A functional style is a language subsystem that has individual characteristics in terms of lexical means, syntactic structures, and even phonetics. The emergence and existence of styles is associated with the conditions of communication in various spheres of human life.

Styles differ not only in fact, but also in the frequency of use of the elements listed above. For example, some expressions may be colloquial, but less likely than scientific.

Classifying styles is a very difficult task. Let us turn to the opinion of I.V. Arnold and I.R. Galperin. So, Halperin considers functional styles as properties of the written language, thereby excluding the spoken style.

Both scholars agree that each functional style can be recognized by one or more key features. At the same time, Halperin pays more attention to the coordination of linguistic means and stylistic devices, while Arnold associates the features of each style with the peculiarities of its use in the field of communication.

According to Halperin, the functional style of language is a system of interconnected language means that serves a specific purpose in human communication. The functional style should be seen as the product of a specific task set by the author of the message.

Functional styles are found mainly in the literary standard of the language. They are different kinds of abstract invariant and can deviate from it or even contradict it.

Each functional style is a relatively stable system at a particular stage in the development of a literary language, but it can undergo significant changes from period to period. Thus, functional style is a historical category.

For example, in the 17th century it was believed that not all words can be used in poetry, and that there is a separate poetic style. Later, in the 19th century, romanticism rejected the norms of the poetic style and introduced a new vocabulary into poetry.

The development of each style is predetermined by changes in the norms of Standard English. It is also greatly influenced by changing social conditions, scientific progress and the development of cultural life.

Each functional style is characterized by a special use of linguistic means and, thereby, establishes its own norms, which, however, obey the invariant of the norm and do not violate the general literary norm. Writers of a particular period of the literary language make a great contribution to the establishment of the system of norms of this period.

It should be noted that studies of linguistic norms of this period are largely based on literary works. The deliberate choice of style and the way in which the selected elements are treated are the main features of the individual style.

Individual style

An individual style is a unique combination of linguistic units, expressive means and stylistic devices characteristic of a given author and making the works or even statements of this author easily recognizable. (Halperin, p. 17)

The individual style is based on a thorough knowledge of the modern language and allows some reasonable deviations from strict norms. The individual style is an object of study of stylistics, since it uses the potential of linguistic means.

Each author has a specific, individual way of using language tools to achieve the desired effect. The author makes a conscious choice of linguistic means. This process must be distinguished from the idiolect - the features of the language that appear in the everyday speech of a person.

Classification of styles

Neutral style

The term "neutral style" is used mainly to indicate the basis for the realization of the characteristics of stylistically colored elements. The neutral style is characterized by the absence of stylistic coloring and a high probability of its use in any communicative situation. This is an intentionally oversimplified style.

Conversational style

While the neutral style is acceptable in any communicative situation, the conversational style is inherent in the situation of spontaneous everyday (informal) communication.

This division does not coincide with the division into oral and written speech, since the spoken style can also be used in fiction, and some types of book style, for example, oratory, exist only in oral form. At the same time, it should be remembered that spoken language in literature undergoes certain transformations: a writer, as a rule, compresses linguistic information, choosing typical elements and avoiding accidental ones.

The conversational style is categorized into high conversational, normal conversational, and low conversational. The latter two have their own characteristics, depending on the place of residence, gender and age of the speaker.

Book style

The book style covers scientific, formal business, journalistic (newspaper), oratory and poetic styles.

Arnold belongs to a group of scholars who deny the existence of the artistic style. Her opinion is that each literary work is an example of an individual author's speech and, thus, follows its own norms. In one work, authors often combine different styles.

Arnold introduces the concept of language function for different styles. The intellectual and communicative function is associated with the transmission of intellectual content. Voluntative function refers to the impact on the expression of will and consciousness of the listener or reader.

	Intellectual and communicative	Voluntary	Emotive	Contact-establishing	Aesthetic
Oratorical	+	+	+	+	+
Colloquial	+	+	+	+	-
Poetic	+	-	+	-	+
Publicistic and newspaper	+	+	+	-	-
Official business	+	+	-	-	-
Scientific	+	-	-	-	-

Given the fact that functional style is a historical category, Arnold doubts that there is a separate poetic style in modern English. As can be seen from the table, the oratorical and scientific styles are opposite to each other in that the first has all the functions of the language, while the second has only one.

There are no strict boundaries separating one style from another. The oratorical style has many similarities with the journalistic style. The journalistic newspaper style is close to colloquial. However, if we consider this problem more deeply, it becomes obvious that we are dealing with a combination of different styles in the speech of a particular person, since each style is characterized by specific parameters of vocabulary and syntax.

Art style

According to I.R. Halperin, this term combines three sub-styles: the language of poetry, the language of emotive (artistic) prose, and the language of drama. Each of these sub-styles has both common to all three features and individual ones. The general features of these sub-styles are as follows:

Aesthetic and cognitive function

It provides a gradual disclosure of the idea to the reader and at the same time gives him a sense of satisfaction, because he can penetrate the author's plan and form his own conclusions.

Certain linguistic traits:

• Original non-standard images created by purely linguistic means.
• The use of words in different senses, strongly depending on the lexical environment (context).
• Lexicon that, to a certain extent, reflects the author's personal assessment of events or phenomena.
• Special individual choice of vocabulary and syntax.
• The introduction of features inherent in the spoken language. This applies to the greatest extent to drama, to a lesser extent to prose, and to the smallest extent to poetry.

The artistic style is individual in nature. This is one of its main characteristics.

The language of poetry

The language of poetry is characterized by an orderly form, based primarily on the rhythmic and phonetic structure of phrases. The rhythmic aspect determines the syntactic and semantic features.

The restrictions imposed by style lead to brevity of expressions, epigrammatic character of phrases and the creation of fresh unexpected images. Syntactically, this brevity is expressed in elliptical sentences, detached constructions, inversions, etc.

Emotive prose

Emotive prose has the same general features, but the relationship of these features is different than in poetry. The figurativeness of prose is less rich, the percentage of words with contextual meaning is not so high. Emotive prose combines the literary version of the language with the colloquial one both in vocabulary and syntax.

But spoken language in an artistic style is not just a reproduction of natural speech, the author subjects it to processing and makes it “literary”.

There are always two forms of communication in emotive prose - monologue (author's speech) and dialogue (characters' speech). Emotive prose allows elements of other styles to be used, but all of these styles are, to some extent, influenced by emotive prose. Fragments written in other styles can only be considered as interpolating those styles but not like their samples.

Drama language

The language of drama is entirely dialogue. The author's speech is practically absent, with the exception of directions and stage directions. But the speech of the characters does not exactly reproduce the norms of the spoken language. Any kind of artistic style uses the norms of the literary language of a given period. The language of the plays is always stylized and preserves the norms of literary English.

Journalistic style

The journalistic style became a distinct linguistic style in the middle of the 18th century. Unlike other styles, it has two oral varieties, namely the oratorical sub-style and the radio and television voice-overs sub-style. Written substyles are essays (philosophical, literary, moral) and journalistic articles (political, social, economic).

The general purpose of the journalistic style is to influence public opinion, convince the reader or listener that the interpretation given by the author is the only correct one, and induce him to accept the stated point of view.

The journalistic style is characterized by a clear and logical syntactic structure with extensive use of connecting words and careful paragraphing. The power of emotional appeal is achieved by using emotionally charged words.

The stylistic devices are usually traditional and the individual element is not too obvious. The journalistic style is also characterized by laconic expressions, sometimes this becomes its main feature.

Oratory style

Oratorical style is an oral subcategory of journalistic style. Direct contact with listeners allows you to use a combination of syntactic, lexical and phonetic features of both written and oral speech. Typical features of this style are direct appeal to the public; sometimes - the use of acquisitions and colloquial words.

The stylistic techniques used in the oratorical style are determined by the communicative situation. Since the audience relies only on memory, the speaker often resorts to repetition so that listeners can follow the main points of his speech.

The speaker often uses analogies and metaphors, but, as a rule, traditional ones, since individual stylistic devices would be difficult to perceive.

Essay

An essay is more of a personal reflection than a complete statement of an argument or a comprehensive study of an issue. The characteristic linguistic features of the essay are: conciseness; speech in the first person singular; quite extensive use of connecting words; frequent use of emotional vocabulary; use of analogies and stable metaphors.

The language of journalistic articles largely depends on the nature of the newspaper or magazine, as well as the chosen topic. Literary reviews are stylistically closer to essays.

Newspaper style

The appearance of the first English newspapers dates back to the 17th century. The earliest of the English periodicals is the Weekly News, first published in May 1622. The first English newspapers were only a means of disseminating information, comments appeared in them later.

However, by the middle of the 18th century, British newspapers were largely reminiscent of modern ones and contained foreign and local news, announcements, advertisements, as well as articles with commentary.

Not all press material is newspaper-style. It can only include materials that perform the function of informing the reader and assessing the published information.

The English newspaper style can be defined as a system of interrelated lexical, phraseological and grammatical means that are perceived as a separate linguistic unit and serve to inform and instruct the reader. Information in an English newspaper is transmitted through:

• short news items;
• reportages;
• articles of a purely informative nature;
• advertisements and announcements.

The newspaper seeks to influence public opinion on political and other issues. Evaluation elements can be observed in the selection and presentation of news; using specific vocabulary; expressing doubts about facts; syntactic constructions indicating the reporter's lack of confidence in what was said or his desire to avoid responsibility.

The primary means of assessment and interpretation is the newspaper article, and especially the editorial. An editorial is an editorial with a subjective presentation of facts. The same goal determines the choice of linguistic elements, for the most part, emotionally colored.

Newspaper style has its own specific vocabulary and is characterized by extensive use of the following words:

• special political and economic terms (president, election);
• non-terminological political vocabulary (nation, crisis, agreement, member);
• newspaper clichés (pressing problem, danger of war, pillars of society);
• abbreviations (NATO, EEC);
• neologisms.

Formal and business style

This style is heterogeneous and is represented by the following substyles or varieties:

• language of legal documentation;
• the language of diplomacy;
• the language of military documentation.

Like other linguistic styles, it has a specific communicative purpose and its own system of interrelated linguistic and stylistic means. The main purpose of this type of communication is to define the conditions that bind the two parties and to reach an agreement between the two contracting parties.

The most general function of the official business style also predetermines its features. Its most notable feature is a special system of clichés, terms and fixed expressions, by which it is easy to recognize each of the sub-styles.

In financial documents, we can come across terms such as e xtra revenue, liability. Expressions such as high contracting parties, memorandum, to ratify an agreement are characteristic of diplomacy. Examples of legal language: to deal with a case, a body of judges.

All of these substyles use acronyms, conventions, and abbreviations, such as M.P. (Member of Parliament), Ltd (Limited), $. Abbreviations are especially common in military documents.

They are used not only as designations, but also as part of the military code. Another feature of this style is the use of words in their direct dictionary meaning. The figurative meaning is not used in it.

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The language of the newspaper, of course, has a certain specificity that distinguishes it from the language of fiction or scientific literature, from colloquial speech. This is a consequence of a long selection of linguistic means of expression that are most appropriate to the social task that the newspaper fulfills as the main mass media. The desire to report the latest news as soon as possible is reflected both in the nature of communication tasks and in their speech implementation. The newspaper is designed for a diverse range of readers and should attract attention. The reader does not want to spend a lot of time reading a non-specialized mass newspaper, so newspaper information is organized so that the message is conveyed in a concise manner in order to have a certain emotional impact on the reader. And due to the fact that the original informational function of the newspaper is increasingly being pushed aside by another - the influencing one, the style of the language of the newspaper is increasingly turning into a kind of journalistic style. But the special conditions for the publication of the newspaper - the tight deadlines for preparing the material, which do not allow it to be thoroughly stylistically worked out, the repetition of the topic and the limited range of topics - lead to the fact that the journalistic style in the newspaper is often simplified, standardized, and undergoes a certain lexical decline. And the presence of a standard gives rise to newspaper cliches, so characteristic of newspaper speech. The language of newspaper messages, historically formed in the system of the English literary language, has a number of common features that change from era to era, as well as many particular features inherent in certain newspaper genres and publications. But no matter how heterogeneous the system of linguistic means used in different newspaper genres is, the newspaper style still stands out among other styles of speech by a number of essential common features. Newspaper reports, as a rule, are prepared and read quickly, therefore it is convenient for both the journalist and the reader to use repetitive vocabulary, which gradually

turns into newspaper stamps, or clichés. Thus, one of the features of the newspaper style is the presence of repetitive words and phrases. Many of them can be found not only in the newspaper, but also in other styles of speech, but the likelihood of a particular stamp appearing in them is different. For example, the expressions a champion of peace, cold war, vital issue, a policy of non-alignment, general disarmament, nuclear free zone, arms race, and many others are more likely to be found in the newspaper than in fiction.

Neologisms

As you know, neologisms are words and phrases created to denote new concepts of a political, scientific or common nature, formed according to the word-formation models and laws in force in the language, or borrowed from other languages. According to its structure and method of formation, neologisms in the language of the newspaper are presented in several versions. The most characteristic ways of forming neologisms in the language of an English newspaper are word formation (compounding, affixation, conversion, abbreviations), changing the meanings of words and borrowing from other languages. Each of them has its own characteristics, so they should be disassembled separately.

1. Word formation.

Composition as a type of word formation is the fusion of two or more foundations to form a new word. For English compound words, the most common are formations consisting of two bases. Recently, a large number of nouns have appeared in the language of English and especially American newspapers, formed by conversion by the method of word composition from combinations of a verb and an adverb. In some of them, there is a clear repeatability of the second component, which in some cases gives reason to believe that there is a certain relationship between the model and its value. Therefore, it is often possible to predict the meaning (or the area of ​​distribution of meaning) of each new word formed according to a given model. But often it is impossible to make such predictions for the whole group, which makes it difficult to understand the new word. Examples of words of this type are: stay-in - picketing; ride-in - protest against discrimination against African American travel on buses; fish-in - protest against the restriction of the fishing area by American Indians; apply-in - requirement of equal employment opportunities; sit-in - sit-in, for example: Electricians sitting in on two North Sea oil platforms were flown oft by.

Recently, nouns with the -in component have begun to appear in the language of the press, united by the common meaning of competition, competition, competition, tournament, conference: read-in - competition of readers; recite-in - recite competition; sail-in - regatta, for example: Illegal break-ins for purposes of planting listening devices and stealing documents.

Conversion is the transition of a word from one part of speech to another, leading to the formation of a new word without changing its initial form. This is another source of neologisms in the English language. Formed by conversion, they are widespread in newspaper lexicon. The high frequency of words generated by conversion is one of the hallmarks of newspaper style. Most often these are verbs derived from nouns and nouns derived from verbs. It is pertinent to note that in the newly formed word, meanings often develop that are only indirectly related to the word-base. For example, in the pair to hit - a hit, you can observe an interesting development of the meaning in the noun. As a result of a number of transfers and rethinking, the meaning of a hit has come to mean success, or that which succeeds. In newspaper lexicon, especially in that part of it that relates to political events, advertising, partially substantiated words are often found - this is a type of conversion in which a word acquires only some signs of a noun, for example, an article or a plural form. For example: the unemployed

unemployed; the needy - those in need; casuals - comfortable shoes for every day;

Abbreviation is another type of word formation, which is also the source of neologisms. An abundance of abbreviated words, especially often found in headlines, is a characteristic feature of the language of the newspaper. It should be noted that if abbreviations became widespread in the 20th century in all European languages, then in English they are especially numerous.

2. Changing the meanings of words.

Another way of forming neologisms in the language of the newspaper is to change the meanings of words. It is associated with a change in the valence bonds of words or the possibility of their use in different contexts. Since newspaper reports are aimed at the general reader, the change in the meanings of words is often based on the norms of colloquial speech, and these words are used in a figurative, often exaggerated meaning. The development of the meaning of the word lobby and its derivatives is interesting. Its first meaning is the hallway. Back in the last century, lobby began to be used as a political term for parliamentary lobbies. In the United States, this term began to refer to the person who "processes) members of Congress in favor of passing the bill needed by the boss." Later, a new noun lobbyist was formed from him with the meaning of a person who, on the political sidelines, collects information for his master and secretly pursues his policy. It soon found its way into British newspaper political vocabulary, but here its meaning was ennobled. It began to designate a journalist who has the right to priority in the publication of materials on the activities of parliament. At present

time, a new meaning develops in the word lobby - an appeal to parliament or another state body with any demand. This meaning was transferred to the verb to lobby, formed by conversion. For example: The marchers "route took them past the Department of Education and Science offices and the greater London Council offices, where a large force of police barred the marchers from actually passing the main entrance and a group waiting to lobby councillors.

3. Borrowing from other languages.

The third way of the appearance of neologisms in the newspaper is borrowing from another language. Such words, due to repeated repetition, are gradually acquired by the language. Their appearance is caused by various reasons. For example, the French detente (relaxation of international tension), which is now often used in the British and American press, appeared as a consequence of the peaceful policy of the Soviet Union, which proclaimed the relaxation of international tension by maintaining world peace. The German Blitzkrieg (blitzkrieg, lightning war) became common after the failure of Nazi plans<молниеносной>war. Examples of borrowed words include: tycoon (Japanese "prince") is used in the sense of an industrial tycoon, tycoon; pundit (from the Hindi language, where it means a Hindu who knows Sanskrit, philosophy, jurisprudence) through the magazine "Time" entered the language of the press with the meaning of a wise man; German words Luftwaffe (fascist air force) and Putsch (coup); Russian nyet ^<нет>) to indicate the negative attitude of the Soviet Union towards the militaristic and neo-colonialist policies of reactionary governments, etc.

Newspaper stamps

As noted above, in order to speed up and simplify the reading and understanding of the newspaper text as much as possible, the language of newspaper messages uses words and phrases that are repeated from issue to issue.

They constitute a kind of newspaper-style terminology and are essentially newspaper stamps, or clichés. They, like nothing else, reflect the traditional manner of presenting material in newspaper articles, for example: cold war propaganda, war hysteria, well-informed sources, danger of war, economic difficulties, overwhelming majority, peaceful coexistence, etc. Cliches are necessary in newspaper style, as they evoke instant necessary associations and do not allow ambiguity. Newspaper stamps can be divided into two groups:

• a) phrases that are always used in one composition;
• b) phrases that allow for variability in composition.

The first group is represented by a wide variety of structures.

AN (adjective + noun) - international relations - international relations; international tension - international tension; orbital station - orbital station; joint research - joint research; peaceful means - peaceful means; legitimate interests big business is big business.

V (A) N (verb + noun) - to strengthen peace - strengthen peace; to ban nuclear tests - to ban nuclear tests; to stop the arms race - stop (end) the arms race; to maintain peace - to maintain peace; to have priority - to take advantage, priority.

NN (noun + noun) - arms race - arms race; blanket ban is a general, indiscriminate ban.

VprepN (verb + preposition + noun) - to be in effect - to be in action; to sit in the cabinet - to be a member of the government.

complaint - complaint; to lodge a complaint, to register a complaint - file a protest, complaint; notice - notice of dismissal; to give notice - warn about dismissal; to give a short notice - to warn shortly before dismissal; without notice - dismiss without warning; to give 90 days notice - notify about dismissal 90 days in advance; to receive a lay-off notice - receive a lay-off notice.

Combinations with adjectives - vital - issue, interest, importance, field, gap, effect; major - area, part, break-through, result, field, progress, problem, source of employment, source of information; part-time (full-time) - worker, employment, pay; racial - policy, discrimination, hatred, tension.

COURSE WORK

Features of newspaper style

style newspaper article information

I. Introduction

II. Main part

Theoretical part

Stylistics as the Science of Means of Speech Expression

Types of functional styles

Newspaper style

) the specifics of the newspaper as a form of mass media

) features of a daily newspaper

) functions and purpose of the newspaper

) the originality of the conditions of the linguistic creativity of the newspaper

) style features of the newspaper

) newspaper language

) the role of the header

) features of newspaper reports

) the meaning of an editorial in a newspaper

) reporting style

) features of English newspapers

Practical part

Conclusion

Bibliography

I. Introduction

In our time of the rapid development of culture, science, technology, the need for such a source of information becomes obvious, which would, in the shortest possible time and in an understandable form, be able to convey to the reader information about the latest events both within the country and abroad. If the use of such sources of information as radio, television, the Internet can be limited by any technical damage, time or their absence at all, then the newspaper is the most accessible and convenient to use, that is, you can read it at any convenient time, return again to the incomprehensible moment.

This topic of the course work is devoted to the study of the features of newspaper style, which would help to correctly read and understand newspaper articles.

The aim of the research is to study and describe newspaper style in all its variants and manifestations. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

) study the literature on functional stylistics

) describe in detail the newspaper style and the set of language tools characteristic of it

) analyze the passage, highlight the language means characteristic of this style and describe their function

II. MAIN PART

Theoretical part

Stylistics as the Science of Means of Speech Expression

Stylistics is one of the branches of applied linguistics. This is the science of the means of speech expression and the laws of the functioning of the language, conditioned by the most expedient use of linguistic units, depending on the content of statements, goals, situations and the sphere of communication.

The practical usefulness of stylistics is diverse, it is closely related to the improvement of general culture, develops the skills of thoughtful reading, and develops artistic taste. With the help of stylistics it is possible to prevent an incorrect, distorted, primitive understanding of the text, to see something more in it.

According to the author, Arnold I.V. insufficient and incomplete understanding of the text, caused by the isolated perception of individual elements, inability to take into account the influence of the context, inattention to stylistic emotional connotations, superficial understanding, preconceived opinions, etc. can be eliminated with stylistic analysis

Stylistics explores the principles and effect of choice in the use of language means (vocabulary, grammar, phonetics) to convey thoughts and emotions in different communication conditions.

Many scientists of the world are engaged in the study of stylistics, however, there are discrepancies in their definition, the role of stylistics, its classification and functions. So, according to the author Michael Riffeter (Functions of stylistics. 1964, p. 316) - stylistics is a science "that studies those aspects of a statement that convey to the person receiving and decoding the message, the way of thinking of the person encoding the message."

It is customary to divide stylistics into linguistic stylistics and literary stylistics. It should be noted that one of the important sections of linguistic stylistics is comparative stylistics, which considers the stylistic possibilities of two or more languages. In addition to this division, there is a division into language stylistics and speech stylistics. Their ratios are the main problem of the book by O.S. Akhmatova, L.N. Nathan, A.I. Poltoratskaya and V.I. Fatyushenko “On the principles and methods of linguo-stylistic research. Publishing house of Moscow State University, 1966)

Author Arnold I.V. gives the concept of lexical stylistics, which studies the stylistic functions of vocabulary, functional stylistics, which deals with functional styles, grammatical stylistics, divided into morphological and syntactic, phono-stylistics, which considers the features of the sound organization of speech. Stylistics does not deal with the elements of the language, their meaning, but deals with the expressive potential of the language in the context, i.e. its stylistic function.

The style problem is solved by many studies in different ways. Disagreements among them are caused by such moments as 1) the content of the concept of "functional style"; 2) the principles of classification, which means the number of distinguished styles; 3) the question of the place of the literary artistic style in the system of the style of the literary language. For example, Lomonosov M.V. the expressive genre principle was laid. His styles correlated with the genres of fiction, poetry and drama. With the creation of the normative grammar of the Russian language "instead of three styles, a functional variety of different styles of speech is gradually emerging" (Vinogradov V.V. "Results of the discussion of stylistic issues" p.81-82)

We can talk about three types of speech. The combination of words that serve to express thoughts. Speech is by choice of words included in it: 1) Important or noble, called the bookish language; 2) Common, otherwise common language; 3) Between the two, the middle is occupied by ordinary speech or spoken language.

2. Kinds of functional styles

Considering the many varieties of linguistic material, V.P. Murat. "On the main problems of stylistics" (pp. 20-22) offers a different classification of functional styles: 1) colloquial literary; 2) poetic; 3) newspaper and political; 4) official business; 5) scientific; 6) vocational and technical; 7) colloquially familiar.

The most important function of language is communication, communication and influence (Vinogradov V.V. "Stylistics" Theory of poetic speech. Poetics. P.6.) To implement these functions, historically formed and took shape separate varieties of language, which are called functional styles.

The following styles are distinguished: colloquial (communication function) and book: scientific and official-business (communication functions), journalistic and literary-artistic (influence functions). The social functions of language are often intertwined.

This diagram offers an image of the classification of styles:

Functional Styles ----------

book styles colloquial style

scientific style

literary-official-journalistic

art style business style style

The main part of the language material in any functional style is made up of general language interstyle means. Most researchers believe that functional styles do not form closed systems. Vinogradov V.V. ("Results of the discussion of stylistic issues" p.82) writes that "different functional styles of speech are in a living relationship and interaction, and Budagov R.A. ("On the question of linguistic styles" Questions of linguistics. 1954, No. 3, p.67) writes that the features characterizing a linguistic style "are uniquely, in their own way, repeated in other linguistic styles." Galperin I.R. in ("Speech styles and stylistic means of language. Questions of linguistics" 1954, No. 4. p77) states that "certain lexical means of language, etc. do not belong to any particular style of speech." “The boundaries between speech styles are not impassable, since there are fairly well-known and frequent cases of free movement of words with the coloring of one style into speech that has signs of another style (Gelgardt RR Russian language at school” 1959, No. 6. p. 99).

There are processes of interpenetration of language styles, individual elements of the language are repeated in several styles, the process of formation of new styles is underway.

Functional styles can be divided into two groups. For the first group, which includes scientific, journalistic and official-business, literary and artistic, monologue speech is characteristic, and for the second group, which is formed by various types of colloquial style, dialogical. The first group is the book styles, the second is the conversational style.

Consider a look at the classification of functional styles by different authors and researchers. Rosenthal offers the following functional styles:

Scientific style

The scientific style belongs to the book styles of the literary language, which are characterized by a number of general conditions of functioning and linguistic features: thinking over the statement, its monologic nature, strict selection of linguistic means, gravitation towards normalized speech. The style of scientific works is determined, in the final analysis, by their content and the goals of scientific communication - to explain the facts of the reality around us as accurately and fully as possible, to show the cause-and-effect relationships between phenomena, to reveal the laws of historical development, etc. The scientific style is characterized by a logical sequence of presentation, an ordered system of connections between parts of an utterance, the authors' desire for accuracy, unambiguity, and concise expression while maintaining the richness of the content.

Formal and business style

Among the book styles of the language, the official business style stands out for its relative stability and isolation. Over time, it naturally undergoes some changes, but many of its features - historically formed genres, specific vocabulary, phraseology, syntactic turns of phrase - give it a generally conservative character.

The formal business style is characterized by the presence of numerous speech standards - clichés. If in other styles, stereotyped turns are often considered a stylistic flaw, then in the official business style in most cases they are perceived as a completely natural belonging to it.

Many types of business documents have generally accepted forms of presentation and arrangement of material. It is no coincidence that in business practice, ready-made forms are often used, which are invited to fill out. Even envelopes are usually inscribed in a certain order (different in different countries, but firmly established in each of them), and this is convenient for both writers and postal workers. Therefore, speech cliches that simplify and speed up business communication are quite appropriate in it.

The official business style is the style of documents: international treaties, state acts, legal laws, regulations, charters, instructions, official correspondence, business papers, etc.

Journalistic style

In the journalistic style, the functions of influence (agitation and propaganda) of the language are implemented, with which a purely informative function (message of the new) is combined. Publicistic works touch upon issues of a very broad topic - topical issues of our time of interest to society (political, economic, moral, philosophical), issues of culture, education, everyday life. The journalistic style finds application in socio-political literature, legal press (newspapers, magazines), oratory, etc.

The question of the place of the literary and artistic style in the system of functional styles of the Russian language is solved by scientists in different ways. Some of them give the artistic style an equal place among other styles. His "right" to exist in this system is motivated by the fact that he participates in the performance of the language of its social function of influence, that fiction is also a "sphere" of language use (although not completely correlated with other spheres associated with the social activities of people), that the aesthetic function is one of the forms of language functioning, etc. Other arguments are given in favor of the full inclusion of the artistic and fictional style among the functional linguistic styles. At the same time, the originality of this style is sometimes noted against the background of others. Thus, pointing out that "the linguistic style of fiction is not sharply demarcated from other linguistic styles," the researchers find that "the whole variety of linguistic styles of a given language is concentrated and to some extent reproduced in it." The analysis of the components of the literary and artistic style shows its specificity. The aesthetic and communicative function of an artistic style is associated with a special way of expressing thoughts, which noticeably distinguishes this style from others.

The peculiarity of the language of fiction is: 1) the unity of the communicative and aesthetic functions; 2) versatility; 3) wide use of pictorial and expressive means; 4) the manifestation of the creative individuality of the author. To this we add that the language of fiction has a great influence on the development of the literary language.

Conversational style

The conversational style is contrasted with the bookish style; he alone has the function of communication. It forms a system that has its own characteristics at all levels of the linguistic structure: in phonetics (more precisely, in pronunciation and intonation), vocabulary, phraseology, word formation, morphology, syntax.

Conversational speech is characterized by special conditions of functioning, which include the absence of preliminary thinking about the utterance and the associated lack of preliminary selection of linguistic material, the immediacy of speech communication between its participants, the ease of the speech act associated with the lack of officiality in the relationship between speakers and in the very nature of the utterance. An important role is played by the context of the situation (the environment of verbal communication) and such extra-linguistic means as facial expressions, gestures, the reaction of the interlocutor.

Morokhovsky O.P. and others consider the following functional styles: official-business, scientific-professional, journalistic, literary-colloquial and familiar-colloquial.

Official business is represented by different types of texts (administrative, legal, military, diplomatic, commercial, economic and such genres as orders, reports, statutes, instructions, instructions. It is based on a non-artistic written type of language.

Scientific and professional style. It is based mainly on a non-fiction written type of language, the personal principle is minimal. In some of its varieties - in the scientific and artistic style, in the popular science style - it is possible to widely use the structures of the artistic language, in this case the role of the personal factor increases.

Journalistic style. It is mainly based on a non-fiction written type of language, but it can widely include the structures of fictional written and oral types of speech. The personal factor plays a very significant role. The qualitative uniqueness of the texts of the journalistic style is due to several circumstances: first, a wide range of issues that are considered in it; secondly, by the fact that journalism is addressed to a very wide audience; thirdly, it not only informs a wide audience on a wide range of problems, but also strives first of all to influence the mind and feelings of readers in a certain way, to form in the audience a certain evaluative idea of ​​the facts and events presented. Naturally, this imposes certain requirements on the language of journalism - the journalistic text must be clear, logical, convincing and expressive.

Literary and conversational style. It is mainly based on a non-fiction written type of language, but may include structures of fictional written and oral types of speech.

Familiar colloquial style. It is based on the non-artistic oral type of language, includes the structures of the artistic oral type of language.

Literary-colloquial and familiar-colloquial styles are similar in that both of them belong to the oral type of speech, are guided by the norms of the spoken language.

These styles are not observed in their pure form; elements of various functional types are usually displaced. The organic relationship of all varieties of style, their clear correspondence to a specific purpose, creates a style property that can be called its harmonious state.

Let us dwell in more detail on the journalistic style, and specifically the newspaper style.

3. Newspaper style

) The specifics of the newspaper as a form of mass media

Let's take a look at some of the authors' research on newspaper style. Studying the work of Chekalina E.M. "The language of the modern French press", we get acquainted with the characteristics of the press as historically the oldest traditional source of information, to which, along with radio and television information, the newspaper belongs, the advantage of which is that it makes it possible to understand what you read.

Daily newspapers carry fresh information, their function is to quickly convey fresh information to the reader in a compact, expressive and vivid form, therefore the language of the daily newspaper is most susceptible to various linguistic innovations. Newspaper language is governed by its own laws. Distinctive features of the newspaper add up to a certain holistic image, in which the actual linguistic side in combination with graphic and pictorial solutions of the issues creates what can be called the "style" of this newspaper. The newspaper is characterized by three groups of genres: informational (chronicle, note, report, reportage, interview), analytical (article, correspondence, review) and fictional-journalistic (essay, feuilleton, pamphlet), although other functional styles can be presented in it. ...

The newspaper actively shapes its appearance, taking into account a specific reader's address, each issue of the newspaper carries an image of its intended and sought-after reader, “encoded” in ideas, texts, graphics. The reader's address, objectified in newspaper materials, as a social phenomenon is an objectively conditioned way of realizing the spiritual needs of certain classes, strata, and groups of society, since a newspaper is created and exists as a means of forming and realizing class political consciousness. The linguistic embodiment of these needs in the newspaper is distinguished by a wide variety of compositional structures.

2) Features of the daily newspaper

The general reader gives particular preference to a daily newspaper, as its function is to convey fresh information to the reader as quickly as possible, in a compact, expressive and vivid form, and to cause a “planned” reaction by skillful use of linguistic, graphic and visual means.

As such, the language of the daily newspaper is the most susceptible to various linguistic innovations, being a “powerful engine” in the creation of words and images. Secondly, the newspaper is a mass publication not only in terms of circulation, but also has authority in wide readership, and thirdly, the newspaper is “high-quality publications with its characteristic high journalistic culture.

The newspaper language is governed by its own laws, directly generated by it. Distinctive features of the newspaper add up to a certain holistic image, in which the actual linguistic side in combination with graphic and pictorial solutions of the issues creates the style of this newspaper (YV Rozhdestvensky).

3) Functions and purpose of the newspaper

A special functional and stylistic study of journalistic style has begun recently. First of all, it is noted that the most important function of the newspaper is informational, but this initial function of the newspaper is pushed aside by another - agitation and propaganda or otherwise influencing. The newspaper is a party, trade union or state body, therefore it is aimed at bringing to life the ideology and policies of the party and public organizations on whose behalf they are published. Lenin called the newspaper a collective agitator, propagandist and agitator.

The newspaper is characterized by a clearly and directly expressed function of influence or expressive. In newspaper speech, these two functions are not separated.

The newspaper is designed to educate the masses, that is, it performs a popularizing function, that is, messages about new scientific discoveries, new technology, cultural events, etc. In this regard, the newspaper turns to the means of scientific speech. She tends to conduct analysis and generalization of political, socio-economic and other problems.

The newspaperman must also be a theorist. The theoretical orientation of the content of the newspaper finds its expression in the variety of language means, in the use of lexical and syntactic features of scientific speech. There are several functions of the newspaper: informational, educational, educational, organizational, hedonistic (entertaining). However, the main function of the newspaper remains propaganda and informational, influencing and informational. Compared to other functional styles, the share of means and methods for achieving expressiveness in publicistic speech is very high.

Expression of newspaper speech can be carried out in different forms. However, it should be remembered that the form of a restrained, calm proof is capable of being expressive, i.e. expressive. The stylistic skill of a writer is the ability to choose the best language means of influencing the reader in a given context.

The specificity of newspaper speech lies in its special and deliberate expressiveness, expressiveness of the statement.

Another main stylistic feature of publicistic speech associated with expressiveness is the presence of a standard, hence the stamp.

4) The originality of the conditions of the linguistic creativity of the newspaper

The newspaper is distinguished by the essential uniqueness of the conditions for linguistic creativity. It is created in the shortest possible time, sometimes making it impossible to perfect the processing of language material. It is created not by one person, but by many correspondents who prepare their materials in isolation from each other. The variety of newspaper genres, the presence of freelance correspondents, the publication on newspaper pages of materials from other spheres of communication (announcements, orders, draft laws, etc.) leaves an imprint on the style features of the language of the newspaper. As a result, speech standards inevitably arise. The reason for their appearance is also the repetition of the theme. One of the important reasons for the generation of newspaper stamps is the desire for expressiveness of the statement. The search for ways of expressiveness causes a quick transition of expression to the standard, when even the turnover, being picked up by numerous correspondents in many newspapers, very quickly "erases", turning into a cliche.

The main stylistic principle of V.G. Kostomarov defines as unity, conjugation of expression and standard; making up the specifics of newspaper speech. In newspaper speech, the unity of expression and standard becomes the stylistic principle of organizing the utterance.

The expressive function of the newspaper, due to its propaganda orientation, causes an open evaluative speech. The evaluativeness of speech is especially manifested in polemics with ideological opponents and in positive assessments of our reality.

Evaluation is expressed primarily in vocabulary: in a relatively large part of adjectives and nouns that are qualitatively evaluative in semantics, in the selection of phraseology and the peculiarities of using syntactic means.

It is the open evaluativeness that the journalistic style differs from the artistic one, and it is in this trait - open evaluativeness - that one sees the sign and property of the journalistic style.

Other style features, in addition to the agitational and propaganda function, include conscription, slogan-declarative, which are manifested in the motivating nature of speech. This should include simplicity and affordability. Speech expressiveness is realized in the stylistic “effect of novelty”, in striving for uniqueness, freshness of phrases, semantics of words, in an effort to avoid repetitions of the same words, phrases, constructions. Advertising is expressed in the features of headline sentences, in appeals to the reader, problematic issues.

The style of newspaper speech is strongly influenced by the mass nature of communication. Massive here are both the addressee and the author. They seem to express the position of millions of like-minded people. In this regard, one of the stylistic means is a kind of collectiveness, which finds its expression in the peculiarities of meanings and the functioning of linguistic units.

5) Stylish features of the newspaper

The other side of the above style-forming unity - the information function - is embodied in such features of the journalistic style, which are associated with the manifestation of the intellectuality of speech. Such style features are

) documentary, manifested in objectivity and proven factual presentation, which in terms of stylistics can be defined as the emphasized documentary factual accuracy of expression;

) restraint, formality, emphasizing the importance of facts, information;

) the well-known generalization, abstraction and conceptualism of the presentation.

The newspaper style uses the techniques and means of other styles and turns out to be an area of ​​live interstyle interactions. However, the means of other styles have their own special function in the newspaper. The variety of stylistic features in different genres of the newspaper is presented differently. Some, for example, advanced, theoretical, staged, popular science articles, reviews, reviews tend to an analytical and generalized presentation, to the nature of speech and style close to scientific, others - essays, sketches, feuilletons - are close in style to artistic, although publicistic through and through.

6) Language of the newspaper

Speaking of newspaper style, one cannot fail to mention the so-called newspaper press. These include linguistic phenomena and units that are widely used in newspapers and are little or almost unused in other spheres of speech, that is, words of an elevated stylistic coloration, which carry the stamp of "newspaper". This includes funds specially educated in newspaper speech. The newspaper is characterized by new uses and meanings for a number of words that are not of a common nature, but are widely used in the newspaper. (Expansion of the meaning of the words line, lighthouse, etc.)

In general, newspaper vocabulary is not homogeneous. It uses a wide range of book words, colloquial, even colloquial vocabulary, but with special stylistic purposes.

Words such as - interview, correspondence, editorial, information, reportage, etc., as well as international words - are characteristic of the newspaper. The frequency of the use of internationalisms is much greater, so how exactly they can be attributed to newspaperism (Maonist, socialist, monopolist, etc.)

The newspaper gives birth and cultivates its own phraseology. Stable combinations of newspaper standards often turn into a cliche (in step with the century). The newspaper style also reveals itself in the field of word formation.

Let us consider what linguistic means are used to implement two interrelated functions of newspaper speech: influencing and informational. The first, that is, the influencing is carried out in the novelty of meanings, arising from the expansion of the lexical combination of words. This style trait is associated with the desire to express ideas quickly and expressively.

The newspaper is characterized by searches for biting and apt assessments, the use of metaphors, metonymy.

Expressiveness is achieved through the use of high book vocabulary (daring, accomplishment, through high-frequency evaluative vocabulary (figurative epithets), through the use of a metaphorical paraphrase, through the renewal of aphorisms, proverbs, sayings (what the press has in the language, then the politicians in mind), through the category collectiveness.

7) Role of the headline in the newspaper

The headlines, which can simultaneously perform an advertising function, have a special expression and specificity in the newspaper. In many respects, the title determines whether the reader reads a given publication or does not pay attention to it.

Newspaper headlines should attract the largest possible number of readers, in other words, ensure the normal functioning of the newspaper itself. Therefore, the headlines of an English newspaper are primarily distinguished by their external peculiarity - they are sometimes printed in such a large print that they occupy a significant part of the page.

Headlines in an English newspaper are a multi-stage presentation of the main points of a newspaper article or newspaper message.

The linguistic features of the headlines of an English newspaper are determined by their functional purpose - to summarize the content of the article in the most sensational way. Articles, connective verbs, pronouns, etc. are omitted from headings. The limited space to some extent determined the use of imperfect forms of the verb. If the verb is used in the heading in long forms, auxiliary verbs are omitted, the so-called "Present Historicum" is often used, infinitive constructions are widely used.

Their syntactic features are no less characteristic. Titles are often used in headings. There are also such complex attribute groups in which the main content of the message is stated. Thus, the logical predicate or, in other words, the main predication of the message acts as a definition, for example:

STOP H-BOMB TEST` CALL

Many headlines in English and American newspapers are structured in the form of questions that aim to draw readers' attention to the content of the message. For example: PERSUER - and PURSUED? KIND OF LINE - WHERE?

English and American newspaper headlines sometimes contain individual words, phrases and sentences from the speech of a particular politician, for example:

LABOR "THINKING AFRESH" FOR GETTING IDEAS

The headlines of English newspapers have a significant impact on the general norms of development of the style of English newspaper reporting.

8) Features of newspaper reports

Messages in the English and American newspapers are divided into two types: Brief News and communiqués (communiqu é ). Short messages usually have one heading. The most characteristic feature of short messages is their syntactic structure; they consist mostly of 1-2, maximum 3 sentences, very long, representing a chain of subordinate clauses with a branched system of union communication. In such short messages, not one thought is stated, but several, and, moreover, some of the reported facts are not related to the main idea.

Newspaper reports are characterized by a special arrangement of parts of the utterance. In the first place is the part that, for one reason or another, is considered the most important, which is emphasized.

The need to squeeze such a variety of information into the framework of one sentence naturally leads to the use of different syntactic and morphological forms that ensure the maximum conciseness of the statement. Hence - such a frequent use of infinitive turns and, in particular, the construction - "nominative case with an infinitive", which, as you know, is used with such verbs as to seem, to believe, to appear, to say, to suppose. These verbs are most convenient for conveying a message whose source is not always reliable. Therefore, short messages are often replete with such phrases as ... is believed to have gone ... or is supposed to speak, passive constructions like: it was revealed, it was reported, etc.

It is necessary to note another important feature of the style of newspaper messages - this is the absence of subjective-evaluative emotional elements of the language, both lexical and syntactic, in the composition of the statement. We will not find here inversions, exclamation clauses, defaults, or other means of emotional syntax; there is almost no emotional vocabulary - epithets, interjections, etc.

9) The Importance of an Editorial in a Newspaper

MINISTRY OF HIGHER AND SECONDARY SPECIAL

EDUCATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN

UZBEK STATE UNIVERSITY OF WORLD LANGUAGES

As a manuscript

Normurodova Nozliya Zaripovna

Stylistic aspects of newspaper style in English and Uzbek

Specialty: 5A 220102

Linguistics (English)

THESIS

For an academic degree

MSc in English Philology

The work was reviewed by the Scientific Supervisor:

Eligible for defense d.f. n. Professor

Head department, Ph.D. Ashurova D.U.

G. Sh. Atakhanova Opponent: Ph.D.

“___” __________ 2009 G. Sh. Atakhanova

Tashkent - 2009

Introduction ………………………………………………………………… ....................... ...... 3-5

Chapter I Features of newspaper text as one of the functional styles

1. 
   The concept of functional style in modern linguistics ... .......................... 6-22
2. 
   Specificity of stylistic aspects of a newspaper article as opposed to a literary text ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ..... 22-32

Conclusions……………………………………………………………………....................... ..... 33-36

Chapter II Stylistic characteristics of newspaper text

2.2. Word-formation characteristics of a newspaper article in English and Uzbek …………………………………………………… .................... .............................. 60-75

2.3. Specific features of the title in English and Uzbek ……………………………………………………………………………………………… .............. 75-97

Conclusions…………………………………………………………………........................ ...... 97-100

Conclusion…………………………………………………………….......................... .... 100-102

List of used literature ……………………………… ............................... 103-108

Application…………………………………………………………........................... ..... 109-113

INTRODUCTION

The integration of Uzbekistan into the world community, the rapid growth of international economic, political and cultural ties presupposes a radical restructuring in the study and teaching of foreign languages. Knowledge of foreign languages, both in practical and theoretical aspects, enriches the spiritual world of a person. It is science that is one of the factors for the successful mastery of the language, the development of education, and the improvement of the personnel training system. The President of the Republic of Uzbekistan notes: “Science should become a means, a force driving the development of society forward” [Karimov, 1999, 150].

Relevance research is due to insufficient study of the stylistic aspects of the newspaper and journalistic text. The problems of the text, the peculiarities of the impact and perception of the text, in our case, newspaper-journalistic, have always been in the center of attention of researchers, which also testifies to the relevance of our research.

Working hypothesis. The newspaper-journalistic style, performing informative and influencing functions, is characterized by stylistic marking, which has specific characteristics.

The purpose dissertation research is the study of interlevel stylistic means of newspaper - journalistic text. Achieving this goal requires solving the following tasks:

• 
  Consider the concept of functional style in modern

linguistics;

• 
  Describe the specifics of the stylistic aspects of a newspaper article as opposed to a fictional text;
• 
  Carry out an interlevel categorization of stylistic means in the English and Uzbek newspaper text;
• 
  Consider the word-formation characteristics of a newspaper article in English and Uzbek;
• 
  Determine the specific features of the title in English and Uzbek;

The study used complex research methods, including the descriptive method, context-situational, analysis of dictionary definitions, semantic-stylistic analysis, comparative-comparative method.

Object research is newspaper and journalistic articles in English and Uzbek languages.

Subject research is the stylistic features of newspaper articles and their specific characteristics in each of the languages ​​under consideration.

Scientific novelty dissertation research is that the work considers little studied issues:

• 
  Stylistic aspects of newspaper and journalistic text
• 
  Specificity of newspaper and journalistic style in English and Uzbek languages.

Credibility research results are provided by such factors as the scientific basis of the research, research methodology and its methods, the complexity and degree of compliance with the theoretical concept, as well as obtaining new results and posing new problems.

Theoretical the significance of the research is determined by the significance of the topic under consideration for modern linguistics, in particular the linguistics of the text. The findings can contribute to the development of the theory of functional styles, stylistics and comparative stylistic typology.

Practical value dissertation work is that the results obtained can be used when reading courses on the stylistics of the English language and interpretation of newspaper text, as well as a variety of special courses in the linguistics of the text. Research materials can be used when writing term papers and graduation papers.

Methodological framework research is fundamental works in the field of stylistics I.R. Galperin, I.V. Arnold, V.A.Kukharenko, Skrebnev, Razinkina, Naer V.L, E.G. Rizel, M.N. Kozhina, Brandes, G.G. Molchanova, L.S. Barkhudarov, V.V. Vinogradov.

Research material served as modern English, American and Uzbek newspaper texts (The Times, International Herald Tribune, The Daily Telegraph, The Daily Mirror, The Sun, The World News, The Economist, The Economic Review, Diyonat, Ma'rifat, Ishonch, O'zbekiston Ovozi, Xalq Ovozi, Qadriyat, Mulkdor, Shifo, Oila va Jamiyat), as well as explanatory and bilingual dictionaries (Macmillan English Dictionary For Advanced Learners, English Russian Phraseological Dictionary, Neologizmlar tasnifi lug'ati, Oxford English- Russian Dictionary).

Provisions, submitted for defense:

1. 
   Newspaper-publicistic text performs two functions: informative and influential.
2. 
   Newspaper-journalistic text has a specific character of stylistic marking.
3. 
   Stylistic markings in the newspaper and journalistic text are manifested at all levels of the language, i.e. has an interlevel character.
4. 
   In each of the languages ​​under consideration, the newspaper text is characterized by specific features that are manifested at the levels:

• 
  Lexical units;
• 
  Stylistically marked units;
• 
  Syntactic structures and grammatical forms;
• 
  Word formation;
• 
  Phraseological units.

Work structure... The thesis consists of an introduction, two chapters with conclusions at the end of each, a conclusion, a bibliography and an appendix.

Chapter I. Features of newspaper text as one of the functional styles.

1.1. The concept of functional style in modern linguistics.

The problem of functional stylistics as a special direction of linguistic research began to be paid attention to at the beginning of the twentieth century by such Russian scientists as Baudouin de Courtenay I.A., Polivanov E.D., Vinogradov V.V., Yakubinsky L.P. A great contribution to functional stylistics was made and developed by the ideas of functional styles as a language system scientists Galperin I.R., Arnold I.V., Akhmanova O.S., Naer V.L, Kukharenko V.A., Rizel E.G., Kozhina M. N. and other scientists. The problems of the functioning of language in various spheres of human social activity have become the subject of many subsequent studies. The problem of functional-style differentiation of language began to attract more and more scientists due to the fact that language cannot be considered as something single and absolutely homogeneous in its functional-style, genre composition, without taking into account the internal parallelism and intersection of its components. The variability of the language is manifested precisely in its functioning, corresponding to a certain communicative task. This correspondence ensures the uniqueness of the functional style (FS) as a system of linguistic means used to perform a specific functional task in a specific communicative environment. Speech styles depend on the social context in which the communication process takes place. The word may or may not be appropriate for a particular situation. The stylistic characteristic of the word allows it to be used in any of the functional styles.

IV Arnold considers functional styles to be “subsystems of the language, each of which has its own specific features in vocabulary and phraseology, in syntactic constructions, and sometimes in phonetics. Each style is a system of closely related lexical, grammatical and phonetic means [Arnold, 1981, 45].

The well-known Russian Englishman N. M. Razinkina, engaged in functional stylistics, defines FS as "a set of texts, written and oral, characterized by a more or less definite target orientation and the presence of linguistic means (at various levels), for which special selection and specific processing are typical." [Razinkina 1989, 182].

MN Kozhina, a leading specialist in functional stylistics, believes that "Functional style is a peculiar character of a speech or other social variety, corresponding to a certain sphere of social activity and a form of consciousness related to it, created by the peculiarities of functioning in this sphere of linguistic means and specific a speech organization that creates a certain general stylistic coloration / macrocoloration / "[Serdobintsev, 1982, 49]. All these numerous definitions are united, first of all, by taking into account the extralinguistic factor when identifying functional styles. It is the goals and objectives of communication in a specific sphere of communication that determine the choice of linguistic means, although the factor of the situation is not the only criterion for such a selection.

In English, it is customary to distinguish the following functional styles (classification by I.R.Galperin):

Scientific prose style or scientific style;

Official document style or official style;

Newspaper style;

Journalistic style;

Art style.

Some of these styles have their own substyles. For example, the artistic style combines the language of poetry, prose, and drama.

I.R. Halperin distinguishes two types of newspaper style: a) the style of newspaper messages, headlines and announcements, which, from his point of view, constitute the essence of newspaper style, and b) the style of newspaper articles, which is a kind of journalistic style, which also includes oratorical style and essay style [Halperin, 1977, 307].

I.V. Arnold includes in his classification colloquial, poetic, business and oratory as separate styles [Arnold, 2002,302].

The system of functional styles is an object of stylistic research. The sphere of communication also includes the circumstances accompanying the process of producing speech in each individual case. There is professional communication, informal conversation, lecture, formal letter, telephone conversation, etc. All these situations can be broadly divided into formal and informal.

I.R. Halperin offers the following stylistic classification of the lexical units of the English language used in formal and informal situations, which are "served" by various functional styles:

1. Neutral, general literary and colloquial vocabulary;

2. Special literary vocabulary;

Scientific prose style or scientific style.

The scientific style has a number of common features that appear regardless of the nature of certain sciences (natural, exact, humanitarian) and the differences between the genres of the statement (monograph, scientific article, report, textbook, etc.), which makes it possible to talk about the specifics of the style as a whole ... At the same time, it is quite natural that, for example, texts on physics, chemistry, mathematics differ markedly in the nature of their presentation from texts on philology or history. The scientific style is characterized by a logical sequence of presentation, an ordered system of connections between parts of an utterance, the authors' striving for accuracy, conciseness, unambiguity while maintaining the richness of the content [Lazareva, 1989, 21].

Consistency- this is the presence of semantic links between successive units of the text. Sequence possesses only such a text in which conclusions follow from the content, they are consistent, the text is divided into separate semantic segments reflecting the movement of thought from the particular to the general or from the general to the particular. Clarity, as a quality of scientific speech, presupposes comprehensibility, accessibility. According to the degree of accessibility, scientific, scientific and educational and popular science texts differ in material and in the way of its linguistic design. Accuracy scientific speech presupposes the unambiguity of understanding, the absence of discrepancy between the signified and its definition. Therefore, in scientific texts, as a rule, there are no figurative, expressive means; words are used mainly in their direct meaning, the frequency of terms also contributes to the unambiguity of the text. Strict requirements for accuracy imposed on a scientific text impose restrictions on the use of figurative means of language: metaphors, epithets, artistic comparisons, proverbs, etc. Sometimes such means can penetrate into scientific works, since the scientific style strives not only for accuracy, but and to persuasiveness, evidence. Sometimes figurative means are needed to fulfill the requirement of clarity and clarity of presentation. Emotionality like expressiveness, the scientific style, which requires an objective, "intellectual" presentation of scientific data, is expressed differently than in other styles. The perception of a scientific work can evoke certain feelings in the reader, but not as a response to the emotionality of the author, but as an awareness of the scientific fact itself. Although a scientific discovery affects regardless of the method of its transmission, the author of a scientific work does not always abandon an emotional and evaluative attitude to the events and facts presented. The desire for limited use of the author's "I" is not a tribute to etiquette, but a manifestation of an abstract, generalized stylistic feature of scientific speech, reflecting the form of thinking.

A characteristic feature of the style of scientific works is their saturation with terms (in particular, international ones). However, one should not overestimate the degree of this richness: on average, terminological vocabulary usually accounts for 15-25 percent of the total vocabulary used in the work. The use of abstract vocabulary plays an important role in the style of scientific work [Arnold, 2002, 318].

The vocabulary of scientific speech is made up of three main layers: common words, general scientific words and terms. In any scientific text, common vocabulary forms the basis of presentation. First of all, words with a generalized and abstract meaning are selected (being, consciousness, fixes, temperature). With the help of general scientific words, phenomena and processes in different fields of science and technology (system, question, meaning, designate) are described. One of the features of the use of general scientific words is their multiple repetition in a narrow context.

A term is a word or phrase that accurately and unambiguously names an object, phenomenon or concept of science and reveals its content. The term carries logical information of a large volume. In explanatory dictionaries, terms are marked “special”.

Morphological features of the scientific style - the predominance of nouns, the widespread use of abstract nouns (time, condition, appearance), the use of plural nouns that do not have plural forms in common use, the use of singular nouns for generalized concepts, the use of almost exclusively present tense forms in a timeless meaning, indicating the permanent nature of the process. In the field of morphology, the use of shorter forms is observed (which corresponds to the principle of saving linguistic means), the objective nature of presentation, the use of "we" instead of "I", omission of pronouns, narrowing of the range of personal forms of the verb (3rd person), use of the passive participle of the past tense , backward-impersonal, impersonal-predicative forms.

The scientific style is dominated by a logical, bookish syntax. Complicated and complex constructions, declarative sentences, direct word order are typical. Logical certainty is achieved through subordinate conjunctions (so, as, so that ...), introductory words (first, second, in consequence of). To connect parts of the text, special means (words, phrases and sentences) are used, indicating the sequence of the development of thoughts (at the beginning, then, at first of all, beforehand), to the relationship of previous and subsequent information ("above-mentioned, as we said , as it is marked), on cause-and-effect relationships (“but, because, in thanks of, at the result of, in the relations of), on the transition to a new topic (consider it now, let's take into consideration), on proximity, identity of objects, circumstances, signs (it is, the same, here, there). Among simple sentences, there is a widespread construction with a large number of dependent, sequentially strung nouns in the form of the genitive case [Halperin, 1977, 320].

Types and genres of scientific style

There are three varieties (sub-style) of the scientific style: the scientific sub-style proper; scientific and educational substyle; popular science sub-style. Within the framework of the proper scientific sub-style, such genres as monograph, dissertation, report, etc. are distinguished. The sub-style is generally distinguished by a strict, academic manner of presentation. It brings together scientific literature written by specialists and intended for specialists. This substyle is contrasted with the popular science substyle. Its function is to popularize scientific information. Here the author-specialist addresses the reader who is not sufficiently familiar with this science, therefore the information is presented in an accessible, and often in an entertaining form.

A feature of the popular science sub-style is the combination of polar stylistic features in it: consistency and emotionality, objectivity and subjectivity, abstractness and concreteness. In contrast to scientific prose, popular science literature contains significantly fewer technical terms and other scientific means proper.

The scientific and educational sub-style combines the features of the proper scientific sub-style and popular science presentation. Terminology, consistency in the description of scientific information, consistency, evidence in common with the scientific substyle proper; with popular science - accessibility, richness of illustrative material. The genres of the scientific and educational substyle include: textbook, lecture, seminar report, answer to the exam, etc. The following genres of scientific prose can be distinguished: monograph, journal article, review, textbook (textbook), lecture, report, informational message (about conference, symposium, congress), oral presentation (at a conference, symposium, etc.), dissertation, scientific report. These genres are primary, that is, created by the author for the first time. Secondary texts, that is, texts compiled on the basis of existing ones, include: abstract, abstract, synopsis, abstracts, annotation. When preparing secondary texts, information is collapsed in order to reduce the volume of the text [Arnold, 1990, 261]. The genres of educational and scientific sub-style include a lecture, seminar report, term paper, abstract message.

Official document style or official style.

This FS is not homogeneous and is represented by the following substyles or variants: Formal business style, used for communication, informing in an official setting (sphere of legislation, office work, administrative and legal activities). This FS is not homogeneous and is represented by the following options (sub styles):

• 
  language of business documents;
• 
  language of legal documents;
• 
  the language of diplomacy;
• 
  the language of military documents.

Like other styles of language, this style has a specific communicative purpose and its own system of interrelated language and stylistic means. The main purpose of this type of communication is to state the conditions of the binding of the two parties and to reach an agreement between the two contracting parties. The most general purpose of the style of official documents predetermines the characteristics of the style. The most prominent feature is a special system of stamps, terms and expressions set by which each sub style can be easily recognizable. All of these varieties use acronyms, symbols and abbreviations, for example MP (MP), Ltd (Limited). Abbreviations are especially a lot of military documents. They are used not only as ordinary symbols, but also as signs of the military code [Halperin, 1971,326]. Another feature of the style is the use of words in their logical literal sense. There is no room here for any other meaning to be realized. This style exists exclusively in the written form of speech, the type of speech is predominantly reasoning. The type of speech is most often a monologue, the type of communication is public. Stylish features - imperativeness (due character), accuracy, avoiding interpretation, standardization (strict composition of the text, accurate selection of facts and ways of presenting them), lack of emotionality.

Art style.

The language of fiction is sometimes erroneously referred to as literary language; some scholars consider it to be one of the functional styles of the literary language. However, in reality, artistic speech is characterized by the fact that all linguistic means can be used here, and not only units of functional varieties of the literary language, but also elements of vernacular, social and professional jargons, local dialects. The writer subordinates the selection and use of these means to aesthetic goals, which he seeks to achieve by creating his work. In a literary text, various means of linguistic expression are fused into a single, stylistically and aesthetically justified system, to which the normative assessments applied to individual functional styles of the literary language are inapplicable [Brandes, 1971,200].

How various linguistic means are combined in a literary text, what stylistic devices the writer uses, how he “translates” concepts into images, etc., is the subject of the stylistics of artistic speech. The principles and methods of this scientific discipline are most clearly and consistently reflected in the works of Academician V.V. Vinogradov, as well as in the works of other Soviet scientists - M.M.Bakhtin, V.M. Zhirmunsky, B.A. Larin, G.O. Vinokura, etc.

So, V.V. Vinogradov noted: "... The concept of" style "as applied to the language of fiction is filled with a different content than, for example, in relation to the styles of business or clerical, and even styles of journalistic and scientific ... The language of fiction is not completely correlated with other styles, he uses them, includes them, but in original combinations and in a transformed form ... "[Vinogradov, 1969, 65].

Fiction, like other types of art, is characterized by a concrete-figurative representation of life, in contrast, for example, from an abstracted, logical-conceptual, objective reflection of reality in scientific speech. A work of art is characterized by perception through feelings and the re-creation of reality, the author seeks to convey, first of all, his personal experience, his understanding and comprehension of this or that phenomenon. For the artistic style of speech, attention is typical to the particular and the casual, followed by the typical and general. The world of fiction is a "re-created" world, the depicted reality is, to a certain extent, the author's fiction, which means that in the artistic style of speech, the subjective moment plays the main role. All surrounding reality is presented through the vision of the author. But in a literary text we see not only the world of the writer, but also the writer in this world: his preferences, condemnations, admiration, rejection, etc. Associated with this are emotionality and expressiveness, metaphor, meaningful versatility of the artistic style of speech.

As a means of communication, artistic speech has its own language - a system of figurative forms, expressed by linguistic and extralinguistic means. Artistic speech, along with non-fiction, make up two levels of the national language. The basis of the artistic style of speech is the literary Russian language. The word in this functional style performs a nominative-pictorial function.

The lexical composition and functioning of words in the artistic style of speech have their own characteristics. Among the words that form the basis and create the imagery of this style, first of all, there are figurative means of the Russian literary language, as well as words that realize their meaning in the context. These are words of a wide range of use. Highly specialized words are used to a small extent, only to create artistic credibility when describing certain aspects of life. In the artistic style of speech, the verbal polysemy of the word is very widely used, which opens up additional meanings and semantic shades in it, as well as synonymy at all linguistic levels, which makes it possible to emphasize the subtle shades of meanings. This is due to the fact that the author strives to use all the riches of the language, to create his own unique language and style, to a bright, expressive, figurative text. The author uses not only the vocabulary of the codified literary language, but also a variety of pictorial means from colloquial speech and vernacular [Zadornova, 1986, 32].

Emotionality and expressiveness of the image come to the fore in the literary text. Many words, which in scientific speech act as clearly defined abstract concepts, in newspaper-publicistic speech - as socially generalized concepts, in artistic speech act - as concrete-sensory representations. Thus, the styles complement each other functionally. For artistic speech, especially poetic, inversion is characteristic, i.e. changing the usual order of words in a sentence in order to enhance the semantic significance of a word or to give the entire phrase a special stylistic coloring. The syntactic structure of artistic speech reflects the flow of figurative and emotional impressions of the author, so here you can find all the variety of syntactic structures. Each author subordinates linguistic means to the fulfillment of his ideological and aesthetic tasks [Solkanik, 1997, 251].

In artistic speech, deviations from structural norms are also possible due to artistic actualization, i.e. highlighting by the author of some thought, idea, feature that is important for the meaning of the work. They can be expressed in violation of phonetic, lexical, morphological and other norms. This technique is especially often used to create a comic effect or a vivid, expressive artistic image.

The artistic style is characterized by the use of a large number of stylistic figures and tropes (turns of speech in which a word or expression is used in a figurative sense). For example:

1. Paths: · an epithet - a figurative definition; · a metaphor - the use of a word in a figurative sense to define an object or phenomenon similar to it in individual features; · comparison - a comparison of two phenomena, objects; · hyperbole - exaggeration; · litota - an understatement; · paraphrase - replacement of a one-word name with a descriptive expression; · allegory - allegory, hint; · personification - the transfer of human properties to inanimate objects.

2. Stylistic figures: · anaphora - repetition of individual words or phrases at the beginning of a sentence; · epiphora - repetition of words or expressions at the end of a sentence; · parallelism - the same structure of sentences; · antithesis - a turn in which concepts are sharply opposed; · oxymoron - comparison mutually exclusive concepts; · non-union (asyndeton) and multi-union (polysindeon); · rhetorical questions and appeals.

Thus, in terms of the diversity, richness and expressive possibilities of linguistic means, the artistic style stands above other styles, it is the most complete expression of the literary language.

Regarding the spoken style, there are opposite points of view, some researchers distinguish the spoken style (Skrebnev Yu.M.), others believe that there is no spoken style, but there is a written and oral form of speech (Galperin I.R.). It seems, nevertheless, that the selection of the spoken style is legitimate, since it is characterized by specific linguistic and extra-linguistic characteristics. The conversational style serves for direct communication, when we stand out with those around us with our thoughts or feelings, we exchange information on everyday issues in an informal setting. It often uses colloquial and vernacular vocabulary. It is very important to imagine the correlation of the spoken style with the form and type of speech [Skrebnev, 2003, 87]. The spoken style is generated by the oral form of speech, and its specific features largely depend on oral speech. But the forms and style of speech are not identical, and the possibility of using the spoken style in writing is not excluded. He is found in private advertising. As for the types of speech, that is, the dialogical or monological type, the defining, formative type is the dialogue, although the monologue is not excluded. In literary works, this is mainly an internal monologue. The style-forming factors for the colloquial style are the functions of the language realized in colloquial speech, and in colloquial speech all the functions of the language are realized with the exception of the aesthetic. However, the exclusion of the aesthetic function is to a certain extent conditional, and cases could be cited. When it is also implemented, this function is simply less characteristic here. Than in other styles, and its role here is much less than the role of contact-establishing and emotive function.

The stylistic structure of colloquial speech is thus heterogeneous. This includes various socially conditioned substyles that interact in it.

In the last decade, in connection with the intensive development of the advertising business in linguistics, studies on the style of advertising also appear. Since advertising is characterized by specific linguistic and non-linguistic characteristics, the allocation of an advertising style as an independent functional style seems to be quite justified. Let's note some features of the advertising style. The purpose of advertising, as a rule, boils down to convincing potential buyers of the usefulness of the product and leading them to the idea of ​​the need to buy it. In a simplified form, the advertising message boils down to the formula: "If you buy this and that, you will get such and such a benefit ...".

The strength of the advertising impact depends on such a factor as the repetition of information. One should strive to ensure that the suggested message is repeated several times, and each time something new is introduced into it, the methods and forms of presenting the content change. It is known that an advertising message is rarely noticed and read to the end the first time [Ilyin, 2005,5]. Even less often it is assimilated and remembered after the first reading or listening. Therefore, at the first meeting with an advertisement, a person should receive from it such an impulse of psychological influence that would exceed and overcome his inertia in receiving information. Otherwise, the process of perceiving the advertising message may be interrupted or even stop altogether. The intensity of the impact of the advertising message is closely related to the so-called "forgetfulness of information." Human memory has developed specific ways of encoding, processing and storing information. Of the rather large amount of processed information, only a very limited part remains in memory. A significant part of the information is remembered for a short time - for the successful solution of the tasks of current activities. This is the so-called random access memory. Most often, the message of an advertisement is forgotten immediately after it is perceived.

• 
  to attract attention;
• 
  maintaining interest;
• 
  expression of emotion;
• 
  belief;
• 
  decision-making;
• 
  action (making a purchase);

So, each stage of the psychological impact of advertising on the consumer's mind requires the use of certain methods and methods of advertising impact that can provide the greatest psychological effect [Mokshantsev, 2007, 87].

Heading- the most important component of the verbal part of advertising. Usually the strongest advertising motive and the main advertising argument are actualized. As a rule, about 80% of those who read the headline are not subsequently interested in the main advertising text and do not get acquainted with it. Therefore, the most important function of an advertising headline is to attract the attention of potential consumers and arouse their interest in reading the advertising text. To do this, the title must have such characteristics as:

• 
  conciseness and at the same time meaningfulness
• 
  emotionality, brightness
• 
  rationality, information content.

The headline is much larger than the slogan. More often these are complex sentences with several subordinate clauses, less often - simple sentences. Examples of ad headlines found in English newspapers:

JOIN THE REVOLUTION- Autumn / Winter collection .Be part of this season’s red revolution, get the look stand up and be counted STRIKING FLAME RED-LIPS. BE BEATIFUL; BEAUTY is more than what we see, it's also what we feel and who are we... NIVEA - THAT'S WHAT BEATY; . BE LIKE NO OTHER- SONY COLOR THAT SUITS YOUR STYLE. LOOK. TRY. BE SURE. YOUR SKIN IS IDEAL. Idealist - skin refinisher»; .

For all the brevity, headlines have an emotional focus, which is necessary to influence the recipient.

Journalistic style.

The function of the journalistic style, which distinguishes it from other speech styles, can be formulated as follows: the impact on the reader or listener in order to convince him of the correctness of the provisions put forward or to cause in him the desired reaction to what has been said not so much with a logically justified argumentation, but with the power, emotional tension of the statement, showing those features of the phenomenon that can be most effectively used to achieve the goal.

The journalistic style occupies an intermediate place between the style of scientific prose and the style of artistic speech. With the style of scientific prose, he is brought together by a logical sequence in the presentation of facts, the development of a statement, a more or less strict division into logical segments (paragraphs). On the other hand, the journalistic style has a number of similarities with the style of artistic speech. The imagery of speech, and, in particular, the emotional elements of the language, are very characteristic of the journalistic style. In this style, the imagery of speech is well-established. Metaphors, comparisons, paraphrases and other means of emotional impact are taken from the general linguistic fund of expressive means. Another feature that brings this style closer to the style of artistic speech is the manifestation of the individual, which is limited by the peculiarities of the style itself. Another feature of the journalistic style is the brevity of the presentation. In some of its varieties, this trait takes on the character of a special technique. So, in an essay, the brevity of the presentation takes the form of a maxim [Pelevin, 1980, 270]. Let's consider some varieties of this style.

Course work

on translation theory

Language and style in English journalism

Performed:

3rd year student

Faculty of Foreign Languages

G. Evelina

Supervisor:

Moscow 2009

Introduction

1.2 "Coloring" the style

1.2.1 Conversational turnover

2.1 Lexical features

2.1.3 Verb headings

3.1 Neologisms

3.1.1 Composition

3.1.2 Affixation

3.1.3 Conversion

3.1.4 Abbreviation

3.2 Newspaper stamps

Chapter IV. Determination of translation equivalence in the text of newspaper information materials

Conclusion

Introduction

Generally speaking, the journalistic style of speech is a functional variety of the literary language and is widely used in various spheres of public life: in newspapers and magazines, on television and radio, in public political speeches, in the activities of parties and public associations. To this should be added political literature for the general reader and documentary films.

The name of the journalistic style is closely related to the concept of journalism, which is no longer linguistic, but literary, since it characterizes the content features of the works attributed to it.

Journalism is a kind of literature and journalism; examines current political, economic, literary, legal, philosophical and other problems of modern life with the aim of influencing public opinion and existing political institutions, strengthening or changing them in accordance with a certain class interest (in a class society) or social and moral ideal. The subject of a publicist is all modern life in its greatness and smallness, private and public, real or reflected in the press, art, document.

Materials of the newspaper information genre constitute the main content of newspaper texts. A translator of public affairs literature often has to translate informational articles and notes from English and American newspapers, and he should be well aware of the stylistic features of such materials.

Based on this goal of this course work is to determine translation equivalence in the texts of newspaper information materials

To accomplish the intended goal, the following tasks are set:

1. Consider the features of newspaper journalistic style.

2. Analyze the features of translation of newspaper informational materials.

3. Consider the features of headlines and abbreviations in English and American newspapers.

4. Translate newspaper articles from English and American newspapers.

In this coursework used the method of contextual analysis.

The subject of this research is articles from the Financial Times newspaper.

Chapter 1. Characteristic features of English printing

1.1 The conversational and familiar nature of a number of materials

The social situation of communication for a newspaper is very specific. The newspaper is a means of information and a means of persuasion. It is designed for a massive and, moreover, a very heterogeneous audience, which it must retain, force itself to read. The newspaper is usually read in conditions where it is rather difficult to concentrate: on the subway, on the train, at breakfast, resting after work, at lunchtime, filling in a short period of time that has been freed up for some reason, etc. Hence the need to organize newspaper information in such a way as to convey it quickly, concisely, to communicate the main thing, even if the article is not read to the end, and to have a certain emotional impact on the reader. The presentation should not require preliminary preparation from the readers; dependence on the context should be minimal. At the same time, along with the usual, constantly recurring topics in the newspaper, almost any topic appears that for some reason turns out to be relevant. Then these new situations and arguments start repeating too. This repetition, as well as the fact that the journalist usually does not have time to carefully process the material, lead to the frequent use of stamps. All this creates the originality of the style-forming factors of the newspaper text.

Newspaper and journalistic styles are characterized by all linguistic functions with the exception of aesthetic and contact-establishing. However, it should be noted that this is not true for all newspaper materials. Articles and journalism can, to a greater or lesser extent, approach either scientific or literary text and have a corresponding set of functions. However, it would be more correct to say that the aesthetic and contact-establishing functions are not absent, but have a special character and are performed mainly by graphic means: fonts, headings that should be conspicuous and attract attention even from a distance, division into stripes and distribution of one article in different pages, which increases the chance of each article to catch the eye of the reader, with special headings for paragraphs.

The general stylistic picture of the English and American press is motley, from the "respectable" organs of the City and Wall Street to the "yellow" tabloid press.

For the practical work of a translator, the most essential are the following characteristic features of the English press:

1. The conversational and familiar character of a number of materials.

2. "Coloring" the style with the use of jargon, paraphrases, etc.

3. Formality of titles and appeals.

4. The special character of newspaper headlines.

5. A special way of highlighting paragraphs.

6. Lexical features of newspaper information materials.

7. Use of terms.

1.2 "Coloring" the style

1.2.1 Conversational turnover

English and American newspaper materials are characterized by the use of colloquial expressions in the most serious texts. For example, the British newspaper Daily Worker writes in its issue of November 10, 1962 about the criticism of the Bonn Defense Minister Strauss at a meeting of the Bundestag:

One admission by Herr Strauss was accidental. Pressed into a corner about whether it wasn’t time to have a new de-nazification in his Ministry? He ran round the question.

English journalism translation equivalence

Instead of answering he took the line of "you" re another ", that other West German Ministries and the police had still more ex-nazis in them than his own Ministry .

Unusual, from our point of view, is the familiarity with which the British and American press treats statesmen, both their own and foreign. Often, heads of state and ministers are called in the newspaper by their first names: Bob Kennedy (Robert Kennedy), their surnames are familiarly shortened: Mac (Macmillan), etc. All these familiar-colloquial forms have long become familiar to the English reader, they are not striking and do not give the impression of any special liberties or mischief. If you keep them in translation, they will make a much stronger impression on the Russian reader due to their unusualness. Thus, the stylistic coloring of the original will be violated during translation, since the text normal for the English reader will be conveyed by an unusual Russian text, which will be perceived by the Russian reader as something frivolous and inappropriately familiar. Therefore, here, too, it would be most correct to refuse to transfer such genre features in the name of an adequate transfer of the nature of the genre as a whole: if in English this is material of an informational and descriptive genre, then the translation should also have all the features that this genre possesses in Russian. The widespread use of names and titles in newspaper information style makes the message specific and attaches the transmitted information to specific individuals, institutions or areas. This presupposes significant prior (background) knowledge at the Receptor, allowing it to associate the name with the named object. For example, the English Receptor knows, out of context, that Park Lane is a street, Piccadilly Circus is a square, and Columbia Pictures is a film company.

1.2.2 Using jargon, paraphrase, etc.

The second feature of the genre under consideration is the desire of English and American authors to embellish a dry message, using separate jargon, paraphrases, etc. Proceeding from the same considerations of preserving the stylistic peculiarities of the genre in the Russian language, these "inclusions" are usually not transmitted during translation:

In another "Let" s get cracking "Note, the Soviet Union today proposed next Thursday as the starting date for Ambassadors" talks in Moscow to prepare a Summit conference. (Daily Worker, London, April, 1958)

In a new note suggesting that the immediate preparations for the summit meeting begin, the Soviet Union named next Thursday today as the date for the start of the ambassadors' talks in Moscow.

1.2.3 Official titles and titles

Along with the familiar colloquial coloring of many materials of this genre, some directly opposite tendencies can be noted. In the information and descriptive materials of British and American newspapers, it is customary to always indicate the title of a politician, even when he is subjected to the most merciless criticism. If the surname of a politician is used without mentioning the title or position, it is always preceded by the abbreviation Mr (Mister) or Mrs. (Mistress). Thus, Adenauer is always Chancellor Adenauer or Doctor Adenauer, Macmillan-Mg. Macmillan, de Gaulle - General de Gaulle, Churchill-Sir Winston Churchill (or Sir Winston). The newspaper can call Chai Kai-shek the leader of a gang of bandits and at the same time can preface his name with the title Generalissimo or the word Mr. Even the sad memory of Hitler's henchman Goebbels is referred to in the English and American press (including the communist) as Dr. Goebbels. All these titles have a purely formal meaning in the English text and do not at all reflect the author's special respect for the inhabitants mentioned. Therefore, when translated, these titles are usually omitted. An exception is made especially for official texts in which they are translated, and Mr. and Mrs, translate respectively Mr. and Mrs. and not Mr. and Mrs. The latter options are used only when translating fiction to preserve the national flavor.

Chapter 2. The Special Character of Newspaper Headlines

2.1 Lexical features

The ability to understand and quickly translate newspaper headlines in the English and American press is of great importance for a translator when working with descriptive materials. It is especially necessary when translating newspaper materials orally, from sight, and when abstracting. If the translator, in cases where the title is difficult to understand, can return to the problem of its transmission after he has translated the entire message or article, i.e. understood their content, then the interpreter, as a rule, does not have such an opportunity - for him, the translation of newspaper material usually begins with the translation of the heading, and when abstracting newspaper material, the situation is further complicated by the fact that it is by the headings that the translator must determine whether the or other material to a given topic or not. However, due to a number of specific features of newspaper headlines, understanding and translating them is difficult and requires a lot of skill. These specific features are mainly due to three factors. At first, the main purpose of the headline in the newspaper is to interest the reader, to draw his attention to the published material. Secondly, the title is recognized to summarize the content of the article (message) or highlight the most important facts. Thirdly, the heading should convince the reader, instill in him the main idea of ​​the published material.

2.1.1 Using multistage headers

The desire by all means to draw attention to the published material and, at the same time, to summarize its content, leads to the fact that headlines in English and American newspapers are usually multi-stage. As a rule, they consist of a "headline" (actually a headline, sometimes a banner headline), typed in whole or in part in a very large font and a subheading (lead) of several lines, typed in a smaller font. "Hat" is recognized to highlight the brightest idea of ​​the article, and often even a separate, most expressive, eye-catching or memorable phrase from the article. In British and American communist newspapers, the "cap" very often bears a slogan, and in bourgeois newspapers it has a purely advertising sensational purpose. Often, the "heading" is aimed only at capturing the reader's imagination and making him read the material itself. Therefore, in most cases it does not fully disclose the content of the article, and sometimes it is even very little connected with it. The function of disclosing the content of the article is filled with a subheading, which in several lines gives a brief retelling of the article, a kind of generalization of it. So, the headline of the next headline in the Daily Worker does not give a clear idea of ​​the content of the article, because it remains unclear why the students held the demonstration. The content of the article becomes clear only from the subheading: EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM "S RESTRICTIONS PROTESTED... Only now can we translate the title correctly: Student demonstration of protest in Paris against the introduction of restrictions in the education system.

However, there are cases when two-stage and even three-stage headers still do not fully disclose the content of the message. For example, the Daily Worker's message about the further intensification of the labor intensification of the maintenance personnel of Buckingham Palace is entitled as follows:

PUTTING PEP INTO THE PALACE

ROYAL SPEED-UP IS SPEEDED

On the contrary, such a title can even create a misconception in an inexperienced translator if he begins to translate it without reading the content of the note. Word pep in the English-Russian dictionary "Prof. V. K. Müller is explained as follows: good spirits , energy , force, combination rоal speed-up can be understood as intensification of the activities of members of the reigning house... Thus, one might get the impression that the message is either about strengthening the intervention of the queen and her entourage in the life of the country, or about the revitalization of the court life itself.

The specific construction of English newspaper headlines serves different purposes: they should make the reader interested in the article and provide compression of the information.

1.Italy’s radio, TV workers on strike

2. Apollo trail-blazers back relaxed and joking

3. Back to work - to kill the bill

4. Ugly noises from Los Angeles mayor's nest

5. Convict sentenced to life for coffin girl kidnap

In the first example, the title concisely conveys the content of the information.

Only brevity is specific - the omission of the verb, the use of an alphabetic abbreviation. No prior knowledge of the situations is required from the reader. In the second example, on the contrary, the reader is undoubtedly familiar with the situation, he expects news about the details of the return of the American astronauts, the joking epithet is rich in connotations, here is the recognition of the greatness of the perfect, and the well-known familiarity towards astronauts; personal form is again absent according to the laws of compression; and finally, the last words promise the reader that the note contains some information received from eyewitnesses. The third heading is well remembered due to the rhyme and clear rhythm, and this is important, since the article under it is propaganda. She calls for a fight against the bill restricting the right to strike. The fourth gives a very vague idea of ​​what the topic of the article is, but it orientates the reader in terms of the attitude to the described facts, their assessment and uses a play on words: mayor's nest is homonymous mare's nest - an expression that means a ridiculous invention, but we are talking about electoral fraud and one of the candidates is the mayor of Los Angeles. Attention is drawn to the satirical orientation of the title, the reader is interested and wants to read the note. The last title is intended for fans of sensational events. The essence of the case is condensed in one sentence and conveyed accurately, but rather mysteriously and makes you read a note with a story about how a criminal who escaped from prison kidnapped the daughter of a millionaire in order to get a ransom for her and hid her in some kind of wooden box, the girl was rescued, and the offender was convicted. The use of an attributive chain is very typical, the meaning of which is clear only after reading the note.

2.1.2 Using Additional Headers

There are quite frequent cases when a more or less long article or message is split into separate chunks with additional headings inserted into the text. This is done in order to maximize the interest of the reader, to prevent him from skimming through the first lines of the article, giving up reading it and moving on to other materials. In most cases, these additional headlines embedded in the message have little to do with the material following them and are bright, catchy words or expressions snatched from the text. This practice is completely alien to our newspapers. In the Soviet press, additional subheadings are found only in very large articles - "basements", usually of a scientific or survey nature, and precede individual sections of the article, expressing the logical sequence of presentation of the material. Even the relatively long articles of the Pravda and Izvestia observers often do not have such subheadings.

In English and American newspapers, any article or incident report can share subheadings. Here is a typical example. The Daily Worker reported how an explosion of gas accumulated as a result of a leak at an automatic telephone substation destroyed half of the village, when a subscriber, after a conversation, hung up the receiver and thus sparked the substation. The message is printed under the following heading PHONE BLOWS UP HALF VILLAGE... Already in the title itself, there is a clear desire to intrigue the reader. Indeed, how can a telephone cause an explosion? However, this is not enough. In the middle of the post, the subheading TERRIFIC ROAR is given to re-fuel the interest of the reader, but these are just two words taken from the six paragraphs following the subheading and do not play the main role in them. The subheading reappears before the last five paragraphs - PUDDLES OF ACID- words that, again, do not play a special role in the message and are clearly calculated on the fact that the reader will be interested in what the puddles of spilled acid have to do with it, and read the message to the end.

2.1.3 Verb headings

When translating English newspaper headlines into Russian, the translator should take into account that English and American newspapers are characterized by a predominance of verb headings: FLOODS HIT SCOTLAND; JOHNSON SENDS MESSAGE; WILLIAM FAULKNER IS DEAD; EXPORTS TO RUSSIA ARE RISING; SANDYS GOES ON CARIBBEAN TOUR; 300 SACKED AT CLYDE FACTORY; A TRAIN DRIVER DIES AFTI "-R LOCOS COLLIDE... However, in our today's press, verb headings are quite rare, it is characterized by a predominance of verbal headings. This feature should be taken into account when translating English and American newspaper materials into Russian. Therefore, the above examples should be translated into Russian with verbal headings: Flooding in Scotland; Johnson's Message; Death of William Faulkner; Increased exports to the Soviet Union; Sangdis's trip to the Caribbean; Dismissal of 300 workers at the Clyde factory; The death of a driver as a result of a collision of trains... Such, for example, headings would sound extremely unnatural and unusual in Russian: William Faulkner is dead; Johnson sends a message etc. However, in some cases, in particular when we are dealing with long headings, it is usually very difficult to eliminate the verb. These titles are quite common. They are typical, for example, for such communist newspapers as The Worker, People's World and The Canadian Tribune... Here are some examples: 900 NOTABLES PETITION THE PRESIDENT: HALT PERSECUTION UNDER McCARRAN ACT - 900 prominent U.S. public figures petition president to end prosecution under McCarren's law ; BONN-PARIS ALLIANCE CAUSING SOME FRICTION AMONG ECM PARTNERS - The Bonn-Paris Union is causing friction between common market partners; OTTAWA GIVES IN TO U. S. ULTRA-RIGHT, REFUSES ENTRY TO NOTED HISTORIAN - Canadian government capitulates to far-right US factions by denying entry to a prominent historian... Verbality is usually retained also in headings consisting of an interrogative sentence: WILL SCANDAL OF DER SPIEGEL BE A BOOMERANG FOR ADENAUER? - Will the scandal with the magazines "Der Spiegel" turn against Adenauer?; WILL THERE BE A MAJOR BUSINESS SLUMP IN "63? - Will 1963 witness a serious economic crisis?

2.1.4 Features of the use of temporary forms in titles

The translator should constantly keep in mind some of the peculiarities of the use of temporary forms in headings. This is necessary, first of all, for the correct understanding of the content of the title, and in some cases it is not indifferent to the choice of the translation option. Modern English and American newspapers tend to use imperfect tenses in the headlines. When it comes to events that took place in the recent past, "present historical Time" is usually used: RUSSIA CONDEMNS WEST PROVOCATION; RICHARD ALDINGTON DIES, 70; NKRUMAH URGES STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM OF ALL AFRICA; 87th CONGRESS ENDS WITH LITTLE FOR PEOPLE; LABOR URGES SYMPATHY DEMONSTRATION FOR CLARKE STRIKERS... This is the most common type of headlines, because the use of "present historical time" gives them liveliness, brings events closer to the reader, makes him, as it were, a participant in these events, and thereby enhances his interest in the published material. However, if the action indicated in the title has already ended by the time the material was published, the past tense should be used in the Russian translation: 87th CONGRESS ENDS WITH LITTLE FOR PEOPLE - The 87th Congress finished its work without doing anything for the people; NDP DELEGATES REJECT RESOLUTION THAT SAYS STRIKES ARE OUTMODED - slightly shortening the title, we translate: Congress delegates failed the resolution against strikes; BELL PUTS BANDITS TO FLIGHT - The alarm sent the bandits to flight.

Past Indefinite is used in headings referring to past events in cases where there is a time circumstance in the heading, or if the reader simply knows that the event refers to the past. Translation of such headings does not pose a particular problem: WHY ROCKEFELLER COULDN "T BUY A LANDSLIDE VICTORY - Why Rockefeller was unable to contain a decisive victory; ALL PIERS PARALYSED ON EAST COAST AS LONGSHORE MEN GO OUT ON STRIKE-Strike of dock workers. East coast paralyzed ports; WAVE OF THE PEACE NATION AC - SWEPT the country was swept by a wave of protests in defense of peace.

For designations the future time v headlines wide used by infinitive : LAUNDRY WORKERS TO VOTE ON NEW CONTRACT; DAVY MEN TO STAY OUT; FORD MEN TO MEET TODAY; AMERICA TO RESUME TESTING; KENT RAILMEN TO FIGHT CLOSURES; BRITAIN AND SIX TO TRY AGAIN; WORLD UNIONS TO FIGHT MONOPOLY... When translating headings of this type, very often either the present tense of the verb is used, and the semantics of which is the future, for example, US is going to resume nuclear testing, or they resort to an unverbal heading with the introduction of the word upcoming, for example: The upcoming approval of the contract by the workers of the laundry plant; Davey's upcoming strike; The upcoming resumption of American nuclear testing... An important feature of English newspaper headlines is the prevalence in them of the elliptical form of the passive voice with the omission of the auxiliary verb to be to describe events, both in the past and in the present: Paris Protest March Staged by Students; 8-Year-Old Boy Kidnapped in Miami; All Piers Paralysed on East Coast, etc. As a deviation from the thus formed norm, is or are reappears as a special stylistic device that creates an emphasis or makes one assume that someone's words are being quoted, although there are no quotation marks: Dog dispute: the gap is as wide as ever.

2.1.5 Using Attribute Groups

An extremely important feature of the headings of English and American newspapers for a translator is the widespread use of attributive groups in them. However, before we start discussing the issue of translating titles containing attributive groups, let us briefly recall the basic principles of the analysis and translation of prepositive attributive phrases. Take the following title as an example: JAPAN ALL-PARTY MP GROUP TO GO TO HELSINKI... Let's analyze the attribute group Japan All-Party MP Group. The analysis of semantic connections between members of attributive phrases and the definition of semantic groups within this phrase should be carried out from left to right, i.e. from the first term of the phrase. Let's try to do this - the word Japan obviously defines the abbreviation MP, i.e. Member of Parliament; All-Party also defines MP abbreviation. Thus, we have two semantic groups Japan MP and All-Party MP, both of which in turn define the last word Group. Having figured out the semantic connections, we will try to translate the entire combination. This should be done from right to left, i.e. starting with the pivot word. We get- A group of Japanese MPs representing all parties... This translation can be somewhat simplified: A group of Japanese parliamentarians representing all parties... Now let's translate the entire title as a whole. The infinitive, as we saw earlier, conveys the future tense. In such cases, in order to avoid the verb content of the title, which is not typical for the Russian newspaper style, we resort to translation with the help of a noun trip with the addition of the word forthcoming to convey the future. Thus, the entire title will look like this when translated: Upcoming trip to Helsinki by a group of Japanese parliamentarians representing all parties... If you follow these principles, then translating many headings that have attribute groups in their composition will not present much difficulty: UNION SQUARE MAY DAY RALLY TO RING OUT TODAY FOR PEACE - Today the May Day rally in Union Square will unanimously speak out for peace; ON-THE-SPOT REPORT ABOUT PUERTO RICO - An eyewitness account of the situation in Puerto Rico; NEW SOVIET TEST BAN PROPOSAL - New proposal of the Soviet Union to ban nuclear tests; BAN THE BOMB WEEK - Week of the fight to ban the hydrogen bomb; LUNG CANCER DEATHS UP AGAIN - Rising deaths from lung cancer.

A much more difficult problem for the translator is the multiple-valued attribution groups that are common in newspaper headlines. Let's look at some examples: STRIKE VOTE AUTHORIZED RY FORD LOCAL... If the meaning of the Ford Local attribute group is quite obvious- local union organization at the Ford plant, then the first group of Strike Vote can have at least two meanings - strike decision and voting on whether to strike or not... In the title LAST DITCH EFFORT MADE TO HEAD OFF DRESS STRIKE the first group Last Ditch Effort, again, is not difficult - this is the last attempt, but the Dress Strike combination can, for example, mean a strike against the introduction of some form of clothing, maybe it is a strike against a new style of clothing, or, finally, it is possible imagine that we are talking about a strike, all participants in which will be equally dressed. In fact, we are talking about a strike of members of the trade union of ladies' tailors. It should be noted that polysemy is especially inherent in attributive groups in which the definition is expressed by a noun-proper name or geographic name. Here's a typical example: PARIS PROTEST MARCH STAGED BY STUDENTS... Here, the attributive combination Paris Protest March can mean a protest demonstration organized by students in Paris, or a trip to Paris organized by students in protest, or, finally, a student demonstration of protest against the policies pursued by Paris, i.e. the French government. TWU ALERTED FOR N. Y. WAGE INCREASE FIGHT- in this case, again, it is not clear whether this is a general struggle of all workers in New York for higher wages or only a trade union of transport workers, and from the context of the note it becomes clear that we are even talking only about local branch No. 100 this union. Heading BERLIN SACKING "SINISTER" is a continuous mystery, because it is absolutely unclear what kind of Berlin dismissal, which is fraught with serious consequences (sinister). In this case, we can understand the title only after familiarizing ourselves with the context in which we are talking about the dismissal of an English political adviser in West Berlin who disagrees with the policy pursued by the British government regarding the Berlin issue. Heading HALL URGES JFK HONOR BILL OF RIGHTS BY McCARRAN CEASE-FIRE it also becomes clear only after familiarization with the context. Without context, it can only be understood if the reader is well acquainted with the current situation in the internal political life of the United States. It says that Secretary of the National Committee of the US Communist Party Gus Hall calls on President John F. Kennedy to show due humiliation to the "Bill of Rights" and to suspend the McCaren Act, on the basis of which the US Communist Party is now being brought to justice. If a translator systematically reads newspapers and closely follows the development of an event around the world and, especially in England and the United States, he will be able to understand rather complex newspaper headlines without even reading the following materials and relying only on the semantic analysis of attributive groups. So, for example, the meaning of the following headings can be easily ascertained through such analysis and knowledge of the situation: DENVER SMITH ACT JUDGE HEARS ARGUMENTS FOR KILLING INDICTMENT - A Smith Act Judge in Denver hears a motion to drop indictment; OHIO SMITH ACT DEFENSE WINS POSTPONEMENT TO OCTOBER - Smith Law Defendants in Ohio Delayed October Case; 52 NATIONAL BODIES URGE FILIBUSTER BAN-52 All American organizations call for the prohibition of obstructionist practices in Congress; N. Y. HRETRAP TENANTS PACK OUSTER TONIGHT - Hazardous residents in the fire department. homes in New York to be evicted today; CIO STORE UNION PREPARING BIG WASHINGTON WAGE FLOOR DELEGATION - The warehouse workers' union at the checkpoint intends to send a large delegation to Washington demanding a minimum wage.

2.1.6. Using jargon in headlines

It is necessary to briefly dwell on one more feature of newspaper headlines, connected with the fact that very often the purpose of the headline is to impress the reader's imagination, to attract his attention at any cost. Hence, the frequent use of emotionally colored words, jargon, idiomatic expressions, as well as unexpected phrases and all kinds of allusions in the headlines. So, for example, the newspaper prefaces the article about a boy who ran away from home the following headline: BOY BLUE SLUNG HIS HOOK. Here we have an unusual combination boy blue (the preposition in is probably omitted), which simply says that the escaped boy is dressed in all blue, and the slang expression to sling one "s hook, meaning to run away, the stylistic correspondence of which would be to run away, or even more precisely hit the road, run away. In another heading THEN 25,000 NEW ENGLAND COTTON WORKERS HIT THE BRICKS- the expression to hit the bricks is borrowed from the American thieves' jargon, where it means to get out of prison, and here it is used in a rethought meaning to go out into the street, to leave the factory, i.e. go on strike. Since the use of jargon is completely foreign to the headlines of our newspapers, in both of the above cases, neutral vocabulary should be used when translating: A boy is gone. Dressed in blue; 25,000 New England textile workers strike. Another curious example of the use of slang and headings to make the latter expressive can be cited: HIP AND SQUARE FILMS... There are two slang words used in this heading: hip = hop is a lover of everything newfangled, especially new jazz music, and square is old-fashioned, an opponent of all innovations. The title itself should be translated as follows: Ultra-modernist and traditional films... A distinctive feature of such "headline vocabulary" is not only the frequency of their use, but also the universal nature of their semantics. The word pact in the title can mean not only a pact, but also a contract, agreement, deal, etc. Hit can be used in connection with any criticism. Red can mean both communist and socialist; bid implies both a call, an invitation, and an attempt to achieve a certain goal, etc .: National Gallery Launches Bid to Buy the Titian. - The National Gallery is trying to acquire a painting by Titian. Bid to Stop New Police Powers. - Call to prevent the expansion of police rights.

Jargon and other colloquial lexical elements are especially widely used in newspaper headlines. : Report Raps Lack of Law Reform; Hits Gapers Housing Stand; Diet Lends JFK a Helping Hand, etc. Even if the article itself describes a situation in a more restrained style, the heading is often more conversational. Wed beginning of a note in an English newspaper: A leading Chinese diplomat has been accused of responsibility for violence against foreign embassies with its title: China Blames Diplomat for Embassy Rows.

Very often, stylistically central verbs in headings are replaced by more dynamic, emotionally colored ones. For example, it is extremely typical to use such a verb as urge instead of the more neutral call, call upon, demand or the verbs hit and assail instead of speak against, protest: COAST DOCKHRS URGE RELEASE OF PATTERSON; FORD LOCAL URGES UAW BOARD TO BACK NEGRO FOR TOP POST; CANADA UAW LOCAL PAPER URGES TRADE WITH SOVIETS; WORLD TRADE UNION BODY URGES FIGHT ON ARMING OF NAZIS; NAACP HITS NAVY "S SURRENDER TO SOUTH AFRICA JIMCROW RULIZS; UAW BOARD HITS ILLEGAL" LOYALTY "FIRING IN DETROIT; W. GERMAN UNION HEAD HITS AKMS PLAN; MINE, MILL HITS GOV" T US MINE, STOOLIES = Mill and Smelter Workers Union); PARIS CROWDS ASSAIL PLAN TO ARM NAZIS; CHICAGO NOTABLES ASSAIL HUAC "S ANTI-PEACE ACTS; LAWYERS ASSAIL PHONY HEARING ON EVICTION; BRIDGES ASSAILS PRE-TR1AL QUIZ AS HARASSEMENT... There are a lot of similar examples. In all these cases, when translating into Russian, verbs should be used sprinkle, demand, oppose, protest adding an amplifying decisively .

2.1.7 Using allusions and figurative expressions

Very often allusions or figurative expressions are used in headings to give them more power to influence the reader. Usually, such headings are difficult to understand if the translator is not well acquainted with the literature, political life and life of England or the United States. So, for example, in order to understand the following heading: PUBLIC TRANSPORT IS GETTING A YUL BRYNNER TRIM, you need to know that Yul Brynner - American film actor, shaving his head bald... Consequently, the headline refers to a drastic reduction in the transport network, in this case a plan for a significant reduction in the railway network in England proposed by the Conservative government. In the title ALL QUIET ON MONTY FRONT, where Montu is the abbreviation of the surname Montgomery, be aware that the all quiet on. front is taken from military reports (compare the translation of the title of Remarque's novel All Quiel on the Western Front) and is used when there is a lull at the front. In this case, this expression implicitly hints that relatively recently, Montgomery made several rather harsh statements against the policy of the Macmillan government on the German question and on the question of joining the common market. When analyzing this title, it would be wrong to proceed from the translation of the phrase all quiet on. front with the usual Russian correspondence on. All Quiet Front (cf. the translation of the title of Remarque's novel into Russian - "All Quiet on the Western Front") and understand this title as All Quiet at the Montgomery Front, because that would mean that Montgomery had made some new statement. Here we must proceed from the fact that the word quiet means peace, calmness. Therefore, the title should be understood as There is a lull at the Montgomery front, but indeed the note says that Montgomery, after visiting Churchill, who was in the hospital, refused to make any statements to reporters about the nature of his conversation with him. You can suggest the following translation of this title - This time Montgomery refuses to make a statement... Here is another heading in which the allusion is already purely literary - RIP VAN WINKLE BOSS No.1 IS DEFEATED- Rip Van Winkle - the hero of the famous story of the American romantic writer Washington Irving (1783 - I859), who once sipped an enchanted rum and fell asleep for twenty years, as a result of which he slept through the war of independence and the transformation of the English colonies into the United States of America. His name has become a household name for a person who is behind the times. Webster's Great Dictionary directly gives this meaning - "a person who is very much behind the times". Therefore, this title could be translated as follows: Defeat a Backward Entrepreneur... "No. 1" in the title may not be translated for brevity. The text refers to two entrepreneurs, one of whom dismissed the workshop leader chosen by the workers, and the other 27 workers who are members of the trade union. The first (No. 1), as they say, woke up (the text says has awoken) and reinstated the fired, and the second continues to persist. Here is another heading, which contains an essentially untranslatable pun, built on the use of an idiom in combination with the term - А HIT BELOW THE VAN ALLEN BELT... The title uses the idiomatic expression to hit below the belt to strike below the belt, strike a treacherous blow, play foul. In this idiomatic expression is woven the scientific term - the Van Alien belt - a belt of radiation in the atmosphere around the earth, discovered by the American Van Allen. At the same time, the word below contains a hint that as a result of high-altitude nuclear explosions carried out by the Americans over Johnston Island, a second artificial radiation belt was formed in the atmosphere slightly below the Ban Allen belt, which caused considerable trouble to the American and British satellites of the earth. The note itself says that as a result of the impact of this artificial radiation belt, the British satellite "Ariel" stopped sending signals. In Russian translation, this play on words is impossible to convey. The title should be translated as follows: English satellite disabled . The aftermath of American high-altitude explosions.

We have focused only on those most important features of English and American newspaper headlines that are directly related to the problem of understanding and translating them into Russian. In conclusion, it should be said that it is far from always necessary to proceed from the widespread principle that translation of the title is not difficult, because first we translate the message itself or the article, and then, based on their content, the title. Firstly, it cannot be assumed that in any case we can arbitrarily change the headings, as many of the novice translators do, giving this or that article its own heading, even if sometimes better reflecting its content. The main task of the translator is to adequately convey the features of one or another English or American heading, which means that it is necessary to convey not only the content, but also the form of the heading, without violating, of course, the norms of the Russian language and stylistic norms adopted in our newspapers. Secondly, it is especially necessary for a novice translator to develop the ability to quickly understand newspaper headlines, because only then will he be able to navigate in newspaper material without unnecessary expenditure of time, choose the right article or note, omitting all kinds of irrelevant materials. And this is especially necessary when working with such newspapers as, for example, the Daily Mail, which publishes a lot of all sorts of secular gossip and criminal materials, in which it is very easy to get confused. Therefore, we can recommend training in translation of headings without first reading the material that follows them. A thorough analysis of all the features of this or that heading in most cases will allow, if not to translate the heading, then at least understand what it is about, and very often such analysis allows you to translate the heading without knowing the content of the message itself. Take for example a title like this URGE AGAINST UNION SO, BAN, Here, first of all, we have a predicate in the personal form urge, but we do not have a subject. Recall that we said above that verb headings of this type are best translated with nominative sentences. The verb to urge means to demand, to urge. Since it is followed further by INCREASED PROTEST, we translate it as a call. Sq. is an abbreviation for the word square. Union Square is a square in New York that usually hosts mass rallies or demonstrations. Ban - prohibit, prohibition. That's all. The translation is already ready for us: Call to protest against the ban on the Union Square rally. Even the rather complex headings given above- RIP VAN WINKLE BOSS No.1 IS DEFEATED H BOY BLUE SLUNG HIS HOOK, - can be translated after appropriate analysis and logical reasoning, without reading the following messages.

Chapter 3. Language features of English newspapers

The language of the newspaper, of course, has a certain specificity that distinguishes it from the language of fiction or scientific literature, from colloquial speech. This is the result of a long selection of linguistic, expressive means.

The language of newspaper messages, historically formed in the system of the English language, has a number of common features that change from era to era, as well as many particular features inherent in certain newspaper genres and publications.

A quantitative and qualitative analysis of newspaper lexicon revealed a large percentage of proper names: toponyms, anthroponyms of the names of institutions and organizations, etc. A higher percentage of numerals and, in general, words related to the lexical-grammatical field of plurality, as well as an abundance of dates, compared to other styles. A characteristic feature of newspaper vocabulary is a large number of socio-political terms. A striking feature of the newspaper style is the frequent use of international words and neologisms. The latter are of undoubted interest, since they are often difficult to understand.

3.1 Neologisms

As you know, neologisms are words and phrases created for concepts of a political, scientific or common nature, formed according to the word-formation models and laws in force in the language, or borrowed from other languages.

According to its structure and method of formation, neologisms in the language of the newspaper are presented in several versions. The most characteristic ways of forming neologisms in the language of an English newspaper are word formation (compounding, affixation, conversion, abbreviations), changing the knowledge of words and borrowing from other languages. Each of them has its own characteristics, so they should be disassembled separately.

3.1.1 Composition

Composition as a type of word formation is the fusion of two or more foundations to form a new word. For complex English words, the most common are formations consisting of two bases. Recently, in the language of English and especially American newspapers, a lot of nouns have appeared, formed by conversion by the method of compounding from combinations of a verb and an adverb. In some of them, there is a clear repeatability of the second component, which in some cases gives reason to believe that there is a certain relationship between the model and its value. Therefore, it is often possible to predict the meaning of each new word formed according to this model. Let us show that by the example of words formed using the - in component. Words like sit - in, teach - in appeared in the American press relatively recently. They have become especially widely used since the American aggression in Vietnam.

Other complex words of this type are:

Stay - in - picketing;

Ride - in - protest against discrimination against the travel of blacks on buses;

Sit - in - sit-in, for example: E1estricians sitting in 2 North Sea platforms were flown off by helicopter offer oil rig bosses had threatened to stop supplying meals. The 17 electricians are protesting at 30 their colleagues being made redundant (MS). The note refers to the end of the oil workers' sit-in after the owners threatened to cut off the supply of food to the strikers on the high seas in the oil field.

A similar model is used to form nouns from verbs with other adverbs. Often the same adverb is joined to equal verbs. Typically, such words came into the language through different newspaper genres. For example:

Take-over - seizure of power.

Switch-over - transition (to another topic).

Push-over is an easily surmountable obstacle.

Drop-out - young man; dropped out of school.

Lay-out - a person who has lost his job.

3.1.2 Affixation

This is the formation of new words using suffixes and prefixes. The newspaper style is characterized by the appearance of affixal neologisms with a specific set of affixes, as well as an unusual combination of stems and affixes that are unproductive in other styles of speech. In many cases, such affixes develop new meanings that were not previously characteristic of them. For example: - ship.

This Anglo-Saxon suffix was once used to form abstract nouns with the meaning of state, position, for example: friendship, leadership, lordship.

It has long been considered unproductive; since for many centuries new words have not been formed with it. In newspaper lexicon, the suffix - ship with the morpheme - man forms abstract nouns with the meaning of quality, attribute: brinkmanship, craffmanship, oneumanship, showmanship.

The same can be said about the unproductive suffix - don, which in newspaper lexicon began to be used to form new words and thus gained productivity. For example: bangdom, bogdom, suckerdom. Among the widely used suffixes, the verb suffix ise (-ize), which is especially frequent in the language of American newspapers, should be called:

factionalize - to invent;

itemize - view point by point;

leonize - go into outer space (formed from the name of the cosmonaut A.A.Leonov);

Institutionalize - to legitimize. For example: Their march from Hyde Park to Trafalgar Square gave a sample of the massive strength, which the movement can mobilize to crush an evil (race discrimination) which had become almost institutionalized in Britain.

Westernize - Europeanize. For example: 18,000 pairs of eyes were recently westernized in Japan. We are talking about cosmetic surgery on Japanese women in order to increase the size of the eyes in the manner of European ones.

Among the commonly used prefixes, the more common are:

Anti, - pre-; anti-apartheid, anti-fascist, pre-capitalist, pre-election.

3.1.3 Conversion

The transition from one part of speech to another, leading to the formation of a new word without changing its initial form. This is another source of neologisms in the English language. Formed by conversion, they are widespread in newspaper lexicon. The high frequency of words generated by conversion is one of the hallmarks of newspaper style. Most often these are verbs derived from nouns and nouns derived from verbs. It is pertinent to note that meanings often develop in the newly formed word; only indirectly related to the word-base.

For example, in a pair to hit - a hit; you can observe an interesting development of meaning in the noun. As a result of a number of transfers and rethinking, the meaning of a hit has come to mean success, or that which succeeds.

3.1.4 Abbreviation

Another type of word formation, which is also the source of neologisms The abundance of abbreviated words, especially often found in headlines, is a characteristic feature of the language of the newspaper.

Abbreviation, i.e. reduction of words to one letter, mostly spelled:

HO - Home Office;

UNESCO - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization;

WHO - World Health Organization;

NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

As a rule, such abbreviations, which have long been in use, are not explained in the text.

3.2 Newspaper stamps

In order to speed up and simplify the reading and understanding of the newspaper text as much as possible, the language of newspaper messages uses words and phrases that are repeated from issue to issue. They constitute a kind of newspaper-style terminology and are essentially newspaper stamps or clichés. They, like nothing else, reflect the traditional way of presenting material in newspaper articles.

For example: international relations - international relations;

legitimate interests - legitimate interests.

Clichés are necessary in a newspaper style, as they evoke the necessary instant associations and do not allow for ambiguity. Newspaper stamps can be divided into two groups:

Phrases that are always used in one composition;

A word combination that allows for the variability of the composition.

The first group is represented by a wide variety of structures. AN (adjective + noun):

Joint research - modern research.

Big business is big business.

V (A) N (verb + noun):

To have priority - take advantage

NN (noun + noun).

V pger N (verb + preposition + noun):

To be in effect - to be in action.

NNN (noun + noun + noun):

Srace expiration program - space research program.

ANN (adjective + noun + noun):

Manned space flight - a space flight with an astronaut on board.

The second group is a kind of pivot word with a high frequency in newspaper texts and a varying lexical environment.

Examples of combinations with nouns:

Community - group, community;

national community - national group;

world community - the world community.

Complaint - complaint;

to lodge a complaint - file a protest.

Combination with adjectives:

vital - issue, interest

racial - policy, tension

Chapter IV. Determination of translation equivalence in the text of newspaper information materials

4.1 Translation of an article from the "Financial Times"

Text :

Yeltsin calls for repentance as Russia buries Unknown Tsar

They came to bury Russia "s last tsar, not to praise him. Indeed, such was the controversy surrounding yesterday" s ceremony in ST Petersburg that the church would not even name him during the funeral service.

Instead, he remains of Nikholas II, his beloved wife Alexsandra, three of their daughters and four of their servants were lowered into the vaults of the ST Peter and Paul cathedral, while a priest prayed "for all those tortured and killed in the years of bitter persecution for the faith in Christ ".

Truly, this was the funeral of the Unknown Tsar, as the local newspapers called it.

Yet the service, which had caused such acrimonious divisions within the Russian Orthodox church, among the descendants of the Romanov family and across society at large, was given greater dignity by President Boris Yeltsin "s attendance after a last minute change of mind.

In a powerful speech, Mr Yeltsin described the murders of the tsarist family by the Bolsheviks exactly 80 years ago as "one of the most shameful pages in our history". "For long years we were silent about this monstrous crime but it is now necessary to spear the truth", he said.

The burial was an act of "human justice", Mr Yeltsin said, appealing to his compatriots to put aside all differences of political views, religious beliefs and ethnic origins, and enter the next century in a spirit of repentance and reconciliation.

The 90-minute service that followed was a simple, moving ceremony, but not one marked by open displays of emotion. Amid plumes of incense, Orthodox priests, dressed in glittering gold robes, chanted for eternal life to overcome darkness. As the small coffins were laid to rest in the grounds where most of the Romanov dynasty are buried, the cathedral "s bells rang out across the Neva river. A salute of guns then boomed over Russia" s imperial capital.

About 50 members of the Romanov family attended the service, as well as a few of Russia leading politicians and cultural figures, foreign diplomats and Britain "s Prince Michel of Kent. But the crowds outside were sparse.

Opposite the main entrance of the Peter and Poule fortress, a gaggle of assorted protesters promoted a lucky dip of ideological lunacies. The most vocal was the so-called Popular Patriotic Movement, which claimed the tsar "s murder was the result of the" Jewish Fascism "which supposedly held Russia in its sway from 1917 until Stalin" s death in 1953.

Translation:

Russia buries the Unknown Tsar, and Yeltsin

calls the people to repentance.

The last Russian tsar was buried, but not praised. Such a contradiction surrounded yesterday's ceremony in St. Petersburg, the clergy did not even call the king by name during the funeral service.

During the funeral of Nicholas II, his beloved wife Alexandra, three daughters and four servants in the crypt of the Cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul, the priest prayed "for all those tortured and killed in the years of fierce persecution for faith in Christ." Local newspapers called it the funeral of the Unknown Tsar.

This church service caused sharp divisions in the Russian Orthodox Church, in the Romanov family and throughout society. Russian President Boris Yeltsin changed his mind at the last minute and honored the service with his presence.

In his speech, the president described the murder of the royal family by the Bolsheviks as "one of the most shameful pages in our history." For many years we were silent about this heinous crime, but it's time to tell the truth. ”The President noted that this funeral was an act of“ human justice. ”He appealed to his compatriots to end all differences in political views, religious beliefs and ethnicity and enter century with a spirit of repentance and reconciliation.

The service was very exciting, but nobody showed their feelings. Among the scent of incense, Orthodox priests, dressed in glittering cassocks embroidered with gold, sang eternal life and the overcoming of darkness.

Small coffins were buried in the crypt of the Romanov dynasty. The cathedral bells could be heard over the Neva. Then a gun salvo rang out over the imperial capital.

The service was attended by 50 members of the Romanov family, several leading Russian politicians and representatives of the country's cultural circles, foreign diplomats and the British Prince Michael of Kent. But it was not crowded outside.

Protesters gathered in front of the main entrance to the Cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul, shouting slogans about the end of ideological madness.

Most of those present are members of the so-called "Public Patriotic Movement", which holds the view that the assassination of the tsar was the result of Jewish fascism in Russia from 1917 until Stalin's death in 1953.

4.2 Analysis of the translation made

Based on this text, we can conclude that there are 5 types of equivalence:

1. The equivalence of translations of the first type consists in preserving only that part of the original content, which is the purpose of communication.

2. In the second type of equivalence, the common part of the content of the original and the translation not only conveys the same goal of communication, but also reflects the same extra-linguistic situation.

3. In the third type of equivalence, the absence of parallelism of the lexical composition and syntactic structure is noted; preservation in the translation of the purpose of communication and identification of the same situation as in the original; preservation in translation of general concepts with the help of which the description of the situation in the original is carried out, i.e. preservation of that part of the content of the original text, which we called the "way of describing the situation".

4. In the fourth type of equivalence, along with the three components of content that are stored in the third type, the translation reproduces a significant part of the meanings of the syntactic structures of the original.

5. In the last, fifth type of equivalence, the maximum degree of similarity between the content of the original and the translation, which can exist between texts in different languages, is achieved.

Based on this, we define the types of equivalence in the translation performed:

1. Yeltsin calls for repentance as Russia buries Unknown Tsar - Russia buries the Unknown Tsar, and Yeltsin calls the people to repentance (type 4)

2.a priest prayed "for all those tortured and killed in the years of bitter persecution for the faith in Christ - the priest prayed" for all those tortured and killed in the years of fierce persecution for faith in Christ (type 5)

3. Truly, this was the funeral of the Unknown Tsar, as the local newspapers called it. - Local newspapers named this is funeral Unknown king ... (Type 4 )

4.one of the most shameful pages in our history - one from the most shameful pages our stories (Type 5 )

5.it is now necessary to spear the truth - it's time tell the truth (Type 4 )

6.enter the next century in a spirit of repentance and reconciliation - enter v new century with in spirit remorse and reconciliation (Type 5 )

7.but not one marked by open displays of emotion - none not showed their feelings (Type 2 )

8.the small coffins were laid to rest in the grounds - coffins were buried v crypt (Type 2 ).

Conclusion

In this work, I tried to consider the main points of the language and style of newspaper articles in English journalism. Newspaper articles are an effective means of assimilation by students of one or another language material and have certain specifics. Therefore, a preparatory stage is necessary to clarify all these features, and only after that effective work with newspaper text is possible. Therefore, the translator should take into account the following points:

1) the translation of newspaper materials is distinguished by a significant, albeit incomplete, parallelism of the lexical composition - for most of the words in the original, you can find the corresponding words in the translation with similar content;

2) translation of newspaper informational materials is characterized by the use in translation of syntactic structures similar to the structures of the original or related relations of syntactic variation, which ensures the maximum possible transfer of the meaning of the syntactic structures of the original in translation;

3) the greatest equivalence is achieved when translating social and political articles, and the least when translating colloquial vocabulary;

4) when translating newspaper headlines, in most cases, the 2nd and 3rd type of equivalence is used.

Finally, I want to add that in order to achieve a greater level of equivalence, the translator must:

1. If in English this is material of an informative and descriptive genre, then the translation must also have all the features that this genre possesses in Russian.

2. When translating, titles are usually omitted. Especially official texts are an exception.

3. When translating a heading, you should first translate the message or article itself, and then, based on their content and headings.

4. The translator should take into account that in English newspapers, along with the book vocabulary, colloquial and poetic words and combinations are widely used.

5. The translator must know the realities of the country about which the article is written.

This course work highlights some of the features of English and American newspapers and shows the approximate stages of working with newspaper text.

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