Where can energy be extracted from? Resonant way to extract energy from vacuum. Bicycle charging smartphones

Where to get energy? It is no secret that sooner or later people will exhaust the reserves of oil, gas, coal and even uranium that still remain on the planet. A reasonable question arises: “What to do next? Where to get energy? After all, our whole life is based on the use of energy. It turns out that after the hydrocarbon reserves run out, the existence of civilization will also end?

There is an exit! These are the so-called alternative energy sources. By the way, many of them are used, and successfully, already at the present time. The energy of wind, tides, sun and geothermal sources ─ is successfully used and converted by people into electricity. But it is so to say.

Currently, there are hundreds of theories and developments on the creation and use of unusual alternative energy sources. The alternative energy sources described in this article are unusual only in the sense that they have not yet become popular, are not widely used, are impractical, unprofitable, etc.

But this does not mean at all that they will not be able to be effectively applied, perhaps in the very near future. After all, the same oil as a source of energy has been known since ancient times, but only since the end of the industrial revolution, oil has been obtained and processed into a usable form.

It is not known what we will use to generate energy in the future, but there are certainly alternatives to traditional energy sources, and it is quite possible that at least one of the methods of generating electrical energy listed below can become widespread and popular.

Here are 5 unusual alternative energy sources that raise real hope for their efficient use in the future:

The first experimental salt water power plant was built by Statkraft in Norway. The power plant uses a physical effect - osmosis to generate electricity. With this effect, as a result of mixing salt and fresh water, energy is extracted from the increasing entropy of liquids. then this energy is used to rotate the hydro turbine of the electric generator.

Demonstration power plants on fuel cells with solid oxide electrolyte with a power of up to 500 kW have been developed. In fact, the element burns fuel and directly converts the released energy into electricity. It's like a diesel generator, but without the diesel and the generator. And also without smoke, noise, overheating and with a much higher efficiency.

The thermoelectric effect is used to generate electrical energy. This is a rather old technology, which has again become relevant in our time due to the massive use of energy-saving light sources and various portable electrical receivers. Industrial developments already exist and are being successfully used, for example, heating and cooking stoves with built-in thermogenerators, which, in the course of their work, make it possible to obtain not only heat, but also electricity.

Experimental installations have been created that allow generating electricity through the use of kinetic energy - footpaths, turnstiles at railway stations, a special dance floor with built-in piezoelectric generators. There are ideas in the near future to set up dedicated "green gyms" where a group of sports exercise bikes could generate up to 3.6 megawatts of renewable electricity per year, according to manufacturers.

In this energy source is a special nanogenerator that converts micro-oscillations in the human body into electrical energy. The slightest vibrations are enough for the device to generate an electric current that allows you to maintain the performance of mobile devices. Modern nanogenerators turn any movements and movements into a source of energy. The options for joint use of nanogenerators and solar batteries are very promising and interesting.

What do you think about this? You may be aware of other new alternative sources of electricity. Share in the comments!

Perhaps the resonant mechanism for extracting energy from the physical vacuum will be the most effective of all existing ones. The fact is that any oscillation is characterized by a very high degree of unevenness. Here, both the numerical value of the velocity of the oscillating body and the direction of the velocity vector are constantly changing. And the more uneven, the better the result should be.

It is not known exactly who was the first to develop resonant generators. There is evidence that the American physicist Henry Murray, back in the mid-20s of the last century, carried out the first successful experiment in extracting energy from a physical vacuum in sufficiently large volumes. And at the end of the 20s, he built a 30-stage unit with a capacity of 50 kW, which worked continuously for several months. Murray made no secret of his experiments and demonstrated a working generator to everyone. This is what ruined him. Once some madman brought a bomb with him and blew up the laboratory. And soon the inventor himself died suddenly. After his death, all the surviving papers and drawings of the installation disappeared. And therefore it is not known exactly how the device of this inventor looked like.

The second was the Serbian physicist Nikola Tesla. He also built a resonant generator, and his laboratory in Colorado Springs was also blown up. Fortunately, Tesla was much more famous than Murray, and therefore he himself was not touched. But they blocked all channels for receiving money for further development. The Tesla apparatus consisted of an electric motor and an electric generator connected to it through a mechanical clutch, as well as a spark generator. The engine rotated the generator, which produced the current needed to run the engine. At the same time, due to the presence of resonance in the circuit, the current was generated in such quantities that it was enough for the operation of the engine itself and for supplying numerous external consumers. When a spark jumps between the electrodes in a spark plug, it vibrates a very wide spectrum of frequencies. And one of them will necessarily coincide with the resonant value. If the load changes, the resonance will be at a different frequency. Such a system is very convenient because it does not need a control unit and it automatically adjusts to the resonant mode. But the spark has two drawbacks, because of which Tesla rejected this scheme. First, the spark emits hard X-rays that are harmful to the body. It is for this reason that those of our contemporaries who worked with the spark circuit died prematurely: Arseny Medelanovskiy, Vladilen Dokuchaev, Alexander Chernetskiy. Secondly, the spark generates powerful radio waves, from which all televisions and radios in the area are deaf.

Tesla quickly figured out the shortcomings of the spark and abandoned this method, developing another safer one and even trying it out in practice. He used the usual oscillating circuit found in all radios, and containing at least one induction coil and a variable electric capacitor. Thunderstorms with lightning constantly rage on Earth, which generate electromagnetic waves of a wide spectrum of frequencies. The antenna picks up these waves and excites a weak alternating current in the circuit. And the resonance mode constantly maintained in the circuit amplifies the current to such an extent that the electric motor located there begins to work. When an industrial exhibition was taking place in Dallas, Texas, Tesla enlisted the support of Pierce-Arrow and General Electric, removed the gasoline engine from the Arrow car on display and installed an 80 hp AC electric motor on it. and a rotation speed of 1800 rpm. After that, I went to a local store, bought a few vacuum tubes, a bunch of wires, resistors, and from all this junk I built a small box measuring 60x30x15cm with two antennas. I installed the box behind the seat, connected it to the electric motor and drove off. He drove the car for a whole week, speeding up to 150 km / h. And to all questions about the source of energy, he answered that energy comes from the ether. But illiterate townsfolk considered that Tesla contacted the devil, who was pushing the car. Enraged by such insinuations, Tesla removed the box from the car and refused to tell how it works.

Some modern physicists working in this field see the source of energy in the Tesla box in electromagnetic fields. In principle, if you tune the frequency of the device to the frequency of the earth's electromagnetic field (from 7 to 7.5 hertz, the so-called Schumann resonance), it will be possible to extract energy from the magnetic field. But this contradicts what Tesla himself said. After all, he was well versed in magnetic fields, but he always spoke about the ether, and not about the field.

Such schemes are currently being explored by Andrey Melnichenko in Russia, Don Martin in the US, and Paolo Corea in Canada. The exact layout of the Don Martin installation is not known, because. Americans keep it a secret. But my personal conversation with the director of the International Tesla Institute, John McGinnis, who is promoting this development, led me to the conclusion that the American installation is almost exactly identical to Melnichenko's. Andrey started with the simplest device, which included only a generator, an electric motor and a capacitor. Here is his story, taken by me from the magazine "Light", 6, 1997: "... I made money on the construction of summer cottages. And he worked with a circular, which had a 1.5 kW motor. Everything was going great until the power went out. I went to a neighbor who had a 127 volt gasoline generator. But the circular motor is designed for 220 volts. From such a generator, the circular worked barely, the disk could be stopped with the palm of your hand. Then I took a couple of conventional capacitors and put them in series with the motor. The voltage jumped to 500 volts. I removed one capacitor, and it turned out to be a voltage just for the engine. A local electrician came, measured it and almost fainted: the gasoline generator had 100 volts and 0.5 kW, and the electric motor had 270 volts and 1.5 kW at the same current strength of 0.5 amperes. That is, the motor had an input voltage 2 times less than the nominal one, and 20% more at the output. The saw worked like a beast - the boards only flew off. He couldn't understand anything. Then I pulled out from under the engine a capacitor the size of a matchbox, which he did not notice, and explained the essence of the experiment. Any specialist can reproduce it in a few seconds and make sure that the extra power is real.”

In this installation, all the energy emitted from the physical vacuum during its transition from an excited state to a neutral state was given to the consumer. Therefore, an external source of energy was required for the next excitation cycle. In Melnichenko's scheme, it was a gasoline generator. And in Tesla's box, it was distant lightning. But if part of the energy received is used to re-excite the vacuum, the extraneous source of energy can be removed. Therefore, Melnichenko changed the installation. The modernized apparatus, in addition to the engine with a generator, also included a variable capacitor, a load, a control unit and batteries. The engine and generator were connected mechanically through a clutch and electrically. The capacitor was in the load circuit. The load circuit and the engine circuit were connected to the generator in parallel. The control unit changed the capacitance of the capacitor so that resonance was always maintained in the circuit. Batteries were needed only to start the installation, and after reaching the stationary mode, they were turned off.

And Paolo Corea seems to be repeating Murray's work. Because the appearance of the Canadian installation is very reminiscent of what the American once showed and how visitors to his laboratory told about it. Corea uses acoustic resonance in plasma. In a glass tube, two flat electrodes stretch along its entire length, to which an alternating voltage is applied with a frequency equal to the resonant frequency of the acoustic oscillations of the plasma (and Murray had 30 such tubes installed in series in a battery). The plasma itself is created by ionizing the gas with charged particles emitted from a thin layer of radioactive material that covers the inside of the electrodes. Of course, the degree of ionization and the temperature of such a plasma are quite low, but this turns out to be sufficient to obtain a good result. According to Corea in his articles, for one unit of input energy, he receives from 6 to 18 units of energy from the plasma. Unfortunately, such a scheme has a significant drawback: a positive feedback between the input and output energies. Therefore, the Canadian installation is unstable, the generated current and voltage jump in a too wide range of values. And this leads to overvoltage of the equipment and its rapid failure. How to solve this problem, the researcher does not yet know.

And here's what's interesting. It turns out that something similar has long been used in all power plants, though with a completely different purpose. The phenomenon of resonance in an electrical network is well known to all electrical engineers. When it occurs, a huge amount of additional energy is released in the network (energy release can be 5-10 times higher than normal), and many consumers burn out. From their exit from work, the capacitance and inductance of the network change and the resonance disappears. But for devices that have already burned out, this does not make it any easier. To avoid such a turnover, special anti-resonant inserts are installed at the exit from the station. As soon as the network is too close to resonance conditions, the inserts automatically change their capacitance and take the network out of the danger zone. But if we began to deliberately maintain the resonance in the network with a corresponding decrease in the current strength at the output of the station, then the fuel consumption by the stations would drop tenfold. And the cost of produced energy would fall by the same amount.

There is also evidence that resonance makes it possible to achieve a multiple reduction in energy consumption during the decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen. If electrolysis is carried out with a current with a frequency equal to the frequency of natural oscillations of hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a water molecule, then the energy costs for decomposition fall tenfold. But during the subsequent combustion of these gases, one in the other, the same energy will be released as before. By decomposing the re-obtained water with a current of resonant frequency and again burning the resulting gases, it is possible to achieve that, with a sufficiently small amount of electricity from the socket or from batteries, we will receive huge amounts of heat. Unfortunately, I did not find enough detailed information on this topic, so I can’t say anything more specific.

Perhaps the resonant mechanism for extracting energy from the physical vacuum will be the most effective of all existing ones. The fact is that any oscillation is characterized by a very high degree of unevenness. Here, both the numerical value of the velocity of the oscillating body and the direction of the velocity vector are constantly changing. And the more uneven, the better the result should be.
It is not known exactly who was the first to develop resonant generators. There is evidence that the American physicist Henry Murray, back in the mid-20s of the last century, carried out the first successful experiment in extracting energy from a physical vacuum in sufficiently large volumes. And in the late 20s, he built a 30-stage unit with a capacity of 50 kW, which worked continuously for several months. Murray made no secret of his experiments and demonstrated a working generator to everyone. This is what ruined him. Once some madman brought a bomb with him and blew up the laboratory. And soon the inventor himself died suddenly. After his death, all the surviving papers and drawings of the installation disappeared. And therefore it is not known exactly how the device of this inventor looked like.
The second was the Serbian physicist Nikola Tesla. He also built a resonant generator, and his laboratory in Colorado Springs was also blown up. Fortunately, Tesla was much more famous than Murray, and therefore he himself was not touched. But they blocked all channels for receiving money for further development. The Tesla apparatus consisted of an electric motor and an electric generator connected to it through a mechanical clutch, as well as a spark plug. The engine rotated the generator, which produced the current needed to run the engine. At the same time, due to the presence of resonance in the circuit, the current was generated in such quantities that it was enough for the operation of the engine itself and for supplying numerous external consumers. When a spark jumps between the electrodes in a spark plug, it vibrates a very wide spectrum of frequencies. And one of them will necessarily coincide with the resonant value. If the load changes, the resonance will be at a different frequency. Such a system is very convenient because it does not need a control unit and it automatically adjusts to the resonant mode. But the spark has two drawbacks, because of which Tesla rejected this scheme. First, the spark emits hard X-rays that are harmful to the body. It is for this reason that those of our contemporaries who worked with the spark circuit died prematurely: Arseny Medelanovskiy, Vladilen Dokuchaev, Alexander Chernetskiy. Secondly, the spark generates powerful radio waves, from which all televisions and radios in the area are deaf.
Tesla quickly figured out the shortcomings of the spark and abandoned this method, developing another safer one and even trying it out in practice. He used the usual oscillating circuit found in all radios, and containing at least one induction coil and a variable electric capacitor. Thunderstorms with lightning constantly rage on Earth, which generate electromagnetic waves of a wide spectrum of frequencies. The antenna picks up these waves and excites a weak alternating current in the circuit. And the resonance mode constantly maintained in the circuit amplifies the current to such an extent that the electric motor located there begins to work. When an industrial exhibition was taking place in Dallas, Texas, Tesla enlisted the support of Pierce-Arrow and General Electric, removed the gasoline engine from the Arrow car on display and installed an 80 hp AC electric motor on it. and a rotation speed of 1800 rpm. After that, I went to a local store, bought a few vacuum tubes, a bunch of wires, resistors, and from all this junk I built a small box measuring 60x30x15cm with two antennas. I installed the box behind the seat, connected it to the electric motor and drove off. He drove the car for a whole week, speeding up to 150 km / h. And to all questions about the source of energy, he answered that energy comes from the ether. But illiterate townsfolk considered that Tesla contacted the devil, who was pushing the car. Enraged by such insinuations, Tesla removed the box from the car and refused to tell how it works.
Some modern physicists working in this field see the source of energy in the Tesla box in electromagnetic fields. In principle, if you tune the frequency of the device to the frequency of the earth's electromagnetic field (from 7 to 7.5 hertz, the so-called Schumann resonance), it will be possible to extract energy from the magnetic field. But this contradicts what Tesla himself said. After all, he was well versed in magnetic fields, but he always spoke about the ether, and not about the field.
Such schemes are currently being explored by Andrey Melnichenko in Russia, Don Martin in the US, and Paolo Corea in Canada. The exact layout of the Don Martin installation is not known, because. Americans keep it a secret. But my personal conversation with the director of the International Tesla Institute, John McGinnis, who is promoting this development, led me to the conclusion that the American installation is almost exactly identical to Melnichenko's. Andrey started with the simplest device, which included only a generator, an electric motor and a capacitor. Here is his story, taken by me from the magazine "Light", 6, 1997: "... I made money on the construction of summer cottages. And he worked with a circular, which had a 1.5 kW motor. Everything was going great until the power went out. I went to a neighbor who had a 127 volt gasoline generator. But the circular motor is designed for 220 volts. From such a generator, the circular worked barely, the disk could be stopped with the palm of your hand. Then I took a couple of conventional capacitors and put them in series with the motor. The voltage jumped to 500 volts. I removed one capacitor, and it turned out to be a voltage just for the engine. A local electrician came, measured it and almost fainted: the gasoline generator had 100 volts and 0.5 kW, and the electric motor had 270 volts and 1.5 kW at the same current strength of 0.5 amperes. That is, the motor had an input voltage 2 times less than the nominal one, and 20% more at the output. The saw worked like a beast - the boards only flew off. He couldn't understand anything. Then I pulled out from under the engine a capacitor the size of a matchbox, which he did not notice, and explained the essence of the experiment. Any specialist can reproduce it in a few seconds and make sure that the extra power is real.”
In this installation, all the energy emitted from the physical vacuum during its transition from an excited state to a neutral state was given to the consumer. Therefore, an external source of energy was required for the next excitation cycle. In Melnichenko's scheme, it was a gasoline generator. And in Tesla's box, it was distant lightning. But if part of the energy received is used to re-excite the vacuum, the extraneous source of energy can be removed. Therefore, Melnichenko changed the installation. The modernized apparatus, in addition to the engine with a generator, also included a variable capacitor, a load, a control unit and batteries. The engine and generator were connected mechanically through a clutch and electrically. The capacitor was in the load circuit. The load circuit and the engine circuit were connected to the generator in parallel. The control unit changed the capacitance of the capacitor so that resonance was always maintained in the circuit. Batteries were needed only to start the installation, and after reaching the stationary mode, they were turned off.
And Paolo Corea seems to be repeating Murray's work. Because the appearance of the Canadian installation is very reminiscent of what the American once showed and how visitors to his laboratory told about it. Corea uses acoustic resonance in plasma. In a glass tube, two flat electrodes stretch along its entire length, to which an alternating voltage is applied with a frequency equal to the resonant frequency of the acoustic oscillations of the plasma (and Murray had 30 such tubes installed in series in a battery). The plasma itself is created by ionizing the gas with charged particles emitted from a thin layer of radioactive material that covers the inside of the electrodes. Of course, the degree of ionization and the temperature of such a plasma are quite low, but this turns out to be sufficient to obtain a good result. According to Corea in his articles, for one unit of input energy, he receives from 6 to 18 units of energy from the plasma. Unfortunately, such a scheme has a significant drawback: a positive feedback between the input and output energies. Therefore, the Canadian installation is unstable, the generated current and voltage jump in a too wide range of values. And this leads to overvoltage of the equipment and its rapid failure. How to solve this problem, the researcher does not yet know.
And here's what's interesting. It turns out that something similar has long been used in all power plants, though with a completely different purpose. The phenomenon of resonance in an electrical network is well known to all electrical engineers. When it occurs, a huge amount of additional energy is released in the network (energy release can be 5-10 times higher than normal), and many consumers burn out. From their exit from work, the capacitance and inductance of the network change and the resonance disappears. But for devices that have already burned out, this does not make it any easier. To avoid such a turnover, special anti-resonant inserts are installed at the exit from the station. As soon as the network is too close to resonance conditions, the inserts automatically change their capacitance and take the network out of the danger zone. But if we began to specifically maintain resonance in the network with a corresponding decrease in the current strength at the output of the station, then the fuel consumption by the stations would drop tenfold. And the cost of produced energy would fall by the same amount.
There is also evidence that resonance makes it possible to achieve a multiple reduction in energy consumption during the decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen. If electrolysis is carried out with a current with a frequency equal to the frequency of natural oscillations of hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a water molecule, then the energy costs for decomposition fall tenfold. But during the subsequent combustion of these gases, one in the other, the same energy will be released as before. By decomposing the re-obtained water with a current of resonant frequency and again burning the resulting gases, it is possible to achieve that, with a sufficiently small amount of electricity from the socket or from batteries, we will receive huge amounts of heat. Unfortunately, I did not find enough detailed information on this topic, so I can’t say anything more specific.

Most likely, the most effective of all existing mechanisms that extract energy from the physical vacuum is the resonant mechanism. It constantly changes both the direction of the velocity vector and the numerical value of the speed of movement. Any fluctuation is characterized by a high degree of non-uniformity, and the greater the non-uniformity, the higher the result will be.

According to some sources, it is known that the first researcher who developed resonant generators was the physicist Henry Murray. Around the middle of the twenties of the last century, he conducted the first successful experiment in obtaining energy from physical vacuum in very large volumes. And already in the late twenties, Henry built a thirty-speed unit, which had a power of 50 kW and worked for several months without interruption.

Murray did not hide anything, openly demonstrated his unit to everyone. This brought him into trouble - an unknown anonymous brought a bomb to the territory of the laboratory and blew it up. After some time, Murray himself suddenly died. And, since, after his death, all the drawings for the installation of this mechanism disappeared, no one knows exactly how this device was specifically arranged.

The second generator, which worked on the resonant principle, was built by the physicist Nikola Tesla. However, the laboratory in Colorado Springs, where he conducted tests, was also blown up. Tesla was very famous and so they kept him alive, but cut off funding for any further development of the mechanism. Tesla's apparatus consisted of a spark and an electric generator connected to an electric motor. The generator was rotated by the engine and produced the necessary current for it. Moreover, the current was generated in huge quantities, which was enough for all external consumers. The reason for this generation of current was the presence of resonance in the circuit. If a spark jumps between the electrodes in the spark plug, it begins to oscillate a wide range of frequencies, one of which will necessarily coincide with the resonant value. With a change in load, resonance will be produced at a different frequency.

This whole system is very convenient, it does not need a control unit, as it automatically adjusts to the resonant mode. But Tesla rejected this system, since the emitted spark is very harmful to health with its X-rays.

Arseny Medelyanovsky, Alexander Chernetsky, Vladilen Dokuchaev - contemporaries working with a spark circuit, died precisely because of harmful radiation. Also, the spark produces radio waves so powerful that all radios and televisions fail. Because of these shortcomings, Tesla abandoned this scheme. He developed a new, safer method using the standard oscillatory circuit found in every radio receiver, which contains at least one induction coil and a variable electric capacitor. Broad spectrum electromagnetic waves come from constant thunderstorms and lightning on Earth. Capturing these waves, the antenna provokes a small alternating current in the circuit, which, due to the resonance mode, is amplified to such an extent that the motor available there begins to work.

At an industrial show in Dallas, Tesla enlisted the support of firms such as Pierce-Arrow and General Electric and installed an electric motor with a rotation speed of 1800 rpm and an alternating current of 80 hp in the motor of the car on display. Next, Tesla built a small box measuring 60 × 30 × 15 cm with two antennas from resistors, wires and several vacuum tubes, installed it behind the seat, and connected it to an electric motor. Tesla drove the car for a whole week, speeding up to 150 kilometers per hour, and to all questions about the source of energy supply, he answered that it comes from the ether, i.e. physical vacuum. Enraged by the arguments of illiterate townsfolk, who decided that Tesla had contacted the devil himself, he removed the box from the car and refused to tell how it works.

At the moment, some physicists working in this direction see the energy source of the Tesla box in electromagnetic fields. Of course, it will be possible to receive energy from the magnetic field if the frequencies of the device are set to the frequencies of the Earth's electromagnetic field ("Schumann resonance" - from 7-7.5 hertz). In this case, this will contradict Tesla's words, because he himself, like no one else, understood magnetic fields, but always spoke of some kind of physical vacuum as a source.

Don Martin in the USA, Paolo Corea in Canada and Andrey Melnichenko in Russia are currently working on similar schemes. The Americans keep Don Martin's installation schemes secret, but there is information that they are almost identical to Melnichenko's schemes.

The Russian physicist himself began with a simple device with an ordinary electric motor, generator and capacitor. This is known from his interview in the magazine "Light" in 1997, which talks about how he worked with a circular in the country, an engine that was designed for 1.5 kW.

Suddenly there was a power outage and he found a 127-volt gasoline generator, but the circular motor was designed for 220 volts, and from such a generator it worked so slowly that it could easily be stopped with the palm of your hand. Then Melnichenko put a pair of conventional capacitors in series with the engine. The voltage immediately rose to 500 volts, he removed the capacitor, and the voltage was just right for the engine. The gasoline generator produced 100 volts, and the electric motor 270, this at the same current strength of 0.5 amperes - the local electrician could not believe his eyes! The engine voltage at the input is 2 times less, and at the output it is 20% more - he could not understand anything! Melnichenko disconnected a capacitor the size of a matchbox from the engine and explained the essence of the experiment to an electrician. Any specialist can reproduce and verify its additional power in a couple of seconds.

All the energy ejected from the physical vacuum in this installation, upon transition to a neutral state, is given to the consumer, therefore, another source of energy is required for the next excitation cycle. Melnichenko made this source a gasoline generator, and distant lightning became a source in Tesla's box. Melnichenko noticed that if part of the energy was used for re-excitation, then another source of energy would not be needed, and he decided to make changes to the installation. The modernized apparatus included an engine, a generator, as well as a variable capacitor, a load, batteries, and a control unit. The engine and generator were electrically and mechanically connected through a clutch. The capacitor was located in the load circuit, the circuit in the engine circuit was connected in parallel to the generator. Batteries were needed only to start the installation, and the control unit adjusted the capacitor so that the resonance in the circuit was maintained constantly. After switching to standard mode, the batteries were disconnected.

And the appearance of the Paolo Corea installation is very similar to those of Murray, according to visitors to this laboratory who have seen the installations. Corea uses acoustic resonance in plasma in his installations. Two flat electrodes are stretched along the entire length inside the glass tube, they are supplied with an alternating voltage, the frequency of which is equal to the resonance of acoustic oscillations in the plasma (Murray used 30 glass tubes installed in series in a battery). The substance that covers the electrodes with a thin layer on the inside is gas ionization, with the help of which the plasma itself is created. In his articles, Corea reports that he receives 6-18 units of energy from plasma, these figures are certainly very low, but they are enough to get the desired result.

But the installation of the Canadian, unfortunately, is unstable, the generated voltage jumps, the reason is the positive feedback between the input and the return of energy. All this leads to overvoltage of all equipment, and it can fail. The researcher has not yet found a solution to this problem.

The most interesting thing turned out to be that all power plants have been using such equipment for a long time, because the resonance phenomenon in the electrical network is known to all electromechanics, but they have completely different goals. When the resonance phenomenon occurs, there is a release of energy, which can exceed the norm by 10 times, and most consumers burn out. After that, the inductance of the network changes and then the resonance disappears, but the burned-out devices can no longer be restored. To avoid these inconveniences, certain anti-resonant inserts are installed that automatically change their capacitance and divert the network from the danger zone as soon as it is close to resonant conditions. If the resonance were maintained in the network on purpose, with a corresponding decrease in the current strength at the output from the station, fuel consumption would decrease by several tens of times. And, accordingly, the cost of energy produced would be much reduced.

There is information that resonance could make it possible to achieve a significant reduction in energy costs when water decomposes into hydrogen and oxygen. By performing electrolysis with a current with a frequency that is equal to the frequency of vibrations of hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a water molecule, the decomposition costs will be minimal. At such a cost, we could obtain huge amounts of heat from batteries or sockets, decomposing the newly obtained water by resonance and re-burning the resulting gases. But so far there is not enough detailed information on this topic, and it is not possible to give any specifics.

To solve the problem of the limited fossil fuels, researchers around the world are working to create and put into operation alternative energy sources. And we are talking not only about the well-known windmills and solar panels. Gas and oil can be replaced by energy from algae, volcanoes and human steps. Recycle has selected ten of the most exciting and clean energy sources of the future.

Joules from turnstiles

Thousands of people every day pass through the turnstiles at the entrance to railway stations. At once in several research centers of the world, the idea appeared to use the flow of people as an innovative energy generator. The Japanese company East Japan Railway Company decided to equip each turnstile at railway stations with generators. The installation works at a train station in Tokyo's Shibuya district: piezoelectric elements are embedded in the floor under the turnstiles, which generate electricity from the pressure and vibration they receive when people step on them.

Another "energy turnstile" technology is already in use in China and the Netherlands. In these countries, engineers decided to use not the effect of pressing the piezoelectric elements, but the pushing effect of the turnstile handles or turnstile doors. The concept of the Dutch company Boon Edam involves replacing standard doors at the entrance to shopping centers (which usually work on a photocell system and start spinning themselves) with doors that the visitor must push and thus generate electricity.

In the Dutch center Natuurcafe La Port, such doors-generators have already appeared. Each of them produces about 4,600 kilowatt-hours of energy per year, which at first glance may seem insignificant, but it is a good example of an alternative technology for generating electricity.

Algae heat houses

Algae began to be considered as an alternative energy source relatively recently, but the technology, according to experts, is very promising. Suffice it to say that from 1 hectare of water surface area occupied by algae, 150 thousand cubic meters of biogas can be obtained per year. This is approximately equal to the volume of gas that a small well produces, and enough for the life of a small village.

Green algae are easy to maintain, grow quickly and come in a variety of species that use the energy of sunlight to carry out photosynthesis. All biomass, be it sugars or fats, can be converted into biofuels, most commonly bioethanol and biodiesel. Algae is an ideal eco-fuel because it grows in the aquatic environment and does not require land resources, is highly productive and does not harm the environment.

According to economists, by 2018 the global turnover from the processing of biomass of marine microalgae can reach about $ 100 billion. There are already implemented projects on "algae" fuel - for example, a 15-apartment building in Hamburg, Germany. The facades of the house are covered with 129 algae tanks, which serve as the only source of energy for heating and air conditioning of the building, called the Bio Intelligent Quotient (BIQ) House.

Speed ​​bumps light up the streets

The concept of generating electricity using the so-called "speed bumps" began to be implemented first in the UK, then in Bahrain, and soon the technology will reach Russia.It all started with the fact that the British inventor Peter Hughes created the "Generating Road Ramp" (Electro-Kinetic Road Ramp) for highways. The ramp consists of two metal plates that rise slightly above the road. An electric generator is laid under the plates, which generates current whenever the car passes through the ramp.

Depending on the weight of the car, the ramp can generate from 5 to 50 kilowatts during the time the car passes the ramp. Such ramps as batteries are able to supply electricity to traffic lights and illuminated road signs. In the UK, the technology is already working in several cities. The method began to spread to other countries - for example, to small Bahrain.

The most surprising thing is that something similar can be seen in Russia. Albert Brand, a student from Tyumen, proposed the same street lighting solution at the VUZPromExpo forum. According to the developer's estimates, from 1,000 to 1,500 cars pass by speed bumps in his city every day. For one “collision” of a car on a “speed bump” equipped with an electric generator, about 20 watts of electricity will be generated that does not harm the environment.

More than just football

Developed by a group of Harvard alumni who founded Uncharted Play, a Soccket ball can generate electricity in half an hour of football, enough to power an LED lamp for several hours. Soccket is called an environmentally friendly alternative to unsafe energy sources, which are often used by residents of underdeveloped countries.

The principle of energy storage in a Soccket is quite simple: the kinetic energy generated from hitting the ball is transferred to a tiny pendulum-like mechanism that drives a generator. The generator produces electricity, which is stored in the battery. The stored energy can be used to power any small electrical appliance, such as a table lamp with an LED.

The output power of the Soccket is six watts. The energy-generating ball has already won worldwide recognition, winning numerous awards, being highly acclaimed by the Clinton Global Initiative, and receiving accolades at the renowned TED conference.

The hidden energy of volcanoes

One of the main developments in the development of volcanic energy belongs to American researchers from the initiating companies AltaRock Energy and Davenport Newberry Holdings. The test subject was a dormant volcano in Oregon. Salt water is pumped deep into the rocks, the temperature of which is very high due to the decay of the radioactive elements present in the planet's crust and the Earth's hottest mantle. When heated, water turns into steam, which is fed into a turbine that generates electricity.

At the moment, there are only two small operating power plants of this type - in France and in Germany. If the American technology works, the US Geological Survey estimates that geothermal energy has the potential to provide 50% of the electricity needed by the country (today its contribution is only 0.3%).

Another way to use volcanoes to generate energy was proposed in 2009 by Icelandic researchers. Near the volcanic depths, they discovered an underground reservoir of water with an abnormally high temperature. Super-hot water is somewhere on the border between liquid and gas and exists only at a certain temperature and pressure.

Scientists could generate something similar in the laboratory, but it turned out that such water is also found in nature - in the bowels of the earth. It is believed that ten times more energy can be extracted from "critical temperature" water than from water brought to a boil in the classical way.

Energy from human heat

The principle of thermoelectric generators operating on temperature difference has been known for a long time. But only a few years ago, technology began to allow the use of the heat of the human body as an energy source. A team of researchers from the Korea Leading Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) has developed a generator embedded in a flexible glass plate.

T Which gadget will allow fitness bracelets to be recharged from the heat of a human hand - for example, while running, when the body is very hot and contrasts with the ambient temperature. A Korean generator measuring 10 by 10 centimeters can produce about 40 milliwatts of energy at a skin temperature of 31 degrees Celsius.

A similar technology was taken as a basis by the young Ann Makosinski, who invented a flashlight that is charged by the temperature difference between the air and the human body. The effect is explained by the use of four Peltier elements: their feature is the ability to generate electricity when heated on one side and cooled on the other side.

As a result, Ann's flashlight produces a fairly bright light, but does not require rechargeable batteries. For its operation, only a temperature difference of only five degrees between the degree of heating of the human palm and the temperature in the room is necessary.

Steps on "smart" paving slabs

At any point of one of the busy streets, there are up to 50,000 steps per day. The idea of ​​using foot traffic to usefully convert steps into energy was realized in a product developed by Lawrence Kemball-Cook, director of Pavegen Systems Ltd. in the UK. An engineer has created paving slabs that generate electricity from the kinetic energy of walking pedestrians.

The device in the innovative tile is made from a flexible, waterproof material that flexes about five millimeters when pressed. This, in turn, creates energy, which the mechanism converts into electricity. The accumulated watts are either stored in a lithium polymer battery or directly used to light bus stops, shop windows and signage.

The Pavegen tile itself is considered completely environmentally friendly: its body is made of special grade stainless steel and low carbon recycled polymer. The top surface is made from used tires, thanks to which the tiles are durable and highly resistant to abrasion.

During the Summer Olympics in London in 2012, tiles were installed on many tourist streets. In two weeks, 20 million joules of energy were obtained. This was more than enough for street lighting in the British capital.

Bicycle charging smartphones

To recharge the player, phone or tablet, it is not necessary to have an outlet close at hand. Sometimes just turning the pedals is enough. Thus, the American company Cycle Atom has released a device that allows you to charge an external battery while cycling and subsequently recharge mobile devices.

The product, called the Siva Cycle Atom, is a lightweight lithium battery bike generator designed to power almost any mobile device with a USB port. This mini generator can be installed on most common bike frames in minutes. The battery itself can be easily removed for subsequent recharging of gadgets. The user goes in for sports and pedals - and after a couple of hours his smartphone is already charged by 100 cents.

Nokia, in turn, also introduced to the general public a gadget that attaches to a bicycle and allows you to translate pedaling into a way to obtain environmentally friendly energy. The Nokia Bicycle Charger Kit has a dynamo, a small electrical generator that uses energy from the wheels of a bicycle to charge the phone through the standard 2mm plug found on most Nokia phones.

The Benefits of Wastewater

Any large city daily dumps a huge amount of wastewater into open water, polluting the ecosystem. It would seem that water poisoned by sewage can no longer be useful to anyone, but this is not so - scientists have discovered a way to create fuel cells based on it.

One of the pioneers of the idea was Pennsylvania State University professor Bruce Logan. The general concept is very difficult for a non-specialist to understand and is built on two pillars - the use of bacterial fuel cells and the installation of the so-called reverse electrodialysis. Bacteria oxidize organic matter in wastewater and produce electrons in the process, creating an electrical current.

Almost any type of organic waste material can be used to generate electricity - not only sewage, but also animal waste, as well as by-products from the wine, brewing, and dairy industries. As for reverse electrodialysis, electric generators work here, separated by membranes into cells and extracting energy from the difference in salinity of two mixing liquid streams.

"Paper" energy

Japanese electronics manufacturer Sony has developed and unveiled a bio-generator capable of generating electricity from finely cut paper at the Tokyo Green Food Show. The essence of the process is as follows: corrugated cardboard is needed to isolate cellulose (this is a long chain of glucose sugar found in green plants).

The chain is broken with the help of enzymes, and the resulting glucose is processed by another group of enzymes, with the help of which hydrogen ions and free electrons are released. The electrons are sent through an external circuit to generate electricity. It is estimated that such an installation during the processing of one sheet of paper measuring 210 by 297 mm can generate about 18 watts per hour (about the same amount of energy is generated by 6 AA batteries).

The method is environmentally friendly: an important advantage of such a “battery” is the absence of metals and harmful chemical compounds. Although at the moment the technology is still far from commercialization: electricity is generated quite a bit - it is only enough to power small portable gadgets.