Maya civilization calendar. Mayan calendar: there will be no end of the world When is the end of the world according to the Mayan calendar
A fairly relevant topic at the moment, and until the period of December 21, 2012, it will only get sharper every month.
Start
Mayan- the civilization of Central America, known for its writing, art, architecture, mathematical and astronomical systems. It began to form in the preclassical era (2000 BC - 250 AD), most of its cities reached their peak in the classical period (250 AD - 900 AD). It continued to exist until the arrival of the conquiscadors.
The Maya built stone cities, many of which were abandoned long before the arrival of Europeans, others were inhabited after. The calendar developed by the Maya was used by other peoples of Central America. The hieroglyphic writing system, partially deciphered, was used. Numerous inscriptions on the monuments have been preserved. They created an efficient system of agriculture, had deep knowledge in the field of astronomy.
Symbols of the gods of previous eras
The first Sun lasted 4008 years and was destroyed by earthquakes and eaten by jaguars.
The Second Sun lasted 4010 years and was destroyed by the wind and its violent cyclones.
The Third Sun lasted 4081 years and was destroyed by a fiery rain that poured from the craters of huge volcanoes.
The fourth Sun lasted 5026 years and fell from the water that flooded everything around in a giant flood.
The Fifth Sun - which shines on us today. It is known as the "Sun of Movement" because, according to the ideas of the Indians, in this era there will be a movement of the Earth, from which everyone will perish.
And so now about the calendar itself
The Maya Indians left us a secret calendar ending on December 21, 2012. It was then that the Great 5000 era of the sacred Jaguar ended and the end of the world would come.
California scientists have learned that the Maya Indians appointed this day for a reason: it is astronomically dependent on many factors.
After one day of the winter solstice, the star Sun will line up with the mysterious energy center of the universe (such an event happens once every 25,800 years). It turns out that the current civilization will experience such a rare event for the first time, or end up with it.
It is interesting that the Mayan calendar originates from antiquity, far before the emergence and development of this Indian culture: it is calculated from August 13, 3114 BC. e.,
And the Mayan civilization, according to scientists, began to exist in just 2 thousand years. The prophecy predicts that on this day, at the request of the gods, a new EPOCH will begin.
Scientists wanted to figure out how earthly events are connected with each other and with the date indicated by the Maya, and it turned out that back in 3114 BC. e. a mysterious space building has been erected in Stounhdge! In Egypt, the era of the pharaohs originates, in Mesopotamia the first letter and writing is born, in America the cult of "Mais" began. It seems that on the entire planet Earth, under the influence of external cosmic forces, it was then that a global cult revolution began and humanity acquired completely innovative knowledge.
Earlier, American scientists explained the Mayan chronology, according to which the end of the world should occur in 2012. The Mayan prophecy concerns an event meant to change the course of history. It is known that the Mayan civilization reached a high development in astronomy, the calendar system, complex mathematics and abstract thought. According to Maya chronology, the modern era began on August 12, 3114 BC. and is due to end on December 23, 2012 AD. - according to the previously adopted version on December 21, 2012.
According to the calculations of astronomers in 2012, during the December solstice, the Sun should be in the Milky Way zone. When the Sun is in this zone, the renewal of the world, its new birth, must take place. Accordingly, the Mayan prediction concerns an event that will change the course of history.
American scientists argued that powerful flares would occur on the Sun. The colossal charge of plasma that the Sun will spew out will paralyze all energy systems on Earth. The economic paralysis caused by this accident will cause the death of millions of people this year.
And so we conclude by what the Mayans wanted to notify us, or they are really right in their calculations and this will happen on December 23, 2012, and not as earlier on December 21, or is this an erroneous opinion that has let us down more than once? It remains only to live until the specified date and see it with your own eyes.
This is the first theory that has become so popular that now they talk about it wherever possible, in the next note, I will talk about other possible phenomena in that period of the life of our planet, and the infinitely wide expanses around it.
End of the world?! To be continued… Vecherina Elena Yurievna
2012 Mayan calendar
2012 Mayan calendar
The Mayan prediction of the end of the world in 2012 has sparked a lot of conversation among scientists and thinkers of our time. The impending end of the world was vigorously discussed in all the media. This was facilitated by the ecological state of our planet and the increasing frequency of man-made disasters. Everyone knows about the warming of the climate on Earth, about the thinning of the ozone layer of the atmosphere. Every year natural disasters occur in different parts of the world. Geophysicists have noted an increased activity of the Earth's magnetic field. Astronomers talk about increased solar activity. Many people are concerned about their future because of this. It is at this time that the Mayan calendar ends. Such mystical coincidences are interpreted by many as a portent of the end of the world.
According to the Mayan calendar, on December 21, 2012, the long count of time returns to its original value. There has been a lot of controversy in the media regarding this date. Many scientists have thought about what will happen next: is this the end of world history or the beginning of another history? There were different opinions on this. Some believed that the Earth would perish, others - that the time would come for the return of the gods, who would give people new knowledge. According to Indian predictions, from this date endless natural disasters and catastrophes will begin on Earth. Many people agree with this.
Global changes on Earth and the possibility of the end of the world were also confirmed by the fact that it was in 2012 that the time of the winter solstice was celebrated, i.e. the Sun had to pass along the axis of the galaxy. In this case, the plane of the orbit of the solar system had to pass perpendicular to the plane of the Milky Way.
The Mayan people inhabited the territory of modern Mexico in the 5th-10th centuries AD. He built dozens of cities, the total area of \u200b\u200bwhich is very significant. All buildings in them were made of stone. It has been established that the Maya were well versed in mathematics based on the vigesimal number system. With its help, they built stone pyramids and compiled calendars. There are 17 known calendars used by the Mayan people.
For a long time no one could decipher the Mayan writings. This was done in the 20th century by a linguist from Leningrad, Yuri Knorozov. He managed to translate many written sources into Russian. Knorozov's works were used in deciphering the Mayan calendar and studying their culture.
Scientists of our time have translated the Mayan calendar into the modern system of chronology. According to this calendar, many unusual events awaited our planet on December 21, 2012. On this day, a long time period called the Fifth Sun ended.
According to the Mayan calendar, the modern era began on August 12, 3114 BC. And ended on December 21, 2012. Why the Mayan calendar ended on this particular date remains a mystery. It is also unclear why this people had such a complex system of time reference.
Many scientists are still surprised how the ancient people managed to accurately predict many astrological events. For example, the Mayan calendar predicted the alignment of the planets in 2012. This cosmic phenomenon is observed quite often. However, the alignment of the planets in 2012 is different from all others. At this parade, not only the planets of the solar system, but also other star systems lined up in one row. This event is unique. According to scientists, a similar parade before that took place 26,000 years ago.
The ancient people had calendars for ordinary people and for nobles. The first calendar included dates for sowing and harvesting. For the Maya, this was very important, since at the end of the harvest, heavy rains began, lasting up to 5 months.
They had a ritual, consisting of 260 cells, and a solar, consisting of 360 cells, calendars. These calendars had a common day that occurred every 52 years. It was believed that on this day a new era begins. Interestingly, in those days, the average life expectancy was just 52 years.
The Maya recorded their calculations in a table. For example, the ritual calendar was a table of 13x20 cells. Time was counted by cells from bottom to top and from left to right. One column consisted of 13 cells, there were 20 columns in total. One cell corresponded to 20 years. Mayan numbers were written using the following characters: dot, dash and zero. This corresponded to the numbers 1, 5, 0.
The solar calendar consisted of 18 months, each of which had 20 days, that is, a total of 360 days in a year. It is surprising that telescopes and astronomical knowledge are needed to create such a calendar. There was nothing like this among the ancient people. There is an opinion that a lot of Mayan knowledge was received from aliens. Scientists suggest that the Maya were a highly developed civilization. They received their knowledge from their ancestors belonging to the Olmec civilization. They did not know how to make wheels, they did not use iron, but they knew how to make cavities in their teeth for inserting precious stones. An interesting question is why the Mayan civilization disappeared, why it did not reach a new level of development.
Studying the Mayan calendar, scientists put forward several versions of the end of the world on December 21, 2012. Some said that a global catastrophe (earthquake, tsunami) would occur on Earth and all life would be destroyed. Others have said that the Earth's magnetic pole will change. This will make the planet vulnerable to cosmic radiation, including solar radiation. A change in the Earth's magnetic pole will again lead to natural disasters of a global nature. They expected a large number of volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis. Still others expected that on the indicated date an asteroid of enormous size (more than 300 m in diameter) would fall to Earth. There were also those who on December 21, 2012 expected the arrival of aliens from the planet Nibiru. This planet once in 3600 years becomes closer to the Sun. Thus, the meeting of the terrestrial civilization with the alien was assumed. Some associated the coming end of the world with nuclear physics. Others feared that the invented Large Hadron Collider, when launched in 2012, would lead to the formation of holes that would swallow the Earth. However, the scientists involved in its launch assure the safety of this technical invention.
The version that the end of the world, according to more accurate data, will occur on December 23, 2012 received a larger number of votes. On this day, human civilization will enter a new round of development. People will discover new abilities in themselves, which will significantly change their worldview. After all, it is known that a person actively uses only a small part of his brain. Supporters of this version believed that there would be a leap in the evolution of man as a species. This will lead to a large number of discoveries related to space and information obtained from it. Which, in turn, will make contact with alien civilizations possible.
The Olmecs had a very developed sculptural art. Many altars, stelae, huge stone heads have been found in archaeological excavations. Among the finds there are also elegant jade sculptures of people and household items.
Whatever it was, but the Earth and all mankind once again survived. However, it is worth thinking about the fact that many natural disasters on our planet occur through the fault of man. The danger that this will lead to irreparable consequences exists in reality. Therefore, foreshadowings of the end of the world will periodically occur as long as people are interested in the eternal questions of life and death. If environmental issues are not given due attention, then it is possible that the end of the world will one day come through the fault of man.
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Mayan prediction
In the 60s of the XX century in South America, scientists found an ancient calendar belonging to the Maya. The calendar was a table carved on a large piece. Although it was badly damaged, scientists were able to inscribe on the tablet. The accuracy of the calendar, created thousands of years ago by people who didn't even know the wheel, was amazing! The Maya accurately calculated the duration of the annual cycle of the earth's rotation. However, they believed that all over the world there is a change of periods, the so-called "Suns". Since the beginning of time, four “Suns” have already passed, several millennia long. Each period ended with a terrible catastrophe in which almost all of humanity perished. If the Mayan calendar isn't lying, it's the fifth "Sun" right now. And it ends on the twelfth of December 2012.
Astrologers' prediction
Astrologers have their own reason for calling 2012 the last year in human history. They claim that at the end of the year, several celestial bodies will gather in a row in the firmament. There will be a "parade of planets" on the last day of the lunar month. Jupiter and the Moon will stand next to one line, Uranus will change direction, and the Sun will be in the Milky Way zone. All these changes in the galaxy will entail many destructive processes on the third planet from the Sun. Earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, floods and hurricanes will hit the Earth.
Predictions of American scientists
At the end of 2011, there was a wave of publications about solar flares in many popular print media. Scientists hypothesized that at the end of 2012 a series of flares of colossal power will occur on the Sun. This will cause the destruction of all power systems on the planet. The economies of all countries will collapse. Chaos, hunger and wars will come on Earth. Millions of people will die, and the survivors will only have to fight for food and fight the cold.
No matter how reliable the predictions about the end of the world may seem, we must not forget that humanity is not the first time in its history preparing for inevitable death. Various clairvoyants and soothsayers predict the day of the Last Judgment with enviable regularity. And the world is still alive and beautiful.
Advice 2: Who and why predicted the end of the world in 2012
According to various predictions of the prophets and clairvoyants, 2012 is a year of shocks and changes, a year when the whole habitual way of the world will change. Cities will fall, continents will go under water, many thousands and thousands will die, everything will collapse, and the miserable remnants of humanity will be deprived of homes and food. 2012 is the year of a terrible catastrophe that was predicted many centuries ago.
Mayan prophecy is considered the first prediction for 2012. These people possessed amazing knowledge in the field of astronomy and architecture. In their stone calendar there are dates up to several tens of millennia BC, and it ends on the day of the winter solstice in 2012. The long count calendar consists of several cycles of "Suns", each of which ended in disaster. The last cycle began on August 11 in 3114 BC. e. and should last 5125 years. Thus, the last day of the last cycle, according to various sources, is December 21 or 23, 2012. The Maya described well the events that ended the previous three Suns: the first died from, the second from, the third from fire, and the fourth, according to predictions, should drown in the waters of the flood.
The second prediction regarding 2012 can be called the prophecy of Michel Nostradamus. The recently found and deciphered quatrains of the famous speak of terrible cataclysms that will shake the entire Earth. In particular, powerful earthquakes around the world are described, which will occur at the end of 2012. And then the active movement of continental plates will begin.
The little-known prophetess nun Pelageya, in her messages to the children of the near future, says this: “I feel sorry for you, you live in the last times.” She also predicted catastrophic changes in the earth's appearance before the end of time. According to some notable events that, according to the nun, should occur before the immediate start of the Apocalypse, one can judge that the End of the World is not far off.
The American psychic Edgar Cayce at the beginning of the 20th century saw in his visions how the world would be destroyed. At the beginning of the 21st century there will be a change of poles, many cities will be wiped off the face of the earth. Storms and hurricanes, floods and droughts, tsunamis, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions will become more intense, stronger and more relentless. According to his predictions, a new geographical map was drawn up, which does not contain many modern coastal cities. In connection with the alarmingly frequent natural anomalies over the past few years, it can be assumed that Casey was talking about modernity.
Another no less famous soothsayer, the Bulgarian prophetess Vanga, predicted that very soon great shocks awaited humanity. When asked when what she saw would happen, she replied that "...it will happen when Syria falls." It should be noted that the United States is preparing to invade this country. And according to some forecasts, the conflict may occur in the fall of 2012.
A huge number of ancient prophecies coincide with this date - 12/21/2012. The old ones, which were known many centuries ago, and the new ones, more like inflating the problem of the End of the World and fitting it to existing facts. In any case, it's not long to wait, on December 21, 2012, humanity will know the price of prophecies - whether it is foresight, a premonition or a fashion trend.
Doomsday predictions are not uncommon. Especially a lot of them concerns 2012. It's hard to list everything in one article. Some bookstores even have entire shelves dedicated to this supposed event. As a rule, the end of the world is presented as the end of humanity, by analogy with the Flood, aimed at the self-purification of the Earth.
One of the versions about the end of the world in 2012 is associated with the Mayan calendar. The Mayan tribe, considered one of the most highly developed civilizations of antiquity, left a system of calendars, the reckoning of which begins on August 13, 3113 BC. And it ends on December 21, 2012. This gives some to predict the end of the world on that date. Others believe that we are talking only about the completion of the next time cycle - the era of the Fifth Sun.
Also on this day, a parade of planets is expected: they will line up along the center of the Galaxy. As a result, a shift in the Earth's magnetic poles and strong solar flares are possible. Someone is also considering a version of a gamma-ray explosion from the center of the Galaxy.
The possibility of the end of the world due to a strong solar flare is being considered. The result is the death of all life on Earth. In fact, it's hard to predict. If there is an outbreak, it will happen, and not necessarily in 2012.
The invasion of hostile aliens is another version. Someone denies the existence of an alien mind, while someone completely admits it. After all, it has been little studied by scientists, and hardly any of the people imagine its real scale. However, speculation about an alien invasion is just speculation.
There is a version about a meeting with Nibiru - supposed, which approaches the Earth once every 3600 years and affects its radiation. After that, more frequent earthquakes and worsening of the climate, floods and volcanic eruptions are possible.
Also predictions, according to which in 2012 there should be not so much the end of the world as the spiritual rebirth of people. The point is that more and more people will strive for self-development, goodness and justice, and take care of the environment. Those who are not ready for change may get sick and leave this world ahead of schedule.
It is worth noting that usually when the event is talked about a lot by the media, it does not actually happen. At the same time, when there is a threat of a catastrophe, or a catastrophe really occurs, everyone will find out about it at the last moment. There are many such examples in history.
But the situation of an ecological catastrophe or ruin as a result of wars in one or two decades seems quite probable. This will depend on the people. Interestingly, there are predictions about the end of the world for many subsequent years - 2013, 2014, 2016, 2018, 2020, 2023, 2025, etc.
According to the calculations of the Mayan Indians, on December 21, 2012, as a result of natural disasters that hit the planet, the end of the world should come. Fears in this regard are expressed by various predictors and astrologers. However, the opinions of scientists about the apocalypse are divided.
There are several scenarios according to which the end of the world will presumably occur. Some sources foreshadow the fall of a giant asteroid to Earth, which will lead to the death of all life. According to scientists, such a tragedy has happened to the planet more than once, and it was because of this that they died out at one time. However, experts involved in the study of space, assure that the likelihood of such a development of events is negligible. Thanks to modern achievements in astronautics, it is possible not only to track the approach of an asteroid, but also to destroy it without waiting for a collision with the Earth.
Another popular version says that the end of the world will come as a result of a unique astronomical phenomenon - a parade of planets. It is on December 21, 2012 that the Sun, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Saturn and Jupiter will line up, which will lead to the superposition of their magnetic and gravitational fields. It is almost impossible to predict the possible consequences, but many scientists believe that this astronomical phenomenon will cause a displacement of both individual cosmic bodies and entire star systems from their orbits. This is what, according to assumptions, will eventually cause chaos and the end of the world. However, NASA experts urge not to panic. A big parade of planets occurs every 20 years, and if nothing out of the ordinary has happened in previous times, the likelihood that this will happen in December 2012 is not too great.
Seismologists also have a doomsday scenario. In their opinion, at the end of 2012, giant volcanoes located in the United States, New Zealand, Japan and Indonesia may become active. Each of them is capable of emitting more than 400 million tons of sulfuric acid into the atmosphere. Dust and dirt formed as a result of the eruption will prevent the penetration of sunlight on the planet, which will lead to the onset of nuclear winter and the death of all life. However, opponents of this theory assure that there are no prerequisites for such a development of events yet.
The end of the world may also come as a result of an ecological catastrophe. The fact is that the population of the planet consumes a huge amount of resources. This leads to the depletion of the Earth's interior and pollution of the atmosphere. Over the past few years, there has been a three percent reduction in the number of living beings, and if the situation is not brought under control, the problem will only get worse. In any case, if the end of the world is destined to happen according to this scenario, it will happen no earlier than 2050. Currently, many programs are being developed to protect the environment, and therefore it is likely that the situation will be corrected by the specified date.
No matter how frightening the forecasts are, you should not panic and prepare for the worst. For all the time of the existence of mankind, the end of the world was promised more than a dozen times. There is a high probability that the future one is nothing more than another hoax.
Sources:
- 2012 will the world end
Tip 5: Why December 21, 2012 was not the end of the world
December 21, 2012 is the day that, thanks to the media and two theories, made millions of hearts beat faster in fear of the unknown end of the world. Why didn't the apocalypse happen? and “what were the prerequisites for its implementation?” - these two questions literally hung in the air and require logical explanations.
The second theory is related to astronomy. Many have argued that on the day of the solstice there will be a parade of planets, the Earth will collide with a space object, a comet or an asteroid. It has also been suggested that the death of all mankind from the sun is possible.
Refutation of all prerequisites for the apocalypse
From a scientific point of view, the above theories of the apocalypse under the influence of the media simply misled mankind, since none of them is reliable and is subject to a completely logical refutation.
Theory No. 1 (Mayan calendar). According to the head of archaeoastronomy, Dr. John Carlson, the Mayan calendar does not end on December 21, 2012, it just ends a certain cycle, the calendar "" and a new countdown begins. After all, you see, when your calendar for a year ends, it's not the end of the world.
According to Dr. Carlson, there were no Mayan predictions about the possible end of the world, and the key to the phenomenon of December 21, 2012 is the repetition of the cycles of the chronology.
In addition, the descendants of the Mayan tribe do not associate this turmoil with the calendar in any way. In their opinion, the people who dragged the tribe to the apocalypse are absolutely unaware of their traditional beliefs and worldview about the structure of the world.
Theory number 2 ("danger from space"). NASA's head of near-Earth space observation, Dr. Don Yeomans, has refuted all claims about the possibility of Earth colliding with asteroids and comets or rogue planets, as none of the proposed hazards have been seen near Earth.
Representatives of traditional religions also argued that there would be no end of the world. In their opinion, a person should think about the meaning of his life and the truth of his actions, not only in the face of a possible apocalypse.
In addition to collisions, the threat from the sun is also refuted. According to NASA specialist Lika Guhathakurta, head of the Living with a Star program, the Sun has indeed approached its maximum - the active phase of the 11-year cycle, but this cycle was the weakest in the last 50 years.
The probability of a parade of planets is also not confirmed. After all, astronomical data says that Mars, Earth and Saturn that day were in different places of the Solar System and certainly not on the same straight line with the line of the Earth.
That is why the morning still came!
There is an opinion that in December 2012, according to the Mayan calendar, the end of the world is expected. But where did the ancient Indians get such information from?
The Maya counted days from some mythical date, which corresponds to August 11 or 13, 3113 BC. This date was recorded by the Indians not as zero, the starting point of the beginnings, but as 13.0.0.0.0, that is, as the designation of thirteen four hundred years (baktuns).
Then the first day of the zero 400th anniversary began, then the second, the third… the seventh. But what happens if the 400th anniversary comes full circle and "returns" to the date 13.0.0.0.0? Will the world end then?
The first to link the catastrophe with 2012 was Michael Ko, an anthropology professor at Yale University and the author of several popular science studies of Mesoamerican civilizations. He wrote: “The religions of Mesoamerica are characterized by ideas of repeated cycles of creation and destruction. The Aztecs, for example, believed that the universe had already gone through four such cycles, and our era is the fifth cycle of creation, which is destined to perish due to earthquakes. Mayan ideas were similar. They also assumed the existence of time cycles of great duration. There is evidence that each of these cycles was 13 baktun in length, a little less than 5200 years, and that Armageddon must come on the last day of the thirteenth baktun. Thus, we can calculate that our world was created in 3113 BC, and the end of the world will be on December 24, 2011, when the end of the next great cycle will come according to the long count calendar.”
Subsequently, the scientist corrected December 24, 2011 to December 23, 2012, because he forgot that in our calendar, unlike the Maya, there is no zero year. Perhaps this date would not have become famous - you never know in the world of ancient calendars and strange beliefs! - if José Argüelles, author of the book The Mayan Factor: A Non-Technological Path, had not named her after Michael Koh.
According to Argüelles, a cycle of 13 baktuns is the time the Earth is in the "ray of galactic synchronization". The time of entry into it is August 3113 BC, and the exit is scheduled for December 2012. On this day, “synchronization with the beyond” will take place, and “we will close not only the Great Cycle, but also the existence of homo sapiens. The rainbow of human consciousness will rise from pole to pole, and we will all be transported to heaven.” Nevertheless, the apocalypse will not happen if people “rebuild” in time and stop destroying the planet.
Argüelles's book became popular. The world learned about the end of the world according to the Mayan calendar.
Apocalypse Scenarios
In 1998, independent researcher of Maya culture, programmer John Major Jenkins suggested that 12/21/12, the date of the end of the cycle, was not chosen by chance. On this day, a rare astronomical phenomenon, the so-called "galactic alignment", will occur. The location of the Sun at the time of the winter solstice will coincide with the center of the galaxy. On that day, Jenkins wrote, "the world will change."
Scientists do not see anything unusual or sinister in the "galactic alignment". Nevertheless, fears arose that it could cause solar storms that would heat the Earth so much that its crust would melt and the continents would begin to move relative to each other. There is also an opinion that the poles will change places, and this can also cause shifts of the continents.
This is just one version of the end of the world. According to another, in 2012 we are waiting for a collision with the planet Nibiru.
Scientists are skeptical about these scenarios. But still, what did the Maya themselves say about the year in which we now live? Are there any prophecies?
Surprisingly, yes.
Prophecy from Tortuguero
In 1996, the famous Maya writing specialist David Stewart and his colleague Stephen Houston discovered an inscription on a stele in the ancient city of Tortuguero. When deciphered, the text turned out to be something like this: “The thirteenth four hundredth anniversary will end on the day of 4 Ahab on the 3rd day of the month Kankin. On that day, Bolon-Yokte, the god of change, will descend to (from or from) Chernaya? .. and do? .. "
This obscure text is the famous Mayan prophecy about the end of the world.
The entry ends at the most interesting point. What, one wonders, can we learn about the upcoming events of the current year on the basis of such meager data?
The advent of Bolon-Yokte, a god with a rather nasty character, is expected. There is a legend that at the dawn of our era, this celestial was a participant in the battle of the gods. On the first day of the new age, the inhabitants of heaven were attacked. One of their enemies was Bolon Yokte. His "colleagues" Chaak and Chak-Chel staged a flood. This scene is captured in one of the four Maya handwritten books that have survived to this day - the Dresden Hieroglyphic Codex. But the date of the catastrophic event has unfortunately been corrupted.
The Ukrainian researcher of the Mayan culture V. Talakh believes that the flooding of the Earth was considered by the ancients as a long-term state of the Universe, and the “day of creation” as the moment of its restoration.
Perhaps, in December 2012, we are waiting for not destruction, but stabilization? Bolon Yokte is the god of change, and change doesn't always mean the worst. There is another point of view. According to S. Houston, one of the scientists who found the inscription on the stele in the ancient city of Tortuguero, Bolon-Yokte is not the name of a god at all, but the designation of a collection of “many gods”. Thus, on December 21 (or 23) a whole host of celestials will come to us.
And S. Houston's colleague D. Stewart bluntly stated that the prophecy in question is conditional and doubtful, because some of the hieroglyphs of the text are damaged. Maybe there are no ominous predictions at all?
The most interesting thing is that the Mayan calendar begins before 3113 BC. and does not end in 2012. There are records of events before and after the great cycle.
Moreover, the Maya did not pay any special attention to the date of the “beginning of the baktun”. In the ancient Maya town of Palenque, in the local Temple of the Inscriptions, a text was found in which it is said in passing that the thirteenth four hundredth anniversary has ended, and then follows a story about the exploits of the gods.
It is possible that December 21, 2012 will pass unnoticed for us as well.
Mayan Aztec variant
In Mesoamerica, as Michael Koh writes, there was indeed a concept of the cycles of creation and destruction. True, to a greater extent it is characteristic of the Aztecs. From them comes the myth of the suns, which ended their existence either with fiery rains or with floods. The current, fifth era is waiting for death from an earthquake, but the exact date of the disaster is not known.
Cataclysms were predicted by the Aztecs after every 52 years. To appease the gods and prolong the existence of the world, the ancient people brought them human sacrifices.
Tales of catastrophes are also found in the sacred book of the Guatemalan Maya Quiché, Popol Vuh. It says that people were created several times. The first, made of clay, were unsuccessful: they could not stand, move, were blind. The gods had to destroy them and create new people, this time from wood. Such "products" did not have a heart, soul and memory, they did not honor their creators. In addition, they were evil, offended animals and had a passion for destruction. Angry at their creations, the gods made a flood for them. Few survived the catastrophe, and even those turned ... into monkeys. Only the latest "version" of people - from corn - turned out to be without flaws.
Some of the researchers believe that the Maya of the era of the conquistadors could have similar myths, but so far there is no evidence for this. Others argue that the "classic" Maya should not be judged by the texts of the colonial era. They were written down by pupils of monastic schools in Latin, and therefore, under the influence of new ideas, they could be distorted.
The preachers of the apocalypse mixed the Aztecs and the Maya. One of the books about 2012 is called The Return of Quetzalcoatl, although that is the name of the god of the ancient Mexicans. The so-called Stone of the Sun (Spanish: Piedra del Sol), a monolithic basalt disk with a symbolic image of the Aztec cosmogony and the solar cult, is also mistaken for the Aztec calendar. From this confusion, the myth of the ominous prophecy of the Maya was born. And for the Maya themselves, the completion of thirteen baktuns was most likely just a reason for celebration.
End of the world - conquest?
Perhaps the Maya have already experienced their end of the world. August 11, 3113 BC - generally accepted, but not the only date for the beginning of the Great Cycle. According to the chronology of the Mayan culture researcher Joseph Herbert Spinden, adopted at the beginning of the 20th century, the Mayan civilization is 256 years older. Therefore, the date of the end of the world falls on ... 1756. And if you follow a different correlation, then thirteen baktuns ended in 1493 ...
At the end of the tenth century, the Maya switched to counting time in twenty years. For each they made their own prediction. The prophecies for the twenty years of which 1992-2012 consisted, and much earlier - 1480-1500, coincide: “... hematemesis will come. Kukulkan will come a second time. Word of God. Itza will come."
1480-1500 - the time of the discovery of America. Maybe the Mayans were indeed prophets and predicted the coming of the conquistadors?
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