage techniques are used: stroking (flat, enveloping, comb-like, ironing) on ​​the front, side, back surfaces; rubbing (rectilinear, circular, spiral, sawing, crossing, planing, hatching); kneading (stretching, felting, longitudinal, transverse, pressure, shifting); vibration.

When massaging the gluteal muscles, the same techniques are used as when massaging the thigh, directing movements from the coccyx, sacrum and iliac crests to the lymph nodes of the groin.

The hip joint is massaged in the pelvic area, carrying out active circular stroking, and in the area between the ischial tuberosity and the greater trochanter, circular stroking, rubbing and shading are used. Massage of the lower extremities ends with stroking.

Head massage

Head massage is used quite often as a separate procedure. There are quite a few indications for its implementation: after injuries, with skin diseases, cosmetic disorders, general fatigue, mental fatigue, hair loss and dysfunction of the circulatory system.

Massage of the scalp is performed while the patient is sitting or lying down. Massage movements are directed from the forehead to the back of the head, from the crown in all directions in the direction of the excretory ducts of the glands and hair growth. By performing techniques against hair growth, you can damage the scalp, worsen the general condition and cause a headache, since there are a large number of lymphatic vessels under the skin, which descend from the crown to the lymph nodes located at the back of the head and behind the ears.

When massaging the head, use a rake-like, planar stroking, ironing; grasping rubbing by circular and spiral movements of the hand and fingers; hatching, pressure, shifting, pinching, stretching, and finger vibration.

Facial massage

Facial massage is a cosmetic type of massage. It can be conditionally divided into several stages: massage of the forehead, eye sockets, nose, chin, cheeks, mouth, nasolabial folds and auricles. During the massage, the patient can sit or be in a horizontal position.

The frontal region is massaged by performing a planar stroking towards the site of the beginning of hair growth from the superciliary arches; circular, rectilinear and spiral rubbing; kneading and shading, pinching and finger vibration. All techniques are alternated with stroking, carrying out 4-5 passes.

In the area of ​​the eyes, the skin is the thinnest, therefore it is recommended to make light stroking towards the temporal lobes from the bridge of the nose and eyebrows and circular strokes; gentle rubbing with fingertips with vibration with fingertips; concentric thumb stroking. Light movements around the periphery of the eyeball can be alternated with gentle rubbing of the eyelid. A significant therapeutic and cosmetic effect can be achieved using acupressure.

The cheeks are massaged towards the neck and auricles using stroking (flat, forceps, ironing); rubbing (circular, rectilinear, spiral, hatching, sawing); kneading (gripping, pressing, shifting, stretching); vibration (puncture, "finger shower", acupressure).

The area of ​​the nose is massaged with light movements of the fingertips from the tip of the nose to the bridge of the nose, using the following techniques: stroking (planar, pincer-shaped), rubbing (circular, rectilinear, pincer-like, stroking), kneading (pressure, grizzly) and vibration (puncture, concussion, point).

In the area of ​​the chin and mouth, hand movements are directed from the lower part of the jaw and the corners of the mouth to the auricles and from the nose to the earlobe, using stroking (flat, ironing, forceps); rubbing (circular, rectilinear, spiral, hatching, pincer); kneading (gripping, pressing, stretching, shifting); vibration (puncture, finger shower, patting); acupressure techniques. All the techniques carried out necessarily alternate with stroking.

The nasolabial fold is massaged from the lower part of the middle of the chin to the nasolabial folds to the wings of the nose.

The skin of the face is the most sensitive to external influences, and this should be taken into account when massage.

General massage and self-massage are used in many situations: as a healing procedure, for fatigue, for muscle pain, to improve the condition of the skin and the circulatory system, as an anti-cellulite method, for intensive removal of toxins from the body and for lymphatic drainage.

The effectiveness of self-massage and massage depends on what technique of performing movements and massage techniques, you apply, on the duration and number of sessions. A course of healing massage of 8-10 procedures is recommended.

The effect of massage is due to the reflex reaction of the body to mechanical irritation - even light stroking movements cause a response from the skin receptors, the nervous system, the circulatory and lymphatic systems. That is why massage and self-massage are recommended in many situations: with headaches, frequent dizziness, after fatigue, in order to eliminate tension, with intense physical exertion.

Massage technique consists of successive stroking, rubbing, sawing, kneading, tapping and vibrating movements... You can master the technique of movements in a fairly short period of time, and the benefits for the circulatory, nervous and lymphatic systems are very tangible. Blood flow increases, fluid outflow occurs more intensively, muscle relaxation leads to general relaxation and relaxation - this has a positive effect on the state of the nervous system.

To perform the massage, special means are used that should be easily applied to the skin, facilitating the sliding movements of the palms, easy to wash off and not cause allergic reactions. Therefore, it is recommended to use massage oils that are not absorbed by the skin so quickly and do not cause discomfort during the execution of successive movements. Cosmetic creams are not suitable for these purposes - they are intended to nourish the skin, they can be applied after a shower.

If you cannot pick up and all the oils you have tried to use are quickly absorbed, leave a greasy film, cause redness or even itching, use talcum powder for massage, which can be purchased at the pharmacy. Talc not only does not interfere with sliding movements, but also cleanses the skin by absorbing sebum and toxins released by the skin along with sweat.

Before conducting a therapeutic or prophylactic session, it is necessary to take a warm shower, which will not only cleanse the skin, but also warm it up and relax the muscles.

Rules for self-massage and body massage.

All massage movements are performed from the periphery to the center, in the direction of the veins and lymphatic vessels, in the direction of the lymph nodes. Lymph nodes, which are located in the elbow, knee joints, groin and armpits, are strictly prohibited to massage.

The general massage begins with the legs, then the gluteal and lumbar regions, abdomen, arms and shoulder area. During self-massage, it is inconvenient to massage the back and it is impossible to perform all the techniques and movements, but even the minimum that you can do will be enough to improve the condition of the skin and spine.

Even the lightest movements cannot be performed with skin and fungal diseases, the presence of venous nodes, at elevated temperatures or during an exacerbation of the disease. If there are areas of swelling on the legs, it is recommended to start the massage above this place in order to facilitate the outflow of fluid.

All movements should be consistent, clear and rhythmic, smoothly transition from one to the other. If you are massaging a leg, for example, then apply everything from stroking to stroking, and then move on to massage the other leg.

The use of force and rough movements is unacceptable - this can provoke not only damage to tissues and blood vessels, the appearance of bruises and painful sensations, but also cause convulsive muscle contraction and negatively affect the state of the nervous system.

In the first 2-3 sessions, all movements should be performed with medium intensity in order to provide the skin with the opportunity to prepare for more intense exposure.

Massage technique.

The first technique is stroking.

Stroking movements begin and end the sessions. These light, sliding movements, which are performed with relaxed hands, prepare the skin for stronger mechanical stress, accelerate lymph drainage and blood flow, free the excretory ducts of the sweat and sebaceous glands from substances accumulated in them, and promote relaxation.

The second technique is rubbing.

Rubbing is divided into superficial and deeper. The main task of this massage technique is to enhance blood circulation in tissues, improve their elasticity and lymphatic drainage, and accelerate the process of resorption of pathological formations.

Superficial rubbing is carried out with the pads of closed fingers, in circular movements, or convex parts of the palms, and deep rubbing - with the phalanges of the fingers folded into a fist. All movements are performed at a slow pace and very carefully, gradually increasing the pressure. This technique is used in cases where it is necessary to "soften" the tissue of scars and adhesions, to increase the elasticity of the tissues. In the area of ​​the abdomen and chest, such movements cannot be carried out - only superficial rubbing. The direction of the rubbing movement can be circular, spiral or linear.

A type of rubbing is the "sawing" technique, which is performed with the edges of the palms, simultaneously with two hands: palms move parallel to each other, resembling the movement when you warm chilly hands. Only, in this case, they move along the back or inner thighs. This technique is performed with stronger pressure than stroking.

The third technique is kneading.

Kneading is the main method of massage; it affects the deeper layers of the skin and subcutaneous tissues. The main task of this technique is to improve lymph and blood circulation, tissue nutrition, increase muscle tone and elasticity.

It is carried out as follows: a section of the skin is grasped with the fingers and slightly squeezed, "squeezed out". The movements are rather slow and painless, in one direction, in one line. The "grips" of the skin areas follow one after the other, with smooth, sliding movements - like waves. When you finish one such "line" of kneading movements, step back 2 cm and, in parallel, draw another 2-4 "lines" until you massage the entire area, for example, the back or upper thighs, buttocks.

The fourth technique is tapping.

This technique is carried out with the pads of the fingers, with the whole palm - then it is, in fact, patting, or with the ribs of the palms - "chopping", which is used only when massaging the back or cervical spine. Movement - abrupt, rhythmic, "serial".

This is a very effective technique for the resorption of fat and salt deposits. With open fingers and relaxed hands, the blows are softer, more elastic, with closed fingers and tense hands, they are clearer and stronger.

Beating has an effect on the deeper layers of the skin, causes the expansion of blood vessels, increases blood flow, as a result of which there is a more intensive nourishment of tissues with useful substances and saturation with oxygen.

The fifth technique is vibration.

This massage technique is performed with the pads of the finger or the entire palm. Depending on the part of the body, the speed of vibration movements, their frequency, force impact and amplitude change.

It is difficult to describe it, but it is very simple to carry out. For example, grasp the outer surface of the thigh above the knee with your palm, and make rapid oscillatory movements, slightly squeezing the massaged area. Move your palm up and repeat the technique.

Then you return to the knee again, grasp the "circle" about 5-6 cm, but with your fingertips and make fine vibrating movements. This technique is especially effective when massaging the area of ​​the upper thighs and buttocks, as an anti-cellulite and resorbable fatty deposits.

As aids for both general health massage and self-massage, you can use roller massagers, manual or long, with handles, to massage the back, buttocks and thighs, plastic "hedgehogs" that are worn on the arm (sold in stores in number of products for the sauna, or in pharmacies), hand-held applicators for point, local, exposure to certain areas of the body.

General massage and self-massage will be more effective if they are carried out in courses or regularly.

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Facial massage along massage lines.

In order to improve the general condition of the skin of the face, restore freshness, smoothness and elasticity to the face, it is necessary at least 10-day courses once a month, to carry out a facial massage - this is one of the effective methods of rejuvenating the skin of the face.

Includes the following basic techniques.

Stroking... Depending on the size and shape of the massaged area, stroking is carried out with one or two hands, fingertips, palm, back surface of the palm and fingers. Distinguish between planar (superficial and deep) and enveloping stroking (continuous and intermittent); as well as a number of auxiliary techniques: rake-shaped, tong-shaped, ironing, etc. (Fig. 1, 1-5). Reception is carried out slowly, rhythmically, along the bloodstream; with edema of the extremities, stroking the overlying sections, and then the underlying ones in the direction of the muscle fibers. The force of pressure is greatest in places with a sufficient amount of fatty tissue, muscles and in the area of ​​large vessels, the least in places of bone protrusions. Stroking begins and ends the massage.

Rice. 1. Receptions of massage. 1-5 - stroking: 1 - planar surface, 2 - planar deep, 3 - enveloping continuous, 4 - rake-like, 5 - ironing; 6 and 7 - rubbing: 6 - longitudinal direction of massage movements, 7 - circular direction of massage movements; 8-13 - kneading: 8 - continuous - longitudinal direction of massage movements, 9 and 10 - continuous - transverse direction of massage movements, 11 - spiral direction of massage movements, 12 - felting, 13 - rolling; 14 - chopping; 15 - continuous vibration.

Trituration- a more energetic technique than stroking. We carry out with the fingers, the whole palm, the base of the palm, the edge of the palm, the fist, one or both hands at the same time. Rubbing is performed longitudinally or transversely, circularly, zigzag or spiral. Auxiliary methods of grinding: sawing, hatching, planing, gripping, raking and other techniques (Fig. 1, 6 and 7). Rubbing is performed both along and against the flow of blood and lymph, slower than stroking; the force of pressure increases with an increase in the angle between the hand and the massaged area. Rubbing prepares fabrics for the next technique - kneading and is combined with stroking.

Kneading- the most difficult technique. It is performed with fingers - thumb and forefinger, thumb and all other fingers, one or two hands. The technique consists in grasping, lifting, pulling, squeezing and stretching the tissues. It is carried out in the longitudinal, transverse, semicircular and spiral directions. Basic kneading techniques: continuous and intermittent. Auxiliary techniques: felting, rolling, shifting, twitching, squeezing, stretching, etc. (Fig. 1, 5-13). Reception begins with lighter and more superficial kneading, gradually moving to a more energetic and deep kneading, producing it smoothly, rhythmically, slowly in combination with stroking, without pinching and twisting.

Vibration- this technique consists in giving the part of the body oscillatory movements. Distinguish between intermittent vibration and continuous - vibration itself. When performing intermittent vibration, the masseur's hand is each time torn off from the massaged area, as a result of which the vibrational movements follow each other in the form of jolts. The technique is performed with the ends of the fingers, the palm, the edge of the palm, the fist longitudinally or transversely, zigzag or spiral. Auxiliary techniques of intermittent vibration: patting, puncturing, tapping, quilting, chopping (Fig. 1, 14). When conducting intermittent vibration, the direction of impact is important: oblique (used to affect superficially lying tissues), vertical (to affect deeply lying tissues). When performing continuous vibration, the masseur's hand, without breaking away from the massaged area, makes rhythmic oscillatory movements in one place or along the entire massaged surface. It is performed with one, two and all fingers (Fig. 1, 15), palm, fist. It is produced longitudinally or transversely, zigzag or spiral. Reception requires a lot of skill, if performed incorrectly, the massage therapist may experience various disorders that can lead to vibration disease; when performing, the angle of inclination of the fingers matters - the larger it is, the deeper and more energetic the impact; the pressure on the tissues during ingestion should not be painful. Auxiliary techniques: shaking, shaking, pushing.

Rice. 2. Average physiological position of the upper (1) and lower (2) limbs.

The general mandatory rule when carrying out all the described massage techniques is the maximum relaxation of the muscles of the massaged area, which is achieved by the so-called middle physiological position (Fig. 2). With dry skin and its increased sensitivity, with fragile skin, boric petroleum jelly is used to improve massage movements, with oily and sweaty skin, ingrown scars -.

In sports practice, for the implementation of stroking, rubbing, it is necessary to lubricate the skin with petroleum jelly; kneading and chopping is performed on dry skin. Ointments are not used if it is necessary to cause a thermal, mechanical and reflex effect. For warming and to reduce pain after bruises, sprains in sports practice, it is recommended to rub a mixture of equal parts of alcohol tincture of pepper, castor oil, one or two eggs, or a mixture of half a glass, half a glass of castor oil, one egg and other various complex mixtures.

Classic massage ... In the technique of classical massage, one should distinguish between basic, auxiliary and combined massage techniques.

The main ones are stroking, rubbing, kneading and vibration. Each of the basic techniques, depending on the clinical indications, can be used in different forms. Auxiliary massage techniques, for example, rake-like, comb-like, pincer-like stroking, sawing, shading when rubbing, etc., which are variants of the main massage techniques, are used to enhance or weaken their physiological effect. The choice, as well as the indications for the use of auxiliary techniques, depend on the anatomical and topographic features of the massaged area (size, relief, the presence of massive muscles, etc.), the object of the predominant massage effect (skin, muscles, blood vessels, nerves), the functional state of the tissues, organs and reactivity of the patient. Combined massage techniques are a combination of basic and auxiliary techniques.

The leading role in massage belongs to the main massage techniques. The implementation of each of them has its own distinctive features.

Stroking (Fig. 1-2) is characterized by sliding movements that do not cause noticeable displacement or stretching of tissues. When stroking, the massaging hand moves slowly, smoothly, rhythmically. Depending on the clinical indications, stroking can be superficial (with flaccid and spastic paralysis, muscle wasting, weakening of vascular tone) or deep (with muscle contractures, joint stiffness), planar (with vascular dystonia) or grasping (with lymphostasis, peripheral vascular edema) , intermittent or intermittent (with skin abrasions).

Auxiliary stroking techniques (Fig. 3-5): comb-like - performed by the bony protrusions of the distal ends of the main phalanges of the fingers bent into a fist (in the places where massive muscles, large deposits of fat are located, in areas covered with dense fascia); ironing - with the back surface of the main and middle phalanges of the fingers (more light effect on the fabric); rake-like - with the palmar surface of the ends of straightened and spaced fingers (if necessary, spare certain areas of the skin); cruciform - with the palms of the hands (with massive muscles, large fat deposits on the limbs); pincer - by grasping individual muscles or muscle bundles with the index and thumb or thumb and the rest of the fingers (selective effect on the muscles).

Rice. 1. Enveloping continuous stroking. Rice. 2. Deep stroking. Rice. 3. Stroking - ironing. Rice. 4. Comb-like stroking. Rice. 5. Cross stroking. Rice. 6. Longitudinal rubbing. Rice. 7. Circular rubbing. Rice. 8. Longitudinal kneading. Rice. 9 and 10. Pincer kneading.
Rice. 11. Kneading - felting. Rice. 12. Kneading - rolling. Rice. 13. Continuous stable vibration. Rice. 14. Intermittent labile vibration. Rice. 15. Intermittent vibration (chopping).

When rubbing (Fig. 6 and 7), the massaging hand, in contrast to stroking, does not slip, but, depending on the degree of pressure, shifts, stretches, and rubs various layers of tissue. Causing increased hyperemia, rubbing improves tissue nutrition, promotes more intense absorption of crushed pathological deposits in various tissue layers. Rubbing also stimulates the contractile function of the muscles, increasing their tone. Vigorous rubbing along the nerve trunks causes a decrease in their excitability. Rubbing is not applied on its own, but, as a rule, is combined with stroking. Of the auxiliary techniques, sawing is used, performed with the thumbs of both hands or with the ulnar edge of one or both hands, moving in parallel in opposite directions (in the places where massive muscles, large fat deposits, with cicatricial adhesions are located); hatching - with the end of the thumb or several fingers (for scars); crossing - with the radial edge of a vertically placed hand (when massaging the abdominal press); planing - the position of the massaging fingers is the same as when sawing, the pace of movement is fast (with scars, adhesions).

Kneading (fig. 8-12) consists in grasping, lifting (pulling) and pushing up or in grasping, compressing and stretching tissues. Kneading can be continuous and intermittent, performed in both ascending and descending directions. Massage movements should be slow, smooth, rhythmic, without jerks, not pinching tissues. Kneading is combined with stroking. Providing a more energetic effect than rubbing, kneading significantly increases muscle tone, enhances tissue hyperemia, tissue metabolism, more vigorously promotes the emptying of lymphatic vessels, resorption of pathological deposits in tissues. Auxiliary kneading techniques: forceps kneading - squeezing (when massaging muscles that can be completely captured, for example, the quadriceps muscle); felting (Fig. 11) - squeezing and rubbing the massaged tissues between the palms of the hands moving in opposite directions (with muscle soreness, large fat deposits); rolling (Fig. 12) (in the abdomen with obesity); shifting (when massaging flat, short muscles); twitching, tingling and stretching (with deep ingrown scars); compression (with a decrease in tissue elasticity); pressure (when massaging the facial muscles, in the places where the nerve endings exit to the surface).

Vibration (Fig. 13-15) consists in transferring rhythmic oscillatory movements to the massaged part of the body. It can be continuous and intermittent, stable (produced in one place) or labile (throughout). Possessing a pronounced reflex effect, vibration, depending on the amplitude and frequency of massage movements, the application technique can vary to varying degrees the excitability of the neuromuscular apparatus of tissues, activate regenerative processes, tissue trophism, change the functional state of the heart muscle, its rhythm, the height of blood pressure, provide analgesic and even anesthetic effect. Auxiliary methods of vibration can be divided into two groups: the first one represents variants of continuous vibration - shaking, shaking and pushing (the masseur's hand and the massaged part of the body make up, as it were, one whole); the other - options for intermittent vibration - puncturing, patting, chopping (Fig. 15), tapping, quilting (the massaging hand, in contact with the massaged surface, each time moves away from it).

Basic and auxiliary massage techniques can be performed with the entire surface of the palm or its supporting part, the thenar and hypotenar area (in large areas - the back, abdomen), the palmar surface of one or several fingers (in small areas, in the area of ​​periarticular tissues, mucous bags, with muscle hardening, in the places where the nerve exits to the surface), bony protrusions of the distal ends of the main phalanges of the fingers bent into a fist, the ulnar edge of the hand, the ulnar end of the forearm (in the places where powerful muscle layers are located, muscles covered with powerful fascia, etc.). You can massage with one or both hands, while the hands can participate jointly separately (both hands move in parallel), or jointly sequentially (one hand follows the other), or by placing one hand on the other. The last massage technique is called "weighted brush" and is used for a more energetic effect on tissues. Massage movements can be performed in various directions: longitudinally or transversely (on the limbs), zigzag or spiral (in large areas - back, abdomen; with partial damage to the skin - abrasions), circularly (in the area of ​​the joints). The participation of the right and left hands when massaging to prevent rapid fatigue should be as balanced as possible. Changing the working muscle groups and working posture helps to save the masseur's strength.