Name the module of the loan application program. IT support, software for MFOs. Interaction with other applications

Consumer lending in Russia has developed intensively over the past few years. On the banking software market, there has emerged an offer of a variety of specialized systems designed to automate business processes in this area of ​​activity. These include:

· Front-end systems (Loan Origination), responsible for the delivery and processing of loan applications, management of decision-making processes for issuing loans, documenting loan transactions;

· Systems of management of credits (Loan Management), ensuring the processing of credit transactions during their life cycle;

· Collection systems (Collection), which manage the process of collecting overdue debts;

· Scoring analytical systems (Scoring), which develop algorithms for assessing credit risk based on information from databases of credit histories.

Software vendors offer systems that automate individual business processes, as well as complex solutions.

The functions of the credit management systems are similar to those of the well-known ABS credit modules. Is there a need to implement a credit management system separate from the bank's ABS as part of a comprehensive solution? The experience of OTP confirms the successful use of ABS credit modules in the largest banks, leaders in the retail lending market. These modules, of course, have advanced functionality and are part of high-performance systems. The presence of a productive retail ABS in the bank can become a determining factor when choosing in favor of the implementation of separate frontal and collection systems.

Many solutions allow using a single technological platform to automate the processes of both retail and corporate lending, which may be attractive if the bank develops lending to small and medium-sized businesses.

In most cases, it is difficult to prioritize any solution configuration. One of the first tasks in planning business development is the analysis of the current state of IP and IT infrastructure, taking into account the bank's business strategy, as a result of which it is revealed which of the systems and technologies operating in the bank are not able to support the future requirements. Based on the analysis results, an IT development strategy is created, an element of which is the target IS architecture.

Basic requirements for an IT solution

It is necessary that the implemented IT solution meets a number of requirements developed in the development of consumer lending technologies related to quality criteria: functionality, adaptability, integrability, reliability and security.

Functionality and adaptability

Front system

Delivery of a loan application from bank branches or points of sale is one of the main functions of the front-end system. The client application of a modern front-end system must provide remote access to server applications located in the bank, although there are cases of fairly effective off-line implementations. Many front-end systems provide means for preliminary self-diagnostics of applicants on the Internet sites of the bank and its partners using web services, and also have the ability to place application forms in Internet-Banking systems.

The system should ensure a quick decision on the issuance of a loan. The total time for consideration of an application consists of the time it was entered by an employee of an additional office or an agent at a point of sale, the time it was at the "manual" stages of document circulation and the time it took to draw up documents on the transaction in case of a positive decision to issue a loan.

When filling out a loan application form, the speed of entry is important. It depends on the construction of the form, the convenience of transitions between fields and functional elements, the possibility of settings for substituting default values. The system may contain interfaces for interacting with OSR programs for using scanners for the purpose of automatically entering information into the system from applications manually filled in by applicants. Convenient option - attaching scanned graphic images of documents to the application

The system should contain the functions of identifying the applicant - the bank's client in the credit management system and / or the ABS for obtaining information about him in the process of making a decision on granting a loan. Satisfactory data for identification in domestic practice can be the requisites of documents, TIN and additional identification information - account numbers, plastic cards, etc. The front-end system should be able to connect the application scoring function, preferably at an arbitrarily chosen stage of application processing.

If a decision is made to issue a loan based on a loan application, information about this should become available at the point of sale. The system should be able to print a package of necessary documents (loan agreement, payment order for payment of goods purchased on credit, bank account agreement, other documents determined by the lending technology). The composition of documents, their templates and fields should be customized depending on the loan product.

For the front-end system, it is important to add new information signs of loan applications, create and connect reference books to them, the ability to customize fields for new signs on loan application forms. It is necessary to have a constructor for loan application forms, which allows you to customize loan application forms in the context of loan products, set the logic of event processing and perform calculations on screen forms.

Loan management system

The requirements for the functionality of the transaction management system are similar to the requirements for the ABS credit module. The most important quality of the retail credit management system is flexible adjustment of credit products. For a foreign credit management system, it is necessary to take into account the level of localization of the system - the compliance of the rules for processing credit transactions with the instructions of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (interest accrual, reservation, opening accounts and generating transactions according to the chart of accounts of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation). The credit management system should contain means for the formation and distribution of letters, statements, notifications, be able to integrate these tasks with various channels for delivering information to clients.

It is important that the solution includes tools for analyzing the effectiveness of current activities ( management reports) and analysis of credit transactions ( analytical reports), as well as tools for building custom reports.

Scoring system

The main functions of credit risk management are performed by the scoring system. First, it supports various methods of calculating the parameters of scoring algorithms. These include methods based on discriminant analysis (various types of regressions) based on a classification tree; based on a neural network, genetic algorithms, nearest neighbor methods, less popular deductive and macroeconomic methods, etc. etc. Secondly, the calculations for the development of optimal parameters for cutting off loan applications corresponding to the maximum profitability of the loan portfolio.

Third, the ability to monitor the quality of scoring algorithms - comparing forecasts with actual data when replenishing the database of credit histories, in order to analyze the predictive power of algorithms, which may decrease over time.

Scoring algorithms should provide the ability to calculate the individual parameters of a credit transaction for a specific borrower (limit, interest rate, loan term, parameters of the loan repayment schedule).

Many scoring systems allow Collection Scoring - to take into account the return of loans as a result of the work of collectors in calculations, which increases the accuracy of credit risk assessment.

Integrability

When choosing systems, it is necessary to study the data access mechanisms implemented in them and the possibility of calling functions to interact with other systems at the required points of the technological process. To enter information from other systems and maintain the transactional integrity of their data, systems must provide application programming interfaces (APIs).

Here is an approximate list of tasks for integrating a collection system:

· Blocking and return of assets to the ABS;

Periodic uploading for the credit management system of information on new conditions for repayment of debt on restructured loans, foreclosures on the subject of collateral, changes in information about the borrower identified in the process of communicating with him

If the credit management system as part of the retail lending solution is not included in the ABS, then interfaces for entering customers, opening accounts for accounting for transactions, generating accounting entries and loading payments to repay loans are added to the integration tasks. The peculiarities of the national repayment of loans include a significant share of repayment of loans in cash. The credit management system should ensure the availability of information on the amount of minimum and full loan repayments for the bank branch system so that the client can find out and deposit a sufficient amount to the current account. The credit management system should be integrated with the Internet-Banking system for independent non-cash repayment of loans by clients. Scoring systems should contain advanced tools for accessing databases of credit histories.

Performance

The number of applications considered by the bank and its partners daily may amount to several thousand. With such volumes of information, the characteristics of application server platforms become important, the load of which is usually proportional to the number of concurrent active connections and the characteristics of the DBMS, especially if applications after their processing are stored for a long time in the database of the front-end system. End-user latency at remote points of sale can be affected, in addition to the performance of the server applications, by the amount of data transferred over low-bandwidth public links. Front-end systems can use various traffic compression algorithms.

Credit management systems are focused on processing hundreds of thousands and millions of credit transactions. The requirements here are similar to the requirements for the transaction modules of retail ABS.

Of course, already at the stage of selection, all aspects of system performance must be confirmed by suppliers or verified by stress testing.

Reliability and protection of information

Special requirements for protection against unauthorized access are imposed on the frontal system that provides access to the bank's network from the outside. The possibility of remote use of the system by agents, employees of points of sale, as well as self-diagnostics via web services is closely related to information security issues. When analyzing security measures, one should pay attention to the options for software protection of communication channels and the password protection strategy.

The systems that make up the solution must support the differentiation of user access to functions, sets of information objects, individual fields (groups of fields) of information in accordance with their role in the technological process.

IT infrastructure

IT infrastructure requirements are highly dependent on the architecture of the solution. Centralized solutions increase the demands on communication channels. The cost of renting communication channels can be a significant factor when choosing.

It is desirable that the end-user computer hardware requirements of the systems do not exceed the current bank standards. Workstations of users of branches and points of sale should be equipped with scanners, if application recognition or scanning of client documents is used, and devices for reading information from plastic cards, if it is supposed to issue plastic cards for obtaining and subsequent repayment of the loan when applying for a loan.

Requirements for server platforms are completely determined by the chosen solution. It is desirable that the solution allows for separate scaling of the front-end system and the credit management system platforms.

To reduce the flow of borrowers in bank branches, it is necessary to develop a network of devices for issuing and depositing cash using plastic cards.

System selection criteria

Clipping criteria

It is impossible to conduct a detailed quality analysis of all systems on the market. The IT development strategy should identify the main business-specific requirements for the bank's IT solution, as well as the constraints arising from the current IP architecture.

Quantitative indicators and requirements for centralization / decentralization of management functions can be successful cut-off criteria. Performance-related metrics include, for example:

· The maximum number of transactions in the credit management system;

· The maximum number of loan applications processed per unit of time;

The requirements for centralization / decentralization of technological management include the ability to manage processes in the context of branches, groups of branches of the bank or the bank as a whole in accordance with the management model adopted by the bank. For example, decentralization may consist in the existence of different loan products for different branches of a bank or the use of different indicators of scoring algorithms for different regions. The system should provide the ability to create management and analytical reporting in the context of branches and for the bank as a whole, support the centralized and decentralized work of collectors, verifiers, credit officers.

If the cut-off criteria are insufficient, it is quite difficult for a bank to navigate the market. In this case, the involvement of consultants is justified. In the practice of holding tenders by OTP, there are quite often cases of insufficient cut-off criteria; for such cases, an iterative technology has been developed that allows a limited number of systems to be selected for detailed consideration.

Cutoff criteria also include cost constraints: maximum acquisition cost and maximum cost of ownership of systems, which can be determined during business plans or set by decision makers with the help of consultants.

Front office of the bank- this is the zone for acquiring and servicing a bank client, which determines the face of the credit institution and the success of the business as a whole.

Front office of a credit institution is a business process of processing a loan application or an application for opening a deposit, starting with the arrival of a client at a bank branch (also a point of sale, an Internet resource, receiving an application from a CRM system, call center, etc.) and ending with the formation of a transaction. It is also advisable to refer to the retail credit front office the processes of working with a client in terms of servicing a credit transaction and in terms of interaction with a client, for example, when connecting services, providing an account statement, etc.

”Has been effectively working in the retail banking and microfinance business automation market for over 20 years. The company has implemented over 400 projects in the field of banking and MFO automation.

In 2014, the company entered the market with a new innovative product for automating the business of microfinance organizations - the Automated Financial and Retail System ( AFRS) FinMaster. AFRS FinMaster designed for complex business automation MFO, MCC, CPC and pawnshops in terms of servicing loans, investments, pledges and insurance individuals and legal entities as well as P2P lenders.

The system can function as a cloud service or be installed on the customer's servers.

AFRS FinMaster includes

  • Module FinMaster.FRONT, designed to automate the front office of a microfinance company in all areas of customer service and build credit conveyors;
  • Module FinMaster.FINANCE, designed to automate the servicing of client agreements at the back-office level of a microfinance company in accordance with the requirements of the ENP and OSBU;
  • Module FinMaster.CRM, designed to automate customer relationships using all possible communication channels. For this, the module contains built-in IP-telephony, and supports sending SMS and E-mail directly from CRM, and also allows you to maintain all information on clients and on their contacts with the organization.
  • Module FinMaster.BUS, representing a set of services for interacting with external systems, supporting various channels for issuing and repaying loans (VISA / Master Card payment cards, various payment systems QIWI, CONTACT, etc.), interaction with the NBCH and all Russian BCIs, external scoring systems ( Skorista), with 1C Accounting, client-bank, RBS and client's personal account.

AFRS FinMaster allows you to automate the entire life cycle of a loan agreement, insurance or investment contract from the moment of the first contact of the client to the company and until the full fulfillment of the terms of the contract. Among those innovations that are now especially in demand in the microfinance market, in the back office FinMaster.FINANCE implemented:

  • Issuance to cards and payment systems, repayment from cards and from payment systems, 115-FZ, Scoring, all BKI;
  • Automatic closing of the trading day(cancellation of the plan, delays, early cancellation, prolongation, penalties, reserves, sale / purchase of contracts, etc.);
  • UpSale(or on-lending) loan agreements;
  • POS lending;
  • Loyalty programs;
  • Pledges and insurances;
  • WEB interface, mobile application and personal account.

AFRS FinMaster allows you to lead in a single database of all branches, additional offices and points of presence of a microfinance organization and at the same time several affiliated legal entities.

Back office performance FinMaster.FINANCE - up to 1 million transactions per hour.

Our company offers a “soft” option for the transition of MFOs to the EPC and OSBU, which allows you to minimize the number of changes that will need to be made to the existing IT landscape of a microfinance company and involves the use of the 1C platform as a general ledger for conducting business activities of the company.

The core of the FinMaster.FINANCE software package uses industrial ORACLE DBMS, on which all modern banking systems are developed. The software package provides accounting in accordance with the requirements of the ENP and OSBU, and also provides the ability to maximize the detail of accounting, which is necessary for the preparation of reports in XBRL format. Workstations of managers use a WEB-interface and can work under all popular browsers, on tablets and smartphones.

FinMaster.FINANCE software package, the only solution on the market for microfinance companies, makes it possible to maintain a wide product line with simultaneous accounting in accordance with the FNC and OSBU in accordance with the requirements of the Bank of Russia.

Our prices significantly lower than that of our competitors developing systems of a similar level. The cost of the minimum system configuration (up to 10 workplaces) in the cloud version starts from 20 thousand rubles / month. The minimum cost of a similar licensed version is from 200 thousand rubles one-time.

Maximum cost a full-featured unlimited cloud solution for large multifunctional complexes with a business scale of up to 100 thousand existing contracts lies in the range from 30 to 50 thousand rubles / month, the cost of a similar licensed option will cost 800 thousand to 1.5 million rubles a one-time.

All our software can be supplied with open source, which makes it possible to further refine it by the company's specialists.

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Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education

TOMSK STATE UNIVERSITY OF CONTROL SYSTEMS AND RADIO ELECTRONICS (TUSUR)

Department of Automated Control Systems (ACS)

Automated information system

accounting of loans to individuals in a commercial bank

Explanatory note to the final qualifying work

Explanatory note: p. 132, fig. 9, tab. 18, adj. 3.

LOANS, BANK, AUTOMATED INFORMATION SYSTEM, SOFTWARE, DATABASE, MICROSOFT ACCESS, BORLAND DELPHI.

The object of development is an automated information system for recording loans to individuals in a commercial bank.

The goals of the automation of activities:

reduction of processing time and data retrieval;

increasing the reliability of data;

increasing labor productivity;

reducing the risk of information loss;

automated preparation of the necessary documents;

increasing the level of work with clients and, as a result, the competitiveness of the bank.

Tools for implementing DBMS Microsoft Access, Delphi 7.

During the design process, a context diagram, decomposition diagrams (BpWin), a complete attributive diagram of a logical model (ErWin), a complete attributive diagram of a physical model (ErWin), a dialogue tree (graph of transition of screen forms), software by means of Delphi 7, a description of the application were developed.

Introduction

The modern Russian financial market is characterized by the consolidation of credit and financial institutions and the active development of the retail banking business. The growth of new banking communities, an increase in the client base and an expansion of the range of services offered cannot be achieved without software that meets the most stringent requirements of modern banking business. If earlier the efforts of large banks were concentrated mainly in the capital regions and large cities, then in recent years, due to increased competition in these markets and the growth of the well-being of people in general, financial structures have begun to develop their branch networks much more actively and crowd out small regional banks. The latter, trying to withstand the competition, now have to pay much more attention than before to the IT structure.

In the Russian banking automation market, large players strengthen their positions from year to year, crowding out smaller companies and not allowing foreigners too much. Installations of foreign systems are still rare and concentrated in the segment of large banks. At the same time, the share of in-house developments is not decreasing - but even, on the contrary, growing. Banks that fail to choose a system that meets all the requirements of their business in the market are ready to invest in their own product as an additional competitive advantage. Some subsystems, for example, credit modules in small banks, are proprietary, since this is often an economically more viable solution than using third-party subsystems. Meanwhile, the degree of managers' possession of up-to-date information on the state and trends in the functioning of all divisions of the bank directly affects the success in the implementation of strategic and tactical development plans. And in the context of a widespread decline in the profitability of credit institutions, the problem of managers' access to information becomes especially urgent. In practice, MS Excel often reigns in this area, with all its advantages and disadvantages. As a result, huge volumes of valuable information are stored in local tables of personal computers and on disparate database servers.

For 21 years, in conditions of fierce competition with the branches of the country's largest banks, the small regional bank "Novatsia" has been providing almost the entire range of banking services to corporate clients and citizens of the Republic of Adygea. Despite the financial turmoil, Joint Stock Commercial Bank Novatsia OJSC retained its independence, which many commercial banks could not do.

Fierce competition in the banking market and requirements to ensure higher labor productivity, greater reliability and reliability of information, and its better safety necessitate the bank's transition from various autonomous banking systems of various developers to a single modern automated information banking system. Such a system should ensure the work of all bank employees: cashiers, tellers, loan officers and accountants, as well as management personnel.

As part of this work, it is planned to develop a subsystem for accounting for loans to individuals, one of the leading areas of banking, not only in OJSC AKB Novatsia, but also in any bank. The automated information system (AIS) for recording loans to individuals in a commercial bank should perform the following main functions:

loan repayment schedule;

list of the Bank's clients;

list of insurance companies;

credit transactions journal;

statistics of loans issued.

program automation lending interface

1. Pre-design analysis of the issues of creating AIS

1.1 Description of the subject area

1.1.1 General

The history of the formation and development of the Joint-Stock Commercial Bank "Novatsia" reflects the history of the entire banking sector of new Russia. In the early 90s, about 3 thousand commercial banks operated in Russia, and only the strongest survived, that is, those whose development strategy was aimed at developing banking services, expanding the network of structural divisions, and attracting clientele.

Starting with a capital of 11 thousand rubles. in 1990, over 21 years, the bank increased its own funds to 212 million rubles, assets increased from 135 thousand rubles. up to 2.2 billion rubles, and the loan portfolio from 111 thousand rubles. up to 1.2 billion rubles. At the beginning of its activity, the bank did not have deposits of citizens, and now more than 30 thousand people are its clients, and the amount of deposits is about 1 billion rubles.

Developing mortgage lending, the bank has helped over 200 young families to acquire their own homes over the past 2 years.

The structural network of the bank's divisions has also expanded. Now the bank has one branch, two additional offices and two operational offices, one of which is preparing to receive its first clients in the city of Krasnodar.

According to the ranking of the Center for Economic Analysis of the Interfax Information Agency, as of October 1, 2011, out of 46 banks in the Southern Federal District, OJSC AKB Novatsia was ranked 20th in terms of assets, 34th in terms of the bank's own funds (capital), and 16 in terms of profit. a place

Of the strategic objectives of the bank for 2011, the following were fulfilled: the volume of operations was increased amid growing competition in the financial market of the Republic of Adygea, the level of profit was increased adequately to the growth of assets, the bank's capital was increased, new credit products were introduced, the conditions for attracting deposits were revised, work on the development of business.

Today's successes of Novatsia Bank, its dynamic growth, stable financial performance and reliability - all this has been achieved thanks to a moderately conservative policy pursued by shareholders, the bank's management and its employees.

1.1.2 Information about the automation object

Automation object Retail lending department of JSCB Novatsia. The Bank offers its retail customers the following loan products:

1) Credit card:

loan term up to 12 months;

the maximum amount is 100,000 rubles;

loan repayment monthly, in equal installments, in accordance with the schedule;

interest for using a loan 20%

cash withdrawal fee 2.2%

penalty for violation of maturity dates based on the refinancing rate of the Central Bank;

without loan security.

Required documents:

passport or other identity document;

TIN certificate;

copy of the work book;

2) Consumer loan:

The interest rate is 25% per annum;

Age from 18 to 70 years old;

Maximum loan amount - 50,000 rubles;

Down payment 10% of the value of the goods;

Loan term up to 1 year;

The amount of the initial payment at the request of the borrower;

without loan security.

Loan disbursement no later than the next day after the borrower's application.

Required documents:

copy of the passport;

copy of the TIN certificate;

a copy of the medical insurance policy;

certificate of the borrower's income for the last 6 months 2-NDFL;

3) Car loan

Maximum loan amount - 3,000,000 rubles;

Loan term up to 5 years;

Interest rate 16% per annum (new car) or 18% (used car);

Car insurance at risk "AutoKASKO", incl. from damage and theft, and compulsory civil liability;

Loan security - pledge of the purchased car;

Spouse's surety (if there is a registered marriage);

4) Home mortgage lending

The maximum loan amount is RUB 4,000,000;

Loan term - up to 10 years;

Interest rate - 14.5% per annum;

An initial payment of at least 10% of the cost of the purchased dwelling;

Possibility of attracting co-borrowers in case of insufficient income from the borrower;

The amount of the loan provided depends on the average monthly net income of the borrower or the total income of co-borrowers for the last 6 months;

Early repayment of the loan is allowed without payment of penalties;

Loan security pledge of the acquired residential premises.

Borrower requirements:

a mortgage loan is provided to persons aged 22 years, at the time of fulfillment of obligations, the age of the borrower (co-borrowers) should not exceed 60 years;

presence of permanent registration on the territory of the Republic of Adygea;

the borrower does not have a negative credit history;

work experience of at least 6 calendar months;

availability of income sufficient to repay the loan and pay interest.

1.1.3 Analysis of the activities of the loan officer

The following stages of issuing a loan product can be distinguished (Figures 1.1 and 1.2):

determination of the type of loan product required by the borrower (purpose of the loan, amount, term, rate, etc.);

collection of all necessary data on the borrower, guarantors and pledgers;

analysis of a loan application and making a decision (positive or negative);

if the decision is positive, then preparation of all necessary documents and certificates, as well as loan and security agreements;

signing documents and certificates with clients, as well as loan and security agreements;

issuance of a loan product to an individual's account;

cashless transfer of funds to the seller or cash withdrawal.

Figure 1.1 Context diagram of the process of issuing a loan product

Figure 1.2 Diagram of the decomposition of the issuance of a loan product

The accounting of clients-borrowers and issued loans is kept in the FORS ABS, which does not provide the required amount of analytics. Loan portfolio for management is prepared in MS Excel spreadsheet.

In his activities, the loan officer is guided by the Bank's Credit Policy, the Bank's Accounting Policy, as well as various provisions and recommendations of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, in particular, Regulation No. 254-P of March 26, 2005.

1.1.4 Analysis of the retail lending automation market

According to CNews Analytics, 75% of banks are engaged in the automation of lending to individuals. Diasoft accounts for the maximum share of the retail lending automation market at 26%. In second place are banks' own developments (17%). R-Style Softlab, which previously occupied the second position, lost 7% and moved to the third position, from 13% of the market. CFT is in fourth position (11%). The fifth line belongs to PSiT (6%). Next come the companies "Quorum", "UniSAB", "Inversion", CSBI (3% each) and BIS (2% of the market).

Figure 1.3 shows the distribution of developers by the number of implementations of the retail lending automation system. 14% of banks plan to replace the solution used. The main reasons for replacing the system used to automate lending to the population are the replacement of the automated banking system (ABS) and the obsolescence of the system, as well as the insufficient functionality of the solution (Figure 1.4).

According to the survey, 61% of banks that decided to change the system have already chosen a solution provider. 29% intend to switch to Diasoft products. R-Style Softlab keeps the second place in popularity, its indicators have grown from 20 to 26%. The third and fourth places are taken by CFT and Inversion, which lost 1 and 4%, respectively, and now have 11 and 7% of preferences. This is followed by ProgramBank (5%). Misys, TemeNets Group AG and their own developments take 3% each (Figure 1.5).

Figure 1.3 Distribution of developers by the number of implementations

Figure 1.4 Reasons for abandoning the used automation system for lending to individuals

Figure 1.5 Distribution of developers according to bank preferences

1.2 Justification of the need to implement AIS

AIS is necessary to ensure higher labor productivity, greater reliability and reliability of information, and its better safety.

The main goal of introducing AIS is to create a single information space, unite automated workstations into a single system that allows solving not only accounting functions, but also management tasks.

Usually the customer himself determines the implementation option for himself. There are two options: integrated implementation and in-house implementation. Complex systems are quite expensive, they are difficult and time-consuming to implement. Many systems cannot be adapted without a developer, and the bank is often far removed from them. In addition to the above: for such systems, the cost of the work of consultants is high, the cost of training. Often, the systems of Russian developers often use "closed" systems for changes, often such systems cannot "survive" the next platform change.

Automated information systems are usually acquired for a fairly long period of time (the average lifetime of an AIS is 8-10 years, but this is not the limit - many banks use systems with a much longer “experience” of work, however, with new capabilities that have acquired during this time) ... For an automation system to bring the expected effect, it must correspond to a given bank - its capabilities, level of development, etc. The cost of AIS for a small bank is not that small.

Of course, there are many criteria for choosing automation systems, like many other rather complex and expensive goods (for example, cars). Some of them are extremely important, some may reflect very individual needs. In such situations, one should largely rely on "common sense", and also keep in mind some key points of a special nature. When choosing an automation system, you should pay attention to the following:

what the automation system can do, or what is its functionality;

how much it will cost to purchase a system, put it into operation and maintain it in working order, i.e. what is its total cost of ownership (it is extremely important to know the total cost, not just the price of the software).

are there any guarantees of successful completion of the implementation project and full commissioning of the system;

that the system has "inside" and, consequently, how reliable, durable, productive it is, in the end is modern;

what is the efficiency and possible payback period of the system;

the level and quality of service in the after-sales period;

the ability to maintain and develop the system by the specialists of the bank itself;

what are the perspectives of the system, whether it will be developed and supported by the supplier in the future.

It is very important to first identify the real needs of the bank. Determining the real automation needs is not easy. It is very good if an enterprise, a company or a bank has developed a development plan for several years ahead, which defines the role of information technology and describes the sequence of creating a corporate automated management system. Such a thoughtful approach gives the greatest return, significantly reduces the risk of choosing the “wrong” AIS and avoiding the problems of the so-called “patchwork” automation. At the same time, automation of the most critical activities at this stage ("bottlenecks" on which the work of employees depends significantly) or the most labor-intensive when processing in the traditional way can be considered as priority tasks.

Since the development or even implementation of a ready-made unified automated banking management system is not feasible within the framework of this work, at the first stage it is planned to introduce a subsystem for recording loans to individuals in OJSC AKB Novatsia. Thus, to automate the accounting of loans to individuals, the implementation option was chosen through the development of AIS for accounting for loans to individuals, which takes into account the specifics of the information processing process in the Retail Lending Department of JSCB Novatsia.

1.3 Overview of existing software products

Consider a few examples of leading automated banking information systems.

Diasoft FA # Retail retail solution from Diasoft company consists of integrated components (set of layers) front, middle and back offices. The separation of the solution components is done in order to improve the efficiency of performing heterogeneous operations (selling services and customer service, operational management, processing transactions, etc.).

Front office is an environment where direct communication between the client and the bank takes place (both with the participation of a bank specialist and without him). It can be both the Internet environment and an ATM, but in most cases the front office is the various divisions of the bank, the workplaces of agents and brokers. The front office provides customers with the maximum availability of banking services (sale of banking products) and improves the efficiency and quality of banking services.

A middle office is a workplace for bank employees who are responsible for making operational decisions. A middle office can be: a scoring system responsible for credit risk management, a loan repayment management system, a budgeting system.

The back office is the bank's accounting system, a workplace for employees responsible for processing concluded contracts and completed transactions.

The front office, within the framework of the loan application, provides the following basic operations:

support for the entire range of retail loan products: consumer lending, car loans, mortgage lending, targeted consumer loans, credit cards;

automation of the activities of all bank divisions related to front-office loan servicing (security service, legal service, credit analysts, credit managers, credit committee, etc.), as well as the work of front-office employees (bank branch operators, employees of car dealerships, shops, etc.) etc.);

informational support of such credit products of the bank as preliminary calculation of the amounts of the initial payment and the amounts of regular payments;

entering a loan application, monitoring the correctness of filling out documents (primary verification);

calculation of the loan amount, taking into account the amount of the initial payment, as well as payments included in the loan amount (commissions, insurance premiums, etc.)

attachment of graphic information to the loan application (graphic images of documents submitted by the borrower and guarantors, documents proving the identity of the client, documents confirming his income, 2-NDFL certificate or in the form of a bank, bank statement, TIN, etc.);

transfer of the application for consideration to the bank (in this case, delivery of a notification to the responsible personnel of the bank can be configured in accordance with the regulations of the bank);

formation and printing of documents accompanying paper workflow (for example, acts of acceptance / transfer of original documents, etc.). Monitoring the status of a package of documents for a loan (completeness of documents as of the current date, timeliness of transfer of documents);

support of the bank's technologies within the framework of making a decision on the issuance of a loan (credit manager, legal service, credit committee, etc.). Formation of a decision on the considered loan application;

formation of a package of documents based on an approved application, consisting of: a loan agreement, an agreement for opening a bank account, a payment schedule, a list of points for receiving payments on a loan, as well as, in the case of mortgage lending, collateral agreements (pledge of the acquired real estate), related insurance agreements, etc. ...

The front office, within the framework of support and repayment of loans, provides the following basic operations:

acceptance of scheduled payments on a loan (various options for the repayment scheme, customizable at the choice of the bank);

accepting payments in case of arrears (obtaining information from the back office about the amount of arrears, taking into account fines and penalties established by the bank). Debt repayment in the order of priorities established for each type of debt;

accepting applications for full or partial early repayment of a loan (checking the possibility of early repayment, taking into account various types of moratoriums, preliminary calculation of the repayment amount as of the date of planned repayment, taking into account the configured penalties provided for by the credit program for this loan at the current stage of its servicing);

early partial repayment of the loan (final calculation and acceptance of the amount for repayment, recalculation of the schedule, both schemes with a decrease in the loan term and schemes with a decrease in the size of the monthly payment for annuity schemes are supported);

early full repayment of the loan (checks and calculations of the amounts of fines are carried out similar to the early partial repayment if any penalties are envisaged);

closure of contracts with full repayment of the loan;

automatic printing of documents that support paper workflow.

The functionality of the solution allows you to automate the process of supporting issued loans in terms of their repayment and closure. As part of the actions for servicing issued loans, registration of changes in the data about the borrower (contact information, residence / registration addresses, data on the place of work, marital status, etc.) is provided. The process of accompanying issued loans has been automated, as well as updating information on the borrower. If necessary, an active update of the data at the bank's disposal can be configured (formation of tasks for performers to check the borrower's data, his property status, the relevance of information about his contacts, etc.; work on checking information, recording the results of the check).

The integrated banking system (IBS) BISKVIT from the BIS company provides a high level of information support for banking operations in the context of the dynamic development of the financial services market. Functional completeness allows you to automate many operations of a commercial bank. The modular structure enables the bank to bear only the software costs justified at the moment by the scope of its activity and the volume of document circulation, easily increasing the functionality of the system as the range of operations performed expands. A unified technology makes it possible to automatically reflect an operation performed in any module in a single database and use its results in all other modules.

The Loans to Individuals module ensures the maintenance of agreements for the placement of funds, concluded with the bank's clients - individuals, at all stages of their life cycle.

Module features:

1) maintaining information on the essential terms of agreements:

payment schedules for principal, interest and commissions;

differentiated and annuity repayment schemes;

the size of interest rates, commissions, penalties and fines;

storing changes to the terms of the contract in chronological order;

2) in terms of active operations - support for various forms of lending:

simple loan agreement (one-time issue, one-time or phased repayment);

mortgage loan (one-time issue, annuity repayment scheme);

overdraft (overdraft limit on a bank account, limit control when performing transactions on a client's account, control of total and internal lending terms);

support for grace lending using plastic cards, calculating grace and non-grace loans based on data from the Credit Cards module of IBS BISKVIT, using records on card transactions, setting up banking operations for working with grace loans for granting and repaying;

3) maintaining information about the received security:

type of security (guarantee, surety, pledge of property, securities, precious metals);

data on the collateral agreement and the counterparty under it;

the number of similar items of security;

the way of assessing collateral (by account balance, by market quotation, by individual value);

additional information (e.g. description, location);

4) providing the user with complete information about the planned and actual debt for any date, including urgent and overdue debt on principal and interest payments, debt on penalties, etc .;

5) formation and printing of primary and reporting documents, for example, the text of an agreement, accounting orders, a statement of interest accrual, a statement of reserve settlement, a statement of debt under contracts, a statement of collateral under contracts, an estimated calculation of the overdraft limit (based on "cleared" customer account);

6) support for fully automatic binding to the contract of all necessary analytical accounts based on information about the type of counterparty, type and term of the transaction. The list of linked accounts is determined by setting up a bank transaction template. Account opening / linking can be performed:

when adding a contract;

after adding the contract by performing a banking operation;

when performing accounting transactions, if the corresponding account has not yet been associated with the contract;

7) a customizable list of accounts to be closed when the contract is closed;

8) maintaining data on the classification of risk by loans in chronological order;

9) performance of all types of accounting operations for the issuance and maintenance of a loan;

10) interaction with external automated systems:

automated scoring systems;

remote client systems of mortgage brokers and agents;

Insurance companies software.

The module supports a full list of operations that register the movement of the principal debt under the contract, as well as operations for accounting for interest:

issuance and repayment of a loan (with and without reserve settlement, taking into account the use / restoration of the overdraft limit);

transfer of a loan for arrears;

repayment of overdue debts;

writing off bad debts from the balance sheet;

payment of interest;

transfer of interest to arrears;

off-balance sheet interest accounting.

In mass mode, such operations can be performed as, for example, the accrual of interest at the end of the reporting period on balance sheet and off-balance sheet accounts, the settlement of the provision for possible losses on loans, the settlement of the allowance for possible losses on other operations.

RS-Bank v.5.5 from R-Style Softlab was created to automate the business of medium and small banks, taking into account the requirements of this category. RS-Bank v.5.5 is a new version of the popular ABS RS-Bank 5.0, designed to automate all areas of banking: cash and settlement operations, internal accounting, retail services, lending services to legal entities and individuals, business activities of a credit institution.

RS-Bank v.5.5 has a modular structure, which allows for a phased implementation of its applications, increasing their functionality in parallel with the development of the bank's business. ABS RS-Bank v.5.5 includes the following functional outlines:

RS-Retail v.5.5 automation of retail services and work with individuals;

RS-Loans v.5.5 automation of bank lending activities;

RS-Incounting v.5.5 business automation of the bank.

RS-Loans is a software package for automating bank lending, covering all the variety of tasks faced by employees of credit departments. The following bank loan products are initially configured in the system:

lending to legal entities;

customer credit;

car loans;

mortgage credit lending;

credit and overdraft cards (based on interaction with the RS-Retail software package);

credit lines to legal entities and individuals;

overdraft lending for settlement accounts of legal entities;

bank guarantees.

RS-Loans automates the processing of documents accompanying the entire life cycle of a loan agreement, from issuing a loan application to issuing reports.

The functionality for drawing up and accounting for a loan agreement allows the appointment of individual lending conditions (interest rates, an algorithm for calculating interest, etc.), automatic generation of all necessary accounts, issuance of printed forms of contracts and orders for performing various operations, calculation of the loan quality category and percentage of the reserve, calculation and printout of disbursement and repayment schedules, issuing a loan in various ways, repaying loans in various ways, servicing arbitrary commissions and penalties, taking out a loan for delays, prolonging an agreement, concluding additional agreements and reimbursing overpayments. The new version implements a limiting mechanism, which provides a reference book of limits that takes into account the requirements of the Bank of Russia and the internal requirements of the bank. For convenience, groups can be formed for which the limits are determined.

When drawing up and accounting for collateral agreements, surety agreements in various currencies and various types of pledge agreements are automatically generated. The system allows you to enter a description of collateral objects and keep records of collateral on the off-balance sheet, take into account the quality categories of collateral, including when calculating the reserve.

RS-Loans provides bank specialists with extensive information necessary for making decisions on lending issues, including information on the loan portfolio and summary data on certain types of loans. The reports provide information by type of loan, as well as detailed information about the borrower, the status of the loan agreement, the amount of the loan in rubles and foreign currency, the balance of the debt, interest rates, the amount under the surety and collateral agreements by type, overdue amounts on the principal and interest, risk groups and the amount of the reserve for them, as well as a number of other information necessary for analysis. The software package allows you to exchange data with the National Bureau of Credit Histories and the Central Catalog of Credit Histories and to implement an exchange with any other bureau.

Having considered the above programs and many others, we can conclude that they are not suitable for automation of the subject area due to their high cost of implementation and subsequent maintenance.

1.4 Goals and objectives of automation

As part of the work of a loan officer of OJSC AKB Novatsia, it is necessary that AIS performs the following basic operations:

accounting of bank clients of individuals;

maintaining a directory of types of loans (consumer loan, mortgage, car loan, credit card, etc.)

accounting of loans issued to individuals;

registration of guarantors and pledgers for a loan;

construction of a loan repayment schedule (equal payments, annuity, at the end of the term);

execution of operations with credits: opening, scheduled cancellation, early cancellation, taking out for delay, closing;

formation of output documents:

loan portfolio for a given date;

loan repayment schedule;

list of the Bank's clients;

list of insurance companies;

selection of loan agreements according to specified criteria;

credit transactions journal;

formation of statistical charts:

structure of the loan portfolio as of the date;

the amount of loans issued by months for the period;

the amount of loans by types of credit products for the period.

1.5 Analysis of the feasibility of using the specified development tools

1.5.1 Rationale for choosing a DBMS

Today, more than two dozen data formats of desktop DBMS are known, but the most popular are Access, Paradox, FoxPro, and dBase.

Let's consider each of these DBMS separately.

dBase and Visual dBase

The first industrial version of dBase dBase II (then owned by Ashton-Tate, later acquired by Borland) appeared in the early 1980s. Due to its ease of use, undemanding computer resources and, no less important, the competent marketing policy of the manufacturer, this product has gained considerable popularity.

Data storage in dBase is based on the principle of "one table, one file" (these files usually have a * .dbf extension). MEMO and BLOB fields (available in later versions of dBase) are stored in separate files (usually with a * .dbt extension). Indexes for tables are also stored in separate files. At the same time, in earlier versions of this DBMS, a special reindexing operation was required to bring the indexes in line with the current state of the table.

The dBase data format is open, which allowed a number of other manufacturers to borrow it to create dBase-like DBMSs, partially compatible with dBase in data formats. For example, the once very popular FoxBase (developed by Fox Software, Inc. and now owned by Microsoft) used the dBase data format for tables, but the formats for storing MEMO fields and indexes were their own, incompatible with dBase.

With the purchase of dBase by Borland, this product, later called Visual dBase, acquired a set of additional features characteristic of the development tools of this company and for its other desktop DBMS, Paradox. Among these capabilities were special types of fields for graphic data, supported indexes, storage of referential integrity rules within the database itself, as well as the ability to manipulate data in other formats, in particular server DBMSs, through the use of the BDE API and SQL Links.

Visual dBase is currently owned by dBase, Inc. Its latest version, Visual dBase 7.5, has the following features:

data manipulation tools dBase and FoxPro of all versions;

the data access core of the Advantage Database Server from Extended Systems and the ODBC driver for accessing the data of this DBMS;

visual query building tools.

In the late 80s - early 90s, Paradox, then owned by Borland International, was a very popular DBMS, including in our country, where at one time it held a stable position in the market for developing desktop applications with databases.

The principle of data storage in Paradox is similar to the principles of data storage in dBase - each table is stored in its own file (extension * .db), MEMO and BLOB fields are stored in a separate file (extension * .md), as well as indexes (extension * .px).

However, unlike dBase, the Paradox data format is not open source, so special libraries are required to access the data in this format. For example, applications written in C or Pascal used the once popular Paradox Engine library, which became the basis for the Borland Database Engine (BDE). This library is currently used in applications created with Borland development tools (Delphi, C ++ Builder), in some report generators (for example, Crystal Reports) and in Paradox itself. There are also ODBC drivers for databases created by various versions of this DBMS.

Microsoft FoxPro and Visual FoxPro

FoxPro traces its origins to the FoxBase desktop database from Fox Software. In developing FoxBase in the late 1980s, the goal was to create a DBMS that is interoperable with dBase in terms of file organization and programming language, but significantly superior in performance. One of the ways to improve performance was to organize index files more efficiently than in dBase - in terms of the index file format, these two DBMSs are incompatible with each other.

Compared to similar versions of dBase, FoxBase and a later version of this product, called FoxPro, provided their users with somewhat more advanced capabilities, such as using business graphics, generating application code, automatically generating application documentation, etc.

This product was subsequently acquired by Microsoft. Its latest versions (starting with version 3.0, released in 1995) are called Visual FoxPro. With each new version, this product turned out to be more and more integrated with other Microsoft products, in particular with Microsoft SQL Server - over the past several years, Visual FoxPro has included tools for porting FoxPro data to SQL Server and tools for accessing data from this server from Visual FoxPro and applications built with it.

The latest version of this product, Visual FoxPro 6.0, is available both separately and as part of Microsoft Visual Studio 6.0. A distinctive feature of this desktop DBMS from the two discussed above is the integration of this product with Microsoft technologies, in particular, support for COM (Component Object Model, which is the basis for the functioning of 32-bit versions of Windows and the organization of distributed computing in this operating system), integration with Microsoft SQL Server, the ability to create distributed applications based on the concept of Windows DNA (Distributed interNet Applications).

Visual Fox Pro 6.0 provides the following features:

tools for creating COM objects and objects for Microsoft Transaction Server, allowing you to create scalable multi-tier applications for data processing;

tools for accessing data from server DBMS based on the use of OLE DB (a set of COM interfaces that allows unified access to data from a variety of sources, including non-relational databases and other sources, such as Microsoft Exchange);

means of access to data of Microsoft SQL Server and Oracle, including the ability to create and edit tables, triggers, stored procedures;

debugging tools for Microsoft SQL Server stored procedures;

a tool for visual modeling of components and objects that are integral parts of the application - Visual Modeller;

a tool for managing and reusing application components.

So, the development trends of this product are obvious: from a desktop DBMS, Visual FoxPro is gradually turning into a tool for developing applications in the client / server architecture and distributed applications in the Windows DNA architecture. However, these trends are to some extent typical for all the most popular desktop DBMSs: both dBase and Paradox also allow access to the most popular server-side DBMSs.

Microsoft Access

Unlike Visual FoxPro, which has actually turned into an application development tool, Access is primarily aimed at Microsoft Office users, including those who are not familiar with programming. This, in particular, manifested itself in the fact that all information related to a specific database, namely tables, indexes (naturally supported), referential integrity rules, business rules, a list of users, as well as forms and reports are stored in one file , which is generally convenient for novice users.

Microsoft Access is a functionally complete relational database management system. It provides all the tools you need to define and process data, as well as to manage them when working with large amounts of information.

Access includes:

tools for manipulating Access data and data available through ODBC (the latter can be "attached" to the Access database);

tools for creating forms, reports and applications; at the same time, reports can be exported to Microsoft Word or Microsoft Excel, and to create applications, Visual Basic for Applications is used, which is common to all components of Microsoft Office;

means of access to data of server DBMS via OLE DB;

tools for creating client applications for Microsoft SQL Server;

Microsoft SQL Server administration tools.

Access is a set of end-user tools for managing databases. It includes designers for tables, forms, queries and reports. This system can also be considered as an application development environment. By using macros or modules to automate problem solving, you can create user-centric applications as powerful as applications written directly in programming languages. In doing so, they will include buttons, menus and dialog boxes.

Access is specifically designed for building multi-user applications where database files are shared resources across the network. Access supports transaction processing with guaranteed integrity. In addition, user-level security is provided, which allows you to control access to data for individual users and entire groups.

Based on the above data, Microsoft Access was chosen as the DBMS of the developed system.

1.5.2 Rationale for choosing a programming language

The rapid development of computer technology, the need for effective software development tools led to the emergence of programming systems focused on the so-called "rapid development", among which Borland Delphi and Microsoft Visual Basic can be distinguished. Rapid application development systems (RAD systems, Rapid Application Development environment for rapid application development) are based on the technology of visual design and event-driven programming, the essence of which is that the development environment takes over most of the routine work, leaving the programmer to design dialog boxes and event handling functions.

Delphi is a rapid development environment that uses Delphi as its programming language. The Delphi language is a strongly typed object-oriented language based on Object Pascal, which is familiar to programmers.

Delphi is a powerful visual object-oriented design system that allows you to solve many problems, in particular:

create complete applications for Windows of a wide variety of purposes, from purely computational and logical, to graphical and multimedia;

quickly create (even for novice programmers) a professional-looking window interface for any application;

create powerful systems for working with local and remote databases;

create help systems (.hlp files) for your applications.

and much more.

Programmers' dream of a programming environment that combines simplicity and convenience with power and flexibility has become a reality with the advent of the Delphi environment. It provided visual design of the user interface, had an advanced object-oriented language Object Pascal (later renamed Delphi) and unique in its simplicity and power of means of accessing databases. The Delphi language significantly surpassed the Basic language and even in some ways the C ++ language in its capabilities, but at the same time it turned out to be very reliable and easy to learn (especially in comparison with the C ++ language). As a result, the Delphi environment allowed programmers to easily create their own components and build professional programs from them. The environment turned out to be so successful that at the request of C ++ lovers, the C ++ Builder environment was later created - a clone of the Delphi environment based on the C ++ language (with extended syntax). The Delphi environment has become, in fact, one of the best programming tools for the Windows operating system.

The overall productivity of any software creation tool is determined by the following five critical aspects:

the quality of the visual development environment;

the speed of the compiler and the speed of compiled programs;

the power of the programming language and its complexity;

flexibility and scalability of the used database architecture;

the presence of design and usage patterns supported by the development environment.

Of course, there are many more important factors, such as installation issues, documentation, third-party support, etc. Nevertheless, we can assume that this simplified model is sufficient to explain why it makes sense to opt for Delphi.

2. Design part

2.1 Infological design of AIS

A database is a certain target domain model. The database (databases) reflects the facts about the subject area, which are in the sphere of interests of users of the automated system.

Database design begins with preliminary structuring of the subject area. Objects of the real world are classified, their aggregate is recorded to be displayed in the database; for an object of each type, a set of properties is determined by means of which they will be described in the database; the types of relations (interconnections) between objects are fixed. Then the question is decided what information about these objects should be presented in the database, and how to do it using the data.

The idea of ​​establishing a correspondence between the state of the subject area, its perception and representation in the database underlies the so-called infological approach to the design of information systems.

An entity is any distinguishable object (an object that we can distinguish from another), information about which needs to be stored in a database. To identify specific instances of entities in a certain type of entity, when describing it, special attributes are used that play the role of an identifier. It can be one or more attributes, the values ​​of which make it possible to uniquely distinguish one instance of an entity from another.

Attribute is a named characteristic of an entity. Its name must be unique for a specific type of entity, but can be the same for different types of entities. Attributes are used to determine what information should be collected about an entity. There is also a distinction between type and instance here. However, each instance of an entity is assigned only one attribute value.

The key is the minimum set of attributes, by the values ​​of which it is possible to unambiguously find the required entity instance. Minimality means that the exclusion of any attribute from the set does not allow the entity to be uniquely identified.

The entity-relationship model is an informal domain model and is used at the stage of infological database design. There are several approaches to building this model, however, common to all is the use of three main structural elements to represent the constituents of the domain - entity, attribute, and relationship. Project information is summarized using graphical diagrams.

Modern CASE tools cover a wide area of ​​support for numerous information systems design technologies: from simple analysis and documentation tools to full-scale automation tools that cover the entire software life cycle.

The most time-consuming stages in the development of information systems are the stages of analysis and design, during which CASE-tools ensure the quality of technical decisions and preparation of project documentation. At the same time, methods of visual presentation of information play an important role. This involves the construction of structural or other diagrams in real time, the use of a diverse color palette, and end-to-end checking of syntax rules. Graphical tools for modeling the subject area allow developers to visually study the existing information system, rebuild it in accordance with the goals and existing constraints.

Such packages include Rational Rose, Together Control Center, BPWin, ERWin, Model Mart, Silverrun Business Process Modeller, Process Analyst.

The Computer Associates ERwin 4.1 CASE tool was chosen for the infological database design.

The creation of a data model usually begins with the creation of a logical model. After describing the logical model, the designer can select the required DBMS (database management system) and ERwin will automatically create the corresponding physical model. Based on the physical model, ERwin can generate a DBMS system catalog or a corresponding SQL script. This process is called Forward Engineering. Thus, scalability is achieved - by creating one logical data model, you can generate physical models for any DBMS supported by ERwin. On the other hand, ERwin is able to recreate both the physical and logical data model (Reverse Engineering) from the contents of the system catalog or SQL script. Based on the obtained logical data model, you can generate a physical model for another DBMS and then generate its system catalog.

In the designed model, the logical-physical model described below was used.

2.1.1 Logical design

In the system being developed, the following entities can be distinguished: Schedule, Journal, Pledge, Client, Credit, Education, Surety, Subject of Cancellation, Subject of Pledge, Seed Position, Credit Status, FearCompany, Type of Graphics, Type of Loan, Type of Operation.

The ER diagram of the system at the logical level is shown in Figure 2.1.

The data in the database must have the property of integrity. Data integrity is understood as the correctness of data and their consistency at any time. Maintaining the integrity of the database can be seen as protecting the data from incorrect changes or destruction (this question does not apply to illegal changes and destruction, which are a security issue).

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The concept and structure of an automated credit scoring system

The automated system for assessing creditworthiness (credit scoring) includes interrelated modules (elements) that ensure the process of making a decision on granting a loan to a borrower and servicing a bank's loan portfolio. Key benefits from the implementation of such information systems in a credit institution:

1. Increase in the number and speed of processing of loan applications.

2. Effective assessment and constant monitoring of the borrower's risk level.

3. Reducing the influence of subjective factors when making a decision to grant a loan. Ensuring objectivity in the assessment of applications in all branches of the credit institution.

4. Assessment and risk management of the bank's loan portfolio as a whole, including its branches. Taking into account, when determining the parameters of new loans, the level of profitability and risk of the loan portfolio.

5. Implementation of a unified approach in assessing borrowers for various types of bank loan products (credit cards, consumer loans, car loans, mortgage loans).

6. Adaptation of the parameters (conditions) of the loan to the capabilities of the borrower (customization of the loan product).

7. Reduction of the number of bank personnel, savings through the use of personnel of lower qualifications.

A complete list and detailed description of such models is presented in the work. The neural network model "CRIS" assesses the likelihood of fraud by analyzing the authorization scheme and characteristics of the expenses of the credit card holder. The Experian National Risk Model is based on past credit performance and predicts problematic borrower behavior over a twenty-four month period. The HORIZON system includes eleven models based on the characteristics of the borrower, and determines the loss rate in case of bankruptcy of the borrower. The TransRisk Auto model determines the likelihood of a twelve month delay in loan repayments for vehicle loans. Based on a review of Russian and Western systems of this kind, let us single out the typical structure of an automated credit scoring system shown in Fig. 1.

Rice. 1. Structure of an automated credit scoring system

The module for building a model for assessing creditworthiness (scoring model) is the core, a key element of the credit scoring system. The rest of the modules are auxiliary and provide the process of making a decision on granting a loan, using the result of the module - a model on the basis of which the borrower's creditworthiness is assessed.

The module for constructing a scoring model is a set of methods, approaches, information storages, using which the employees of a credit institution obtain a model for assessing the creditworthiness, on the basis of which the borrower is assessed. The main task of this module is to build a model for assessing creditworthiness using various methods and approaches available to employees (analysts) of a credit institution, data (credit history, expert knowledge, macroeconomic indicators of the region, and so on), guided by a list of requirements and restrictions. The result of the functioning of this module is the constructed model for assessing the creditworthiness.

Let's consider this concept in more detail. In a simplified form, such a model is a weighted sum (convolution) of the values ​​of certain characteristics of the borrower. The result is an integral indicator (credit rating). The higher it is, the lower the level of credit risk. The formalized credit scoring model (CSM - Credit Scoring Model) can be summarized as follows:

CSM =< I 0 (G, L, Ф, А); К (I); Т >,

where I 0 - credit rating, a measure of the borrower's creditworthiness; G - a set of factors of the borrower's creditworthiness; L is a set of assessments for each factor from the set G; Ф - a set of weights that set the significance of each factor from the set G; A - calculation method I 0; K - a model for determining the terms of lending on the basis of I 0; T - imposed model constraints.

Requirements for an automated credit scoring system

In the process of making a decision to grant a loan to a borrower, as a rule, two groups of specialists are involved: expert analysts who determine the terms of lending and adjust the valuation model, and operators who directly work with the model in bank branches. Each of these groups puts forward a number of requirements for the developed model. According to the authors, an automated credit scoring system should meet several requirements:

1. Objectivity. The model should identify objective patterns between various factors and minimize the influence of the subjective human factor on decision making.

2. Automation. The model should provide the ability to process large flows of loan applications in real time. This can be achieved by creating a software tool.

3. Accuracy. The model should provide an acceptable level of predictive power (accuracy), in other words, an acceptable level of misclassified borrowers.

4. Adaptability. The model should take into account changes in the external and internal environment of the credit institution, including taking into account the regulations of the supervisory authorities. This allows you to make more informed and accurate lending decisions.

5. Flexibility. Model flexibility - the ability to make adjustments to the model, for example, changing the weights of factors, adding new factors, changing the parameters of the model. At the same time, the model should not require the involvement of qualified experts to adapt it to the new data structure.

6. Explainability. An important characteristic of the model is the ability to explain why a given borrower received a certain credit rating. Some methods fail to explain why this borrower should be denied a loan. A model with a high level of explainability of the decision made leads to a convenient interpretation of the results obtained, their clarity.

7. Complexity. It is advisable to determine the complexity of the model by the number of variables and the nature of their interrelationships; costs (time and cost) to create a model; the complexity of the approach to the synthesis of the model. There should be not too many variables in the model and at the same time it should be enough for an accurate assessment of the borrower. In this case, the model should contain significant variables and provide a minimum of additional qualification requirements for the credit manager to work with the model.

Problems of implementing an automated credit scoring system

There are two main approaches to solving the problem of implementation:

1. Purchase a standard model. The key advantages of the approach are: relatively low implementation costs; experience in using the model, which makes it possible to assess the effectiveness of the model. The main drawback is the lack of flexibility and opportunities for the development of the model, the inability to correct and update the model without the help of developers. Due to the fact that in foreign credit institutions the use of models for assessing the creditworthiness of borrowers has a history, it is logical to assume that they can be used in Russian conditions as standard ones, without creating their own decision-making tools. According to the authors, the use of foreign standard models in Russian conditions is difficult, since there are features associated with the instability of the country's economy as a whole, a large share of shadow income, regional variability in terms of socio-economic development, the specifics of the legislative framework, which affects the organization of the assessment procedure the creditworthiness of borrowers. The model must correspond to a specific country, its economic and financial conditions, and the specifics of a particular credit institution.

2. Develop a model by our own or third-party analysts. The result of the approach, in terms of work, will be an individually adapted credit rating model. The key advantages of the approach are taking into account the specifics of the credit institution and the possibility of developing the model. The main disadvantages are the relatively resource-intensive approach and the need for qualified specialists.

An example of using an automated credit scoring system based on fuzzy inference

The introduction and operation of the developed model for assessing the creditworthiness of individuals in a credit institution is preceded by the creation of organizational support for the model. As part of the creation of organizational support for the model, it is necessary to determine the sequence of stages of the operation of the model; list of decisions to be made; the necessary information and results at each stage; persons responsible for making decisions. The operation of the model in the credit department can be divided into three stages: collecting information about the borrower, assessing the borrower, making a decision on lending.

In fig. 2 presents a block diagram of the preliminary assessment of the borrower (prescoring). A preliminary assessment is necessary, since it is required to take into account the necessary conditions for granting a loan. In practice, such conditions include the degree of adequacy of the borrower's behavior, verification of the authenticity of documents, the absence of a negative credit history, and the borrower's compliance with the organization's credit policy. In fig. 3 shows the sequence of decision making based on the model. The model is trainable, the recorded data on the characteristics of the borrower are used to refine the parameters of the membership functions of fuzzy-multiple classifiers. Two values ​​of the credit rating are formed - quantitative and qualitative.



Rice. 2. Consistency of the preliminary assessment of the borrower

Rice. 3. The sequence of decision-making on lending based on the model

We will consider information support from the point of view of the necessary information for making a decision on lending, sources of obtaining it and a data flow model. The main source of information is the application form filled in by the borrower and containing the values ​​of his characteristics. The information contained in the application form is confirmed by the relevant documents, the list of which is established by the credit institution in accordance with the credit policy. The decision on lending can be based only on the application form without confirming the information with the relevant documents, which can lead to erroneous decisions due to the inaccuracy of the information provided. An increase in the number of documents provided leads to an increase in the complexity of processing credit applications and an increase in the level of reliability of the information contained in the application form.

  • Credit Scoring Guide / Elizabeth Maze. Minsk: Grevtsov Publisher, 2008.464 p.
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    A convenient online service that allows you to make purchases on credit or by installments on the Internet, while at home or at work, without guarantors and an initial payment, without visiting trade and financial organizations.

    For shops:

    An automatic module with a built-in loan calculator that will allow your online store customers to make purchases on credit and installments online. The process of buying on credit has become faster and more convenient. Credit is easy !!!

  • We provide loans to clients throughout the Russian Federation.

  • For buyers:

    • In the online store connected to the Credit Line system, select the desired product and go to the "Cart" to place an order;
    • Using the loan calculator, select the Bank, loan program, loan term and the amount of the down payment;
    • Fill out a simple feedback form (name, phone number, E-mail, date of birth) and click "Apply for a loan";
    • After that, a loan officer will contact you for further questioning and sending an application to partner banks;
    • If the bank approves your application, our manager will agree with you the time and place of signing the loan agreement;
    • When signing the contract, you give the manager of the logistics service a copy of your passport (spread with photo and spread with valid registration);
    • After signing the loan agreement, the online store manager will agree with you the time and place of delivery of the purchase.
  • For buyers:

    Our loan specialists will inform you by phone about the bank's decision to issue a loan. We will also inform you about the bank's decision by e-mail and in the form of SMS.

    For online stores:

    For each partner store, under the credit program, we provide access to a personal account, where online you can monitor the status of completed applications, monitor the transfer of funds to the account of a trade organization, view statistics on previously executed contracts.

  • Within 3-5 working days from the date of signing the loan agreement, 100% payment for the goods from the Credit Line service is received on the account of the online store.

  • To repay the loan, you can choose any method convenient for you throughout the territory of the Russian Federation:

    • In bank branches and additional offices (ATMs);
    • In the offices of the Russian Post;
    • Payment system "ELEKSNET". When paying, a commission is charged. Check the amount of the commission in advance;
    • Payment network "RAPIDA". When paying, a commission is charged. Check the amount of the commission in advance;
    • Payment network "QIWI". When paying, a commission is charged. Check the amount of the commission in advance.
    • Interbank transfer. The amount of the next loan payment can be simply transferred. To do this, you need to contact any nearest bank and arrange a regular bank transfer. The size of the commission should be clarified before making a transfer;
    • Accounts department of the organization where the client works. The accounts department of the company where the borrower works can transfer loan payments. To do this, it is enough to fill out and submit to the accounting department an application for the monthly transfer of funds from the amount of wages. Payments will be made every month, on a specific day. The employee will only be required to control this process;
    • Using the Internet Bank;
  • Our partner banks have no commission for early loan repayment !!!

    • When replacing with a product of a higher value, the buyer pays the money in the amount of the difference in the cost of the replaced goods to the cashier of the online store.
    • In cases of replacement for a product of a lower value, calculations within the amount of the initial payment are made through the cashier of the online store. The online store transfers the remaining amount of money to be returned to the account of the Credit Line service.
    • When returning the goods, settlements within the amount of the initial payment are made through the cashier of the online store, and the trade organization transfers the remaining amount of funds to the account of the Credit Line service (the purpose of payment indicates for which buyer).
  • Our partner banks provide a wide range of loan programs. The most beneficial ones are:

    • "1% per month" - from 3,000 to 500,000 rubles for a period from 3 months to 3 years. No down payment.
    • "10-10-10" - from 3,000 to 500,000 rubles for a period of 10 months. The initial payment is 10%. Overpayment - 10%.
    • The maximum loan amount is RUB 500,000.
    • Convenient Credit Line module with a built-in loan calculator makes the purchase process easy and convenient;
    • No payments for connecting to the service from partner stores;
    • We do not take additional payments from your buyers for the execution of contracts;
    • Our own contact center allows you to process more than 1,500 applications daily;
    • The logistics service allows you to quickly deliver and sign loan agreements (now Moscow, St. Petersburg, Tver; soon more than 60 more cities in Russia);
    • Online control of signing and payment of contracts in your personal account;
    • Technical support for partners;
    • High speed of processing applications, 85% of which are approved;
  • For online stores:

    No, it is not required. It is possible to process applications through a mail server (this method is often chosen to get acquainted with the service). You can post information about the lending service on your website and send us loan applications by e-mail (copies of documents are not required).

    Installation of the module is recommended. Only in this case, high-quality and fast processing of loan applications is guaranteed. The module was developed taking into account the requirements and wishes of customers who previously made purchases on credit and contains only the most necessary fields for creating a questionnaire. If you need help with integration, our IT specialists will be happy to advise you on technical issues and, if necessary, help with installation.

    After carrying out technical work, your store is ready to sell goods on credit and by installments.

    And remember, you will not spend a single ruble for connecting to the CreditLine system.

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