Article in the journal Plasma Physics. Plasma physics = Plasma physics reports: journal. Archive of scientific articles from the journal “Plasma Physics”

Copyright agreement

In order to simplify the interaction procedure between the author (co-authors) and the publisher, we ask send agreements on the transfer of copyright to the editorial office of the journal. The agreement can be sent in any way convenient for you in the form of an electronic copy of the original (preferably) or on paper. If possible, the agreement should be filled out on a computer in MS Word format or legibly by hand and signed by all authors (co-authors, copyright holders).

This agreement is a contract of adhesion.

These agreements come into force only subject to acceptance of the article for publication in English. If for any reason your article is rejected by the journal's editorial board, the agreement automatically becomes invalid. The decision to accept an article for publication is the exclusive right of the editorial board of the relevant journal. The signing of the contract by the author means that the author has read and agrees with the terms of the contract. Sending the manuscript to the editor is considered acceptance and means that the author has read the rules for publishing the article in the journal, agrees with them and is obliged to comply with them (acceptance).

Articles without corresponding agreements on the transfer of copyright will not be accepted for consideration.

ISSN (PRINT): 0367-2921

Impact factor (RSCI): 1.008

• About the magazine
• Editorial board
• Subscription

About the magazine

Subjects of published materials: high-temperature plasma physics related to the problems of controlled nuclear fusion based on magnetic and inertial localization, physics of space plasma, including magnetospheric plasma, solar and stellar plasma, physics of gas discharge plasma and plasma generated by laser beams and particle beams .

Thematic reviews and conference proceedings are published.

The magazine was founded in 1975.

Chief Editor

V.P. Smirnov

Editorial team

N.L. Alexandrov, V.V. Arsenin, S.V. Bulanov, S.E. Grebenshchikov, N.S. Erokhin, A.A. Ivanov, A.M. Ignatov, V.I. Ilgisonis, V.I. Karas, L.M. Kovrizhnykh (deputy editor-in-chief), A.G. Litvak, M.P. Petrov, A.S. Sakharov (executive secretary), A.I. Smolyakov, A.N. Starostin (deputy editor-in-chief), A.V. Timofeev, A.S. Shikanov

Head by the editors

T.A. Kallaur

Information for print subscribers

subscription index of the publication 71058
12 issues per year
Subscription price for the publication for the minimum subscription period:

• for the second half of 2019 - 1700.00 rub.

You can subscribe to the print version:

• via ICC "Akademkniga", contact e-mail: [email protected]
• in post offices according to the Russian Press catalog
• as well as on the websites of subscription agencies

Subscription is possible from any number.

The journal Plasma Physics was founded in 1975 with the aim of publishing articles on the problems of a relatively new and extremely fruitful field of modern science - plasma physics. The journal covers the following topics: high-temperature plasma physics related to the problems of controlled nuclear fusion based on magnetic and inertial localization; physics of space plasma, including magnetospheric plasma, solar and stellar plasma, etc., physics of plasma of gas discharges and plasma generated by laser beams and particle beams. Along with new interesting information on other topics, the journal publishes thematic reviews and conference proceedings.

Archive of scientific articles from the journal "Plasma Physics"

• A MASS QUADRUPOLE SPECTROMETRY INVESTIGATION ON PROTON EMISSION BY NANOSECOND LASER ABLATION

  CARIDI F. - 2015

  A nanosecond pulsed Nd:YAG laser, operating at the fundamental wavelength of 1064 nm and at an intensity of about 1010 W/cm2, was employed to irradiate hydrogenated polymers in vacuum. The produced plasma was characterized in terms of thermal and Coulomb interactions, evaluating the equivalent temperature and the acceleration voltage developed in the non-equilibrium plasma core. Particles emission along the normal to the target surface was investigated by measuring, with the mass quadrupole spectrometer Hiden EQP 300, ion energy distributions and fitting experimental data with the “Coulomb-Boltzmann-shifted” function. Time-of-flight technique was employed in order to measure the proton energy and yield. A comparison between experimental results is presented and discussed, with a special regard to the protons emission.

• ON THE PROBLEMS OF RELATIVISTIC LABORATORY ASTROPHYSICS AND FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS WITH SUPER POWERFUL LASERS

  BULANOV S.V., ESIRKEPOV T. ​​ZH., KANDO M., KOGA J., KONDO K., KORN G. - 2015

  We discuss the ways towards modeling of astrophysical processes and extreme field regimes with super-power lasers. The main attention we pay to the problem of limited similarity in using the dimensionless parameters characterizing the processes in the laser and astrophysical plasmas. As the most typical examples, we address the magnetic reconnection and collisionless shock waves relevant to the problem of ultrarelativistic particle acceleration. In the extreme field limits we consider the regimes of dominant radiation reaction, changing the electromagnetic wave-matter interaction. In these regimes it, in particular, results in a new powerful source of ultra high brightness gamma-rays and will make possible electron-positron pair creation in vacuum in a multi-photon processes. This will allow modeling under terrestrial laboratory conditions the processes in astrophysical objects and paves the way to experimental verifications using ultra intense lasers as they are currently developed within the ELI project.

• Q,G-METHOD IN COLLISIONLESS PLASMA PHYSICS

  KUZNETSOV V.I., ENDER A.YA. - 2015

  Offered analytical method studies of non-stationary processes in collisionless one-dimensional confined plasma - Q, G -method. Formulas are obtained for the distribution function of charged particles emitted from the boundary and moving without collisions in a non-stationary electric field of an arbitrary type. The characteristic properties of this function have been identified and studied.

• SPECTROSCOPIC STUDY OF CARBON PLASMA PRODUCED BY FIRST (1064 NM) AND SECOND (532 NM) HARMONICS OF ND: YAG LASER

  ARIF F., HANIF M., SALIK M. - 2015

  In this research work we present the spectroscopic studies of the carbon (C) plasma produced by the first (1064 nm) and second (532 nm) harmonics of a Q-switched Nd: YAG (Quantel Brilliant) pulsed laser having pulse duration of 5 ns and 10 Hz repetition rate which is capable of delivering 400 mJ at 1064 nm, and 200 mJ at 532 nm using Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS). The laser beam was focused on target material (100% Carbon) by placing it in air at atmospheric pressure. The experimentally observed line profiles of five neutral carbon (C I) lines at 247.85, 394.22, 396.14, 588.95, and 591.25 nm were used to extract the electron temperature (T e) using the Boltzmann plot method and determined its value 9880 and 9400 K respectively for fundamental and second harmonics of the laser. Whereas electron density (N e) has been determined from the Stark broadening profile of neutral carbon line at 247.85 nm. The values ​​of N e at a distancemm from the target surface, for the fundamental laser with pulse energy 130 mJ and second laser with pulse energy 72 mJ are 4.68 × 1017 cm-3 and 5.98 × 1017 cm-3 respectively. This extracted information about T e and N e is useful for the deposition of the carbon thin films using the pulsed laser deposition technique (PLD). Moreover, both plasma parameters (T e and N e) have also been calculated by varying distance from the target surface along the line of propagation of plasma plume and also by varying the laser irradiance.

• ANALYSIS OF STABILITY OF A HOMOGENEOUS STATE OF ANISOTROPIC PLASMA

  ZAKHAROV V.YU., STEPANOV S.E., CHERNOVA T.G. - 2015

  Small amplitude waves in collisionless magnetized plasma are considered within the framework of single-fluid anisotropic magnetic hydrodynamics, which takes into account the anisotropy of pressure and heat flow. The stability of a homogeneous plasma state is analyzed based on the 8th degree dispersion equation. Restrictions on the parameters of a homogeneous state are obtained, under which the dispersion equation does not have complex roots at any value of the angle between the wave vector and the unperturbed magnetic field. The method used also makes it possible to determine the types of waves leading to instability.

• ASYMMETRY OF BALMER-ALPHA LINE CONTOURS AND RESTORATION OF EFFECTIVE HYDROGEN TEMPERATURES IN THE WALL PLASMA OF A TOKAMAK

  ALEXEEV A.G., KUKUSHKIN A.B., KUKUSHKIN A.S., LISGO S.V., NEVEROV V.S. - 2015

  An algorithm is proposed for reconstructing the effective temperatures of hydrogen atoms (and its isotopes) in the near-wall layer of tokamak plasma along the contour of the Balmer-alpha spectral line in the case of its significant spectral asymmetry. The algorithm uses a parameterization of the line contour asymmetry based on the nonlocality of the penetration of hydrogen neutrals from the wall into the plasma. The accuracy of the algorithm was tested using the example of modeling data using the EIRENE code for the velocity distribution function of deuterium neutrals in a near-wall plasma, using initial data on the main plasma component at the quasi-stationary stage of the inductive mode of ITER operation, calculated using the SOLPS4.3 code (B2-EIRENE).

• INFLUENCE OF INHOMOGENEITIES IN PLASMA CONCENTRATION AND ELECTRIC FIELD ON THE GENERATION OF ELECTROSTATIC NOISE IN THE AURORAL ZONE

  GOLOVCHANSKAYA I.V., ILYASOV A.A., KOZELOV B.V., MOGILEVSKY M.M., CHERNYSHOV A.A. - 2015

• A POSSIBLE MECHANISM FOR STRENGTHENING AND MAINTAINING THE SHEAR COMPONENT OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD IN THE CURRENT SHEET OF THE TAIL OF THE EARTH’S MAGNETOSPHERE

  GRIGORENKO E.E., ZELENY L.M., MALOVA H.V., MALYKHIN A.YU. - 2015

  The influence of the longitudinal component is considered magnetic field, directed along the current in the current sheet (CS) of the Earth's magnetotail, and amplified near its neutral plane, on the nonadiabatic dynamics of ions during their interaction with the layer. The results of modeling the motion of non-adiabatic ions in given magnetic configurations, similar to those observed in the CS of the magnetospheric tail by the CLUSTER satellites, showed that if there is a certain initial value of the longitudinal component of the magnetic field in the CS, a “north-south” asymmetry is observed in the reflection/refraction of non-adiabatic ions during their interaction with a layer. The presence of this asymmetry contributes to the formation of an additional system of oppositely directed currents flowing in the northern and southern parts of the plasma layer (PS) in planes tangential to the plane of the TS and in directions perpendicular to the direction of the current in the TS. The formation of such a current system may be responsible for the strengthening and further maintenance of the longitudinal component of the magnetic field near the neutral plane of the vehicle. The possibility of implementing this scenario is confirmed by the results of an analysis of the structure of the CS and the dynamics of ions, performed for 17 intervals of crossing the CS by the CLUSTER satellite quartet, during which bell-shaped spatial distributions of the longitudinal component of the magnetic field were observed, due to its increase near the neutral plane of the CS.

• WAVES DIRECTED BY DENSITY DACTS IN MAGNETOACTIVE PLASMA IN THE NON-RESONANCE REGION OF THE WHISTLE FREQUENCY RANGE

  ESKIN V.A., ZABORONKOVA T.M., KUDRIN A.V., OSTAFIYCHUK O.M. - 2015

  The channeled propagation of azimuthally symmetric waves directed by cylindrical density ducts in a magnetically active plasma in the non-resonant region of the whistler frequency range is investigated. It is shown that the eigenmodes existing at the considered frequencies in ducts with increased density allow a simplified description, which greatly facilitates the analysis of the features of their channeled propagation. The results of calculations of the dispersion characteristics and field structure of whistler modes supported by such ducts are presented.

• GENERATION OF RUNAWAY ELECTRONS AND X-RAY RADIATION DURING THE BREAKDOWN OF ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE AIR BY VOLTAGE PULSES WITH A FRONT OF ~0.5 μS

  KOSTYRYA I.D., TARASENKO V.F. - 2015

  Experiments were carried out on the generation of a beam of runaway electrons and X-rays in air at atmospheric pressure at a long (~0.5 μs) voltage pulse rise time. It has been shown that the use of a cathode with a small radius of curvature reduces the intensity of the runaway electron beam and X-ray radiation. It has been established that at high voltage amplitudes across the gap (U m ~100 kV), breakdown of the gap, formation of a spark channel and generation of a beam of runaway electrons occur in a time of no more than 10 ns. Behind the anode at high Um, which was achieved by increasing the size of the cathode and the gap between the electrodes, an ultrashort avalanche electron beam with a relatively short pulse duration at half maximum (up to ~100 ps) was recorded. At voltages of ~50 kV, a second gap breakdown mode was detected, in which a beam of runaway electrons with a pulse duration at half-maximum of ~2 ns was detected. It is shown that the duration of the X-ray pulse in this mode increases to ~100 ns at half maximum. It has been established that the energy of the main part of the runaway electrons decreases with increasing front of the voltage pulse, and amounted to ≤30 keV in the first mode, and ≤10 keV in the second.

• HYBRID PLASMOCHEMICAL REACTOR

  Lelevkin V.M., SMIRNOVA Y.G., TOKAREV A.V. - 2015

  A hybrid plasma-chemical reactor has been developed based on a barrier discharge in a transformer. The characteristics of the reactor were determined depending on the parameters of the barrier discharge.

• DYNAMICS OF HYBRID X-PINCHS

  AGAFONOV A.V., GORDAN P.A., IVANENKOV G.V., CAHILL A.D., MINGALEEV A.R., PIKUZ S.A., ROMANOVA V.M., STEPNIEVSKI V., TILIKIN I.N. ., HAMMER D.A., HOYT K.L., SHELKOVENKO T.A. - 2015

  Experimental and numerical studies of the dynamics of a new type of pinch objects - hybrid X-pinches - have been carried out. The initial configuration of hybrid X-pinches (HHP) is a high-current diode with conical tungsten electrodes, separated by a gap of about 13 mm, connected by a wire with a diameter of 20100 µm. In previous works, it was shown that with a simpler initial configuration compared to the standard X-pinch, a hot spot with high plasma parameters also forms in the HCP. At present, all the details of the dynamics of HCPs have not been studied, but the main factors influencing their formation have been clarified both in experiments and in MHD calculations. The formation of a specific pressure profile of near-electrode plasma, which occurs after the explosion of a wire, has been studied experimentally and theoretically. It is shown that its effect on the expanding wire plasma is an important factor that makes it possible to combine standard and hybrid X-pinches into a general class of pulsed device loads. The practical identity of the final formation processes and parameters of hot spots of standard and hybrid X-pinches has also been established.

• DYNAMICS OF PONDEROMOTORY ACCELERATION OF IONS IN A LASER-PLASMA CHANNEL

  BYCHENKOV V.YU., KOVALEV V.F. - 2015

  An analytical solution to the Cauchy problem for the kinetic equation for ions is constructed, which describes their radial acceleration under the action of the ponderomotive force of a laser beam propagating channeled in a transparent plasma. For the axisymmetric geometry of the laser-plasma channel, the time and spatial dependences of the ion distribution function were obtained and their integral characteristics, such as density, average speed and energy spectrum. For a quasi-stationary laser beam, the formation of a density peak at the channel boundary and the effect of breaking the ion flow are analytically described.

• PLASMA EQUILIBRIUM PROBLEMS WITH ANISOTROPIC PRESSURE AND ROTATION IN A TOKAMAK AND THEIR NUMERICAL SOLUTION

  IVANOV A.A., MARTYNOV A.A., MEDVEDEV S.YU., POSHEKHONOV YU.YU. - 2015

  In the MHD theory of plasma in tokamaks, the plasma pressure is usually assumed to be isotropic. However, plasma heating using neutral beam injection and RF heating can lead to strong anisotropy of plasma parameters and plasma rotation. The theory of MHD equilibrium taking into account plasma inertia and pressure anisotropy began to be developed quite a long time ago, but until recently it was not consistently applied in computational codes for engineering calculations of equilibrium and evolution of plasma in a tokamak. This article provides a detailed derivation of the equilibrium equation for an axisymmetric plasma in its most general form (with arbitrary rotation and anisotropic pressure); a specialized version of the SPIDER code is presented and an original method for calculating equilibria with anisotropic pressure for a given stability margin factor profile is proposed. Examples of calculations are also given and the results obtained are discussed.

• ON THE QUESTION OF MODULATION EXCITATION OF INHOMOGENEITIES IN THE PLASMA OF A DUSTY IONOSPHERE

  KOPNIN S.I., MOROZOVA T.I., POPEL S.I. - 2015

  The mechanism of formation of inhomogeneities in the concentrations of electrons and ions in the dusty ionosphere as a result of the development of modulation interaction is considered electromagnetic waves, associated with the excitation of disturbances having frequencies in the region of dust sound waves. An estimate of the inhomogeneities of electron concentrations was obtained based on calculations carried out for the case of monochromatic spectra of electromagnetic radiation from heating stands at altitudes of 80 km and 100 km. The possibility of excitation of sufficiently intense inhomogeneities in electron and ion concentrations (δne(i) ne(i) ≈ 0.05) at altitudes of 80-100 km as a result of the development of modulation interaction has been shown. The applicability ranges of the method presented in the work have been determined.

• ON THE QUESTION OF SCREENING NEUTRAL FLOWS IN THE U-3M TORSATRON

  DREVAL N.B. - 2015

  The volume of the vacuum chamber of the U-3M torsatron is about 70 m3, and the plasma volume is about 0.3 m3. The presence of a huge buffer volume, which is the chamber, forms a significant flow of neutrals into the U-3M plasma. Part of this flow collides with the helical conductors of the torsatron located in front of the plasma. This modifies the dynamics of the entry of neutrals into the plasma. Using numerical calculations, the screening of the flow of molecules from the buffer volume of the chamber into the plasma region was estimated. Only about 10% of the incident flux enters the plasma volume. Estimates show that about 20% of atoms fly out of the region bounded by helical conductors without colliding with them. Under these conditions, screw conductors have a significant effect on the flow of neutrals. The regime of low-density hot plasma created by a loop antenna is considered. In this mode, the spatial distribution of the molecular concentration created by the flow of molecules from the buffer volume of the chamber passing through the screw conductors is calculated. The contribution of flows generated on the lateral and internal surfaces of screw conductors is considered. Calculations show that the shape of the spatial distribution of molecular concentration differs significantly from the shape of magnetic surfaces.

• SMALL-SIZED CONTROLLED VACUUM DISCHARGE IN AN EXTERNAL MAGNETIC FIELD

  ASYUNIN V.I., DAVYDOV S.G., DOLGOV A.N., PSHENICNY A.A., YAKUBOV R.KH. - 2015

  In order to control the discharge flow regime, a small-sized controlled spark gap was placed in an external uniform magnetic field. In a magnetic field of such a simple spatial configuration, it turned out to be possible to suppress the localization effect of the region of flow of the switched current when repeating the operating cycle of the arrester many times.

• METHODS AND RESULTS OF STUDYING THE RADIATION SPECTRA OF MEGAAMPERE Z-PINCHS AT THE ANGARA-5-1 INSTALLATION

  BOLDAREV A.S., BOLKHOVITINOV E.A., VICHEV I.YU., VOLKOV G.S., GASILOV V.A., GRABOVSKY E.V., GRITSUK A.N., DANKO S.A., ZAITSEV V. I.I., NOVIKOV V.G., OLEINIK G.M., OLCHOVSKAYA O.G., RUPASOV A.A., FEDULOV M.V., SHIKANOV A.S. - 2015

  The methods and results of studying the spectral composition of radiation from high-current Z-pinches, which differ significantly in atomic composition, are described. In order to cover a wide spectral range (E ν = 30-3000 eV), two diagnostic techniques were used: a transmitting grating and a reflective mica crystal. The radiation characteristics are determined atomic composition pinch: at currents of 2-3 MA for light materials (Al), the “hard” edge of the radiation has a line appearance with pronounced K-lines, while for heavy materials (W) the spectrum is concentrated in the “softer” region of quantum energies and has a quasi-continuous character . To determine plasma parameters, two methods were used to process the obtained spectra. The parameters of Al plasma were determined by traditional methods based on the intensity ratio of Al K lines, taking into account the transparency of the plasma for quanta of a given energy. The W-plasma spectra were compared with the results of modeling the pinch compression process, which, along with magnetotidrodynamic processes, included plasma emission processes. The applicability of these spectral analysis methods is discussed.

• SIMULATION OF DIFFERENT EQUILIBRIUM SCENARIOS OF A THIN CURRENT LAYER IN THE TAIL OF THE EARTH'S MAGNETOSPHERE

  ZELENY L.M., MALOVA H.V., POPOV V.YU., ULKIN A.A. - 2015

  The Earth's magnetosphere is an open dynamic system that constantly interacts with the solar wind - a flow of plasma from the Sun. Some plasma processes in it are explosive, spontaneous in nature, others develop rather slowly compared to the characteristic times of motion of plasma particles in it. A large-scale current sheet in the magnetotail, both during quiet periods of time and during geomagnetic disturbances, can be in an almost equilibrium state, and the changes occurring with it can be considered quasi-static. Thus, under certain conditions, the current layer of the magnetospheric tail can be described as a plasma equilibrium system. Its state depends on various parameters, in particular, those determining the dynamics of charged particles. Having identified the main control parameters, it is possible to study the structure and properties of current equilibrium. This work is devoted to self-consistent modeling of the equilibrium thin current sheet (TCS) of the plasma tail of the Earth's magnetosphere, the thickness of which is comparable to the ion gyroradius. The study of the dependence of the structure of the TTS on the parameters characterizing the dynamics of particles and the geometry of the magnetic field is the main goal of this work. A numerical hybrid self-consistent model of the TTS is constructed, in which the tension of the magnetic field lines is balanced by the inertia of ions moving through the layer. The dynamics of ions is considered in the quasia-adiabatic approximation, and the motion of electrons is considered in the approximation of a conducting liquid. Depending on the values ​​of the adiabaticity parameter, which determines the nature of the motion of plasma particles, and the dimensionless normal component of the magnetic field, the following scenarios are considered: A) the adiabaticity parameter is proportional to the particle energy; ; B) the particle energy is fixed, while the adiabaticity parameter is proportional. The structure of the current layer and the dynamics of particles in it depending on changes in parameters and the dynamics of particles in it depending on changes in parameters have been studied. It is shown that in the first scenario, as the adiabaticity parameter increases, the thickness of the current layer decreases due to a decrease in the gyroradius of the ions. Accordingly, the radius of curvature of the magnetic field lines decreases, and this leads to an increase in the contribution of drift electron currents near the neutral plane. Numerical calculations have demonstrated that current equilibria can exist in the region. When the contribution of electron drift currents to the total current density is much greater compared to the contribution of ions; the movement of the latter becomes chaotic. For even larger values ​​of the parameter, no equilibrium solutions were found within the framework of this one-dimensional model. Thus, the value of the parameter turned out to be the upper limit of applicability of the quasiadiabatic current sheet model. In scenario B, an upward change in the parameter leads to the appearance of a large number of quasi-trapped ions in the current sheet, as a result of which the current sheet thickens and the amplitude of the current density decreases. As a result, equilibrium solutions exist in a much narrower parametric region. The consequences of the existence of parametric boundaries of equilibrium solutions for TTS in real geomagnetic conditions are discussed.

• ON THE ERRORS OF MEASUREMENTS OF PARTICLE CONCENTRATIONS BY THE METHOD OF LIGHT ABSORPTION

  OCCHKIN V.N. - 2015

  The accuracy of absorption measurements of particle concentrations in a selected quantum state is analyzed depending on the amount of light absorption by the object. Errors associated with the finite accuracy in real measurements of the intensity of light passing through a medium in the presence of noise of various natures in the detected signal are considered. Optimal values ​​of absorption values ​​and error multiplication factors when departing from them are indicated.

Contact

Send a message and we will answer you as soon as possible

Fill in all required fields

Thank you!
Your application has been successfully accepted.

Registration

You have successfully registered

Personal user card

Add to cart

The selected publications have been successfully added to the cart

Your application has been successfully sent

Selecting a subscriber type

AGREEMENT - PUBLIC OFFER

Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Publishing House "Nauka" represented by Acting Director Dmitry Pavlovich Korotkov, acting on the basis of the Charter, hereinafter referred to as "Publishing house", on the one hand, and the Internet user, hereinafter referred to as "User", on the other hand, collectively referred to as the “Parties”, have entered into this agreement (hereinafter referred to as the “Agreement”)

The agreement, in accordance with Article 435 and Part 2 of Article 437 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, is a public offer (proposal) to an unlimited number of persons, Internet users.

In accordance with Article 438 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, full and unconditional acceptance (acceptance) of the Agreement is the User’s confirmation of his consent to the terms of the Agreement or his making a voluntary payment.

1. Terms used in the Agreement

1.1.User is an Internet user who has accepted the terms of the Agreement and is registered on the Publishing House website.

1.2.Works (Content) – electronic versions of scientific publications, including periodicals as well as non-periodical publications presented electronically on the Internet in various formats, posted on the Publishing House Website, accessible to Users through the Publishing House Website.

1.3. Catalog – a collection of Works.

1.4.Login and Password – two unique set characters identifying the User.

1.5. The “Publishing House” website is an information resource on the Internet owned by the “Publishing House”, located on the domain

1.6.Downloading – recording by the User of the Works in the computer memory.

1.7.Billing – payment accounting system.

1.8.Account User – Authentication and personal data of the User stored on the servers of the Publishing House Website. An account is created as a result of the User's registration procedure and may be required in order to take advantage of certain features or certain functions of the Site.

2. Subject of the Agreement

2.1. “Publishing House” provides the User with the opportunity to view, read and download Works presented in the Catalog on a paid basis. The Publishing House may provide other services to the User on the terms of the Appendices to the Agreement.

2.2. The user can register and pay for a preliminary annual (partial annual) subscription for the ability to view, read and download electronic versions Works, as well as a preliminary subscription for the opportunity to receive a collection of Works that are not placed in the Catalog at the time of registration and payment.

3. Responsibilities of the parties

3.1. Responsibilities of the “Publishing House”:

3.1.1. Provide the User with the opportunity to view, read and download the Work no later than 24 hours from the moment Billing confirms the payment made and identifies the User as the payer of the payment made. If the User registers and pays for a preliminary subscription in accordance with clause 2.2. Agreement, to provide the User with the opportunity to view, read and download the Work no later than 24 hours from the moment of their placement in the Catalog, subject to Billing confirming the previously made payment and identifying the User as the payer of the payment made.

3.1.2. Do not disclose to third parties the Login and Password, the User’s email address, as well as other information received from the User during registration.

3.1.3. Notify the User of changes to the terms of the Agreement and its Appendices by posting relevant information on the Publishing House website at least 30 (thirty) calendar days before the changes come into force.

3.2.User responsibilities:

3.2.1. Register on the Publishing House website. Set a Login and Password, the uniqueness of which is confirmed by the Publishing House. At the same time, strictly and strictly follow the instructions of the “Publishing House” on the registration procedure posted on the “Publishing House” Website.

3.2.2. Pay for the opportunity to view, read and download Works in accordance with clause 4 of the Agreement.

3.2.3. Ensure the confidentiality of the Login and Password provided during registration.

3.2.4. Use the downloaded Works exclusively for personal purposes.

In this case, the User is granted the following rights to use the Works:

• provide remote access to the Works on the Internet through the Publishing House Website, which means the ability to search, view, download and read the Works.
• quote in the original and in translation for scientific, research, polemical, critical and informational purposes excerpts from the Works to the extent justified by the purpose of quoting,
• use individual parts of the Works from them as illustrations in publications, radio and television broadcasts, sound and video recordings of an educational nature to the extent justified by the purpose;
• the use of the Works (their component parts) under this Agreement is carried out with the obligatory indication of the name of the authors (co-authors) of the Works (their component parts), the name of the copyright holder of the Works indicated in the Work.

3.2.5. The user does not have the right:

• transfer or distribute downloaded Works to third parties, either in whole or in part, except for the cases provided for in clause 3.2.4. Agreement;
• communicate publicly the Works, both in whole and in part, through well-known broadcast channels, such as radio, television, etc., except for the cases provided for in clause 3.2.4. Agreement;
• remake, change or otherwise process the texts of the Works.
• use other software for automatic search and downloading, except those implemented on the Publishing House website

Failure to comply with the requirements of clause 3.2.5. The agreement is a violation of copyright law and is punishable by law!

3.2.6. All information posted on the Publishing House website about the procedure for using the Catalog, the payment procedure and other features of the execution of the Agreement is an integral part of the Agreement and is binding on the User.

4. Payment terms

4.1. The user makes an advance payment in Russian rubles on the terms specified on the Publishing House website.

4.2. Payment methods are indicated on the Site in the Payment Methods section. The agreed payment method is the method selected by the User from the available payment methods on the Publishing House Website.

4.3. The procedure for payment using bank cards is indicated on the Website in the Payment Methods section. Transactions using bank cards can only be performed by the card holder. Authorization of transactions on bank cards is carried out by the bank. Acceptance and processing of payments using bank cards is carried out by the electronic payment provider Yandex.Kassa or another electronic payment provider. “Publishing House” does not process, including collect and store Users’ bank card data.

4.4. For Users who are legal entities Payment is available only by non-cash bank transfer from the User's current account to the Publisher's current account.

4.5. The price for providing the User - an individual with the opportunity to view, read and download Works is indicated on the Publishing House Website in the relevant sections. For users who are legal entities, prices are sent by the Publishing House upon request through agreed communication channels. The “Publishing House” has the right to unilaterally change current prices by posting relevant information on the “Publishing House” Website or informing Users in any other accessible way. Any price change does not affect already paid access.

5. Responsibility of the parties. Limitation of liability of the Publisher.

5.1. The User assumes full responsibility and risks associated with the use of the Catalog.

5.2. The User is fully responsible for the use of the Login and Password by third parties.

5.3. The User is fully responsible for the use by third parties of information transmitted to the Publishing House to the email address specified by the User during registration.

5.4. The Publishing House is not responsible for any expenses of the User or direct or indirect damage that may be caused to the User as a result of using the Catalog.

5.5. The Publishing House is not responsible for the quality of access to the Catalog via the Internet.

5.6. Under no circumstances is the Publishing House liable for the use of the Login and Password by third parties.

5.7. The Publishing House is not responsible for direct or indirect damage incurred by the User as a result of data transmission errors, failures/defects in operation software and/or equipment, loss and damage to data, errors in processing or displaying data, delays in data transfer and other failures that were not the fault of the Publishing House.

5.8. The Publishing House website and all related services are provided on an “as is” basis, without any express or implied warranties that the specified Website and (or) services may or may not be suitable for a particular purpose of use.

5.9. "Publishing House" is not responsible for the inability to use the Site and (or) related services by the User for any reason, including, but not limited to: errors, omissions, interruptions, deletion, defects, delays in processing or transmission of data, disruption of lines. communications, equipment malfunction, any technical failures or other problems of any telephone networks or services, computer systems, servers or providers, computer or telephone equipment, software, failure to fulfill obligations of providers of certain services, theft, destruction or unauthorized access to User materials, posted on the Website or in any other place, etc.

5.10. Under no circumstances is the Publishing House liable for any expenses of the User or direct or indirect damage, including lost profits or lost data, damage to honor, dignity or business reputation that may be caused to the User as a result of using the Site and (or) related services.

5.11. If it is impossible for the Publishing House to provide the User with the opportunity to view, read and download the Work for reasons beyond the control of the Publishing House, the Publishing House, at the request of the User, will return the advance payment received. In this case, the amount of responsibility of the “Publisher” is limited to the amount of the advance payment received from the User for the opportunity to view, read and download the Work, which was not provided.

6. Duration of the Agreement

6.1. The Agreement comes into force from the moment the User accepts the terms of the Agreement (each Appendix to the Agreement comes into force from the moment the User accepts the terms of this Appendix) and is valid until the Parties fully fulfill their obligations.

7. Force majeure circumstances

7.1. The parties are released from liability for partial or complete failure to fulfill obligations under this Agreement if such failure was a direct consequence of force majeure circumstances (force majeure circumstances) that arose after the conclusion of the Agreement, as a result of extraordinary events, namely: fire, flood, hurricane and earthquake or restrictions imposed by government authorities on the activities of any of the Parties, and if these circumstances could not be foreseen or prevented by the Parties by reasonable measures.

8. Other conditions

8.1. If any provision or any part of a provision of the Agreement is found to be invalid or unenforceable, the remaining provisions and parts of the provisions of the Agreement will remain in full force and effect.

8.2. All Appendices to this Agreement are an integral part of it.

8.3. In all other respects, the Parties agreed to be guided by the current legislation of the Russian Federation.

8.4. The Publishing House has the right to make changes to the Agreement with the obligatory posting of the relevant information on the Publishing House website no later than 30 (thirty) calendar days before the relevant changes come into force.

8.5. For any questions that arise, the User has the right to contact the Publishing House Support Service at the following email address:

9. Dispute resolution

9.1. Disputes and disagreements that may arise under this Agreement are resolved by following the pre-trial (claims) procedure. The period for consideration by the Publishing House of a claim is 10 (Ten) calendar days from the date of its receipt from the User.

9.2. If the Parties do not come to an agreement, these disputes and disagreements are resolved in court in accordance with the current legislation of the Russian Federation in the court at the location of the Publishing House in accordance with the rules of jurisdiction and jurisdiction.

10. Privacy Notice

10.1 The User’s consent to provide personal information is determined by agreement with this public offer, which occurs automatically when the User goes through the registration procedure on the Publishing House website.

10.2 “Publishing House” collects and stores only the necessary personal data of the User. The Publishing House may use the User’s personal data to identify him, clarify payment details, provide personalized services, provide feedback to the User, process applications and requests, perform impersonal statistical calculations and improve the quality of services provided to the User.

10.3. The Publishing House has the right to transfer the User’s personal information to third parties only in cases where the User has expressed his consent to such actions, the transfer is necessary to provide services to the User, the transfer is provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

"Publishing house": Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Publishing House "Nauka"

TERMS OF USE

1. General Provisions

1.1. This User Agreement (hereinafter referred to as the Agreement) applies to the website of the Electronic Library System - www. (hereinafter referred to as “Electronic Library System”).

1.2. Website of the Electronic Library System www. (hereinafter referred to as the Site) is the property of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Academic Scientific Publishing, Production, Printing and Book Distribution Center “Nauka” (FSUE “Publishing House “Nauka”).

1.3. This Agreement governs the relationship between the Administration of the “Electronic Library System” website www. (hereinafter referred to as the Site Administration) and the User (Users) of this Site.

1.4. This agreement, in accordance with Article 435 and paragraph 2 of Article 437 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, is a public offer to an unlimited number of persons, Internet users.

1.5. In accordance with Article 438 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, full and unconditional acceptance (acceptance) of the Agreement is:

• confirmation by the User of his consent to the terms of the Agreement;
• making an advance payment;
• commencement of use of any Work;
• beginning to use any services of the Site under the terms of the Agreement.

1.6. The site administration reserves the right to change, add or delete clauses of this Agreement at any time without notifying the User.

1.7. Continued use of the Site by the User means acceptance of the Agreement and the changes made to this Agreement.

1.8. The User is personally responsible for checking this Agreement for changes to it.

2. Terms used in the Agreement

2.1. User – an Internet user, any individual or legal entity (representative of a legal entity) who voluntarily completed Registration and/or began using any services of the Site.

2.2. Works (Content) – electronic versions of scientific publications, including periodicals, as well as non-periodical publications, presented electronically on the Internet in various formats, posted on the Website of the Electronic Library System, accessible to Users through the Website of the Electronic Library System.

2.3. Catalog – a collection of Works.

2.4. Login and Password are two unique sets of characters that identify the User.

2.5. The website “Electronic Library System” is an information resource on the Internet owned by the Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Publishing House “Nauka”, located on the domain www. .

2.6. Site Administration - employees authorized to manage the Site, acting on behalf of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Publishing House "Nauka"

2.7. Downloading – recording by the User of Works into the computer memory.

2.8. Billing is a payment accounting system.

2.9. User Account – Authentication and personal data of the User stored on the servers of the Electronic Library System Site. An account is created as a result of the User's registration procedure and may be required in order to take advantage of certain features or certain functions of the Site.

3. Subject of the Agreement

3.1. The “Electronic Library System” provides the User with the opportunity to view, read and download Works presented in the Catalog on a paid basis.

3.2. The user can register and pay for a preliminary annual (partial annual) subscription for the ability to view, read and download electronic versions of Works, as well as a preliminary subscription for the opportunity to receive a collection of Works that are not posted in the Catalog at the time of registration and payment.

4. Responsibilities of the parties

4.1. Responsibilities of the “Site Administration”:

4.1.1. Provide the User with the opportunity to view, read and download the Work on the Site no later than 24 hours from the moment Billing confirms the payment made and identifies the User as the payer of the payment made. If the User registers and pays for a preliminary subscription in accordance with clause 3.2. Agreement, to provide the User with the opportunity to view, read and download the Work no later than 24 hours from the moment of their placement in the Catalog, subject to confirmation by Billing of the previously made payment and identification of the User as the payer of the payment made.

4.1.2. Do not disclose to third parties the Login and Password, the User’s email address, as well as other information received from the User during registration.

4.1.3. Notify the User of changes to the terms of the Agreement and its Appendices by posting relevant information on the Electronic Library System Website at least 30 (thirty) calendar days before the changes come into force.

4.2. User Responsibilities:

4.2.1. Register on the “Electronic Library System” website. Set a Login and Password, the uniqueness of which is confirmed by the “Site Administration”. At the same time, strictly and strictly follow the instructions of the Site Administration on the registration procedure posted on the “Electronic Library System” Site.

4.2.2. Pay for the opportunity to view, read and download Works in accordance with clause 4 of the Agreement.

4.2.3. Ensure the confidentiality of the Login and Password provided during registration.

4.2.4. Use the downloaded Works exclusively for personal purposes. In this case, the User is granted the following rights to use the Works:

• provide remote access on the Internet through the Website of the Electronic Library System to Works, which means the ability to search, view, download and read Works.
• print out individual parts of the Works for archival purposes only.
• record and store individual parts of the Works in the memory of a computer owned by the User for archival, educational and research purposes;
• quote in the original and in translation for scientific, research, polemical, critical, informational and educational purposes, excerpts of Works to the extent justified by the purpose of quoting,
• reproduce in newspapers, broadcast or broadcast by cable for public information certain parts of the Works to the extent justified by the informational purpose.
• the use of the Works (their component parts) under this Agreement is carried out with the obligatory indication of the name of the authors (co-authors) of the Works (their component parts), the name of the copyright holder of the Works indicated in the Work.

4.2.5. The user does not have the right:

• transfer or distribute downloaded Works to third parties, either in whole or in part, except for the cases provided for in clause 4.2.4. Agreements;
• communicate publicly the Works in full, through well-known broadcast channels, such as radio, television, etc., except for the cases provided for in clause 4.2.4. Agreements;
• reproduce the Works, that is, make copies of the Works or parts thereof in any material form if this reproduction is for the purpose of further distribution;
• make the Works available to the public using the Internet and other digital networks, either in whole or in part;
• change or otherwise process the texts of the Works.
• print the entire Work, which is a magazine issue, magazine or book;
• post links to the Works available for use by the User on any resources in such a way that a third party has access to these Works. In particular, the User is prohibited from providing third parties with information necessary to gain access to personal pages of the Site that require User authorization.
• use other software for automatic searching and downloading, except those implemented on the Electronic Library System website
• Failure by the User to comply with the requirements of clause 4.2.5. The Agreement is a violation of copyright law and entails the consequences specified in clause 10.1 and clause 10.2 of the Agreement.

4.2.6. All information posted on the Electronic Library System Website about the procedure for using the Catalog, the payment procedure and other features of the execution of the Agreement is an integral part of the Agreement and is binding on the User.

5. Payment terms

5.1. The user makes an advance payment in Russian rubles on the terms specified on the Website of the Electronic Library System.

5.2. Payment methods are indicated on the Site in the Payment Methods section. The agreed payment method is the method selected by the User from the available payment methods on the Electronic Library System Website.

5.3. The procedure for payment using bank cards is indicated on the Website in the Payment Methods section. Transactions using bank cards can only be performed by the card holder. Authorization of transactions on bank cards is carried out by the bank. Acceptance and processing of payments using bank cards is carried out by the electronic payment provider Yandex.Kassa or another electronic payment provider. The “site administration” does not process, including collecting and storing Users’ bank card data.

5.4. The price for providing the User - an individual with the opportunity to view, read and download Works is indicated on the Website of the Electronic Library System in the relevant sections. For users who are legal entities, prices are sent by the “Site Administration” upon request through agreed communication channels. The “Site Administration” has the right to unilaterally change current prices by posting relevant information on the Website of the “Electronic Library System” or informing Users in any other accessible way. Any price change does not affect already paid access.

6. Responsibility of the parties. Limitation of liability of the Electronic Library System.

6.1. The User assumes full responsibility and risks associated with the use of the Catalog.

6.2. The User is fully responsible for the use of the Login and Password by third parties.

6.3. The User is fully responsible for the use by third parties of information transmitted by the “Site Administration” to the email address specified by the User during registration.

6.4. The “Site Administration” is not responsible for any expenses of the User or direct or indirect damage that may be caused to the User as a result of using the Catalog.

6.5. The “site administration” is not responsible for the quality of access to the Catalog via the Internet.

6.6. Under no circumstances is the “Site Administration” liable for the use of the Login and Password by third parties.

6.7. The “site administration” is not responsible for direct or indirect damage incurred by the User as a result of data transmission errors, failures/defects in the operation of software and/or equipment, data loss and damage, errors in processing or displaying data, delays in data transmission and others failures that occurred through no fault of the Site Administration.

6.8. The Electronic Library System website and all related services are provided on an “as is” basis, without any express or implied warranties that the said Website and/or services may or may not be suitable for a particular purpose of use.

6.9. The “Site Administration” is not responsible for the inability to use the Site and (or) related services by the User for any reason, including, but not limited to: errors, omissions, interruptions, deletion, defects, delay in processing or transmission of data, disruption of work communication lines, equipment malfunction, any technical failures or other problems of any telephone networks or services, computer systems, servers or providers, computer or telephone equipment, software, failure of providers of certain services, theft, destruction or unauthorized access to User materials , posted on the Site or in any other place, etc.

6.10. Under no circumstances is the “Site Administration” liable for any expenses of the User or direct or indirect damage, including lost profits or lost data, damage to honor, dignity or business reputation that may be caused to the User as a result of using the Site and (or) related services .

6.11. If it is impossible for the “Electronic Library System” to provide the User with the opportunity to view, read and download the Work for reasons beyond the control of the “Site Administration”, the “Site Administration”, at the request of the User, returns the received advance payment. In this case, the amount of responsibility of the “Site Administration” is limited to the amount of the advance payment received from the User for the opportunity to view, read and download the Work, which was not provided.

7. Duration of the Agreement

7.1. The Agreement comes into force from the moment the User accepts the terms of the Agreement (each Appendix to the Agreement comes into force from the moment the User accepts the terms of this Appendix) and is valid until the Parties fully fulfill their obligations.

8. Force majeure circumstances

8.1. The parties are released from liability for partial or complete failure to fulfill obligations under this Agreement if such failure was a direct consequence of force majeure circumstances (force majeure circumstances) that arose after the conclusion of the Agreement, as a result of extraordinary events, namely: fire, flood, hurricane and earthquake or restrictions imposed by government authorities on the activities of any of the Parties, and if these circumstances could not be foreseen or prevented by the Parties by reasonable measures.

9. Other conditions

9.1. In the event that any provision or any part of the Agreement is held to be invalid or unenforceable, the remaining provisions and portions of the Agreement will remain in full force and effect.

9.2. In all other respects, the Parties to the Agreement agreed to be guided by the current legislation of the Russian Federation.

9.3. The “Site Administration” has the right to make changes to the Agreement with the obligatory posting of the relevant information on the Website of the “Electronic Library System” no later than 30 (thirty) calendar days before the relevant changes come into force.

9.4. Relations between the “Site Administration” and the User, who are legal entities, are regulated on the basis of separately concluded Agreements, which specify the specific terms of the relationship between the Parties.

9.5. For any questions that arise, the User has the right to contact the Site Support Service at the following email address:

10. Dispute resolution

10.1. Disputes and disagreements that may arise under this Agreement are resolved by following the pre-trial (claim) procedure. The period for consideration by the Site Administration of a claim is 10 (Ten) calendar days from the date of its receipt from the User.

10.2. If the Parties do not come to an agreement, these disputes and disagreements are resolved in court in accordance with the current legislation of the Russian Federation in the court at the location of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Publishing House “Nauka”” in accordance with the rules of jurisdiction and jurisdiction.

11. Privacy Notice

11.1. The User's consent to provide personal information is determined by agreement with this public offer, which occurs automatically when the User goes through the registration procedure on the Site.

11.2. In accordance with Federal Law“On Personal Data” No. 152-FZ of July 27, 2006 and this privacy policy, the Site Administration does not use, process or store the User’s personal data.

11.3. The “Site Administration” collects and stores only the User data necessary for the operation of the Site. The “site administration” can use the User’s data to identify him, clarify payment data, provide personalized services, provide feedback to the User, process applications and requests, perform impersonal statistical calculations and improve the quality of services provided to the User.