The most popular piece by Nietzsche. Friedrich Nietzsche: biography and philosophy (briefly). last years of life

Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900), German philosopher and poet. Born in the village of Röcken near Lützen (Saxony) on October 15, 1844. His father and both grandfathers were Lutheran priests. The boy was named by Friedrich Wilhelm after the reigning king of Prussia. After the death of his father in 1849, he was brought up in Naumburg on the Saale in the house where his younger sister, mother, grandmother and two unmarried aunts lived. Later, Nietzsche began attending the famous old Pforta boarding school, and then studied at the universities of Bonn and Leipzig, where he delved into the Greek and Latin classics. In a shop of old books in Leipzig, he once accidentally discovered the book "The World as Will and Representation" by the German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer, which made a strong impression on him and influenced his further work.

In 1869, Nietzsche, who had already published several scientific articles but did not yet have a doctorate, was invited to take the chair of classical philology at the University of Basel in Switzerland. Becoming a professor, Nietzsche received Swiss citizenship; however, during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871, he enlisted in the Prussian army as a private orderly. Having thoroughly undermined his health, he soon returned to Basel, where he resumed teaching. He became a close friend of the composer Wagner, who was then living in Triebschen.

Books (28)

Full composition of writings. In 13 volumes. Volume 1. Part 1

Birth of a tragedy. From the legacy of 1869-1873.

The first half of the first volume of the complete collected works of F. Nietzsche included the book "The Birth of Tragedy" (in the new edition of the translation by G. Rachinsky), as well as articles from the heritage of 1869-1873, thematically related mainly to antiquity, ancient Greek philosophy, mythology, music , literature and politics.

Full composition of writings. In 13 volumes. Volume 1. Part 2

Untimely reflections. From the heritage (works of 1872-1873).

The second flight of the first volume of the complete works of the German thinker F. Nietzsche included all four of his "Untimely Reflections", as well as lectures "On the Future of Our Educational Institutions" and other works from the legacy of 1872-1873, devoted to the problems of cognition and culture.

For many readers, Nietzsche can be a discovery not only of the very range of ideas disclosed in these texts, but also the extent to which they, for all their polemical acuteness, turn out to be relevant in today's world.

Three of the four "Untimely Reflections" are presented in new translations, some works are published in Russian for the first time, previously published translations have been verified with the original and significantly edited.

Full composition of writings. In 13 volumes. Volume 3

The third volume of the complete works of the German thinker F. Nietzsche includes his key works "Morning Dawn" and "Merry Science", as well as poems from the cycle "Messinian Idylls".

The previously published translations by V. Bakusev ("Morning Dawn") and K. Svasyan ("Merry Science") are given in a new edition.

Full composition of writings. In 13 volumes. Volume 9

Drafts and sketches 1880-1882

The ninth volume of the complete works of F. Nietzsche contains drafts and other records relating to the period 1880-1882.

First of all, these are fragments related to the work of the philosopher on "Morning Dawn" and "Merry Science". Among the drafts and notes of 1881 - extremely important for understanding the philosophy of Nietzsche, fragments devoted to the eternal return and the problems of cognition.

Part of the volume consists of notes made by Nietzsche while reading the works of Descartes and Spinoza (as presented by K. Fischer), B. Pascal, St. Mill, H. Spencer, R. W. Emerson, as well as works of art by French authors (especially Stendhal and Countess de Remusa).

Full composition of writings. In 13 volumes. Volume 11

Drafts and sketches 1884-1885

The eleventh volume of the complete works of F. Nietzsche contains drafts and other records relating to the period 1884-1885.

First of all, these are fragments associated with Nietzsche's work on the fourth (final) book "Thus Spoke Zarathustra", and a new edition of "Human, Too Human", as well as on "Beyond Good and Evil" and a collection of poems, subsequently not published.

Another group is made up of notes made during the reading of works of art (A. de Custine, O. de Balzac, the Goncourt brothers, E. Renan, Stendhal, P. Merimee, Goethe and many others) and scientific works (G. Teichmüller, E. von Hartmann, P. Deissen, G. Oldenberg).

The entries dedicated to Wagner, as well as the central themes for Nietzsche's will to power and eternal return, deserve special mention.

The work of Friedrich Nietzsche, "Antichrist" was created in 1888, extremely fruitful for the German philosopher. In it, he appeals to those who are able to be "honest in intellectual matters to the point of cruelty", for only such readers are able to endure the "seriousness and passion" with which Nietzsche smashes Christian values ​​and overthrows the very idea of ​​Christianity.

Genealogy of morality

The genealogy of morality was conceived by Friedrich Nietzsche as an appendix to his 1886 essay Beyond Good and Evil.

The external reason for writing the "Genealogy of Morality" was a wave of misinterpretation that fell on the author in connection with his previous work, in which Nietzsche tried to formulate the principles of a new moral behavior that remains moral, even without being associated with the supernatural.

In The Genealogy of Morality, Nietzsche, with his characteristic paradoxicality of thought and depth of psychological analysis, examines the history of the origin of prejudices associated with the “God-given” of morality as such.

David Strauss, confessor and writer

This essay is the first in a series of cultural-critical essays that Nietzsche conceived immediately after the publication of The Birth of Tragedy, united under the general title Untimely Reflections.

Nietzsche's original design encompassed twenty themes or, more precisely, twenty variations on a single cultural critical theme. Over time, this plan was either reduced (to thirteen), then increased (to twenty-four). Of the planned series, only four essays were succeeded: "David Strauss, Confessor and Writer", "On the Benefits and Harmfulness of History for Life", "Schopenhauer as an Educator", "Richard Wagner in Bayreuth."

Evil Wisdom. Aphorisms and sayings

The book includes aphorisms and sayings of Friedrich Nietzsche.

"... An exalted person, seeing the sublime, becomes free, confident, broad, calm, joyful, but absolutely beautiful shakes him with its appearance and knocks him off his feet: in front of him he denies himself ..." (Nietzsche)

Untimely reflections

Friedrich Nietzsche's grandiose plan - a series of twenty cultural-critical essays under the general title "Untimely Reflections" - was eventually implemented by him in the form of four essays: "David Strauss, Confessor and Writer", "On the Benefits and Harm of History for Life", "Richard Wagner in Bayreuth ”,“ Schopenhauer as an educator ”.

This is one of the first works of Nietzsche, which determined his further development in the spirit of irrationalism and reflected two passionate intellectual passions of the philosopher: the image of Wagner and the philosophy of Schopenhauer.

The book became a bold statement of the young Nietzsche for his own, original - sometimes scandalous - and the deepest understanding of various philosophical and aesthetic topics.

Nietzsche: Pro et contra

The purpose of the collection is to present the Russian image of Nietzsche as it was perceived and entered into the national cultural tradition at the dawn of the 20th century.

The book consists of essays by venerable Russian philosophers and writers at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, which have become classics of Russian Nietzsche studies. The anthology contains various, sometimes opposite, approaches, assessments and interpretations of the work of the German philosopher.

The birth of tragedy from the spirit of music

“... but those who would see in this coincidence the presence of a contradiction between patriotic excitement and aesthetic sybarism, between courageous seriousness and merry play, would have made a mistake; here we are dealing with a problem, which we have placed precisely at the center of German hopes, as a point of apogee and turning point ... "

In this work, Nietzsche deploys an impressive picture of the continuing impact on thinking, in general on humanity, of the world of the Greek gods.

Two of them - Apollo and Dionysus, are for Nietzsche the personification of the irreconcilable opposition of two principles - Apollonian and Dionysian. The first of them is the world of dreams, beauty, perfection, but above all order. Dionysian is barbaric, returning back to nature, inherent in an individual who feels himself a work of art, accordingly violating any measure.

Collection of books

Ecce Homo how to become yourself
Antichrist. Curse to Christianity
Fun Science
The will to power. Experience of revaluation of all values
Evil wisdom (Aphorisms and sayings)
Selected Poems
Towards a genealogy of morality
Casus Wagner
Untimely Reflections - "David Strauss, Confessor and Writer"
Untimely reflections - "On the benefits and harms of history for life"
Untimely Reflections - "Richard Wagner in Bayreuth"
Untimely Reflections - "Schopenhauer as an educator"
About the future of our educational institutions
Songs of Zarathustra
Beyond Good and Evil
Birth of Tragedy, or Hellenism and Pessimism
Mixed opinions and sayings
The wanderer and his shadow
Twilight of idols, or how to philosophize with a hammer
Thus Spoke Zarathustra
Morning dawn, or the thought of moral prejudice
Human, too human

Mixed opinions and sayings

Every person striving for knowledge of the world sooner or later turns to the works of Friedrich Nietzsche.

This book contains the statements of the great German thinker. They make you look in a new way at what has long seemed known and beyond doubt.

Works in 2 volumes. Volume 1

Works in 2 volumes. Volume 2

The book of one of the largest representatives of German existentialism, Friedrich Nietzsche. Nietzsche's paradoxical logic, a characteristic set of expressive means, requiring close study for themselves, lead the thoughtful reader to the borderline experience of human existence.

Friedrich Nietzsche's two-volume edition was originally planned for the Philosophical Heritage Library, but the "philosophical" discussions around the word "heritage" pushed Nietzsche out of the Library - now he is taking his rightful place in it.

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Sayings and aphorisms of F. Nietzsche. Wicked wisdom
Compiled by L.M. Martyanova

The winding path of the greats

The famous German philosopher Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche was born on October 15, 1844 in the town of Recken near Lützen.

The philosopher's ancestors were the Polish noblemen Nitski. Father, Karl Ludwig Nietzsche, was a parish priest, he received a parish from the Prussian king Friedrich Wilhelm IV. The philosopher owes his name to his father's deep reverence for the king.

Unfortunately, the family lost their breadwinner early - he died at the age of thirty-six - when Frederick was not even five years old. Like his father, Frederick was in poor health, and a trace of the passing life lay on his entire physical condition. The desire to overcome the disease resulted in spiritual activity, in the desire to live a full-blooded, multifaceted life. He is seriously interested in music, even composes it. His poetic talent manifests itself. At the age of ten, he seriously reflects on the compositions of Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, Mendelssohn. Music stayed with him for life. Music illuminated his philosophical thoughts and poetry.

Later, being carried away by theology and philology, Nietzsche gave preference to philology, he studied at the University of Leipzig in the seminars of Professor F.V. Richl.

At twenty-two, Nietzsche was an employee of the Central Literary Gazette.

He later became professor of classical philology at the University of Basel.

From under his pen there are works written in the genre of philosophical and artistic prose, poetry.

The Birth of Tragedy from the Spirit of Music is Nietzsche's first published book. Then there will be "Twilight of idols", "Human, too human", "Merry Science", "Morning Dawn", "Thus Spoke Zarathustra", "Beyond Good and Evil", "Genealogy of Morality" and others.

In Russia, they got acquainted with the work of Friedrich Nietzsche, when his main works were already published. Nietzsche's thoughts were ahead of the development of society. During his lifetime, he had difficulty finding publishers for his books. Only lonely voices supported him. But time passed, and many found spiritual closeness with him.

European critics of those years often mentioned the proximity of Nietzsche's work to Russian culture, in particular, to the works of F.M. Dostoevsky, L.N. Tolstoy.

One way or another, but truly Russian culture, like Nietzsche's work, is characterized by a slight melancholy, artless melancholy, dreaminess. "Philosophy of Life" permeates all the works of this outstanding representative of German culture.

This book contains the most valuable seeds of thoughts of Friedrich Nietzsche.

L.M. Martyanova

The heart is a man and the head is a woman

I want to teach people the meaning of their being: this meaning is superman, lightning from a dark cloud called man.

Man is something that must be surpassed.

Man is a rope stretched between an animal and a superman - a rope over an abyss.

Everything in a woman is a mystery, and everything in a woman has one clue: it is called pregnancy.

Wants two things a real man: dangers and games. Therefore, he wants women as the most dangerous toy.

A man should be brought up for war, and a woman for the repose of a warrior; everything else is stupidity.

A warrior does not like fruits that are too sweet. Therefore he loves a woman; in the sweetest woman there is also bitter.

A woman understands children better than a man, but a man is more of a child than a woman.

May your honor be in your love! In general, a woman understands little about honor. But let it be your honor to always love more than be loved, and never be second.

Let a man be afraid of a woman when she loves: for she makes any sacrifice and every other thing has no value for her.

Let a man be afraid of a woman when she hates: for a man at heart is only angry, and a woman is still bad.

The happiness of a man is called: I want. A woman's happiness is called: he wants.

And a woman must obey, and find depth to her surface. The surface is the soul of a woman, a mobile, turbulent film on shallow water.

But the soul of a man is deep, its stormy stream makes noise in the underground caves; the woman senses his strength, but does not understand it.

You must grow not only in breadth, but also upward! May the garden of matrimony help you in this!

People are not equal.

A woman learns to hate to the extent that she forgets how to charm.

The same affects in a man and a woman are nevertheless different in pace - that is why a man and a woman do not cease not to understand each other.

In the depths of their personal vanity, women themselves always have an impersonal contempt - contempt for "a woman."

To become a mature husband means to regain the seriousness that he possessed in childhood, during games.

Huge expectations from sexual love and the shame of these expectations in advance spoil all prospects for women.

Where love or hate does not play along, the woman plays mediocre.

Even the konkubinat is corrupted - by marriage.

Science hurts the bashfulness of all real women. At the same time, they feel as if they looked under their skin or, even worse, under their dress and headdress.

Both sexes are deceived in each other - from this comes the fact that, in essence, they honor and love only themselves (or, if you like, their own ideal). Thus, a man wants peacefulness from a woman, and meanwhile a woman essentially she is just as quarrelsome as a cat, no matter how well she learns to look peaceful.

In revenge and love, a woman is more barbarian than a man.

If a woman displays scientific inclinations, then usually something is wrong in her reproductive system. Even sterility is conducive to a certain masculinity of taste; the man, if I may say so, is just a "barren animal."

Comparing a man and a woman in general, we can say the following: a woman would not be so brilliant in the art of dressing up if she did not instinctively feel that her lot is second roles.

Seducing a neighbor to have a good opinion of her and then with all my heart believe this neighbor's opinion - who can compare with women in this trick!

And truth demands, like all women, that her lover should become a liar for her sake - but it is not her vanity that demands this, but her cruelty.

There is something similar to the relationship of both sexes to each other in an individual person, namely, the relationship of will and intellect (or, as they say, heart and head) is the essence of man and woman; between them it is always about love, conception, pregnancy. And notice carefully: heart here is a man, and the head is a woman!

"Man does not exist, for the first man did not exist!" - so the animals conclude.

That "a foolish woman with a kind heart stands high above a genius" sounds very polite - in the mouth of a genius. This is his courtesy - but it is also his cleverness.

The woman and the genius don't work. The woman was still the greatest luxury of humanity. Every time we do whatever is in our power, we do not work. Labor is just a means leading to these moments.

Women are much more sensual than men, precisely because they are far from so strongly aware of sensuality as such, as is inherent in men.

For all women who are forbidden by custom and shame to satisfy their sexual desire, religion, as a spiritual uncoupling of the erotic need, turns out to be something irreplaceable.

The needs of the heart. Animals during estrus do not so easily confuse their hearts and their desires, as people and especially women do.

If a woman attacks a man, it is only to protect herself from the woman. If a man enters into a friendship with a woman, then it seems to her that he is doing this because he is not able to achieve more.

Our age is eager to ascribe to the cleverest men a taste for immature, meager and submissive simpletons, Faust's taste for Gretchen; it testifies against the taste of the century itself and its smartest husbands.

In many women, as in mediumistic natures, intelligence manifests itself only suddenly and in impulses, moreover with unexpected strength: the spirit then blows “over them,” and not from them, as it seems. Hence their three-eyed cleverness in confused things - hence their belief in influx.

Women are deprived of their childhood by the fact that they constantly fiddle with children, as their caregivers.

Bad enough! The time of marriage comes much earlier than the time of love: understanding the latter as evidence of maturity - in a man and a woman.

A sublime and honest form of sex life, a form of passion, has now unclean conscience. And the most vulgar and dishonest - clean conscience.

Marriage is the most deceived form of sex life, and that is precisely why a clear conscience is on its side.

Marriage can be suitable for people who are incapable of love or friendship and willingly try to mislead themselves and others about this deficiency - who, having no experience of either love or friendship, cannot be disappointed and by the marriage itself.

Marriage was invented for mediocre people who are mediocre in both great love and great friendship - therefore, for the majority: but also for those quite rare people who are capable of both love and friendship.

Those who are incapable of either love or friendship are most likely to place their bets on marriage.

Who is strong suffers, to that jealous the devil and drives him out - to heaven.

Only in a mature husband becomes family characteristic quite obvious; least of all in easily excitable, impulsive young men. Silence must come first, and number influences coming from the outside to be reduced; or, on the other hand, should weaken significantly impulsiveness.- So, aging peoples are characterized by talkativeness in terms of characteristic for their properties, and they reveal these properties more clearly than at the time of their youthful flowering.

This pair, in fact, has the same bad taste: but one of them tries to convince himself and us that this taste is the height of sophistication. The other is ashamed of his own taste and wants to convince himself and us that he has a different and more refined taste - our taste. All education philistines are one of these two types.

He calls this loyalty to his party, but this is only his comfort, which allows him not to get out of this bed anymore.

Happiness is running after me. This is because I am not a woman. And happiness is a woman.

Only the one who is man enough will release in a woman - woman.

I have always found bad spouses the most vindictive: they take revenge on the whole world for the fact that they can no longer walk separately.

Darkening, pessimistic coloring are inevitable companions of enlightenment ... Women believed, with the instinct characteristic of a woman, always taking the side of virtue, that the fault was immorality.

Our higher became more natural society - a society of the rich, the idle: people hunt each other, sexual love is a kind of sport in which marriage plays the role of an obstacle and bait; have fun and live for pleasure; they value bodily benefits first; developed curiosity and courage.

Great luminary! What would your happiness be reduced to if you did not have those to whom you shine!

Only as a symbol of the highest virtue did gold reach the highest value. The giver's gaze shines like gold. The glitter of gold makes peace between the moon and the sun.

Power is this new virtue; the dominant thought is it and around it a wise soul: the golden sun and around it the serpent of knowledge.

Live at war with equals

From time to time a little poison: it causes pleasant dreams. And in the end, more poison to die pleasantly.

Sleeping is no trivial matter: to sleep well, you have to stay awake all day.

You must find ten truths during the day: otherwise you will search for truths at night and your soul will remain hungry.

Live in peace with God and your neighbor: it requires it good dream... And also live in peace with your neighbor's devil! Otherwise, he will visit you at night.

This world, eternally imperfect, a reflection of eternal contradiction and an imperfect image - an intoxicating joy for his imperfect Creator - such was the world once seemed to me.

There is no salvation for the one who suffers so much from himself - except for a quick death.

A fool is the one who remains to live, and we are just as foolish. This is the stupidest thing in life!

If you had more faith in life, you would have given yourself less to the moment.

Yes, death was invented for many, but it glorifies itself as life: truly, a heartfelt service to all preachers of death!

Where solitude ends, the bazaar begins; and where the bazaar begins, the noise of the great comedians and the buzzing of poisonous flies begin.

It is difficult to live in cities: there are too many lustful people.

A little revenge is more human than the absence of any revenge.

And everyone who wants fame should be able to say goodbye in time with honor and know the difficult art of leaving on time.

In some, at first, the heart gets old, in others - the mind. Some are old people in their youth; but who is late young, he is young for a long time.

Someone else fails life: a poisonous worm gnaws at his heart. Let him try to make his death all the better.

Too many live, and they hang on their boughs for too long. Let the storm come and shake everything rotten and wormy from the tree!

But a mature husband is more a child than a young man, and there is less sorrow in him: he understands death and life better.

Your spirit and your virtue must still burn in your death, as the evening dawn burns on the earth, or death has been badly successful for you.

Truly, the earth must still be the place of recovery! And a new fragrance is already blowing around her, bringing healing - and a new hope!

The great noon is when a person stands in the middle of his path between the animal and the superman and celebrates his path to sunset as his highest hope: for this is the path to a new morning.

To create is a great deliverance from suffering and a relief in life. But in order to be creative, one must undergo suffering and many transformations.

Great favors do not breed grateful ones, but revengeful ones; and if a small benefit is not forgotten, it turns into a gnawing worm.

But a small thought is like a fungus: it crawls and hides, and does not want to be anywhere until the whole body is lethargic and flabby from small fungi.

And when I spoke face to face with my wild wisdom, she told me with anger: praise life!"

He is commanded who cannot obey himself. This is the property of all living things.

And just as the lesser gives himself to the greater, so that he may rejoice and have power over the lesser, so the greater sacrifices himself and because of power puts his life on the board.

The attractiveness of knowledge would be negligible if on the way to it there was not so much shame to overcome.

We look badly at life if we do not notice in it the hand that sparingly kills.

In a peaceful environment, a warlike person attacks himself.

The terrible experiences of life provide an opportunity to guess whether the one who experiences them is not something terrible.

So cold, so icy that you burn your fingers on it! Every hand shudders when it touches it! - That is why he is considered to be red-hot.

There is not even a trace of misanthropy in indulgence, but that is precisely why there is too much contempt for people.

The danger of happiness: “Everything is for my good; now any fate is sweet to me - who wants to be my fate? "

Moving among scientists and artists, it is very easy to make a mistake in the opposite direction: often in a remarkable scientist we find a mediocre person, and in a mediocre artist very often we find an extremely remarkable person.

We act in reality in the same way as in a dream: we first invent and compose for ourselves a person with whom we enter into communication - and now we forget about it.

Our vanity wants what we do best is considered the most difficult for us. To the origin of many kinds of morality.

The thought of suicide is a powerful consolation; other gloomy nights are happily experienced with it.

To look at science from the point of view of the artist, and at art from the point of view of life.

A person is also surprised at himself, that he cannot learn to forget and that he is forever chained to the past; no matter how far and no matter how fast he runs, the chain runs with him.

Is it not a miracle that a moment that appears as quickly as it disappears, that arises from nothing and turns into nothing, that this moment nevertheless returns again like a ghost and disturbs the peace of another.

If happiness, if the pursuit of new happiness in any sense is that which binds the living to life and encourages him to live on, then perhaps the cynic is closer to the truth than any other philosopher, for the happiness of an animal as of itself perfect cynic, serves as living proof of the truth of cynicism.

All activity needs oblivion, just as all organic life needs not only light, but also darkness.

In nature, there is no exact straight line, no real circle, and no absolute measure of magnitude.

The less people are bound by tradition, the stronger the internal movement of motives becomes, and the more, in turn, the external anxiety, the mutual collision of human currents, the polyphony of aspirations becomes.

The delusion about life is essential to life.

All belief in the value and dignity of life is based on impure thinking; it is possible only because compassion for the common life and suffering of humanity is very poorly developed in the individual. Even those rare people, whose thought generally goes beyond the limits of their own personality, see not this universal life, but only limited parts of the latter.

If you know how to look primarily at exceptions - I want to say, at high talents and rich souls - if you consider their emergence as the goal of world development and enjoy their activities, then you can believe in the value of life precisely because at the same time lose sight of other people, that is, you think uncleanly.

The vast majority of people just endure life without much murmur and, therefore, believes in the value of life - and, moreover, precisely because everyone seeks and asserts only himself and does not go beyond himself, like the aforementioned exceptions: everything impersonal for them is completely imperceptible or, in extreme cases, is noticeable only as a pale shadow.

All human life is deeply immersed in untruth; an individual cannot get it out of this well without hating from the depths of the soul of his past, not recognizing his current motives as the motive of honor as absurd, and not meeting with ridicule and contempt of those passions that push him towards the future and happiness in the future.

There is a right according to which we can take a person's life, but there is no right according to which we could take death from him.

The first sign that the beast has become a man is that his actions are no longer directed at the well-being of a given moment, but at long-term well-being, that is, a man becomes useful, appropriate: here for the first time the free domination of reason breaks out.

I am still living, I am still thinking: I must still live, for I must still think.

I want to learn more and more to look at the necessary in things as beautiful: so I will be one of those who make things beautiful.

There is a certain high point in life: having reached it and forcibly challenged any caring reason and kindness from the beautiful chaos of existence, we, with all our freedom, are again exposed to the greatest danger of spiritual lack of freedom and the most difficult test of our life.

Decisively all the things that concern us, every now and then are good for us. Every day and hourly life seems to want nothing more than to prove this thesis every time: no matter what it is about - bad or good weather, the loss of a friend, illness, slander, a delay in writing, a dislocated leg, a visit to a trade shop, counterargument, an open book, a dream, a deception - all of this turns out immediately or in the very near future something that "could not but be" - all this is full of deep meaning and benefit. for us.

Everyone wants to be the first in this future - and yet only death and deathly silence are common to all and the only certainty in it!

It gives me happiness to see that people do not want to think about death at all! I would gladly add something to this to make them think about life a hundredfold more. worthy of reflection.

One day - and probably soon - we will have to realize what our big cities mostly lack: quiet and remote, spacious places for reflection.

Live at war with your peers and with yourself.

Death is close enough that you can not be afraid of life.

I have to be an angel if only I want to live: you live in different conditions.

What was it that kept me going? It's always just pregnancy. And every time with the birth of a creation, my life hung in the balance.

To shine in three hundred years is my thirst for fame.

Life for the sake of knowledge is, perhaps, something crazy; and yet it is a sign of a cheerful mood. A person possessed by this will looks as amusing as an elephant struggling to stand on its head.

Whoever is able to strongly feel the gaze of the thinker cannot get rid of the terrible impression that animals produce, whose eyes are slowly, as if on a rod, stares out of my head and looks around.

He is alone and devoid of everything except his thoughts; what is surprising in the fact that he often enjoys and deceives them and tugs at their ears! - And you, rude ones, say - he skeptic.

In all morality, it is a matter of open or seek higher states of life, where dismembered hitherto, abilities could combine.

Another existence has no meaning, unless it makes us forget another existence. And there are also opium deeds.

Our suicides discredit suicide - not the other way around.

We must be as cruel as we are compassionate: beware of being poorer than nature itself!

To give each one his own would mean: to desire justice and achieve chaos.

First, adaptation to creation, then adaptation to its Creator, who spoke only in symbols.

By no means the most desirable is the ability to digest everything that has created the past: so, I would like that Dante fundamentally contrary to our taste and stomach.

The greatest tragic motives have remained unused to this day: for what does any poet know about a hundred tragedies of conscience?

"The hero is joyful" - this has eluded the writers of tragedies until now.

Style must be proportionate every time you about a very specific person whom you want to confide in. (Law double ratio.)

The wealth of life betrays itself through a wealth of gestures. Necessary study to feel everything - the length and brevity of a sentence, punctuation, choice of words, pauses, sequence of arguments - as gestures.

Watch out for periods! The right to periods is given only to those people who are also characterized by long breathing in speech. For most, the period is pretentiousness.

Terrified at the thought of being suddenly terrified.

In addition to our ability to judge, we also have our opinion about our ability to judge.

Do you want to be judged by your intentions and not by your actions? But where did you get your ideas from? From your actions!

We begin as imitators and end by imitating ourselves — this is the last childhood.

"I justify, for I would have done the same" - history education. I'm scared! This means: "I tolerate myself - if so!"

If something does not work out, you need to pay twice to help your assistant.

Our sudden-onset self-loathing can be as much the result of refined taste as it is of tainted taste.

Any strong expectation experiences its fulfillment if the latter comes earlier than expected.

For a very lonely person, the noise turns out to be a consolation.

Loneliness gives us a great callousness towards ourselves and a great nostalgia for people: in both cases, it improves character.

The other does not find his heart before he loses his head.

There is a callousness that I would like to be understood as strength.

Man never has, for man never is. Man always gains or loses.

Knowing for certain what exactly hurts us and with what ease someone hurts us, and knowing this, how to predict a painless path for her in advance - this is what many amiable people boil down to: they bring joy and force others to radiate joy, since they are very frightens pain; this is called "sensitivity." - Those who, by their callous nature, are accustomed to chopping from the shoulder, there is no need to put themselves in the place of another in this way, and often he hurts him: he and has no idea about this light endowment for pain.

You can become so intimate with someone that you see him in a dream doing and enduring all that he does and endures in reality - so much you yourself could do and endure it.

“It's better to lie in bed and feel sick than to be compelled to do something ”- all self-torturers live by this unspoken rule.

A person gives value to an act, but how could an act be able to give value to a person!

I want to know if you are creative or remodeling a person, in any respect: as a creative person, you belong to the free, as a reworker, you are their slave and instrument.

We praise what we like: this means that when we praise, we praise our own taste - does this not sin against all good taste?

An extraordinary person learns in misfortune how insignificant all the dignity and decency of the people who condemn him are. They burst when they insult their vanity - an intolerable, limited brute appears.

From your bitterness towards some person you concoct moral indignation for yourself - and you admire yourself afterwards; and out of satiety with hatred - forgiveness - and again you admire yourself.

Dühring, peep, looking for corruption everywhere - I sense another danger of the era: great mediocrity - there has never been such a number of honesty and good behavior.

“Punishment” is what revenge calls itself: with the help of a deceitful word, it pretends to be a clear conscience.

To look at life pleasantly, it must be well played - but good actors are needed for this.

And whatever my fate may be, what I will have to go through - there will always be a wandering and climbing mountains in it: in the end, we experience only ourselves.

To see much, we must learn not to look at myself: this severity is necessary for everyone who climbs the mountains.

What would I not give in order to have one thing: the living planting of my thoughts and the morning dawn of my highest hope!

He who cannot bless must learn to curse!

Overcome yourself even in your neighbor: and the right that you can win for yourself, you must not allow to give you!

He who cannot command himself must obey. Others may to command themselves, but they still lack much to be able to obey themselves!

This is how the nature of noble souls wants it: they do not want to have anything. for nothing, least of all life.

The conscientiousness of my spirit requires me to know something one thing and I did not know the rest: I am disgusted with all half-hearted, all foggy, fluttering and dreamy.

Spirit is life, which itself cuts into life.

Even a king is not ashamed to be a cook.

There is nothing more precious and rarer for me today than truthfulness.

In solitude, what everyone brings into it grows, even the inner beast. Therefore, I dissuade many from loneliness.

Surround yourself with little, good, perfect things, oh higher people! Their golden maturity heals the heart. Everything perfect teaches hope.

But it is better to be foolish with happiness than foolish with unhappiness, it is better to dance awkwardly than to walk limping.

Fear is a hereditary, basic human feeling; fear explains everything, hereditary sin and hereditary virtue. My virtue also grew out of fear, it is called: science.

The desert is expanding

by itself: grief

To the one who is on his own

it carries its own desert.

All that suffers wants to live in order to become mature, joyful and full of desires.

Joy wants neither heirs nor children - joy wants itself, wants eternity, wants to return, wants everything to be eternal.

For all the value that may be appropriate for the true, truthful, unselfish, it is still possible that illusion, the will to deceive, self-interest and lust should be attributed to a higher and more undeniable value for all life.

Behind all the logic, which seems to be autocratic in its movement, there are value assessments, more precisely, physiological requirements aimed at maintaining a certain kind of life.

The falsity of a judgment does not yet serve as an objection to judgment; this is perhaps the strangest of our paradoxes.

The body dies when amazed any body.

The score with which they are currently approaching different forms society, in all respects is similar to that in which the world is given more value than war; but this judgment is antibiological, it is itself a product of the decadence of life ... Life is the result of war, society itself is a means for war ...

If a suffering, oppressed person lost faith in its right to despise the will to power - he would have entered a period of the most hopeless despair.

Life has no other values ​​than the degree of power - if we assume that life itself is the will to power.

The very overcoming of morality presupposes rather high level spiritual culture; and it, in turn, implies relative well-being.

That science is possible, in the sense that it flourishes today, is proof that all elementary instincts are instincts self-defense and self-fencing no longer work in life. We no longer collect, we squander what was accumulated by our ancestors - and this is true even in relation to the way in which we get to know.

What value do our assessments and tables of moral goods themselves have? What are the consequences of their dominance? For whom? About what? Answer: for life. But what is life? This means that a new, clearer definition of the concept of "life" is needed here. My formula for this concept is: life is the will to power.

Who will create a goal that will stand unshakably before humanity, as well as before the individual? Once wanted keep with the help of morality, but now no one wants more keep, there is nothing to save. So, morality seeker: create your goal.

Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche(it. Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche[ˈFʁiːdʁɪç ˈvɪlhɛlm ˈniːtsʃə]) - German thinker, classical philologist, composer , creator of the original philosophical a doctrine that is emphatically non-academic in nature and, in part, therefore, is widespread, going far beyond the scientific and philosophical community. Nietzsche's fundamental concept includes special criteria for assessing reality, which cast doubt on the basic principles of existing forms morality, religion, culture and socio - political relations and subsequently reflected in philosophy of life ... Outlined in aphoristic manner, most of Nietzsche's writings defy unambiguous interpretation and cause a lot of controversy.

Childhood years.

Friedrich Nietzsche was born in Röcken (near Leipzig, eastern Germany), the son of the Lutheran pastor Karl Ludwig Nietzsche (1813 -1849). In 1846, he had a sister, Elizabeth, then a brother, Ludwig Joseph, who died in 1849 six months after the death of their father. He was brought up by his mother until in 1858 he left to study at the famous Pforta gymnasium. There he became interested in the study of ancient texts, made the first attempts at writing, experienced a strong desire to become a musician, was keenly interested in philosophical and ethical problems, enjoyed reading Schiller, Byron and especially Hölderlin, and also first became acquainted with the music of Wagner.

Years of youth.

In October 1862 he went to University of Bonn, where he began to study theology and philology. He quickly became disillusioned with student life and, trying to influence his comrades, turned out to be incomprehensible and rejected by them. This was one of the reasons for his imminent move to Leipzig University following his mentor professor Friedrich Richl... However, in the new place, teaching philology did not bring Nietzsche satisfaction, even despite his brilliant success in this matter: already at the age of 24, while still a student, he was invited to the post of professor classical philology v Basel University- an unprecedented case in the history of European universities.

Nietzsche was unable to take part in Franco-Prussian War of 1870: at the beginning of his professorial career, he demonstratively renounced Prussian citizenship, and the authorities of neutral Switzerland forbade him to participate directly in the battles, allowing him only to serve as an sanitary. Escorting the wagon with the wounded, he contracted dysentery and diphtheria.

Friendship with Wagner.

On November 8, 1868, Nietzsche met Richard Wagner. It differed sharply from the philological environment that was already familiar to Nietzsche and made an extremely strong impression on the philosopher. They were united by spiritual unity: from mutual passion for the art of the ancient Greeks and love for the work of Schopenhauer to the aspirations of rebuilding the world and reviving the spirit of the nation. In May 1869, he visited Wagner in Triebschen, becoming practically a member of the family. However, their friendship did not last long: only about three years until 1872, when Wagner moved to Bayreuth, and their relationship began to cool. Nietzsche could not accept the changes that had arisen in him, which were expressed, in his opinion, in betrayal of their common ideals, in indulging the interests of the public, in the end, in the adoption of Christianity. The final break was marked by Wagner's public appraisal of Nietzsche's book "Human, Too Human" as "sad evidence of the disease" of its author.

Crisis and recovery.

Nietzsche was never in good health. Already from the age of 18 he began to experience severe headaches, and by the age of 30 he experienced a sharp deterioration in health. He was nearly blind, had unbearable headaches, which he treated with opiates, and stomach problems. On May 2, 1879, he left teaching at the university, receiving a pension with an annual salary of 3,000 francs. His further life became a struggle with the disease, in spite of which he wrote his works. He himself described this time as follows:

… At thirty-six years old I sank to the lowest limit of my vitality - I still lived, but did not see at a distance of three steps in front of me. At that time - this was in 1879 - I left the professorship in Basel, lived in the summer as a shadow in St. Moritz, and spent the next winter, the poorest winter of my life, as a shadow in Naumburg. This was my minimum: "The Wanderer and His Shadow" appeared in the meantime. Without a doubt, I knew a lot about the shadows then ... The following winter, my first winter in Genoa, the softening and spiritualization, which are almost due to the extreme impoverishment of blood and muscles, created the "Morning Dawn". Perfect clarity, transparency, even the excessiveness of the spirit, reflected in the named work, coexisted in me not only with the deepest physiological weakness, but also with the excess of the feeling of pain. Amid the torture of three days of continuous headaches, accompanied by excruciating vomiting of mucus, I had the clarity of a dialectic par exellence, very coolly thinking about things for which in healthier conditions I would not have found in myself enough sophistication and calmness, I would not have found the audacity of a climber.

"Morning Dawn" was published in July 1881, with it began a new stage in Nietzsche's work - the stage of the most fruitful work and significant ideas.

Zarathustra.

Lou Salomé in a carriage drawn by Paul Reu and Friedrich Nietzsche (1882)

At the end of 1882, Nietzsche traveled to Rome, where he met Lou Salome, who left a significant mark on his life. From the first seconds Nietzsche was captivated by her flexible mind and incredible charm. He found in her a sensitive listener, she, in turn, was shocked by the ardor of his thoughts. He proposed to her, but she refused, offering her friendship in return. After some time, together with their common friend Paul Reo, they organize a kind of union, living under one roof and discussing the advanced ideas of philosophers. But after a few years he was destined to disintegrate: Elizabeth, Nietzsche's sister, was unhappy with Lou's influence on her brother and, in her own way, resolved this problem by writing that rude letter. As a result of the ensuing quarrel, Nietzsche and Salome parted forever. Soon Nietzsche will write the first part of his key work “ Thus Spoke Zarathustra", In which the influence of Lou and her" ideal friendship "is guessed. In April 1884, the second and third parts of the book were published at the same time, and in 1885, Nietzsche published the fourth and last part of the book with his own money in an amount of only 40 copies and distributed some of them among his close friends, among whom Helene von Druskovitz.

Last years.

The final stage of Nietzsche's work is at the same time the stage of writing works that draw a line under his philosophy, and of misunderstanding, both on the part of the general public and close friends. Popularity came to him only in the late 1880s.

Nietzsche's creative activity was cut short at the beginning of 1889 due to a clouding of his mind. It happened after a seizure, when, in front of Nietzsche, the owner beat the horse. There are several versions explaining the cause of the disease. Among them are bad heredity (Nietzsche's father suffered from mental illness at the end of his life); possible illness with neurosyphilis, which provoked insanity. Soon the philosopher was placed in the Basel mental asylum and died on August 25, 1900. He was buried in an old Rekken church dating from the first half of the 12th century. His family rests next to him.

Citizenship, nationality, ethnicity.

Nietzsche is usually ranked among the philosophers of Germany. Modern unified nation state called Germany at the time of his birth did not yet exist, but was union of german states, and Nietzsche was a citizen of one of them, at that time Prussia. When Nietzsche was promoted to professor at the University of Basel, he applied to have his Prussian citizenship revoked. The official response confirming the revocation of citizenship came in the form of a document dated April 17, 1869. Until the end of his life, Nietzsche remained officially stateless.

According to popular belief, Nietzsche's ancestors were Poles. Until the end of his life, Nietzsche himself confirmed this fact. In 1888 he wrote: “My ancestors were Polish nobles (Nitskie)» ... In one of his statements, Nietzsche is even more assertive about his Polish origin: "I am a purebred Polish nobleman, without a drop of dirty blood, of course, without German blood."... On another occasion, Nietzsche stated: "Germany is a great nation only because so much Polish blood flows in the veins of its people ... I am proud of my Polish origin."... In one of his letters, he testifies: "I was brought up to attribute the origin of my blood and name to the Polish nobles, who were called Nitskys, and who left their house and title about a hundred years ago, yielding as a result of unbearable pressure - they were Protestants."... Nietzsche believed that his last name could be germanized.

Most scholars dispute Nietzsche's opinion about the origins of his family. Hans von Müller refuted the lineage put forward by Nietzsche's sister in favor of a noble Polish origin. Max Ohler, curator of Nietzsche's archives in Weimar, argued that all of Nietzsche's ancestors bore German names, even the families of their wives. Ohler argues that Nietzsche descended from a long line of German Lutheran clerics on both sides of his family, and modern scholars view Nietzsche's claims of Polish ancestry as "pure fiction." Colley and Montinari, editors of Nietzsche's collection of letters, characterize Nietzsche's claims as "baseless" and "misconception." The surname itself Nietzsche is not Polish, but is common throughout central Germany in this and related forms, for example Nitsche and Nitzke... The surname comes from the name Nikolai, abbreviated Nick, under the influence of the Slavic name Nits first took the form Nitsche, and then Nietzsche.

It is not known why Nietzsche wanted to be ranked among the noble Polish family. According to biographer RJ Hollingdale, Nietzsche's claims of Polish ancestry may have been part of his "campaign against Germany."

Relationship with a sister.

Friedrich Nietzsche's sister Elisabeth Nietzsche married anti-Semitic ideologue Bernard Foerster (German), who decided to leave for Paraguay in order to organize the German colony Nueva Germania ( German). Elizabeth left with him in 1886 for Paraguay, but soon, due to financial problems, Bernard committed suicide, and Elizabeth returned to Germany.

For some time Friedrich Nietzsche was in a tense relationship with his sister, but towards the end of his life the need to take care of himself forced Nietzsche to restore relations with her. Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche was the manager of Friedrich Nietzsche's literary heritage. She published her brother's books in her own edition, and for many materials did not give permission to publish. So, "The Will to Power" was in the plan of Nietzsche's works, but he never wrote this work. Elizabeth published this book based on her brother's drafts edited by her. She also removed all of her brother's remarks regarding disgust for his sister. The twenty-volume collection of Nietzsche's works prepared by Elizabeth was the standard for reprints until the middle of the 20th century. Only in 1967 did Italian scientists publish previously inaccessible works without distortion.

In 1930, Elizabeth became a Nazi supporter. By 1934, she had ensured that Hitler visited the Nietzsche museum-archive she had created three times, was photographed respectfully looking at the bust of Nietzsche, and declared the museum-archive the center of National Socialist ideology. A copy of the book " Thus Spoke Zarathustra"Together with" Mein Kampf "and" 20th century myth The Rosenberg were solemnly laid together in the crypt of Hindenburg. Hitler gave Elizabeth a life pension for her services to the fatherland.

Philosophizing style.

A philologist by education, Nietzsche paid great attention to the style of writing and presenting his philosophy, earning himself the fame of an outstanding stylist. Nietzsche's philosophy is not organized in the system, the will to which he considered a lack of honesty. The most significant form of his philosophy are aphorisms expressing the imprinted movement of the state and thoughts of the author being in eternal becoming... The reasons for this style are not clearly identified. On the one hand, such a presentation is associated with Nietzsche's desire to spend a long part of the time in walks, which made it impossible for him to consistently take notes of thoughts. On the other hand, the philosopher's illness imposed its own limitations, which did not allow him to look at white sheets of paper for a long time without a sharp eye. Nevertheless, the aphorism of writing can be called a consequence of the philosopher's deliberate choice, the result of the consistent development of his beliefs. Aphorism as its own commentary unfolds only when the reader is involved in a constant re-construction of meaning that goes far beyond the context of a single aphorism. This movement of meaning can never end, more adequately conveying experience life.

Healthy and decadent.

In his philosophy, Nietzsche developed a new attitude to reality, built on metaphysics "Being of becoming", not given and immutable. Within this view true as the correspondence of the idea to reality can no longer be considered the ontological foundation of the world, but becomes only a particular value. Highlights Considerations values generally assessed by their compliance with the tasks of life: healthy glorify and strengthen life, while decadent represent disease and decay. Any sign there is already a sign of powerlessness and impoverishment of life, in its fullness always being event... Revealing the meaning behind the symptom reveals the source of the decline. From this position, Nietzsche attempts revaluation of values, still not critically taken for granted.

Dionysus and Apollo. Socrates problem.

Nietzsche saw the source of a healthy culture in the dichotomy of two principles: Dionysian and Apollonian... The first personifies the unbridled, fatal, heady, coming from the very depths of nature passion life that returns a person to direct world harmony and unity of everything with everything; the second, Apollonian, envelops life "The beautiful appearance of dream worlds", allowing you to put up with her. Mutually overcoming each other, the Dionysian and Apollonian develop in a strict relationship. Within the framework of art, the collision of these principles leads to the birth tragedies... Watching development culture Ancient Greece , Nietzsche drew attention to the figure Socrates... He argued the possibility of comprehending and even correcting life through dictatorship reason... Thus, Dionysus was expelled from culture, and Apollo degenerated into logical schematism. A complete violent bias is the source of the crisis of modern Nietzsche culture, which turned out to be bled and deprived myths.

Nietzsche Friedrich Wilhelm (1844 - 1900)

German philosopher. Born into the family of a village pastor in the small village of Recken on the border of Prussia and Silesia. After graduating from high school, he entered a prestigious vocational school near Naumburg - closed educational institution for children from aristocratic families. There he wrote his first essay - "On Music", which immediately allowed him to become one of the best students.

Then he continues his education at the Bonn and Leipzig Universities. Already his student scientific works were so interesting in terms of content and depth of analysis that they attracted the attention of professors.

After graduation, he was offered the position of professor of classical philosophy at the University of Basel. Soon, the young scientist was awarded the degree of Doctor of Philosophy without a preliminary defense of a thesis, on the basis of only journal articles.

While still at the university, Nietzsche met the largest German composer R. Wagner. Wagner's music made the same overwhelming impression on Nietzsche as on Wagner - the works of Nietzsche. Although Nietzsche entered the history of world culture primarily as a philosopher, he himself considered himself a musician. Even about his works, Nietzsche once wrote that this is "music, accidentally recorded not by notes, but by words." A passion for music arose in him in early childhood and went through his entire life. But it was not just a thirst to compose or listen - Nietzsche was a musician in a different, broader sense of the word: music for him was synonymous with the highest principle in art.

During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871. Nietzsche managed to get him sent to the front as an orderly, but almost immediately after his arrival he fell ill and ended up in a hospital. Nietzsche, who has not recovered from his illness, has to leave teaching.

The more his mental illness progressed, the more violently Nietzsche resisted it and the more cheerful his writings and letters became. Suffering from an illness, he nevertheless writes a book with an amazing title - "Merry Science", and after it - musical composition"Hymn to Life". These works became a kind of prologue to one of his main works - "Thus Spoke Zarathustra."

For the last nine years, Nietzsche could no longer work and spent the most stubborn struggle against the disease. He died in Weimar.

, culturologist, representative of irrationalism. He sharply criticized the religion, culture and morals of his time and developed his own ethical theory. Nietzsche was more of a literary than an academic philosopher, and his writings are aphoristic in nature. Nietzsche's philosophy had a great influence on the formation of existentialism and postmodernism, and also became very popular in literary and artistic circles. Interpretation of his works is rather difficult and still causes a lot of controversy.