What is a complicated isolated sentence? Complicated by isolated widespread agreed upon definition. The concept of a complicated simple sentence

Isolation (highlighting with commas) of circumstances depends, first of all, on the way they are expressed.

A) Circumstances expressed by gerunds

1. Circumstances expressed by gerunds (you can ask morphological questions to the gerunds doing what? what did you do?) and participle phrases (that is, participles with dependent words), usually, are isolated regardless of the place they occupy in relation to the predicate verb:

Example: Arms spread wide, a grimy bulldozer driver is sleeping(Peskov). Ksenia had dinner spreading a scarf on the rod (Peskov).

If a circumstance expressed by a gerund and a participial phrase is in the middle of a sentence, then it is separated by commas on both sides:

And then to the cliff, leaving my bulldozer, Nikolai ran up(Peskov). The bird, shuddering, picked up its wings(Permitov).

Isolated circumstances, expressed by gerunds and participial phrases, are close in meaning to the secondary predicate (but are never independent predicates!). Therefore, they can be replaced by subordinate clauses or independent predicates.

Wed: And then to the cliff, leaving my bulldozer, Nikolai ran up. - Nikolai left his bulldozer and ran to the cliff. The bird, shuddering, picked up its wings. - The bird shuddered and picked up its wings.

Note!

1) Restrictive particles are only included inside a separate structure and are released along with it.

A match was struck only for a second illuminating the man's face.

2) The participle and the participial phrase standing after the coordinating or subordinating conjunction / allied word are separated from it by a comma (such a phrase can be torn off from the conjunction, rearranged to another place in the sentence, or removed from the sentence).

Wed: He threw down the pen and leaning back in the chair, began to look at the moonlit clearing(Permitov). - He dropped the pen and began to look at the moonlit clearing; Life is arranged in such a way that without knowing how to hate, it is impossible to sincerely love(M. Gorky). - Life is arranged in such a way that it is impossible to truly love, not knowing how to hate.

3) A conjunction or a conjunctive word is not separated by a comma from a gerund and a participial phrase in the event that the participial construction cannot be torn away from the conjunction or conjunctive word or removed from the sentence without destroying the structure of the sentence itself. This is most often observed in relation to the coordinating conjunction a.

Wed: He tried to read books unnoticed, and after reading them, he hid them somewhere(impossible: He tried to read books unnoticed, but hid them somewhere); But: He did not name the author of the note, but, having read it, put it in his pocket. - He did not name the author of the note, but put it in his pocket.

Two homogeneous gerunds or participial phrases connected by single coordinating or disjunctive conjunctions and, or, or, are not separated by a comma.

The telephone operator sat, hugging his knees and leaning your forehead on them(Baklanov).

If a conjunction connects not two gerunds, but other constructions (predicates, parts of a complex sentence, etc.), then commas are placed in accordance with the rules for placing punctuation marks for homogeneous members, in a complex sentence, etc.

Wed: 1. I took the note and, after reading it, put it in my pocket. Single conjunction and connects predicates ( took it and stuck it) and a comma is placed after the conjunction;

2. He stopped, thinking about something, And , turning around sharply, called the sentry. A single conjunction connects two predicates ( stopped and called). Circumstances - participial phrases refer to different predicates ( has stopped , thinking about something; called, turning around sharply ). Therefore, they are separated on both sides by commas from other members of the sentence.

2. Not isolated circumstances expressed by gerunds and participial phrases, in the following cases:

The participial phrase is a phraseological unit:

He worked carelessly; He ran headlong.

Note. Most often the following phraseological units are not distinguished in texts: run headlong, run headlong, work carelessly, work with sleeves rolled up, work tirelessly, sit back, rush with your tongue out, listen with bated breath, scream without taking a breath, lie staring at the ceiling, rush about without remembering yourself, spend the night without closing your eyes, listen with your ears hanging open. But if such a phraseological unit is an introductory word ( in all honesty, to be honest, frankly speaking, in short, apparently), then it is separated by commas, for example: Apparently, he had no intention of helping me; In short, we will have to do everything ourselves.

before the gerund there is an intensifying particle and (not a conjunction!):

You can live and without bragging about your intelligence;

Note!

The participle in modern Russian is never predicate, therefore verb and gerund cannot be homogeneous members!

The gerund is part of a subordinate clause and has the conjunctive word which as its dependent. In this case, a comma only separates the main clause from the subordinate clause, and there is no comma between the gerund and the conjunctive word:

We face the most difficult tasks, without deciding which we will not be able to get out of the crisis;

The participial phrase includes the subject.

In this case, the comma only separates the entire phrase from the predicate, and the subject and the gerund are not separated by a comma. Such constructions are found in poetic texts of the 19th century:

Crow perched on a spruce tree, had breakfast I'm just about ready...(Krylov); compare: Crow, perched on a spruce, got ready to have breakfast;

The participle acts as a homogeneous member with a non-isolated circumstance and is connected with it by the conjunction and:

He walked quickly and without looking around.

3. Not isolated participle constructions and single participles that have lost their verbal meaning. These are the most difficult cases for punctuation analysis. They demand special attention to the meaning of the gerund, to the context in which the gerund is used, etc.

Participles and adverbial phrases that have finally lost their verbal meaning, have become adverbs, or have acquired adverbial meaning in a given context are not distinguished:

She looked at me without blinking(it is forbidden: looked and didn't blink); We drove slowly(it is forbidden: we drove and were in no hurry); The train was coming do not stop (it is forbidden: walked and didn't stop); He answered while sitting(it is forbidden: he answered and sat); He walked with his back bent(it is forbidden: he walked and bent).

Such single participles, less often - participle phrases, are usually circumstances of the manner of action (answer questions How? how?), merge with the predicate into one whole, are not separated from the predicate by a pause and most often stand immediately after the predicate:

looked silently, looked smiling, listened with a frown, spoke while yawning, chatted incessantly, sat ruffled, walked bent over, walked stumbling, walked with a limp, walked with his head bowed, wrote with his head bowed, entered without knocking, lived without hiding, spent money without counting and etc.

Often such gerunds can be replaced by adverbs, nouns with and without prepositions.

Wed: He spoke about this smiling. - He spoke about this with a smile; The train was coming do not stop. - The train went without stops.

In all such uses, the gerund indicates not an independent action, but an image of the action expressed by the predicate.

For example, in the sentence: He walked bent over- one action ( walked), and the former gerund ( bent over) indicates a mode of action - a characteristic posture when walking.

If in this context the verbal meaning is preserved, then a single participle or participial phrase is isolated. Usually in this case there are other circumstances with the predicate verb; The participle takes on the meaning of clarification, explanation and is intonationally highlighted.

Wed: He walked without looking back. - He walked hastily, without looking back.

The increase in verbosity in gerunds can be facilitated by the degree of prevalence of gerunds.

Wed: She sat waiting. - She sat waiting for an answer.

Not isolated former gerunds that have lost connection with the verb and have become function words: starting from (meaning “from such and such a time”), proceeding from (meaning “based on”), depending on (meaning “in accordance”) :

Everything has changed since last Monday; The estimate is based on your calculations; Act depending on the circumstances.

However, in other contexts the turns may become isolated:

turns with words starting with are isolated if they are in the nature of clarification, explanation and are not associated with the concept of time:

The word beginning in such contexts cannot be eliminated without damaging the meaning of the sentence;

a phrase with the words proceeding from is isolated if in meaning it correlates with the producer of the action, which can “come from something”:

We have drawn up an estimate based on your calculations (we based on your calculations);

turns with words, depending on the type, are isolated if they have the meaning of clarification or accession:

I had to act carefully, depending on the circumstances (clarification, you can insert “namely”); Vacation can be used for studies various types sports, depending on the time of year (joining).

B) Circumstances expressed by nouns

1. Always separate circumstances of the assignment expressed by nouns with prepositions despite, despite. Such phrases can be replaced by subordinate clauses of concession with the conjunction although.

Wed: Despite the rainy summer, the harvest turned out to be excellent(Pochivalin). - Although the summer was rainy, the harvest was excellent; Despite heavy shelling, Fedyuninsky rose to his observation post. - Although the shelling was strong, Fedyuninsky rose to his observation post.

2. Can become isolated circumstances:

reasons with prepositions and prepositional combinations thanks to, as a result of, in view of, for lack of, for the absence of, according to, by virtue of, in connection with, for the reason of, on occasion etc. (can be replaced by a subordinate clause with the conjunction since).

Wed: Savelich, agrees with the coachman's opinion, advised to return. - Since Savelich agreed with the coachman’s opinion, he advised to turn back; Children, due to being young, no positions have been identified(Turgenev). - Since the children were small, they were not assigned any positions;

concessions with prepositions in spite of, with (can be replaced with a subordinate clause with the conjunction although).

Wed: His life despite the gravity of his situation, went easier, slimmer than Anatole’s life(Herzen). - Although the situation was difficult, his life was easier, more harmonious than Anatole’s life; Contrary to his instructions, the ships were put out to sea early in the morning(Fedoseev). - Although he gave instructions, the ships were taken out to sea early in the morning.

conditions with prepositions and prepositional combinations if present, if absent, in case etc. (can be replaced by a subordinate clause with the conjunction if).

Wed: workers, in case of refusal, decided to go on strike. - If the workers are refused, they decide to go on strike;

goals with prepositions and prepositional combinations in order to avoid (can be replaced by a subordinate clause with the conjunction so that).

Wed: Money, to avoid delay, translate by telegraph. - To avoid delays, transfer money by telegraph;

comparisons with the conjunction like.

Wed: Nikolai Petrovich was born in the south of Russia, like his older brother Paul (Turgenev).

However, phrases with such prepositions and prepositional combinations may not be isolated.

More often, phrases that are located between the subject and the predicate are isolated:

Savelich, agrees with the coachman's opinion, advised to return.

In addition, isolated phrases are usually common, that is, they contain a noun with dependent words:

Thanks to great weather and especially holiday , the street of the village of Maryinsky came alive again(Grigorovich).

As a rule, the indicated phrases at the end of the sentence are not isolated.

Wed: workers, as directed by the master, headed to the next workshop. - The workers went to the neighboring workshop as directed by the master.

In general, the isolation of phrases with the indicated prepositions and prepositional combinations is optional.

3. Circumstances expressed by nouns, without prepositions or with other prepositions, are isolated only if they acquire additional semantic load, have an explanatory meaning or combine several adverbial meanings (temporary and causal, temporary and concessional, etc.).

For example: Peter, after he received a decisive refusal, went to his room(L. Tolstoy).

In this case, the circumstance combines the meanings of time and reason ( when did you leave? And why did he leave?). Please note that the phrase is expressed by a noun with dependent words and is located between the subject and the predicate.

Note!

Isolated circumstances expressed by nouns are always highlighted intonationally. However, the presence of a pause does not always indicate the presence of a comma. Thus, the circumstances that appear at the beginning of the sentence are always emphasized intonationally.

Wed: I was in St. Petersburg last year; Last year / I was in St. Petersburg.

However, a comma is not placed after such a circumstance!

C) Circumstances expressed by adverbs

Circumstances expressed by adverbs (with dependent words or without dependent words) are isolated only if the author wants to draw attention to them, if they have the meaning of a passing comment, etc.:

A moment later into the yard, unknown where from, a man ran out in a nankeen caftan, with a head as white as snow(Turgenev).

Simple sentences can be complicated or uncomplicated. Complications may vary.

1. Sentences complicated by homogeneous members

Homogeneous are two or more terms that answer the same question, refer to the same word, and therefore fulfill the same syntactic role. For example: American, European and Russian entrepreneurs actively interact with each other.
All members of a sentence can be homogeneous. Homogeneous members are equal in rights and do not depend on each other.
They may be common: The snow fell quietly and melted on the warm ground; and uncommon: The snow fell and melted.
Homogeneous members are separated from each other by a comma. When homogeneous members are separated by commas and when not, see the section: “Punctuation.”
We would like to answer here a very difficult question, which definitions are called heterogeneous. Heterogeneous definitions:
- characterize an object from different sides, for example: There was an old German piano in the corner;
- one of the definitions refers to the phrase word + another definition, for example: Autumn quiet dream of nature(autumn refers to the phrase quiet sleep);
- do not have the intonation of enumeration;
- often belong to various categories of adjectives;
- they cannot be connected by the union I: Old German table(the table cannot be old on one side and German on the other)

Use of prepositions with homogeneous members

The preposition is repeated
- If homogeneous members are connected by repeating and comparative conjunctions, for example: Collective farms in those days experienced a great shortage of machines, taxes, equipment, and people; He tried not so much for his own well-being, but for the good of the common cause.
- If the absence of a preposition may cause confusion in the understanding of the sentence, for example: Tutorials on literary reading and literature delivered to the school library(if there was no excuse, one would think that they brought one type of textbook, and not two).
- With a significant distribution of homogeneous members, for example: Dust lay in a thick layer on a table upholstered in green cloth, on a leather sofa with a wide back, on an old armchair.

The preposition is not repeated in the interests of euphony if the next word begins with the same consonant sound as the preposition, for example: They rolled out tarpaulin sleeves to a pond or well.

Errors in the use of homogeneous members

a) Connection of materially incomparable concepts, for example: blushed from embarrassment and from running; compared to eternity and Mont Blanc. In literary texts such combinations are used to create a comic effect.
b) Lexical incompatibility of one of the homogeneous members with a common word for them, for example: During the debate, a number of proposals and comments were made (comments are not made, but made).
c) Generic and specific concepts are not combined as homogeneous members, for example: Our store has a large selection of cakes, pastries, fruits and wines (the latter includes the former).
d) Constructions in which the controlled word can be classified into different rows of homogeneous members are considered an error, for example: Training of hunters for the extermination of wolves and those responsible for carrying out this event.
e) Heterogeneous morphological categories such as noun and infinitive are not combined as homogeneous members, for example: We have made commitments: improve product quality, decline cost, raise performance(one form, either an infinitive or a noun, should be used in all cases).
f) If there is a generalizing word in a sentence, homogeneous members must agree with it in case, for example: This information is distributed in various publications: newspapers, magazines, books(cf.: in various publications: newspapers, magazines, books).
g) You should not combine sentence members (participial and adverbial phrases) and subordinate clauses as homogeneous syntactic elements, for example: Those who spoke in the debate, without objecting to the main provisions of the report, however, consider it incomplete; The father, sighing and obviously embarrassed, very soon interrupted his speech.

2. Sentences complicated by isolated members

Isolated, i.e., highlighted by commas, are the secondary members of a sentence (they can be expressed in one word or a group of words), highlighted in meaning and intonation. Any minor members of the sentence can be isolated. Usually they: have greater semantic independence than non-isolated members; contain some additional message and are logically emphasized; clarify and specify the thoughts expressed by the main members; add expressive coloring to the sentence.
For example: Actions, taken yesterday, gave a positive result; Boy, taller than me, confidently walked forward; There was no one in the house except us; We stood looking at that, as the company was being torn apart, and they could not do anything.

3. Comparative turnover

Comparative phrases express comparison, juxtaposition, identification and represent part of simple sentence, are not a separate member of the sentence, they carry the meaning of a sign of an object or a sign of an action: Daffodils, like ingots of silver, shimmered from the flowering carpet. They are also separated, that is, separated by commas.

4. Sentences complicated by words that are not members of the sentence

These are sentences with appeals and introductory words.
An address is a word or phrase that names the person or thing to which speech is addressed. The address is always separated by commas. For example: Marya Ivanovna, we invite you to the concert, which will take place on January 24.
Introductory words (phrases, sentences) are words that express the speaker’s attitude to the statement: Unfortunately, We lost.

5. Sentences complicated by plug-in constructions

Inserted constructions are words, phrases, sentences related to the content of the sentence and containing additional information, comments, amendments, and clarifications made along the way. They have a special intonation, can explain both the entire sentence and part of it, are placed in the middle or end of the sentence, and do not indicate the source of the message or emotions. In writing, inserted structures are highlighted with brackets and sometimes with dashes. For example: He ( Pavel Ivanovich) was excited.

The structure of a simple common sentence containing one or another number of minor members can be further complicated by isolating one (or several) of them. The concept of the essence of separation, characteristics of the means and conditions of separation and description various types isolated members have great theoretical and practical value in studying the syntax of the Russian language.

Separation- this is an affiliation of a simple sentence, despite some similarity of isolated members with the predicative parts of a complex sentence. A. M. Peshkovsky, who was the first to describe isolation in detail, found in isolated members of a sentence similarity (similarity) with the subordinate parts of a complex sentence in terms of melody and rhythm, as well as connections with surrounding members.

For example:

In sentence B rocks overgrown orange lilies, wild pigeons nested(Paust.) an isolated common member contains an additional statement, which could also be formalized in the form of a subordinate clause (cf.: In the rocks which are overgrown with orange lilies...)

However, isolated members of a sentence, no matter how widespread in composition and expanded in content they may be, do not have their own grammatical core and do not have predicativeness.

Separation- this is the deliberate rhythmic-intonation and semantic isolation of a word or group of words within a specific sentence. The isolated member also has a weakened syntactic connection with other members.

Exercise:

Compare:

At the bottom, in the hall, the clock struck six(Paust.). - The clock in the hallway struck six;

There were a lot of snacks and different (Perm.). - There were many different snacks

Purpose of separation- expression using a selected member of some additional message about one of the words or the entire sentence. In writing, an isolated member of a sentence is highlighted with punctuation marks.

The means of isolation are changes in the pitch of the utterance, rhythm, pause, as well as changes in the location of the members, in particular the placement of the isolated secondary member at the absolute beginning or at the end of the sentence. Punctuation marks are not means of isolation, but only convey it in written form of speech.

Isolated members perform various functions in relation to a sentence or individual words. The main ones can be considered the following:

1) expression of an additional statement: There was a silent calm over the bays, covered in evening smoke (Paust.); Large drops of rain crashed onto the ground, turning into dust and tiny splashes (Sol.);

2) explanation, clarification: But there was another, its own little secret.- the mystery of the nameless lake (Sol.); In the distance to the left, in the corner of the garden rampart, black spruce forest(B.);

3) allocation, limitation: There was no one on the pier except for the watchman with the lantern (Paust.);

4) accession: For minutes I was close to fainting- from happiness(Art.);

5) comparison, likening: I'll tell you the truth, I've never had so much fun like this evening (Cupr.); It was cold for more than a week, like in October rains(Shishk.); I missed the village like a puppy locked up (T.).

Isolated secondary members of a sentence are very diverse in meaning, function, in the method of connection with the word being defined, in volume and location. Also very heterogeneous and numerous conditions for separating secondary members in specific proposals. But these conditions can be systematized by highlighting, first of all, the general conditions that are essential for the isolation of any members of the proposal, and along with them, particular and additional conditions.

The most essential for isolating the various members of a sentence are three general conditions:

1) the possibility of semantic isolation, separation from the explained word;

2) the volume of a sentence member is more than one significant word;

3) unusual location relative to the word being defined.

1. Possibility of semantic highlighting , separation from the word being defined presupposes the absence of close semantic connections between the isolated member of the sentence and the word being explained. This condition is undoubtedly unthinkable in relation to incomplete words. The components of phraseological units, indivisible phrases (like give consent, appear independent, make an impression), syntactically indivisible phrases (two fighters, any of us, one of the boys etc.), as well as words with a high degree of dependence, conditionality (highly controlled). Yes, in a sentence In all these people, despite their external differences, Samghin felt something uniform and irritating.(M. G.) words do not have the possibility of semantic isolation something(close dependence on the verb felt strong management) and uniform and annoying which are closely connected with the indefinite pronoun due to its incompleteness; on the other hand, the common circumstance has the possibility of semantic highlighting external difference.

2. Volume of isolated member more than one word not only means an increase in the semantic capacity of a sentence member and, consequently, its semantic independence, but also contributes to a weakening of the connection of the isolated member with the dominant element of the sentence in relation to it. Wed: Wind, still strong was now blowing from the east(A.T.). - The wind was now blowing strongly from the east.

3. The position of the isolated member relative to the word being defined - this is the movement of a member of a sentence from a usual, norm-corresponding place in relation to the word being defined to an unusual one (from preposition to postposition or vice versa), and in some cases, a separation from the word being defined (distant location). Wed: From time to time the sea shone deadly in this smoke, mercury-like (Paust.). - ...The sea, like mercury, shone; Father arrived in the evening black with dust, with bloodshot eyes (Ch.). - Father black with dust...; Astern all covered in foam the river rushes quickly(M.G.). - ...The river rushes quickly, covered in foam.

The general conditions for isolation must be presented in a complete set: in the absence of at least one of them, the member of the sentence is not isolated.

For example:

In the case of preposition of the participial phrase:

Dim flame with the whistling and clapping of those burning in the stove damp firewood illuminated the uninhabited probably abandoned by its owners a long time ago hut(Sim.)

However, the missing general condition can be compensated by an additional condition. Such conditions are very different and numerous; they are applicable only for certain types of minor members of the sentence.

An additional condition for the isolation of circumstances is the clarifying nature of the meaning of the isolated member relative to the other.

For example:

Here, in the bedroom, dead peace reigned(Ch.)

An additional condition for the isolation of a common prepositive definition may be the connotation of causal, conditional or other meaning given to this member in a particular sentence.

For example:

A cloud of mosquitoes was circling above us, but... covered with nets, our heads were invulnerable(Bump.)

Additional conditions of this kind, which are realized in specific sentences, in a specific situation, serve as an explanation for cases of so-called individual authorial isolation.

The ratio of general and additional conditions varies in separate structures different types minor members.

Separate definitions

Isolating definitions is a productive technique for complicating the structure of a simple sentence. Thanks to isolation, the attribute expressed by the definition is updated, and the entire content of the isolated member acquires the character of an additional “micro-statement” about the subject, which is designated by the defined noun.

In accordance with the general conditions, definitions represented by adjectives (as well as ordinal numbers) or participles with explanatory words and standing in postposition to the defined one, as well as inconsistent common definitions placed in preposition or separated from the defined word by other members of the sentence, are isolated.

For example:

The smell of white carnations heated by the sun, filled the carriages(Paust.);

There are ficus trees on both sides of the fireplace, beggarly poor leaves (M.G.);

The house, quite large, was once whitewashed, with a shiny wet roof, stood in a completely bare place(B.)

In the absence of one (or two) of the general conditions, the isolation of definitions can be caused by additional conditions or specific ones:

1) any forms (and in any position) of definitions for personal pronouns are distinguished: Controlled by nothing from the inside, I was powerless in the face of the great tragic tasks facing my creative sense(Art.);

2) single consistent postpositive definitions are separated, as well as inconsistent postpositive ones (their usual position), if there is another definition before the word being defined: From the bedroom there was another one leading somewhere the door is also closed (Ch.); This rooms A, windows to the west and north, took up almost half of the entire house(B.);

3) prepositive common definitions are distinguished in the presence of an additional adverbial connotation (reasons, conditions, concessions): Entirely captivated by respectful admiration of this magnificent living structure, the professor crumples the red iron of his beard in his fist(Cupr.);

4) postpositive agreed single definitions are isolated if they represent a number of homogeneous members of the sentence: And in the middle of the day both the river and the forests played with many sunspots- gold, blue, green And rainbow (Paust.);

5) the isolation of definitions in the absence of general conditions may be influenced by the proximity of other isolated definitions: Makarov passed in a black formal suit, slender, gray-haired, with frowning eyebrows (M.G.).

Connecting constructions are those constructions in which the minor member has the meaning of an additional message. Communications: yes and, yes and that, and even.

The father and son did not want this visit.

Explanatory constructions are those constructions in which the minor member of a homogeneous series has the character of either repeated designation or clarification. Means of communication: that is, or, namely, namely, like that, be it.

Red deer, or sika deer, lives in the forests of Transbaikalia.

A type of explanatory constructions are clarifying constructions.

Clarification is the most accurate name for the characteristics of an object or its qualities. Usually the meaning of the concept being explained is narrowed, less often it is expanded.

The circumstances of place or time have a clarifying meaning.

On the opposite bank of the river, under a pine tree, a hare was sitting.

Early, early, at dawn, during the ice drift, I accompanied the good one on a hike.

If adverbial phrases combine the meaning of place and time, then they are not clarifying.

Isolated objects are substantive constructions with derived prepositions.

Prepositions: besides, besides, instead of, including, along with, unlike, like, not to mention, compared to...

All operational documents, excluding combat logs, were destroyed.

In addition to poplar, Mongolian oak grew here.

Constructions with additional predication

Isolation is the structural and semantic separation of minor members of a sentence in order to give them greater semantic meaning. Separate definitions, circumstances, additions, applications, comparative phrases. In a broad sense, such phrases include clarifying, explanatory and connecting constructions.

Within these relationships the following are distinguished:

A) Semi-predicative phrases.

Semi-predicativity is a syntactic relationship between an intonationally isolated name and its defined one. This is a relationship between a subject and a predicate, which includes a characteristic of the subject. Inherent in isolated definitions, expressed by participial phrases, substantive phrases, adjective phrases, isolated applications.

A semi-predicative member of a sentence is, as it were, a predicate that is included in a sentence as a secondary member of the sentence.

And he, the rebellious one, asks for a storm.

B) Phrases with additional verbal predication

Additional verbal predicativeness indicates an active attribute of the subject, as it is formed by participial and infinitive phrases.

These are isolated circumstances expressed by participial phrases or infinitives.

And the stars listen to me, joyfully playing with their rays.

IN Lately Baev got into the habit of going to the watchman Marya to talk.

C) Collapsed predicativity is characteristic of substantive phrases with derived prepositions: in view of, despite, for the reason of, as a result of, in spite of, thanks to, in connection with, on occasion, in the presence of, in order to avoid, provided, etc.

Despite the measures taken, the water only slightly began to subside.

All measures were taken, but the water only slightly began to subside. It is easy to form complex sentences from such sentences.

These turns have adverbial meanings:

time (As we moved towards the coast, the wind became more and more sharp): as, in time, with the onset;

cause-and-effect (On the occasion of skidding, I was sitting at the station): thanks to, in view of, in connection with, due to, as a result of, for the reason of, for lack of, as a result, according to;

conditional (On the occasion of a big holiday, the square was decorated with flags): on the occasion, subject to, in the presence of, depending on, regardless of;

concessive (Contrary to expectations, the night was warm): despite, despite, although, despite;

target (In order to increase service life, the fabric was impregnated with a special composition): for purposes, for specific items

Separate definitions are divided into:

· agreed upon

· inconsistent

Agreed Definition

The agreed separate definition is expressed:

· participial phrase: The child who was sleeping in my arms woke up.

· two or more adjectives or participles: The child, well-fed and satisfied, quickly fell asleep.

An inconsistent isolated definition is most often expressed by noun phrases and refers to pronouns or proper names.

Definition structure

The structure of the definition may vary. They differ:

· single definition: excited girl;

· two or three single definitions: girl, excited and happy;

· a common definition expressed by the phrase: a girl excited by the news she received...

Dedicated Applications

An application is a special type of definition, expressed by a noun in the same number and case as the noun or pronoun that it defines: jumping dragonfly, beautiful maiden. The application could be:

1) single: Mishka, the restless one, tortured everyone;

2) common: Mishka, a terrible fidget, tortured everyone.

Standalone Add-ons

Supplements expressed by nouns with prepositions are distinguished: except, besides, over, except for, including, excluding, instead of, along with. They contain inclusion-exclusion or substitution values.

Special circumstances

The following circumstances are distinguished:

1) participles:

· single: After eating, the child fell asleep.

· as part of participial phrases: After discussing the results of the work, we parted ways.

2) circumstances with the pretext despite.

3) comparative phrases with conjunctions: as, as if, exactly, as if, what, than, rather than, etc.

Isolation of sentence members- their intonation and semantic highlighting; In writing, isolated members are highlighted with punctuation marks.

Isolated are the secondary members of a sentence, distinguished by meaning, intonation and punctuation. The main members of the proposal are not isolated.

Separate definitions

Agreed Definition- this is a definition that is associated with the word being defined by means of agreement. Answers the questions: WHAT? WHICH? WHICH? WHICH?

• common (participial phrase or adjective with dependent words):
  Wind, suddenly risen, plucked the last leaves from the trees.
  This building, famous throughout the city, attracts the attention of tourists.
• uncommon (participle or single adjective):
  He, well-fed, quickly fell asleep.
  We, tired, finally made it home.

Agreed definitions are separated (separated by a comma, and in the middle of the sentence they are separated by commas on both sides) in the following cases:

• if they refer to a personal pronoun (can appear before or after a personal pronoun):
  She, excited, could not sleep.
  Excited she I couldn't sleep.
• if they come after a qualifying noun:
  Girl Excited by the news received, she could not fall asleep for a long time.
• if they stand before the qualifying noun and have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessive, etc.):
  To check the presence of an adverbial meaning, you can use the replacement of the attributive phrase with a phrase with the word being: if such a replacement is possible, then the definition is separated.
  Very ill mother I couldn't go to work. ( causal meaning)
  Even sick mother went to work.(concessive meaning)
• if separated from the defined noun by other members of the sentence (regardless of whether they are before or after the defined word):
  Satisfied and happy, he ran quickly Peter home.

Inconsistent definition is a definition that is connected to the word being defined by control or adjacency.

An inconsistent isolated definition is most often expressed by noun phrases and refers to pronouns or proper names. It is possible both in the position after and in the position before the word being defined.
Moscow, all in New Year's garlands, looked beautiful.
How You, with your mind, did not understand her plan?

Note:
Non-separate definitions - common and homogeneous single definitions, not separated by commas.

• Participles and adjectives with dependent words, coming after an indefinite pronoun, are not isolated, since they form one whole with the preceding pronoun:
  Someone who looked like a military man came in.
• Adjectives and participles are not separated if they included in the compound predicate:
  He went home sad and tired.
• Definitions are not separated coming before the noun being defined(if they do not have additional adverbial shades of meaning):
  The sound of the sea coming from below was alarming.
• Common definitions that appear after the defined noun are not isolated if the latter itself is in a given sentence does not express the required concept and needs a definition:
  A young officer with a dark and distinctly ugly face came in to see me.. (combination " came in with a face" doesn't make sense).

Standalone application

Application- this is a special type of definition, expressed by a noun in the same number and case as the noun or pronoun that it defines. Answers the questions WHO IS THIS EXACTLY? WHAT EXACTLY IS IT?
For example:
Teddy bear, the restless one, tortured everyone (single application);
Mishka, a terrible fidget, tortured everyone (a common application).

Segregation of applications

• single and common applications are distinguished if they refer to a defined word expressed by a pronoun, regardless of position:
  He, excellent doctor, helped me a lot.
  Excellent doctor his everyone knows.
• any application is isolated if it appears after a proper name:
  bear, the son of a neighbor, a desperate tomboy.
• a single application is isolated if the word being defined is a noun with explanatory words:
  He saw his son, baby, and immediately began to smile.
• a common application is isolated if it appears after the defined word expressed by a noun:
  Daughter, her father's favorite, ran into the room.
• a common application is isolated if an additional adverbial meaning is expressed.
  Chemist by training Lomonosov did a lot in this area.
• with the conjunction AS:

  You, How the initiator must play a major role.

Note:
Instead of a comma, a dash is placed if the application is at the end of the sentence (you can insert the conjunction NAMELY):
Nearby there was a closet - a storage room for catalogs.
We drove into Ivanteevka - a large village with beautiful streets.

Isolated circumstance

Separate themselves circumstances, expressed:

1. gerunds or participial phrases (answer the questions: What by doing? What by having done? They are isolated regardless of their place in the sentence)
   After eating, the child fell asleep.(gerund)
   After discussing the results of the work, we parted ways. (participial turnover).
2. circumstances with prepositions: despite, despite:
   Despite the rain, the children ran out for a walk.
3. comparative turns with unions: as if, exactly, as if, what, than, rather than and others similar:
   Clouds, How cotton wool, floated low and slowly above the ground.

Separate addition

Addition- a minor member of a sentence that denotes the subject and answers questions about indirect cases.

Objects expressed by nouns or pronouns with prepositions are distinguished: except, besides, over, except for, including, excluding, instead of, along with.
They carry inclusion-exclusion or substitution values.
I didn't hear anything except noise of leaves.
All, with the exception of Nicholas, they arrived on time.

Separate clarifying members of the sentence

Clarifying members relate to the word being specified and answer the questions: where exactly? when exactly? Who exactly? which one? etc. Most often, clarification is conveyed by separate circumstances to specify the place, time or manner of action referred to in the sentence. Clarifying members can refer to the addition, definition, or main members of the sentence.

Every morning, at six o'clock, I went to work.
We stayed up late until the night.

Clarifying members can be introduced into a complicated sentence:

• using conjunctions: that is, namely:
  Late in the evening, that is, around eleven o’clock, I went for a walk.
• words: especially, even, in particular, mainly:
  Everywhere, especially in the living room, was clean and beautiful.