Divine Ho Chi Minh. How the father of Vietnamese independence became a god. Ho Chi Minh Ho Chi Minh was a communist leader
Ho Chi Minh(Vietnamese: Hồ Chí Minh, Ho Thi Minh); real names: Nguyen Shinh Cung, Nguyen Tat Thanh; pseudonyms: Nguyen Ai Quoc, Ho Chi Minh; (May 19, 1890, Kim Lien, Nam Dan County, Nghe An Province, French Indochina - September 2, 1969, Hanoi, DRV) - Vietnamese politician and follower of Marxism-Leninism, founder of the Communist Party of Vietnam, leader of the August Revolution, first president of North Vietnam, creator of the Viet Minh and Viet Cong, Marxist philosopher, poet.
early years
Ho Chi Minh was born on May 19, 1890 in Kim Lien Village, Nam Dan County, Nghe An Province. His birth name (first or milk name) is Nguyen Shinh Cung. Father - Nguyen Shinh Shak - a supporter of the Confucian Patriotic Party, was the most educated person in the village, received honorary title fobanga (second in importance), was subsequently invited to the post of district chief. Mother - Hoang Thi Loan - died at the age of 32 while giving birth to her fourth child.
According to Vietnamese tradition, before entering school, Nguyen Sinh Cung received a second (official, or “book” name) - Nguyen Tat Thanh (Vietnamese Nguyễn Tất Thành, “Nguyen the Triumphant”).
Emigration period
In 1911, Tat Thanh, under an assumed name, joined the ship as a sailor.
He returned to his homeland only 30 years later. Over the years he visited America and Europe. In 1916-1923 he lived in the USA, Great Britain, and France.
In France
In Paris, he takes the pseudonym Nguyen Ai Quoc (Vietnamese Nguyễn Ái Quốc, “Nguyen the Patriot”).
In 1919, he appealed to the leaders of the powers signing the Treaty of Versailles so that they would grant freedom to the peoples of Indochina. 
In 1920 he joined the French Communist Party. Since the 1920s, he has been an activist of the Comintern.
In Soviet Union
In 1923, he arrived at the invitation of the Comintern from Paris to Moscow. For the sake of secrecy, the pass to the USSR was issued under a different name. I had to travel through Germany: to Berlin, from there to Hamburg, on June 30, 1923, I arrived by steamship in Petrograd, and then by train to Moscow.
In Moscow he worked in the Executive Committee of the Comintern (ECCI). I really wanted to see Lenin, but I didn’t have the chance to meet, since the Soviet leader was already seriously ill and soon died. Nguyen Ai Quoc was able to attend the farewell ceremony.
He gave an interview to Osip Mandelstam for the Ogonyok magazine.
Graduated from the Communist University of the Toilers of the East. In the Soviet Union, Nguyen Ai Quoc finally emerged as a communist leader.
Nguyen Ai Quoc presented his views at the V Congress of the Comintern in 1924, where he made a report on the colonial issue.
In China
In December 1924, when Sun Yat-sen headed the revolutionary Cantonese government in southern China and collaborated with the communists in the hope of military and financial support from the Comintern, Nguyen Ai Quoc was sent to Canton. There he received Chinese documents with a new Chinese pseudonym “Li Qu” and began to work to establish connections between the Comintern and revolutionary-minded emigrants from Vietnam. Under the guise of a hired Chinese, he officially got a job as a translator for the Chief Political Advisor of the Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang and at the same time the representative of the Comintern in China, Mikhail Markovich Borodin.
After some time, he organized the “Committee for Special Political Training” in Canton, where, under the pseudonym “Comrade Vuong,” he taught the Vietnamese methods of organized collective revolutionary struggle, as opposed to individual terror. Met with Phan Boy Chau.
In 1925, after the arrest of Phan Boi Chau in Shanghai, “Comrade Vuong” organized the Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth Partnership in Canton, with its own printed organ, the Youth newspaper, and several other revolutionary organizations—women’s, peasant, and pioneer organizations. To organize work with revolutionaries in neighboring countries, he created the “Union of Oppressed Peoples of Asia.” There is also some information about his acquaintance and marriage at this time with a Chinese woman, Zeng Xueming, who was called "Tang Tuet Minh" in Vietnamese.
In 1926, through Borodin, “Comrade Vuong” organized the sending of the first group of Vietnamese revolutionaries to Moscow to study at the Communist University of the Toilers of the East. At the same time, he wrote and distributed the first Vietnamese communist educational brochure, “The Paths of Revolution,” outlining the political program of the future Communist Party of Indochina.
In April 1927, after Chiang Kai Shek's coup, Borodin's apparatus was evacuated. “Li Qu” not only lost his job, but also faced the threat of arrest. To avoid arrest, in May 1927 he urgently tried to move to Hong Kong. However, they didn’t let him in and he had to go through hard way to the north of China, and from there to the territory of the USSR.
Back in Europe
Arriving in Moscow, in December 1927, Nguyen Ai Quoc went on a working trip to European countries. In Brussels, he took part in the work of the recently created international Anti-Imperialist League. Further, through France and Switzerland, he moved to Italy, where in the port of Naples he boarded a ship departing for the Indo-Chinese state of Siam.
In Siam
In Siam, Nguyen Ai Quoc again, as before in China, settled in places where a large number of Vietnamese emigrants lived - in the province of Udon. There, under the new pseudonym "Thau Tin", he began work on organizing revolutionary groups among the Vietnamese. At this time, cells of the Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth Association already existed in Siam.
On November 11, 1929, Nguyen Ai Quoc was sentenced to death in absentia by the Vietnamese Imperial Court in French Indochina. By this time, separate communist groups were already operating in the Vietnamese lands of French Indochina. The Comintern gave instructions to Nguyen Ai Quoc to carry out work on their unification, and in December 1929 he set off by sea through Singapore to Hong Kong.
In Hong Kong
Nguyen Ai Quoc, with the assistance of the French Communist Party (and personally Maurice Thorez), of which the Vietnamese Communist Party was considered a branch, managed to unite disparate party groups, and in 1930 the Communist Party of Indochina was formed.
Independence movement
In 1941, the Viet Minh was established in Japanese-occupied Indochina. After arriving in South China to establish contacts with Chinese communists and Vietnamese emigrants, he was arrested by the Kuomintang government and spent a year and a half in prison. After the Japanese left, the Viet Minh took power in Indochina.
He was Prime Minister (1946-1955) and President (1946-1969) of North Vietnam.
As President of North Vietnam
In 1955-1956, his government carried out agrarian reform. Received material and military assistance from the PRC and the USSR. In 1965, in connection with the US bombing of North Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh announced a continuous fight against them and refused any negotiations.
Death
He died in 1969, at the age of 80. Embalmed by Soviet specialists, although in his will he asked to be cremated, place his ashes in three ceramic urns and bury them in every part of the country - in the north, south and in the center where he was born. He was buried in Hanoi, in a mausoleum on Badinh Square.
Memory
In his honor, the capital of South Vietnam, Saigon, was renamed Ho Chi Minh City in 1976.
In Moscow, Ho Chi Minh Square was named in 1969, and in 1990 a monument to Ho Chi Minh was erected on it.
Street in Leningrad.
The trail leading to Yastrebinoye Lake in the Leningrad Region is named in his honor.
in 1987, UNESCO proposed to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the birth of Ho Chi Minh
In St. Petersburg, at the Oriental Faculty of St. Petersburg State University, on May 19, 2010, the Ho Chi Minh Institute and a monument to him were opened.
An avenue was named in his honor and a monument was erected in Ulyanovsk.
Monument in Buenos Aires (Argentina, 2012).
Park named after Ho Chi Minh City (since the 1960s) and the youth football championship. Ho Chi Minh in Santiago (Chile).
Ho Chi Minh is depicted on the obverse of all Vietnamese polymer banknotes of the latest series, as well as the commemorative banknote dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the Bank of Vietnam, issued in 2001.
Chilean poet Victor Jara dedicated the song “El derecho de vivir en paz” to Ho Chi Minh
Kyiv specialized school No. 251 is named after him
In 1971, German composer Günther Cohan wrote the cantata “The Testament of Ho Chi Minh” (German: Das Testament von Ho chi Minh).
Nicholas Guillen wrote "Elegy for Ho Chi Minh"
(real name - Nguyen Tat Ghanh)
(1890-1969) founder and first president of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Translated, the name Ho Chi Minh means "Shining". Nguyen That Thanh was born in late XIX century, at a time when Vietnam was part of the French colony of Indochina, which also included Laos and Cambodia.
In 1911, Nguyen went abroad and worked as a sailor. In 1916-1923 he lived in the USA, Great Britain, and France.
In 1920 he joined the French Communist Party. It was at this time that his anti-colonial beliefs developed. New friends helped Ho Chi Minh get to the Soviet Union, where he finally emerged as a communist leader. He presented his views at the V Congress of the Comintern (1924), where he made a co-report on the colonial issue.
Now Ho Chi Minh's task was to form a communist party in Indochina. In 1925, he organized the Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth Partnership. To avoid arrest, he had to settle not in Vietnam, but in Cambodia. At this time, separate communist groups were already operating in Indochina. Ho Chi Minh managed to unite them, and in 1930 the Indochina Communist Party was formed. Since 1951, it began to be called the Vietnam Workers' Party, and since 1976 - the Communist Party of Vietnam.
In the mid-30s, Ho Chi Minh studied in Moscow at the Communist University of the Toilers of the East and worked in the Comintern.
Soon new political events took place in his homeland. With the outbreak of World War II, Indochina entered Japanese troops. This happened in 1940. Returning here a year later, Ho Chi Minh led the revolutionary movement, now not only against the French colonialists, but also against the Japanese occupiers. On his initiative, the League of Struggle for the Independence of Vietnam (Viet Minh) was created in May 1941, which united all the patriotic forces of the country. He was later elected its chairman.
In August 1945, a revolution occurred in Vietnam, and Ho Chi Minh became chairman of the provisional government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, proclaimed in September of the same year. He hoped that an Allied victory in World War II would bring independence to Vietnam. But that did not happen.
Once the war ended, the French returned to Vietnam but were met with resistance. The Vietnamese wanted to achieve independence at all costs, and the French were just as determined to retain this colony. Now a long bloody war has begun here to liberate the country from colonial dependence. The war lasted 9 years, until in 1954 the People's Army of Vietnam captured Fort Dien Bien Phu, the main French base.
After this, at the Geneva meeting of foreign ministers Soviet Union, China, the USA, England and France, an agreement was adopted to divide Vietnam into two parts: South and North. Elections were held, and Ho Chi Minh became the president of North Vietnam, holding several posts at once - Chairman of the Central Committee of the Vietnamese Workers' Party and Secretary General parties. In 1955, Ho Chi Minh paid an official visit to the Soviet Union and negotiated aid to Vietnam.
At this time, a very difficult situation developed in South Vietnam. The planned elections were disrupted, and American military bases were established throughout the territory. At the same time, patriotic forces (Viet Cong) began to actively operate here. At first, there were isolated clashes between patriots and Americans, but they became more and more frequent. The struggle became widespread. In February 1965, the United States began bombing and strafing the southern regions, and in June 1965, all of Vietnam. The Ho Chi Minh government turned to the Soviet Union for help. Such assistance was provided. The USSR helped Vietnam with military force, equipment, and sent military specialists.
The Ho Chi Minh government constantly supported the South Vietnamese patriots and provided them with everything they needed. To supply their army, it was organized the whole system communications and pedestrian roads, which was called the “Ho Chi Minh Trail”.
American planes bombed entire villages and burned people with napalm, but the Vietnamese continued to desperately resist.
The Vietnam War became so cruel and disgusting that not only in other countries, but also in America itself, people demanded to stop it.
Finally, in 1968, negotiations between the United States and Vietnam began in Paris. However, Ho Chi Minh did not have a chance to find out how they would end. On October 5, 1969, he died. And only six years after his death, the two Vietnamese states united into a single Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
Ho Chi Minh remained in the history of Vietnam not only as a political figure. He was also a gifted poet and his poems have been translated into many languages around the world. It is curious that one of the first publications was published in Paris back in the days when Vietnam remained a colony of France.
A desperate traveler and adventurer, a sophisticated politician, an excellent speaker, a spy who worked for several intelligence services around the world - in Vietnam they call him Uncle Ho, sweetly and in a family way, like some kind of brownie.
No, he wasn't into it black magic, How Hitler, his personality cult could not compare with Stalin’s, and the number of followers was significantly less than that of Mao. And yet, which of the great dictators could boast of having an entire religion named after themselves? But at Ho Chi Minh there are temples in which only he is worshiped.
Buddhist communists
One of these temples is located on the outskirts of the city of Vung Tau. Nowadays this city belongs to oil workers. Tankers and dry cargo ships sail along its embankments. Vung Tau was once considered the Las Vegas of Vietnam. Here wine flowed in rivers, the music did not stop and the revelry in the casinos and brothels did not subside. When the Vietnamese communists kicked out the Americans and captured Vung Tau, they burned all the brothels along with the prostitutes. Those who did not die were sent “for re-education” to labor camps. A similar fate awaited the cheerful capital of South Vietnam, the city of Saigon. It was renamed Ho Chi Minh City, in honor of the legendary founder of the Communist Party of Vietnam.
Once upon a time the music never stopped here. Photo: AiF / Grigory Kubatyan
Perhaps it was from this moment that Ho the Illuminator (this is how the pseudonym Shi Min stands for) became a god. No, Vietnamese communists officially consider themselves atheists and do not believe in God. But in Southeast Asia it is impossible to be an absolute atheist. For example, in neighboring Laos, those who have not served for some time as a monk in a Buddhist temple are not accepted into the Communist Party. And in Vietnam, Buddhists and communists fought together against the American occupation. Therefore, when the communists came to power, they did not destroy Buddhist temples (most of them had already been destroyed by the Americans), but instead began to mix the two ideologies.
So the temple near Vung Tau looks like an ordinary Buddhist one. It is located on a hill, to get to it you need to go through a patterned gate with dragons, lions and yin and yang symbols, and then climb the stairs. In the temple courtyard there is a massive bronze bell, like in all Buddhist temples, and an equally huge drum. The only difference is a red flag with a hammer and sickle flying on a flagpole in the center of the courtyard.
The interior of the temple resembles a cross between a Chinese pagoda and a memorial cemetery. The walls are decorated with plaques with the names of fallen heroes. On the altar in the center is a bust of Ho Chi Minh, and in front of it is a bronze bowl with smoking incense sticks. To the left and right of the altar are sculptures depicting herons standing on the backs of turtles. The herons have pearls clenched in their beaks. Birds symbolize the intellectual elite, pearls symbolize higher knowledge, and turtles symbolize simple working people. Strange sculptures for the sanctuary of a proletarian leader; they would be more suitable for a Confucian temple. However, there is also symbolism glorifying work. For example, images of electrical towers on life-size Chinese porcelain vases.
Photo: AiF / Grigory Kubatyan
War veterans and senior party officials periodically gather in the Ho Chi Minh Temple and bring wreaths with stars laid out from flowers. Groups of schoolchildren are also brought here, just as Soviet children were taken to Lenin memorials. And yet the cult of Ho Chi Minh went even further. Altars with his portraits, flowers and smoking sticks are found even in private homes: in the living rooms, where portraits of deceased relatives traditionally hang, there are figurines of Buddhas or images of the Virgin Mary. In front of the Ho Chi Minh altar there is a dish with watermelons, bananas, mangoes. In Vietnam, for some reason, deities are always offered fruit and never sausage.
Ascetic or polygamist?
In the center of Hanoi is the Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum. They say that Uncle Ho was against making a mummy out of him. But that’s how it was done in socialist countries. Having taken away people's traditional religions, the communists gave them a new one. Instead of crosses, crescents or Buddhas - red flags, hammers and sickles and golden stars. In Vietnam, you can often see T-shirts with a portrait of Ho, where he has a gold star instead of a halo. The communists did not even have to break the old foundations. Using the relics of saints for veneration is a common practice in Southeast Asia. Except that instead of a round Far Eastern stupa, they built a square Middle Eastern mausoleum. But they walk around the communist shrine in a circle in the same way as they walk around Buddhist holy places.
Ho Chi Minh has temples where only he is worshiped. Photo: AiF / Grigory Kubatyan
Ho Chi Minh's lifestyle is partly related to Buddha. Lived ascetically, in small house, had no wife, ate modestly. He even wore shoes made from car tires, like the poorest of the peasants. At the same time, he completely devoted himself to the country and the struggle for its independence.
Sometimes books appear whose authors doubt the sanctity of Uncle Ho and even accuse him of secret polygamy. Well, every true religion must have its heretics. The Vietnamese authorities do not burn them at the stake - these are not the times, but they still fight against heresy as best they can: they curse, expel, ban. And Uncle Ho looks at this with the bronze eyes of hundreds of statues and smiles from thousands of portraits. He is the god of the Vietnamese, and a very powerful one. After all, even the militant capitalism that came to the country could not overthrow him, like many other communist deities. This means that the sticks will continue to smoke in his temples and there will always be fresh fruit on his altars.
From AiF. Without Borders" No. 13, 2012
Ho Chi Minh
The role of Ho Chi Minh in world history
Ho Chi Minh (pronounced Ho Chi Minh by the Vietnamese) was the first president of the independent Democratic Republic of Vietnam.
Ho Chi Minh is one of the politicians who had the greatest influence on the course of the history of Vietnam and the entire national liberation movement in the 20th century, being the leader of a small country at that time. In 1954, Viet Minh troops under the leadership of Ho Chi Minh defeated French troops near the town of Dien Bien Phu. It had a huge psychological impact on national liberation movements in Asian and African countries and prompted them to take more decisive action. Colonial system, built by Western European countries over several centuries, collapsed within a few years. The second thing that Ho Chi Minh and then his successors managed to do was win a moral victory over the United States during the so-called Vietnam War. It was a victory over a superpower that had been forced to withdraw from Vietnam as a result of military and political failures. The Vietnam War changed America itself in many ways.
Origin of Ho Chi Minh
Ho Chi Minh was born on May 19, 1890 in Nghe An province, in the village of Kim Lien. The name given at birth is Nguyen Tat Thanh (Nguyen Tat Thanh), according to another version Nguyen Sinh Cung (Nguyen Xin Cung). There are different versions about the origin of the name Ho Chi Minh. The most common one is this: while living illegally in China for some time, Ho Chi Minh used the passport of a deceased Chinese.
Ho Chi Minh's father was an employee assigned to the imperial court and had an academic degree. Thanh was the youngest of three children, he also had a brother and a sister. He graduated from a French-Vietnamese school and then worked as a teacher in Phan Thiet province. In 1911 he went to Europe on board a merchant ship. He settled in Paris, where he worked as a photographer's assistant.
In France, Ho Chi Minh was actively involved in the activities of French leftist forces. At that time, he used the pseudonym Nguyen Ai Quoc (Nguyen the Patriot) and began to gain some fame in political circles.
Ho Chi Minh's struggle for Vietnamese independence
In 1920, Ho Chi Minh attended the congress of the French Socialist Party in Tours, at which its left wing broke away, resulting in the formation of the French Communist Party (PCF). In 1921 he participated in the creation of the Intercolonial Union and wrote many articles for the newspaper Le Paria. In 1923 he went to Moscow, where he took a course at KUTV (Communist University of the Toilers of the East), lived in the same room with Jiang Ching-kuo, the son of Chiang Kai-shek, who took over the post of President of Taiwan after his father. In 1924 he participated in the 5th Congress of the Comintern. In 1927, in the Chinese city of Guangzhou, he organized the Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth Association to prepare young Vietnamese for the revolutionary struggle. Together with the Indian communist M. N. Roy, he founded the League of Oppressed Peoples. In 1929 he worked underground in Thailand. In 1930 he formed the Communist Party of Vietnam, which was later transformed into the Communist Party of Indochina. In 1941, in Japanese-occupied Indochina, Ho Chi Minh established the Vietnamese Independence League (Viet Minh). Under his leadership, for tactical reasons, she collaborated for some time with the US Office of Strategic Research (the predecessor of the CIA), as well as with Kuomintang China against Japan. After the surrender of Japan, the Viet Minh took power in Indochina into their own hands. The independent government of Indochina was headed by Ho Chi Minh. Before this, despite the fact that Vietnam had been a colony of France for more than a hundred years and was under Japanese occupation for some time, the power of the emperor was nominally retained. Ho Chi Minh gave the former emperor a job as his adviser, but subsequently fired him for separate negotiations with the colonialists and sent him to France.
In 1946, Ho Chi Minh led the Vietnamese delegation at the Fontainebleau conference. However, the conference convened to resolve Vietnam's relations with the Indochina Union and France was unable to achieve its goal. In December 1946, DRV troops attacked the French forces in Tonkin, the First Indochina War began, which ended with the defeat of France, the signing of a peace agreement at the Geneva Conference of 1954 and the division of Vietnam along the 17th parallel. In 1955-1956, the Ho Chi Minh government carried out agrarian reform. Agrarian reform, just like in the USSR in the 30s, affected many people. Ho Chi Minh pursued, in general, a Stalinist policy. During the reign of N.S. Khrushchev in the USSR, Ho Chi Minh, who disagreed with the debunking of J.V. Stalin, adhered to China. In subsequent years, the Vietnamese government received military and economic assistance from both the USSR and China to fight the war with the United States. Ho Chi Minh died on September 2, 1969. Vietnam's victory in the war against the United States occurred in 1973-75. already under his successors.
Uncle Ho
The Vietnamese have great respect for the founder of their independent state. They called him "Uncle Ho." The Americans called it the same way during the war.
The most famous city is named after Ho Chi Minh Big City Vietnam, former Saigon, with a population of 7 million people, Ho Chi Minh City. In the capital of the country, Hanoi, after the death of the leader, the Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum was built, open to everyone. A memorial was built in Vinh, the center of Nghe Anh province, where Ho Chi Minh was born.
Ho Chi Minh is considered to be the father of the nation. Didn't have any children of his own. Ho Chi Minh led an ascetic lifestyle. He had no property and dressed modestly.
One of the Chinese historians discovered that during Ho Chi Minh's residence in southern China, he dated a woman. From the photo given by this historian, he looks beautiful woman, Chinese-European appearance. Ho Chi Minh probably could not take her with him to Vietnam, since his compatriots would disapprove of a foreigner.
There are currently about 200 known relatives of Ho Chi Minh living in Vietnam who are not his first-line heirs (following legal terms). They meet annually in Hanoi.
Ho Chi Minh also distinguished himself as an outstanding cultural figure. He was recognized by UNESCO as a “Hero of the national liberation movement, an outstanding cultural figure.”
Ho Chi Minh lived in the USSR for several years and often visited it after he became the leader of Vietnam. There was a monument to him in Moscow and a bust in Ulyanovsk. In Vladivostok, a memorial plaque was installed at the railway station. In Khabarovsk in the Far East railway The Ho Chi Minh locomotive is running. In 2010, the Ho Chi Minh Institute was opened in St. Petersburg at St. Petersburg State University.
The most prominent of Vietnamese political figures of the 20th century and the first president of North Vietnam, widely known as Ho Chi Minh, changed several names and many pseudonyms during his long and colorful life. At birth he received the name Nguyen Shinh Cung. Nguyen was born on May 19, 1890 in the Vietnamese village of Kim Lien, located in Nghe An province. His father, Nguyen Shinh Shak, was the most educated man in his village and an ardent supporter of the Confucian Patriotic Party. Nguyen's mother, Hoang Thi Loan, died giving birth to her fourth child at the age of 32. Before entering school, the future leader of North Vietnam, according to ancient Vietnamese tradition, received a new “adult” name - Nguyen Tat Thanh (in Vietnamese this means “Nguyen the Triumphant”).
From an early age, Nguyen was very sensitive to social injustice and the exploitation of man by man. Looking through small cells mosquito net looking at the window into the evening Vietnamese sky, young Ho Chi Minh thought for a long time about the fate of his homeland and its long-suffering people. Vietnam at that time was in colonial dependence on France, the indigenous population of the country was seriously infringed upon in their political and economic rights. The formation of the future communist leader of North Vietnam took place in an atmosphere of colonial oppression, which later prompted him to actively search for ways to restore social justice.
In 1911, Tat Thanh hired himself as a sailor on a steamship to go to Europe. He returned to his native places after thirty long years, during which time he managed to visit the USA, France, Great Britain, Switzerland, Italy, the USSR, China and other countries. During his stay in Paris, he actively became involved in the activities of left-wing French organizations, took the pseudonym Nguyen Ai Quoc (Nguyen the Patriot) and began to gain fame in European political circles. In 1920, Ho Chi Minh (he took this name for himself later, but for the convenience of the story we will call him that) joined the French Communist Party, around the same time he became an activist of the Comintern.
In 1923, at the invitation of the Comintern, Ho Chi Minh arrived from Paris to Moscow. For reasons of secrecy, he makes this trip under a false name and gets to the USSR through Germany. While in Moscow, he really wanted to meet Lenin in person, but he did not have such an opportunity - the Soviet leader was seriously ill and soon died. Nguyen was only able to attend the farewell ceremony for the legendary revolutionary. While in Moscow, Ho Chi Minh worked in the Executive Committee of the Comintern, and at the same time he graduated from the Communist University of the Toilers of the East. It was in the Soviet Union Political Views The future president of North Vietnam was finally formed - after visiting the USSR, he became a convinced communist for the rest of his life.
In 1924, Ho Chi Minh went to China, which was under the rule of the conservative political party Kuomintang. There he lives under the name Li Qu and is actively working to establish connections with revolutionary-minded Vietnamese emigrants. After some time, he organized the “Committee for Special Political Training”, the “Association of Revolutionary Youth of Vietnam” and several other revolutionary organizations in Canton. Under the pseudonym “Comrade Vuong,” he teaches the Vietnamese methods of collective revolutionary struggle and oversees the production of propaganda newspapers and brochures. There is information that during this period of his life, Ho Chi Minh was married to a Chinese woman, Zeng Xueming; in Vietnamese, this name sounds like Thang Tuyet Minh.
In 1927, a military coup led by Chiang Kai-shek took place, and Ho Chi Minh, due to the threat of arrest, had to urgently leave Chinese territory. He again arrives in Moscow, from where he goes on a long working trip to European countries. After this, revolutionary activities lead him to the Indo-Chinese state of Siam, where he again conducts active underground activities to organize revolutionary groups among the Vietnamese population. In 1929, the authorities of French Indochina sentenced Ho Chi Minh to death in absentia for his revolutionary activity, in order to avoid execution of the sentence, he moves to Hong Kong. In 1930, while in Hong Kong, he became the founder of the Communist Party of Indochina and devoted the subsequent years of revolutionary work to this political formation.
In 1941, in Indochina, which was under Japanese occupation, Ho Chi Minh established a military-political organization - the Viet Minh - whose goal was to fight for the independence of Vietnam from Japan and France. During a working trip to South China, he was arrested by the Kuomintang government and spent a year and a half in prison. After the Japanese leave, the Viet Minh takes power in Indochina, after which Ho Chi Minh becomes prime minister and president of North Vietnam. His government carries out agrarian reform and begins to receive material as well as military support from the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China. Ho Chi Minh's rich political experience allows him to receive assistance from both countries, despite differences between Moscow and Beijing.
First to serve as president political leader North Vietnamese remains until death. Ho Chi Minh died in 1969 in the eightieth year of his eventful life. He died on the morning of September 2, but his death was officially announced only the next day, since the second day was a national holiday - the anniversary of the revolution, and the government decided not to overshadow it with sad news. The capital of South Vietnam, Saigon, was renamed Ho Chi Minh City in 1976 in honor of the great Vietnamese leader. In Moscow, a square was named after Ho Chi Minh, where a monument to this revolutionary, politician, philosopher and poet still stands to this day. His portrait appears on the obverse of many Vietnamese banknotes. The people of Vietnam sacredly honor the memory of a selfless freedom fighter, as well as a major thinker and humanist who left a noticeable mark on the history of the 20th century.
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