How to build a shelter in the country. How to build a survival bunker with your own hands. There will be no paperwork

A well-made, durable and well-insulated shelter from the outside environment can be useful not only in the event of a nuclear war. A bunker in a suburban area will also protect against natural disasters: unexpected hurricanes, flooding, and a fire that spreads over many kilometers. It is especially important to have such a shelter in cases where evacuation is impossible.

There are two main types of shelter: short-term and long-term. The first can be replaced by a regular cellar or serve as its functions: an earthen floor and plank or log walls with the same roof are allowed. The second is a concrete bunker with the obligatory drilling of a well and the burying of a septic tank on the foundation pit before pouring the foundation.

The depth of both types depends on the groundwater level, to which there should be at least 0.5 meters, but it is advisable to have a thicker lintel underfoot to avoid dampness. You can find out how many meters to the aquifer using a well, in which the water is always kept at the level of inflow from the ground. It is also quite easy to navigate if your neighbors have wells drilled into the sand.

One of the main conditions for the arrangement is the correct choice of place for shelter, which is extremely undesirable to do under the house or in the immediate vicinity of any buildings, structures and tall plantings. The fact is that a cataclysm can cause a building, fence or tree to collapse, causing the exit to be blocked and the bunker to become a trap. It is for this reason that, even with the correct location of the shelter, it is advisable to make another exit, a spare one.

What follows are simple calculations of how much excavation work needs to be done. In order to shelter from the elements for a short period of time without cramped conditions, 3 square meters for each family member is enough. The depth of the pit is 2 meters, which gives 12 cubic meters for a bunker for 2 people. One person can dig such a hole with an ordinary shovel in 3-4 weeks. It is best to locate the shelter on the slope of a hill, so that the entrance is covered on all sides by residential and outbuildings standing at a distance, as well as garden plantings.

The floor of the pit is covered with a thick layer of sand, with crushed stone on top, on which a shield made of timber or thick deck boards is laid. Such drainage is quite sufficient to remove moisture if it suddenly appears. The earthen walls are covered with boards or thin logs, and the ceiling is laid from them. Everything must be well secured with crossbars so that it does not collapse when the ground shakes. An earthen embankment exactly 20 centimeters thick is made on top of the ramp. The entrance is made from the side, in the form of a tunnel from an earthen well with a lid. To make the task easier, you can simply bury a thick plastic septic tank, metal tank or container in the hole.

Be sure to take care of ventilation, which can be easily done from two pipes. The longer one goes down almost to floor level, and the second one is 15-20 centimeters below the ceiling. Exits covered with deflectors should rise no more than 40-50 centimeters above the ground. Dust filters made of gauze or flax fiber are inserted inside. For a toilet in a shelter, it is advisable to fence off a corner near the hood, where to place a mobile bio-toilet with chemical waste processing.

Such a structure must have a high degree of strength, therefore, in a pit that is dug to a depth of 4 meters, a powerful monolithic foundation with a thickness of 23 centimeters is poured. Those who are familiar with building private houses and cottages with their own hands can easily perform high-quality reinforcement by knitting metal or basalt fiber rods. It is better not to undertake such a task without experienced assistants, since when the soil settles, a poor-quality base slab may crack. The area of ​​the long-term bunker should be at least 12 square meters in total for residential premises; a small technical room should also be allocated for a generator and a toilet with a shower. Another room can become a warehouse for food and necessary items. The height of the walls is up to 2.2 meters, with a thickness of at least 25 centimeters; it is better to cast them from concrete, in a strong connection with the base.

The ceiling is also made of a slab, on top of which an additional cap is poured and an earthen embankment is made. For strength, it is better to strengthen the ceiling with channels. The main exit is made in the form of a vertical well with a side outlet, the spare one is a pipe laid horizontally in a trench, which should be in the middle of the slope of the hill, which will serve as additional protection for the bunker. Ventilation can be an additional solution if you lay a corrugated hose about half a meter wide to a specially equipped booth on the surface.

Video: DIY underground shelter

Read the same with this material:

If a sudden or expected threat to the health and life of a person and his loved ones arises, you can rely on the help of the state, but it is possible to ensure safety on your own.

Bunker is a guarantee of safety

A bunker is an underground protective structure that has the life support systems necessary for the comfortable existence of several people. A well-designed and high-quality structure creates conditions for shelter from danger for several months, and sometimes many years.

Companies specializing in the construction of protective facilities organize a bunker that meets all necessary norms and standards.

When constructing a structure, natural conditions and terrain features must be taken into account:

Specialized organizations that value their reputation and are focused on potential clients approach each customer individually and, when developing a project, take into account his requirements and wishes.

Several years ago, comfortable and reliable shelters were the privilege of only top officials of states; today, every owner of a plot of land, a country house or a cottage can take care of their safety. A bunker is a serious investment in personal safety and protection of family and loved ones.

The structures do not take up much space and in peacetime can be actively used as a meeting room, a storage room for valuable items, a wine cellar or a warehouse. The unique construction makes it possible to equip it for different needs and requirements of the owner.

A protective bunker with the necessary communications,
will reliably protect people in situations:

Owning a bunker increases your chances of survival several times and helps you calmly assess the situation that has arisen as a result of an extreme event: from a flood to a nuclear threat.

Main types of protective structures

Protective structures can be of several types:

The last type of shelter is the most reliable, as it can effectively protect against various types of threats to life.

Before building and equipping a bunker, four basic questions must be answered:

The construction process occurs in several stages. First, the facility is carefully designed by qualified specialists in accordance with the requirements and established fire safety standards, SanPiN and SNiP.

All structures are subject to extremely stringent planning requirements:

As a result of the actions of specialists, technical specifications are drawn up. The design and estimate package of documents is the basis for starting construction. At the request of the client, the construction site can be adapted for use in peacetime: as a closed club, personal office or meeting room.

Features of the design, frame and life support systems

Shelters are built from high-strength materials that can withstand maximum physical and other loads.

Depending on the budget and customer requirements, the facility may have one or several levels on which functional premises are located:

Hopper frame

Strong and reliable buildings have a reinforced reinforced structure and are located at a certain depth. External walls need high-quality and practical insulation. Materials used for interior decoration should not have a negative impact on the health of a person of any age. At the same time, they must have specific characteristics and be moisture resistant and fireproof.

The simplest option for a protective structure is considered to be a vertical shaft with a spiral staircase. For such a structure, a pit is dug with a diameter of two meters and a depth of five. A tunnel about two meters long is made from the shaft with branches in which there are residential, utility and functional premises.

The frame of the bunker is made of durable and practical reinforced concrete using a monolithic method, intermediate insulation and external waterproofing are carried out in several layers. Cinder block concrete is a rational and optimal option for the material used. It contains lead, which effectively protects against the effects of radiation.

Forced ventilation, a special water and air purification system, and climate control equipment make it possible to create optimal living conditions.

Entrance doors

A prerequisite for a reliable bunker is the presence of completely sealed doors, which guarantee:

Bunkers have several exits:

Autonomous systems

Facilities must be equipped with autonomous systems that provide the necessary living conditions. In most cases, a separate artesian well is made for the bunker, which allows you to save a person from the hassle associated with the supply and storage of water.

The facility is equipped with sewerage and pumping units for autonomous water supply.

Autonomous power supply system. Bunkers must be equipped with the necessary source of electricity, which can be a battery cluster or a gasoline or diesel generator.

Air filtration

If the autonomy of underground premises is more than 36 hours, the structures are classified as effective structures. Facilities use monitoring of air entering through a filter system. This may include:

Multi-stage cleaning system

Purified water can be used for water procedures and wet cleaning. After ultraviolet irradiation, the liquid becomes suitable for consumption.

Communications in the shelter

The structure is a strategic facility; it must be equipped with effective and reliable means of communication. The reinforced structure of the walls of the facility will shield radiation waves and communication signals.

Communication can be provided using several technologies:

Modern technologies and materials make it possible to achieve the best results in creating a reliable bunker. Concrete of heavy-duty grades and unique designs of load-bearing metal structures, tightness, effective autonomous systems of water supply, purification, filtration, power supply and other types guarantee human safety and comfortable living conditions even for a long period of time.

Here is a design for a bunker for 4-8 people. Well, approximate data on the equipment.
To protect against the action of a shock wave, durable metal protective and hermetic doors are installed at the entrances. The entrance structure is designed for a load exceeding 1.5-2 times the standard for floors. This is not accidental, since the entrances are the most vulnerable place in a protective structure: a shock wave penetrating through stairwells, corridors and other routes due to repeated reflection and compaction can sharply increase excess pressure. The life of those being sheltered depends on their ability to withstand external influences.
At the entrance to the shelter, expansion chambers should be provided to reduce the impact of the blast wave on the protective-sealed doors. The entrance to the expansion chamber from the premises within the sealing loop must be equipped with two hermetic shutters - closed under the influence of a shock wave. The width of the vestibule-gateway, the width and length of the vestibule and vestibule for swing doors should be 0.6 m greater than the width of the door leaf. Structural and planning solutions for entrances, elevated and built into the first floors of shelters, must provide the necessary protection from penetrating radiation and exclude the possibility of direct radiation entering the protected premises. The simplest method is to provide 90° turns or screens at the entrances opposite the doorways with overlaps between the screens and shelters. Protective thicknesses of screens and ceilings are taken based on radiation exposure.
For shelters, a device should be provided at one of the entrances of the airlock vestibule. A single-chamber airlock is installed for shelters. In the outer and inner walls of the airlock vestibule, protective and hermetic doors should be provided that correspond to the calculated impacts and protection class of the shelter. Security-hermetic doors must open outward during the evacuation of those being sheltered.
All entrances to shelters, except those equipped with airlock vestibules, must be equipped with vestibules. Doors in vestibules should be provided: in the outer wall - protective-hermetic, corresponding to the calculated impacts, shelter protection class and type of entrance, in the inner wall - hermetic. The doors must open as the sheltered persons are being evacuated.
Entrances to built-in shelters should be located closer to the corners of buildings and in walls located parallel to the direction of prevailing winds (in the direction of winter winds).
An emergency exit tunnel combined with the entrance to the shelter may be provided to accommodate a single-chamber airlock vestibule. In free-standing shelters, it is allowed to design one of the entrances, located outside the area of ​​possible rubble, as an emergency exit. Emergency exits should be located, as a rule, above the groundwater level. The excess of the groundwater level relative to the floor of the emergency exit is allowed to be no more than 0.2 m, and in an emergency exit combined with the entrance - no more than 1.0 m.
In conditions of high groundwater levels, it is possible to design an emergency exit through the coating in the form of a protected shaft without an approach tunnel. When combining the mine emergency exit with the entrance, a staircase descent should be provided. The exit from the shelter to the tunnel must be equipped with protective-hermetic and hermetic shutters, installed respectively on the outer and inner sides of the wall. Removal of emergency exit depending on the height and type of buildings is taken according to table. 4 SNiP II-11-77
The dimensions of openings and passages to the premises must meet the requirements of SNiP II-11-77 and other regulatory documents. The number of entrances should be at least two, while the second entrance should be an emergency (evacuation) exit in the form of a tunnel with an internal size of at least 1.2x2 m and a doorway measuring 0.8x1.8 m.
Entrances and emergency exits must be protected from precipitation and surface water. Structures protecting entrances must be made of lightweight, non-combustible materials.
________________________________________
Let's look a little at the technical content of life support systems.

For shelter:

1. Inputs and outputs:
DZG I-IV - 1 pc.
DG - 1 pc. (with DES -3 pcs.)
LZG I-IV - 1 pc.
LG - 1 pc.
UZS 8/25 - 2 pcs. (used if the door or hatch does not correspond to the class)

2. Protection of engineering heads:
MZS - 2 pcs. (with DES -3 pcs.)

3. Filtration:
FVK 1/2 - 1 set.

4. Power units:
DES - 1 pc. (power depends on the number of consumers)

1. Inputs and outputs:
DG/SU - 2-4 pcs.
2. Filtration:
Special filter-ventilation equipment includes:
filter-ventilation unit;
air intake and protective device;
means of sealing entrances and exits, consisting of hermetic doors and sealing material for partitions and curtains.

Air purification in shelters from chemical agents, RP and BS is carried out using absorbent filters of filter-ventilation units, which are supplied to the troops by the NBC protection service, and installed by the units of the engineering troops equipping the shelters. In addition to absorbent filters, other protective devices of the units purify the air from large particles of ordinary or radioactive dust.

The main parts of the FVA 50/25 and FVA 100/50 filter and ventilation units are:
filter-absorber FP-50/25 or FPU-200, which serves to purify the air supplied to shelters from OM, BA and RV;
electric manual fan MGV or VAP-1, which is designed for intake and movement of outside air through a ventilation protective device, air duct and absorber filter, supplying purified air into the structure and creating pressurization in it;
ventilation protective device VZU-50 or VZU-100, which serves to protect against the penetration of excess pressure into a structure at the shock wave front through an air intake device, as well as to clean the air entering the structure from large particles of radioactive or other dust. It protects the air intake device from atmospheric precipitation entering it;
air intake device (air duct), which is used to supply outside air to the absorber filter;
set of mounting parts and tools.

In addition, the filter-ventilation unit kit includes sealing and waterproofing means: lightweight sliding hermetic doors, waterproof paper and rubberized fabric panels.

The FVA 100/50 unit also includes an air flow indicator URV-2.

A sheet of rubberized fabric is used to make a curtain that separates the covered part of the entrance from the outside atmosphere in front of the protective hermetic door to form a second vestibule in buildings that have one vestibule.

The procedure for installing filter-ventilation units, the sequence of checking the correct installation and serviceability of the units:
when installing ventilation protective devices, the cover of VZU-100 or VZU-50 should not protrude above the level of the shelter cover;
a drainage ditch is torn off from the pit with the VSU;
The nipple rings of the filter-absorbers must be turned counterclockwise and against the stop to ensure the tightness of the connections of the component parts of the unit;
free space is provided for rotating the fan handle;
the air flow indicator URV-2 is installed horizontally so that the arrow coincides with the scale zero;
to ground the fan electric motor, one end of the grounding wire is clamped with a bolt securing the electric motor to the fan, and the other end, if the unit is mounted in a metal structure, is connected to the frame of the structure, in a structure made of non-metallic elements - to a metal rod or pin driven into the ground between the frame elements ;
panels of hermetic doors must move freely along the segments, providing the ability to open (close);
after closing there should be no gap between them;
Before entering a structure with one vestibule, a curtain will be installed.

Units FVA-100/50 and FVA-50/25 must supply the building with 100 and 50 m3/h of purified outdoor air, respectively.

The protective properties of the aggregates are tested using chloropicrin.

To do this, a rag moistened with 5 - 7 ml of chloropicrin is brought to the air intake device of a working filter-ventilation unit. The absence of the irritating odor of chloropicrin in the inhabited area, determined organoleptically by the personnel located inside the object, indicates the reliable protective properties of the unit.

The tightness of the structure is checked by measuring the deviation value of the valve flaps for air flow in the upper segments of the hermetic doors (with the protective hermetic door or hatch open). At the nominal air supply of the units, the valve flaps should deviate from their bodies by a distance of 1 -1.5 cm. For smaller deviations of the valve flaps, measures should be taken to increase the tightness of the structure.

The procedure for starting filter-ventilation units for operation from an electric drive:
insert the plug of the electric motor cable into the socket;
smoothly, without jerking, turn the fan manual drive handle at least three to four turns;
press the electric motor start relay button for no more than 3 s. Pressing the start relay button for a longer time may result in burnout of the motor winding.

3. Power units:
UPS - 1 set. (provision for at least 2 days)
1. Good explosion-proof doors are not cheap, domestic ones cost about 100 thousand rubles, but passing a blast wave through a shelter is suicidal. It will knock out all internal non-sealed doors, destroying both people and equipment. The best option in the case of a power supply is to simply concrete the entrance; in any case, after exposure to a shock wave it will be impossible to use it. You can, of course, reproduce the design of the subway passage, but this is an additional unmasking - 2 exits.

2. San. the node is located this way due to the position of the sewer chamber, the drain comes from the sanitary unit, kitchen, vestibule and steam generator. This is a communication issue. It is worth considering the issue of using diesel exhaust gases and wastewater for heating and water heating (possibly a heat pump, but the price tag is high).

3.The FVU must be located near the emergency exit, and there must be easy access to the emergency exit from living quarters. Regarding the used air, this is not a very good idea, read the book “Steel Coffins” (author Herbert Werner), it describes well what happened on board when the snorkel was clogged - the diesel engines instantly burned all the oxygen. This can also happen in a shelter when ventilation fails.

4. A single-tier system is more promising due to the ability to disguise the construction of a bunker, for example, as the construction of a swimming pool. Drainage as such is not needed, and at a depth of 7 meters it is useless. External waterproofing - pasted in 2-4 layers, hydrophobic concrete M400 (used for the construction of swimming pools), internal waterproofing painted in 2 layers on metal (if using containers). Next is 50-100 mm of insulation, vapor barrier and interior finishing.

Today, building a bunker is not as relevant as it was 30 years ago, but, nevertheless, if you have the desire and need to hide in the event of some kind of natural disaster, then this is a very good idea. Construction of a bunker is very important if you live in an area where, for example, there is a chemical plant or other facility that contains potential danger. This way, in the event of an accident, you can hide in a bunker and wait until the situation returns to normal.

When building a bunker, you need to consider 2 factors: for what purpose it is needed and how long you plan to stay in it. The more serious the potential danger and the longer you stay in it, the deeper and more thoroughly you need to make the bunker so that you can be reliably protected and comfortable in it. Let's look at how to build an underground bunker with your own hands.

When you have determined for what purposes you need a bunker, you can approximately estimate its dimensions, the depth at which it will be located and the height of the ceiling. A fairly simple bunker can be built from metal. As for a reliable and strong bunker, it is best to build it from concrete.

How to build a simple bunker

A simple bunker is mounted from thick sheets of metal, it is best to use sheets 5mm thick. In order to build a simple bunker you need to dig a pit for it. This pit should be 50 centimeters larger than the bunker itself. Also dig a hole for the entrance to the bunker. We recommend making it separate from the main structure. The choice of bunker depth again depends on the hazard present. It is best to make a bunker at a depth of 5 meters from ground level.

The entrance to the bunker can be made in the form of a hatch, with a hermetically sealed lid. Separately, it is worth mentioning the tightness of the entire structure. As you understand, the bunker must be completely sealed, so all seams must be thoroughly welded and additionally treated with a layer of insulation. But more on that later. To build the bunker itself, you need to weld the bottom, then the walls, and then the roof. We recommend welding the corners of the structure on both sides with metal corners for strength. If the bunker is large enough, then make supports at a certain distance so that the roof does not sag under the weight of the earth. When the frame is welded, it is necessary to autogenously cut out the hatch for the entrance, as well as holes for supplying various communications: electricity, water, antenna, etc. We'll talk about communications a little later. Also make hooks with which you can lower the hopper with a crane. Then treat the surface of the bunker with mastic in order to create reliable waterproofing and prevent metal destruction; in addition, you can cover the bottom of the bunker with a layer of mastic.

Next you need to prepare the base for the bunker. It can be made from either sand or concrete. If the area is swampy, then, of course, you need to make a concrete base; in general, it is more reliable. If you have a dry area, you can limit yourself to a sand cushion. We will talk about how to make a concrete base below, and now let’s say a few words about the sand base. Sand is poured onto a previously leveled surface. The sand layer should be about 20 centimeters. The sand also needs to be compacted well. After this, we lower the bunker to the bottom of the pit. Then we weld the entrance hatch and connect the communications.

It is best to cover the edges of the bunker with clay, as it will provide good protection for the structure. We fill the rest of the hole with earth and compact it. Next, we set up the communications and check the ventilation.

How to build a reliable bunker

To build a reliable bunker, we need concrete, and a lot of concrete. We are digging a pit for our future construction. Then we level its bottom, lay a waterproofing film and fill it with 20 centimeters of sand, which we compact well. Then we construct the formwork and lay a two-level mesh of reinforcement. After this, we fill the structure with concrete. In general, we do everything as described in the article about.

While the concrete has not hardened, we insert reinforcing rods into it; they will be the basis of the walls. We insert rods both around the perimeter and in the center, where partitions will be built. When the foundation has hardened, we proceed to the walls. To fill them, also use formwork. Don't forget to leave openings for passage through the bunker and an opening for entry. As for the roof, we construct it from floor slabs, laying it on concrete mortar.

After constructing the bunker, we build an entrance to it from concrete rings or from a metal tunnel. Then we cover it on the outside with mastic for waterproofing.

As for communications, water, electricity, Internet and television can be installed in the bunker. Also install a radio antenna to receive radio signals on long and short waves. Install a dry closet and also install an electric generator. At this point, the construction of the bunker is completed, and now it can be equipped.

Building a bunker on your own is quite difficult. A bunker is not just a concrete box covered with several tens of meters of earth, as the uninitiated believe. The most difficult thing when building a bunker is ensuring a human survival system.

Shelter construction: main problems

The first feature when building a shelter is the creation of a strong frame. Most often, a rectangular shape is used, the walls of which are reinforced with reinforcement, and the space between them is filled with reinforced concrete with Kevlar or Teflon fibers. The top of the bunker is covered with a “roof” - a monolithic reinforced slab with reinforcement. If you need to build a bunker in a seismic zone, then a capsule design can be used as a frame - the protective shelter takes the shape of a pill, it does not have right angles - they are all rounded.

The second distinguishing feature of shelter construction is the installation of an air filtration system. Without air, a person will not last long. It is not so difficult to build a filtration system in a bunker: the standard army filtration and air purification system, which combines several filters, is most often used as a basis - the so-called classic version of this solution is the so-called. "device - 300". Removing the air intake is more difficult - here it must be taken into account that in the event of natural disasters, bombing, flooding, the air intake can be blocked / flooded / damaged, therefore it is necessary to build a shelter in accordance with existing standards: the air intake is a reinforced concrete shaft with a wall thickness of at least 400 mm, equipped with special protective devices designed to suppress a powerful shock wave. When building a shelter or bunker, it is sometimes advisable to remove the air intake along with your home's chimney - this will attract less attention from neighbors.

The third point that is taken into account when building a bunker or shelter is a strategic supply of water. If you need to build a bunker designed to shelter one or two people, then it is advisable to place several containers with a total volume of at least 150 liters of water. If the task is to build a shelter for three to four people, then the water supply should be at least 300 liters of water. In addition, when building a shelter, it is advisable to stock up on water filtration means - this can be useful in peacetime. However, the optimal solution when constructing a shelter is to install an artesian well with output directly inside the shelter.

The fourth point when building a shelter is ensuring the safety of the entrance. The construction of any shelter implies the presence of several exits. There should be at least two of them - the main one, leading from the house to the protective structure and an additional one, located outside the radius of the main building. Each of the exits must be equipped with a vestibule gateway, which also acts as an expansion chamber capable of absorbing a powerful shock wave. Security doors through which the shelter is entered must open outward

There are many more nuances when building a bunker. We create modern solutions in the field of construction of private bunkers and shelters. By turning to professionals, you can be sure that all developed technical solutions will comply with approved SNIPs and standards. With us you don't have to think about how to build a bunker.