Problems and prospects for the development and placement of mechanical engineering in our country. Machine-building complex. State and prospects Prospects for the mechanical engineering industry

In tsarist Russia, mechanical engineering was poorly developed. By the last decade of the 19th century, when the steam engine was the monopoly engine of production, its distribution among industries accurately reflected the picture of the specific weight of steam engines in the general industry of the country. Figure 7-13 shows the power distribution of installed steam machines, from which it can be seen that in Russia 73.5% of the capacity was spent on the production of consumer products and only 26.5% on the production of means of production, which includes mechanical engineering. The metalworking industry lagged behind the textile industry more than twice in terms of power consumption. For the sake of quick and high profits, Russian capitalism invested in light industry, increasing Russia's dependence on foreign capital, weakening its defense power.

In 1913, only 1490 machines of the most simple and uncomplicated ones were produced in Russia. Of the output of the entire heavy industry of tsarist Russia, the machine-building and metal-working industry accounted for only 6.8% of the value of production. A number of branches of mechanical engineering did not exist at all, and such significant ones as tractor engineering, automotive engineering, aircraft construction, the production of automatic machine tools, complex agricultural machines, steam turbines, etc.

Throughout the vast country, it was possible to single out only a few factories, equipment and labor organization, in which they would correspond to the level of world technology: Putilovsky, Sormovsky, Kolomensky, St. Petersburg metal. ... ... At the overwhelming majority of factories, production was single and small-scale with the most primitive technology and labor organization.

In an extremely short time from the end of the recovery period to the Second World War, large and well-equipped machine-building plants were built in the USSR: the Ural and Novo-Kramatorsk heavy machine-building plants, the Ural machine-building plant, ball-bearing and machine-building plants in Moscow and Gorky, tractor plants in Volgograd, Kharkov, Chelyabinsk, machine tool factories in Moscow, Novosibirsk and Gorky, turbine generator and electromechanical factories in Kharkov, Voroshilovgrad and Krasnoyarsk steam locomotive factories, Rostov and Tashkent factories of agricultural equipment; tool factories "Fraser" and "Kalibr" in Moscow, Chelyabinsk abrasive plant and many others. A number of old factories, including Putilovsky (now the plant named after S. M. Kirov), Leningradsky metal, "Electrosila" and many others, were radically reconstructed.

The dynamics of mechanical engineering in our country is characteristic.

In 1913, the output of the machine-building industry was only 1 billion rubles, in 1929 - 2.5 billion, in 1932 - 9.4 billion, in 1937 - 30 billion, and in 1940 .- 50 billion rubles. In 1940, the USSR took second place in the world in terms of the volume of the machine-building industry.

Mechanical engineering, which provides machines for all other areas of production, developed at an unprecedented rate. If the entire industrial production of the USSR since 1913 by 1940 had grown 12 times, then during the same time mechanical engineering - 50 times, making up the first place in terms of volume among other industries (36.3%).

Here are brief characteristics of the development of individual branches of mechanical engineering.

Machine tool developed due to the development of more modern equipment, from year to year increasing the volume of its products, as shown in the table:

In tsarist Russia, mainly lathes and boring machines of a low accuracy class were produced. The Soviet machine tool industry has mastered the production of milling, revolving, grinding, semi-automatic and automatic machines. In 1930, the production of grinding machines began, in 1931 - boring machines, in 1933 - gear cutting machines, in 1934 - broaching machines. Started in 1933 p. the production of automatic and semi-automatic machine tools by 1939 increased to the release of 2,000 machine tools annually.

In parallel with the development of the production of machine tools, the production of cutting tools is growing, which provides a rapidly growing machine tool park.

Aircraft construction was a branch of mechanical engineering that did not exist in pre-revolutionary Russia. On the basis of the advanced domestic theory in the USSR, high-class aircraft were designed and put into production, which were not inferior to the models of world aircraft construction. Remarkable aircraft "Wings of the Soviets", "Land of the Soviets" made flights to Rome, to New York, and in 1937 on an aircraft designed by A. N. Tupolev (Fig. 7-14) pilots Chkalov, Belyakov and Baidukov made flights to Moscow - Petropavlovsk - Udd Island (now Chkalov Island), and then Moscow - North Pole - Vancouver (USA).

Rice. 7-14 a. Airplane "Amphibia" - Sh - 2 "

Automotive industry, which did not exist in tsarist Russia, began with the release in 1924 of ten cars of the AMO brand (Fig. 7-15). In 1925, the Yaroslavl plant began to manufacture cars. But the production of cars was small: both factories in 1929 produced only 1546 cars. With the construction of a car plant in Gorky, a complete reconstruction of the Moscow plant, then the reconstruction of the Yaroslavl plant, the production of cars began to increase, and by 1937 the USSR had already produced 200,000 cars, moreover, in the production of trucks that are so necessary for the development of our economy, the USSR entered the second place in the world.

Tractor construction- also a completely new branch of mechanical engineering (Fig. 7-16), which began in the USSR at the Putilovsky (now named after Kirov) plant in Leningrad, and then at the specially built Volgograd and Kharkov tractor plants. Before the war, the tractor fleet of the USSR exceeded the capacity 10 million liters with. New types of wheeled and tracked vehicles, diesel tractors were mastered, fuel consumption was reduced.

Agricultural engineering in pre-revolutionary Russia, it was limited to the production of equestrian and hand-held agricultural implements, and in this area, too, the need was largely covered by imports from abroad. Under Soviet conditions, it was necessary to establish the production of trailed implements for tractors. Then sophisticated machines were developed - combines, the production of which began in 1929. Already in 1937, the USSR came out on top in the world in the production of combines.

Power engineering Tsarist Russia was limited to the production of steam engines, small boilers, internal combustion engines, hydraulic turbines of small and medium power. The production of powerful boilers and steam turbines was completely undeveloped. The same applies to the production of electrical generators. In the production of these power units, as already indicated above in the section on the development of energy, by the 40s, our country had reached the level of achievements in world technology.

Transport engineering was quite developed in Russia, which covered the need for steam locomotives with the products of their factories. In the Soviet period, first of all, the task arose of building new, more powerful types of steam locomotives, capable of satisfying the 6-fold increase by 1938 already in ton-kilometers of freight transport. Since 1927 diesel locomotive building and electric locomotive building have been developing - completely new areas of mechanical engineering, which gradually made it possible to create a material base for abandoning low-efficiency steam locomotives.

Metallurgical equipment and mining equipment was mastered by launching the giant Ural Heavy Machine Building Plant, which produced several sets of equipment for blast furnaces and rolling shops per year. A number of factories began to produce equipment for a variety of mining operations: cutting machines, mining combines, rock drills, excavators, etc.

The technology at the machine-building plants of our country has changed to a great extent. Automation of production processes was introduced, cutting and feed rates were increased, the production of forging and pressing equipment was expanded, the method of hardening by high-frequency currents was introduced, coatings (chromium, nickel) were introduced, significant progress was made in the field of electric welding of metals, a fundamentally new electrospark method of metal processing was developed.

The organization of technological processes at machine-building plants has significantly improved. In all branches of production, the flow method has been adopted, which, under conditions of a socialist society, does not make the worker an appendage of a machine, but, on the contrary, provides for the improvement of the qualifications of the worker, who, in conditions of complicated production, becomes increasingly a commander of machines, an adjuster, and a controller of their automatic operation.

Much work has been done in the development of science, researching the issues of mechanical engineering. The achievements of this science contributed greatly to the success of Soviet mechanical engineering.

The engineering industry remains one of the most important in the Russian economy. Development of mechanical engineering in Russia will have a positive impact on other industrial segments, but this will require the introduction of a number of new scientific and technological developments. In August 2017, Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev signed a strategy for the development of mechanical engineering until 2030, this document reflects the main prospects for this segment.

Development of mechanical engineering in Russia: areas of work

The increased attention is due to a new look at the economy: the country must get rid of dependence on raw materials and develop its own production. Since 1991, the advanced machine-building complex has been practically destroyed, and many of the leading manufacturers in the past have been closed. In 2013, the Government approved a new strategy for the development of mechanical engineering in order to strengthen the military-defense complex. The program, designed for 3 years, involved large investments in the defense segment, as well as in related areas.

The focus is on three industries:

• Transport. It is planned to recreate the construction of modern vehicles that will be able to compete in the export market.
• Machine-tool building. Today, new factories for the production of machine tools are opening in Perm and Ryazan, in Azov, in the Sverdlovsk region. In just a year, the cost of the manufactured products in the annual volume increased by three billion rubles.
• Agricultural. About 3 trillion rubles have been allocated from the budget to restore the production of agricultural machinery needed by the growing agro-industrial complex.

These are just some of the areas in which big changes are expected. The government is looking for an opportunity to modernize production so that the products can compete with foreign counterparts.

Prospects for the development of mechanical engineering

Cash investments are only one of the conditions for the successful development of mechanical engineering. It is necessary to intelligently introduce modern IT technologies, which should increase the efficiency of the production complex and create conditions for increasing labor productivity. So far, the introduction of digital technologies in enterprises is just beginning, and it does not always give the expected results.

Now enterprises are investing large sums in the purchase of modern equipment, but it should be used as efficiently as possible. For this, IT systems are established and implemented, aimed at interrelation between departments.

An example of an effective solution to the problem is the modernization of the KAMAZ enterprise, which remains one of the largest in Russia. The modernization strategy is designed until 2020, it involves the introduction of 900 robotic systems into practice. As a result, most of the production cycle will become automated.

Development problems

The machine-building industry is not developing at the pace that is necessary for a rapid rise in production and an increase in the competitiveness of products. The development of mechanical engineering is hampered by a number of systemic problems associated with the following factors:

• Science intensity. Enterprises are experiencing an acute shortage of personnel: the lack of qualified engineers is associated with the crisis in education.
• Labor intensity. The development of mechanical engineering requires an influx of skilled labor, and this requires a revision of the attitude to the organization of labor.
• Metal consumption. The development of mechanical engineering requires a large amount of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, and the metallurgical complex has also suffered greatly during the liberal reforms of past years.

These are just some of the difficulties that the country's leadership will have to overcome in the coming years. The revival of giant enterprises in a changed economy is becoming unpromising, they are being replaced by smaller enterprises, but they must have a more flexible structure and easily adapt to changing circumstances.

What's in store for the industry in the coming years?

The development of mechanical engineering should become a priority area of ​​state policy. It will require significant financial investments in modernization, as well as support at the state level to ensure that Russian products enter the market. So far, Russia is just beginning to move in this direction, and the successes achieved are only the first step towards the goal.

The industry will grow if the strategy of ditching commodity revenues is fully and consistently implemented. It is difficult to predict what the market situation will be in the next 5 years.

It is one of the most important industries. Its development is closely related to scientific and technological progress. The industry is less knowledge-intensive than information and communication technology or pharmaceuticals. Despite this, the state of the entire industry depends on its development. The machine-building sector provides other industries with equipment, machinery, and auxiliary tools.

Development features

Mechanical engineering has a number of features that affect the location of its main production facilities. Based on the factors listed below and their combinations, a classification of this area is made. There is a heavy, medium, general machine-building complex.

Large factories producing technologically complex products are located near large scientific and educational centers. This is due to the need for qualified personnel, new developments in various industries. For example, in Russia, the main high-tech industries are located near Moscow, Novosibirsk, St. Petersburg.

Labor intensity

For the correct organization of the production process at the enterprises of the machine-building industry, qualified personnel are needed. For the release of most of the equipment and machines, it is necessary to spend a huge amount of working time.

That is why the main enterprises in this area are mainly located near large cities with a large concentration of the population. At the same time, high requirements are imposed on the personnel employed in relation to their qualifications. The greatest labor intensity is inherent in the following branches of mechanical engineering:

• machine tool building. The largest enterprises are located near Moscow;
• aviation industry. Well developed in Samara, Kazan;
• production of electrical engineering. The largest enterprises are located in Ulyanovsk and Novosibirsk.

All branches of mechanical engineering are consumers of a huge amount of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Therefore, factories that are especially in need of this resource gravitate towards large metallurgical bases. The largest metal-intensive industries include:

• production of mining equipment;
• metallurgical industry;
• energy sphere.

The presence of developed transport hubs

Some branches of mechanical engineering, when locating their production facilities, are guided by the possibility of organizing cooperation. These areas include the automotive industry. Its main production facilities are located in the Center and the Volga region. This is due to the fact that manufactured products in the form of cars are transported over long distances and in different directions. Therefore, these enterprises are located near major transport routes.

Some machine-building enterprises focus only on their customers. This is due to the complexity of transportation of the manufactured equipment due to their large dimensions and significant weight. It is more profitable to produce such products directly in the region of their consumption.

For example, tractors for timber transportation are produced only in Karelia. The production of combines for processing grain crops is well established in the North Caucasus.

Features of the location of machine-building enterprises in Russia

When locating enterprises, the ideal option is the coincidence of the territory with the sources of raw materials and with consumers of finished products. In this case, the forecast for the development of such enterprises is comforting, since they are exempted from high transportation costs.

It becomes possible to establish close ties between mechanical engineering and metallurgy. Enterprises of the first type are exempted from many technological operations, which reduces the cost of finished products. In turn, metallurgical plants receive waste from mechanical engineering and use it for their own needs.

Taking into account the fact that raw material bases and consumers of products are located on different territories, the production capacities of enterprises are located taking into account the possibility of quick sale of equipment. This is due to the fact that the cost of metal transportation is several times lower than the investment required for the transportation of finished products. That is why many production lines mainly gravitate towards the regions where finished products are sold, despite their metal consumption.

Factors affecting the location of mechanical engineering enterprises

Taking into account the main trends in the development and territorial distribution of engineering enterprises, specialization and cooperation play an important role. The first direction makes it possible to attract powerful and efficient equipment to the production process, which ensures the automation of many operations. Specialization is divided into the following types:

• detailed. Allows for the release of individual parts for specific equipment;
• subject. Implies the release of certain types of finished products;
• technological. Allows you to release semi-finished products or perform any one series of operations.

It should not be forgotten that specialization is closely related to cooperation. It implies the involvement of several enterprises to organize the release of one final product.

The following problems of mechanical engineering can be distinguished, which are inherent in the domestic industry:

• insufficient rates of development of leading industries or, in some cases, even their decline;
• downtime of many production lines due to various reasons;
• improper organization of technological links;
• due to low quality control, 20-30% of manufactured products need to be repaired after a year of operation;
• the need to ensure the accelerated growth of production capacities in machine tools, instrument making and electronics;
• in the world economy, domestic equipment does not occupy a leading position due to its low quality;
• insufficient rates of equipment renewal, which leads to the release of obsolete products;
• before, most enterprises were focused on meeting the needs of the defense industry;
• the need to re-profile large factories;
• the need to eliminate dispositions to balance the development of all areas of mechanical engineering.

Priority areas for the development of domestic mechanical engineering

Prospects for the development and placement of mechanical engineering in the domestic production complex are determined by solving the following tasks:

• preferential development of industries that are characterized by high science intensity (automotive industry);
• elimination of monopolies. At the moment, they make up 80% of all existing production facilities in Russia;
• an increase in the number of highly developed industries for the production of oil equipment, various machine tools, minibuses;
• establishing old and opening new economic and technological ties with countries of near and far abroad;
• stimulating the investment attractiveness of domestic enterprises;
• state support for enterprises that have great development prospects.

What influences the development of the domestic machine-building complex?

For the successful development of mechanical engineering, it is necessary to follow some rules. In particular, it is very important to adhere to the condition - 1: 2: 4. This means that at the rate of development of the country's economy and economy at 1, the state of the machine-building sector should be equal to 2, and electronics, instrumentation - 4. This ratio is ideal, since it provides the best forecast for the country's industry.

In Russia, this proportion has a completely different form - 1: 0.98: 1. That is why the domestic machine-building complex cannot compete with foreign manufacturers. Achieving these proportions is the main task that must be completed in the near future.

Other features of mechanical engineering in Russia

Mechanical engineering is of great importance in the Russian economy, and its effective functioning is ensured by the presence of a wide network of inter-sectoral and intra-sectoral ties. When studying this sphere of production, the following features can be distinguished:

• mechanical engineering accounts for a third of the total volume of Russian products;
• 40% of the country's industrial and production personnel are employed in this area;
• 25% of basic production assets fall on the share of mechanical engineering;
• the products manufactured in this industry are very diverse.

Mechanical engineering enterprises are spread throughout the country. This industry is represented in almost all regions of Russia. Only in some is it leading, while in others it functions to meet exclusively internal needs.

Investment attractiveness of machine building in Russia

The investment attractiveness of Russian machine-building enterprises is very low. This is due to a sharp decrease in the rate of development during crises, moral and physical wear and tear of equipment, and the lack of promising scientific developments. All the factors presented have a negative impact on the development of the economy of the entire country, which is closely related to mechanical engineering.

Today, Russia ranks 30th in the world in terms of the number of patent applications filed and 31st in terms of research and development expenditures. Therefore, it is behind many countries in the world.

Mechanical engineering is highly dependent on the economic conditions of the market. With a decrease in the investment capacity of companies buying equipment produced by the industry, the production capacity of the entire industry decreases. Therefore, this industry is highly dependent on the alternation of periods of economic growth and crises.

Weight of engineering industries in the Russian economy

The problems and prospects for the development of mechanical engineering in Russia determine that this sphere of industry is one of the most depressed. In 1999, the production of personal computers and passenger cars kept their previous rates or even increased them. At the same time, the manufacture of other types of mechanical engineering products has decreased by more than 2 times. For example, the production of grain harvesting combines decreased 25 times.

At the end of the twentieth century, the rate of production of equipment for public consumption increased. In 1999, the production of televisions, refrigerators and other household appliances began to increase. In this industry, there is a differentiation of enterprises based on their ability to adapt to new conditions. For example, in 1999 the production of TV sets in the Novosibirsk region decreased by more than 7 times. At the same time, the output of the same products in Russia as a whole increased by 2.5 times.

Since 2000, the development of mechanical engineering has been more intensive. It has its own characteristics:

• high rates of increase in production capacity were observed in the European part of Russia;
• the eastern regions did not develop so intensively;
• an increase in the production of the Central region by 41% due to the production of electric trains and cars;
• the development of enterprises in Western Siberia is based on the implementation of the state program for the production of oil and gas equipment;
• enterprises in Eastern Siberia are not so developed. A jump in production only in heavy, transport and agricultural engineering.

Development of mechanical engineering in Russia by industry

The sectoral structure of mechanical engineering in Russia is complex. Enterprises in this area of ​​production are located in almost all regions of the country.

Heavy engineering

The heavy industry of the machine-building industry is distinguished by its high metal and labor intensity. It is divided into the following areas:

• metallurgical. It is characterized by a high cost of finished products, and its enterprises are located near the regions of steel production;
• mountain. It produces equipment for the extraction of minerals of various types, and is located in the regions of consumption of finished products;
• lifting and transport. The industry is of great importance for meeting the needs of construction, industry;
• diesel locomotive building, car building, track machine building. Works to meet the needs of railway transport;
• pipe building. Produces turbines (hydraulic, steam, gas) for the needs of power plants, gas pumping and other equipment;
• atomic. Manufactures equipment for the operation of nuclear power plants;
• electrical. Produces more than 100 types of products to meet the needs of almost the entire national economy;
• machine tool. It specializes in the production of machine tools for metal and wood processing and in the repair of manufactured equipment.

For the production of instrument-making products, it is necessary to attract qualified personnel and constantly engage in research and development work. The industry is characterized by low metal and energy consumption. In Russia, the share of instrument-making products in relation to the total volume of equipment manufactured by machine-building is 12%.

Machine-building complex for light and food industries

This includes areas that specialize in the production of equipment for the following industries:

• knitted;
• fur;
• leather;
• production of chemical fibers;
• food.

About 90% of factories related to the sector are located in the European part of Russia. This is due to their customer orientation.

Aviation industry

For the efficient operation of the aviation industry in the country, other branches were developed that supply component equipment. It can only function by attracting qualified personnel. Therefore, its enterprises are located in large industrial centers of Russia - Moscow, Voronezh, Kazan, Samara and others.

It specializes in the production of orbital spacecraft, satellites and other products of this type.

The automotive industry is considered the largest mechanical engineering industry in Russia. More than 80% of the cargo produced falls on the products of this sector. The main enterprises are located in the European part of the country near major transport hubs.

The main production facilities of the industry are located in the following regions of the country:

• Povolzhsky;
• North Caucasian;
• Uralsk;
• Central;
• Volgo-Vyatsky;
• West Siberian.

Shipbuilding industry

The main enterprises, despite their high metal consumption, are located far away from metallurgical bases. This is due to the difficulties in transporting the finished product. Most businesses are located at river estuaries or sheltered harbors.

Development of mechanical engineering in the world

In the world economy, the leading positions in the production of mechanical engineering products are held by the European Union, China, the United States of America and Japan. The first of them is the leader in the gross production of equipment. At the same time, in recent years, China has been the world leader in the production of relatively clean products.

Over the past decade, the European Union has seen an increase in production of 1.1%. At the same time, in the USA and Japan, there is a slight drop in mechanical engineering by 1.1% and 3.1%, respectively.

In the period from 2000 to 2002, the total employment of the population in the industry in developed countries is gradually declining. At the same time, the number of workers in China is growing by 5.8% annually. In this country, more than 6 million people are employed in machine-building enterprises, which is several times higher than the indicators of the European Union. This feature is due to the fact that wages in China are an order of magnitude lower than in other developed countries of the world.

The competitive position of the European Union is significantly lower than that of Japan and the United States. This is due to the different development of the economies of the countries in the EU. Even economically stable Germany has a mechanical engineering productivity of $ 70,000.

The strengthening of China's position in the world is caused by an increase in the number of imported products, which make up a large part of the world trade market. This indicator has grown from 3% to 13% over the past few years. Such rates of development are not observed in any other country in the world. At the same time, the share of the United States decreased from 25% to 17%, Japan - from 21% to 16%.

Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation

Irkutsk State Technical University

Department of World Economy

Course work

on the topic:

“The current state of mechanical engineering and location in the Russian Federation. Development prospects"

Irkutsk 2008

Introduction 1. The current state of mechanical engineering and location in the Russian Federation 1.1 Heavy engineering 1.2 General engineering 1.3 Medium engineering 2. Prospects for the development of the machine-building complex 2.1 Nanotechnology in aircraft construction 2.2 Nanotechnology in the automotive industry 2.3 Nanotechnology in railway engineering Conclusion References

Introduction

The machine-building complex is made up of machine building and metalworking. Mechanical engineering is engaged in the production of machinery and equipment, various kinds of mechanisms for material production, science, culture, and the service sector. Consequently, the products of mechanical engineering are consumed by all sectors of the national economy without exception.

Metalworking is engaged in the production of metal products, the repair of machinery and equipment.

The structure of mechanical engineering is very complex; this industry includes both independent branches, such as heavy, energy and transport engineering; electrical industry; chemical and petroleum engineering; machine tool building and tool industry; instrumentation; tractor and agricultural engineering; mechanical engineering for light and food industries, etc., as well as many specialized subsectors and industries.

Mechanical engineering also produces consumer goods, mostly durables. This industry is of great importance for the national economy of the country, as it serves as the basis for scientific and technological progress and material and technical re-equipment of all sectors of the national economy.

The purpose of this work is to analyze the sectoral structure of the machine-building complex and factors in the location of its branches and industries, as well as to characterize the current state of the complex, prospects and options for overcoming the difficult economic situation that has arisen today.

Taking into account the peculiarities of this topic and the range of issues raised, the first and second chapters will highlight theoretical issues: the role and significance, the specifics of location, the sectoral structure of the machine-building complex, and in the third, the current unfavorable economic situation in the complex, and the practical prerequisites for getting out of it ...

1. The current state of mechanical engineering and location in the Russian Federation

The machine-building complex is a complex intersectoral education, including machine building and metalworking. Mechanical engineering unites specialized industries that are similar in technology and raw materials used. Metalworking includes the industry of metal structures and products, as well as the repair of machinery and equipment.

Mechanical engineering is the country's leading heavy industry. By creating the most active part of fixed assets - tools of labor, machine building has a significant impact on the rates and directions of scientific and technological progress in various sectors of the economic complex, on the growth of labor productivity and other economic indicators that determine the effectiveness of the development of social production. Mechanical engineering accounts for about 1/5 of the country's industrial output, almost 1/4 of the main industrial production assets and 1/3 of the industrial production personnel.

The assortment of manufactured products in mechanical engineering is very diverse, which leads to a deep differentiation of its industries and affects the location of industries that produce various types of products.

Currently, in mechanical engineering, according to the degree of technical equipment, there are five levels of the technological order.

First level represented by the production of equipment for the mining industry and enterprises that process primary raw materials.

Second level associated with the production of equipment for agriculture.

Third level represented by the production of equipment for ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, the production of building materials.

Fourth level includes the automotive and bearing industries, electrical engineering, etc.

The fifth level represent enterprises associated with high technologies: computer production, fiber-optic technology, robotics, production of machine tools and equipment with numerical control (CNC), rocket and space production, aviation industry.

In the structure of mechanical engineering, there are 19 large complex industries, more than 100 specialized subsectors and industries.

Complex industries, similar in technological processes and raw materials used, include heavy, energy and transport engineering, electrical engineering, chemical and oil engineering, machine-tool and tool industry, tractor and agricultural engineering, mechanical engineering for light and food industries.

For a long period, the pace of development of mechanical engineering outstripped the development of industry as a whole. High rates were characteristic of the industries that determine scientific and technological progress, and first of all machine-tool building, instrument-making, electrical and electronic industries, production of computer technology, aerospace production.

The achievements of the machine-building complex were characterized not only by an increase in the volume of its production, but also by the creation and release of progressive types of products, the introduction of more modern technologies.

In recent decades, the machine-building complex has been formed in accordance with the current needs of the country's economy and defense for a specific range of final products. As a result, subject-specific enterprises were created with rigid technological connections, low flexibility and production mobility.

The crisis situation that had matured in the country by the beginning of the 1990s had a significant impact on the industry. The structure of mechanical engineering was distinguished by its extreme heaviness with a high degree of militarization. There was a high level of concentration and monopolization of production, excessive, ineffective production activity. Only about 1/4 of new technologies corresponded to the world level.

As a result, violations of contractual obligations for the supply of products, naturalization of exchange, and the emergence of barter transactions on a large scale began to occur in the USSR. The established ties for the supply of components and final products of mechanical engineering were changing. The high level of territorial division of labor, as well as the monopoly inherent in the machine-building complex of the USSR, was the reason for the absence in Russia of a number of industries necessary for the normal functioning of both machine building and the entire economic complex of the country.

For the period 1998-2004. the volume of industrial production in mechanical engineering increased 7.1 times and amounted to 1.8 trillion rubles. The deindustrialization of the economy also affected the machine-building complex. The fifth-level mechanical engineering industries, focused on the production of science-intensive products, reduced production from 45.3 to 22.5%. The output of high-performance science-intensive equipment, equipped with electronic devices and microprocessor control, has decreased by tens of times over the period under review, and for some nomenclature items - by hundreds of times. Thus, the production of CNC machines decreased 142 times. In 2004, only 200 CNC machines were manufactured in the country, and in Japan (for comparison) - about 35 thousand, more than half of them were sold on the world market. The production of CNC forging and pressing machines decreased from 370 to 22 units, or 16.8 times. The production of progressive cutting tools, especially made of ceramics, polycrystalline synthetic diamonds and superhard materials, and abrasive micropowders, has also dropped significantly. While the production of products of the fourth mode (cars) remained practically unchanged and amounted to 1.1 million units.

The foreign trade balance of mechanical engineering products has worsened: if in 1990 the volume of imports exceeded the volume of exports by 33%, then in 2004 - by almost 90%. The general decline in the export potential of mechanical engineering is caused by both external and internal factors. The first include the destruction of subject specialization that existed within the CMEA and the USSR, as well as a change in the ratio of producer prices in the raw materials and processing industries. The price growth indices for the raw material industries exceeded the corresponding indicators for the machine-building complex in the electric power industry by more than 4 times, the fuel industry by about 3 times, and the ferrous metallurgy by almost 2 times. As a result, the price of factors of production of engineering products (with the exception of labor) approached the world price.

The external factors of reducing the export potential include the low (in comparison with foreign counterparts) competitiveness of the products and the unwillingness to actively monitor markets, marketing and servicing equipment in the field of operation.

The main limiting factor in the development of mechanical engineering since 1992 has been the reduction in investment in the development of the engineering complex, high wear and tear of fixed assets, and outdated technologies in the engineering complex.

Structural changes in the output of mechanical engineering products reflect shifts in the economy as a whole and in its sectors.

Introduction

Mechanical engineering is part of an industry called Mechanical Engineering and Metalworking. Mechanical engineering creates machines and equipment, apparatus and devices, various kinds of mechanisms for material production, science, culture, and the service sector. Metalworking is engaged in the production of metal products, the repair of machinery and equipment. At present, the machine-building industry in Russia consists of a number of independent industries, which include over 350 sub-sectors and industries.

Mechanical engineering produces means of labor - machinery and equipment, instruments and computers, transmission devices, vehicles - for all sectors of the national economy. It produces consumer goods, mainly durables (cars, televisions, watches, etc.). By the mid-1980s, in the total volume of mechanical engineering production, means of production accounted for 88.9%, consumer goods - only 11.1%, which indicated that the domestic engineering industry was not oriented towards the needs of the mass consumer.

This test will reflect not only the sectoral structure of the machine-building complex and the factors of the location of its branches and sub-branches. But the current state of the complex, prospects and options for a way out of the difficult economic situation that has arisen today is also characterized.

Taking into account the specifics of this topic, the structure of the study makes it possible to consistently illuminate in the first chapter the theoretical issues (role and significance, the specifics of location, sectoral structure) of the machine-building complex, in the second - the current unfavorable economic situation in the complex, in particular in the aviation industry, in the third the chapter will highlight the prospects for the development of the mechanical engineering and metalworking industry (using the example of the aviation complex)

1 The importance of the industry in the system of the national economy

The machine-building complex is a set of industries that produce a variety of machines. He is the leader among intersectoral complexes. There are several reasons for this. Firstly, the machine-building complex is the largest of the industrial complexes; it accounts for almost 20% of the manufactured products and of all those working in the Russian economy. Mechanical engineering and metalworking are characterized by larger enterprises than industry as a whole (the average size of an enterprise in the industry is about 1,700 workers in terms of the number of workers, compared with less than 850 in industry as a whole), higher capital intensity, capital intensity and labor intensity of production; the structural and technological complexity of mechanical engineering products requires a varied profession and qualified workforce

Among all industries, machine building ranks first in terms of its share in gross output (in 1990 - 30%) and industrial and production personnel, second (after the fuel and energy complex) in terms of its share in industrial and production assets, as well as in the structure of exports (eighteen%)

Secondly, mechanical engineering creates machines and equipment that are used everywhere: in industry, agriculture, in everyday life, in transport. Consequently, scientific and technological progress in all sectors of the national economy materializes through the products of mechanical engineering, especially in such priority sectors as machine tool building, electrical and electronic industry, instrument making, and the production of electronic computers. Machine building, therefore, is a catalyst for scientific and technological progress, on the basis of which the technical re-equipment of all sectors of the national economy is carried out. Therefore, the main economic purpose of engineering products is to facilitate labor and increase its productivity by saturating all sectors of the national economy with fixed assets of a high technical level.

The sectoral structure and features of the location of the machine-building complex of the Russian Federation are as follows:

a) Factors of location of mechanical engineering

Mechanical engineering differs from other industries in a number of features that affect its geography. The most important is the presence of a social need for products, qualified labor resources, own production or the possibility of supplying construction materials and electricity.

Science intensity It is difficult to imagine modern mechanical engineering without the widespread introduction of scientific developments. That is why the production of the most sophisticated modern technology (computers, all kinds of robots) is concentrated in areas and centers with a highly developed scientific base: large research institutes, design bureaus (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, etc.). Focus on scientific potential is a fundamental factor in the location of machine-building enterprises

Metal consumption The branches of mechanical engineering, engaged in the production of such products as, for example, metallurgical, energy, mining equipment, consume a lot of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. In this regard, machine-building plants engaged in the production of such products usually try to be as close as possible to metallurgical bases in order to reduce the cost of delivering raw materials. Most of the large heavy engineering plants are located in the Urals

Labor intensity From the point of view of labor intensity, the machine-building complex is characterized by high costs and very high labor qualifications. Manufacturing machines requires a lot of labor time. In this regard, a fairly large number of mechanical engineering industries gravitate towards the regions of the country where the concentration of the population is high, and especially where there are highly qualified and engineering and technical personnel. The following sectors of the complex can be called extremely labor-intensive: the aviation industry (Samara, Kazan), machine-tool building (Moscow, St. Petersburg), the production of electrical engineering and precision instruments (Ulyanovsk)

The military-strategic aspect can be considered as a separate factor in the geographical location of machine building. Taking into account the interests of state security, many enterprises of the machine-building complex that produce defense products are removed from the borders of the state. Many of them are concentrated in closed cities (for example, FSUE Kumertau Aviation Enterprise)

Table 1. Grouping of engineering industries by location factors

b) Features of the sectoral structure and geography of the complex

During the years of Soviet power, the largest machine-building enterprises were created in various regions of the former USSR, producing practically all the necessary technological equipment for all sectors of the national economy. But the domestic mechanical engineering is characterized by an extremely high degree of territorial concentration, moreover, mainly in the European part of the country, and an insufficient level of specialization and intersectoral cooperation. In addition, many large machine-building plants and production associations were designed and formed as universal, according to the principle of “natural economy”, with a full range of procurement, auxiliary and repair industries. Therefore, in the coming years, the sectoral, territorial and technological structure of mechanical engineering should undergo cardinal changes, the main directions of which should be improving the quality of products, deconcentration, increasing the level of specialization and cooperation of production, reducing irrational transport and other costs.

Heavy engineering. Plants in this industry are distinguished by high consumption of metal and provide machines and equipment for enterprises of metallurgical, fuel and energy, mining and mining and chemical complexes. It is characterized by both enterprises producing parts and assemblies (for example, rolls for rolling mills) or enterprises specialized in the production of certain types of equipment (steam boilers or turbines for power plants, mining equipment, excavators), as well as universal enterprises that produce serial or individual execution of different types of equipment ("Uralmash", St. Petersburg Metal Plant, etc.)

The industry includes the following 10 sub-sectors: metallurgical machine building, mining, lifting and transport machine building, diesel locomotive building and track machine building, car building, diesel building, boiler building, turbine building, nuclear machine building, printing machine building. About 90% of the industry's production is concentrated in the European part, the rest - in Western Siberia and the Far East

Production metallurgical equipment, which ranks first in the industry in terms of production value, is located, as a rule, in areas of large steel and rolled products production. Ural enterprises produce equipment for sinter factories, blast furnaces and electric smelting furnaces, as well as equipment for rolling and crushing and grinding production.

Factories profile mining engineering- machines for exploration, as well as open and closed methods of mining, crushing and enrichment of solid minerals at enterprises of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical, coal, industry and construction materials industry, transport construction. They are, as a rule, located in areas of consumption - in the Urals and Siberia, etc. Domestic mechanical engineering has a priority in the development and widespread industrial development of mining and shearer combines, rotary and walking excavators. These products are manufactured in Krasnoyarsk, Yekaterinburg (Uralmash), Shakhty, Kiselevsk and Perm

Hoisting-and-transport engineering products is of great economic importance, since about 5 mln. a person, moreover, more than half - by manual labor. Electric overhead cranes are produced in the Central Region (Uzlov Plant), in the Far East (Bureysk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur) and in many other cities. Stationary and belt conveyors - in the Volgo-Vyatka, Central, Ural regions

Diesel locomotive building, car building and track machine building provides railway transport with mainline freight, passenger and shunting diesel locomotives, freight and passenger cars, etc. Mainline diesel locomotives are produced at one of the oldest machine-building plants - Kolomenskoye, industrial shunting diesel locomotives - mainly in the Central Region (Bryansk, Kaluga, Lyudiyovo, Murom ) and in the Urals. Freight car building is concentrated in Western Siberia (Novoaltaisk), in Eastern Siberia (Abakan). Passenger cars are produced by the Tverskoy, Demikhovsky and St. Petersburg plants. Track machines and mechanisms (laying, rail welding, snow removal and other machines are still produced in insufficient quantities and assortment, their production is concentrated in the cities of the European part of Russia - in Kaluga, Tula, Vyatka, Saratov, Engels, Armavir, Tikhoretsk

Turbo building supplying steam, gas and hydraulic turbines for the power industry is represented primarily by the production associations St. Petersburg Metal Plant, St. Petersburg Turbine Blade Plant, Yekaterinburg Turbomotor Plant, Dalenergomash (Khabarovsk). The factories of the sub-industry produce equipment for thermal, nuclear, hydraulic and gas turbine power plants, gas-pumping equipment for main gas pipelines, compressor, injection and disposal equipment for the chemical and oil refining industries, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. The main factors of placement are the availability of qualified personnel and research and development organizations

Nuclear engineering form the factories of the head production associations "Izhora Plant" (St. Petersburg) and "Atommash" (Volgodonsk). Plants specialize in the production of tank reactors and other equipment for nuclear power plants

Printing engineering has the smallest volume of marketable products in the industry. Production is concentrated exclusively in the European part of the country - in St. Petersburg, Moscow, Rybinsk

Electrical industry... The industry produces more than 100 thousand items of products, the consumer of which is almost the entire national economy. In terms of production volume, it significantly exceeds in aggregate all subsectors of heavy engineering. The production of electrical products requires a wide range of technical means and materials produced by various industrial complexes.

The location of enterprises in the electrical industry is due to various factors, where an important role is played by the availability of qualified personnel, specialized research organizations and large consumers. Currently, the main regions of electrical engineering are the Central, Northwestern and West Siberian regions. The oldest are such enterprises as the Moscow Electrozavod named after V.V. Kuibyshev, St. Petersburg "Electrosila", Yekaterinburg "Uralelektroapparat" and the Novosibirsk transformer plant

Machine tool industry includes the production of metal-cutting machines, forging and pressing equipment, woodworking equipment, metalworking tools, centralized repair of metalworking equipment. The factories of the machine-tool industry are located in the main machine-building regions. The average size of enterprises is relatively small. Large centers of the machine tool industry are Moscow (plant of lathes and robotic complexes "Red Proletarian"), St. Petersburg, Ivanovo, Saratov, Ryazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Orenburg, Irkutsk, etc.

Instrumentation. The products of this industry are notable for their low material and energy consumption, but their production requires a highly qualified workforce and research personnel. Therefore, the bulk of the production potential is concentrated in large and large cities. For example, in Moscow and the Moscow region there are dozens of research and production and production associations specializing in the production, installation and commissioning of automation equipment, software development, design and manufacture of watches, medical devices, measuring equipment, office equipment.

In the structure of mechanical engineering, the share of instrument-making products is about 12%. These high-tech products are the main element of automation systems for control of technological processes, as well as managerial and engineering labor, information systems, etc. In instrument making, more than 80% of products are manufactured by large enterprises (the number of employees is from 1 to 10 thousand people). Among the largest enterprises - JSC "Second Moscow Watch Plant", Penza Watch Plant

Mechanical engineering for light and food industries ... This includes the following sub-sectors: production of equipment for the textile, knitted, garment, footwear, leather, fur industry, as well as for the production of chemical fibers and equipment for the food industry. The main factor of location is proximity to the consumer, therefore the overwhelming majority of factories, and more than 90% of the volume of commercial output are located in the European zone (mainly Central, Volgo-Vyatka, North-Western and Volga regions)

Aviation industry ... In the aviation industry, enterprises of almost all branches of industrial production cooperate, supplying a variety of materials and equipment. The enterprises are distinguished by a high level of qualification of engineering, technical and working personnel, which led to the emergence and development of the aviation industry in large industrial centers. Modern passenger and cargo aircraft are manufactured in Moscow, Smolensk, Voronezh, Taganrog, Kazan, Ulyanovsk, Samara, Saratov, Omsk, Novosibirsk. Helicopters are produced in Moscow, Rostov-on-Don, Kazan, Ulan-Ude, Kumertau

Rocket and space industry (Moscow, Omsk, Krasnoyarsk, etc.) produces orbital spaceships, rockets for launching satellites, cargo and manned ships and reusable ships of the Buran type, combining high technologies with a wide inter-industry complexity of production. Russia accounts for 85% of the capacity of the rocket and space complex of the former USSR

Automotive industry ... By the volume of production, as well as by the value of fixed assets, it is the largest branch of mechanical engineering. Automotive products are widely used in all sectors of the national economy and are one of the most popular products in the retail trade. More than 80% of transported goods are accounted for by road transport

The overwhelming part of production is concentrated in the old industrial regions of the European part of Russia with a high concentration of traffic and the presence of large transport hubs. The industry has a high level of production concentration. More than 1/2 of marketable products, fixed assets and personnel are accounted for by enterprises employing more than 10 thousand people, accounting for only 11% of the total. This group includes AMO ZIL and JSC Moskvich (Moscow), JSC GAZ (Nizhny Novgorod), JSC VAZ (Togliatti), JSC KamAZ (Naberezhnye Chelny). The main areas of location are Central (more than 1/5 of gross production), Povolzhsky, Volgo-Vyatsky and Uralsky districts

Agricultural and tractor engineering ... The main capacities of agricultural and tractor engineering are located mainly in the North Caucasian, Volga, West Siberian, Ural, Central, Central Black Earth and Volgo-Vyatka regions. This corresponds to the location and specialization of agriculture. In agricultural engineering, subject and detailed specialization is carried out; significantly fewer factories are specialized in certain stages of the technological process or overhaul of equipment

The production of grain harvesters is concentrated at the Rostselmash plant, at the Krasnoyarsk and Taganrog factories, potato harvesters in Ryazan, and flax harvesters in Bezhetsk. Various types of tractors are produced in Vladimir, Lipetsk, St. Petersburg, Volgograd, Rubtsovsk, Petrozavodsk, Barnaul, Bryansk and Cheboksary

Shipbuilding industry ... Most of the enterprises of the industry, despite the significant amount of metal of large parameters they consume, which is inconvenient for transportation, are located outside large metallurgical bases. The complexity of modern ships determines the installation of a variety of equipment on them, which implies the presence of cooperative ties with allied enterprises. Shipbuilding starts on land and ends afloat, which is why many shipyards are located at estuaries of major rivers or in sheltered harbors.

The largest maritime shipbuilding region has developed on the Baltic Sea, where its most important center is located - St. Petersburg with a number of factories (Severnaya Verf, Baltic, Admiralteisky, Kanonersky, Nevsky). There are shipbuilding and ship repair plants in Vyborg and Kaliningrad. In the Far East, the centers of ship repair are Vladivostok and Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky

River shipbuilding is represented by numerous shipyards on the most important river routes: Volga (Nizhny Novgorod), Ob, Yenisei. The favorable geographic location of such factories makes the construction of ships at such enterprises very efficient.

If we consider the regional aspect of the location of engineering industries, then the Central Economic Region will occupy the leading position among the engineering regions not only in Russia, but also in the CIS. Until recently, it accounted for more than 1/2 of the production of passenger cars, a significant part of the automotive industry, 90% of mechanical engineering products for the light industry. Almost 80% of the products were exported to other regions and abroad. The development of high-tech production here is largely due to the presence here of highly qualified personnel, research and development and design organizations. Moscow plays an important role in the structure of production. Here are located the former flagships of the domestic automotive industry, JSC "Moskvich" and AMO "ZIL" and a huge number of "mailboxes" and conversion factories created on their basis. Moscow is also home to such large machine-building giants as JSC "Dynamo", Zavod im. Ilyich, several ball bearing factories. The branches of the machine-building specialization of the Central Economic Region are the automotive industry, locomotive-, carriage-building, river shipbuilding, tractor, agricultural, precision engineering

The Northwest Economic Region is part of the Central Region of Russia. The main share of mechanical engineering products falls on St. Petersburg, which concentrates energy, radio engineering, optical and mechanical engineering, marine shipbuilding, car building, machine tool building. Kaliningrad is an important center of marine shipbuilding.

The second large region of concentration of machine-building industries is the Ural-Volga region. In terms of production volume, the region is second only to the Center. Ural enterprises produce 24.6% of all machine tools, 24.4% of press-forging and 17% of mining equipment. Large centers are the cities of Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk, Togliatti, Naberezhnye Chelny and Nizhny Novgorod. It should also be emphasized that the most important enterprises of the defense industry are concentrated in the Volgo-Vyatka economic region (the Republic of Udmurtia). In particular, the Izhevsk Arms Plant is located in the capital of the republic, which produces the whole range of light and medium-sized weapons.

In the direction from west to east, there is a noticeable increase in the cost of capital construction, labor, transportation of raw materials and finished products. If we take as 100% the costs of creating machine-building production in the central region, then costs in Siberia will increase by 7-12%, and in the Far East - by 12-15%. The corresponding increase in the cost of production will be 13-25%, depending on the specifics of production. Therefore, it is advisable to locate material and energy-intensive production of energy, lifting and transport, carriage-building and mining equipment near sources of raw materials and energy. Such enterprises are concentrated in Altai, in the Kemerovo and Irkutsk regions. The presence of highly qualified personnel in Novosibirsk and Omsk made it possible to create high-tech enterprises of electrical and radio engineering

2 The current state of the industry in Russia

This is one of the depressive branches of Russian industry. The decline in production here began earlier, the slowdown in the rate of decline came later, and the decline in the industry was noticeably deeper than the industry average. Out of several dozen positions, only two types of products were found in the industry, the production of which in 1999 was higher than in 1994 - cars and personal computers. For the overwhelming majority of other types of products, production decreased by two or more times. For combine harvesters, for example, 25 times, for household tape recorders - 100 times

Throughout the entire period under review, production annually declined by about 80% of the types of mechanical engineering and metalworking products. The exceptions were 1996 - a year in which a drop in production was observed in almost all types of products, and 1999, when production decreased "only" in 63% of types of products.

It is almost impossible to single out in machine-building products any groups for which production decreased above or below average, it is almost impossible: the production of both means of production and consumer goods fell rapidly. Nevertheless, enterprises that produce equipment for depressive industries: coal and light industries, rural equipment, the needs of machine building itself (primarily manufacturers of metalworking equipment) were in a relatively worse position.

Somewhat better is the situation with the production of products oriented either to meeting social needs, the demand for which is decreasing in the last turn (for example, it was possible to avoid a landslide reduction in production in power engineering, the level of production of buses is stable), or to the effective demand of the population. So, in 1999 there was a tendency to increase the production of refrigerators and freezers, color TV sets. However, a deeper acquaintance with statistics, in particular the production of household appliances, shows that there is a sharp differentiation of manufacturers of the same types of products in terms of their ability to adapt to new conditions. So, for example, the production of color TVs in 1999 in the Novosibirsk region decreased by 7.7 times, while in the Russian Federation as a whole it increased by 2.4 times.

In 2000, the growth of the industry's production took place in all regions with a mechanical engineering specialization. Machine-building enterprises located in the regions of the European part of the country are developing more dynamically, while the eastern regions are noticeably lagging behind in increasing production.

In 2001, production growth in the Central District was 41% higher than in 1998, this is due to the production of complete electric trains in the Moscow region and the implementation of a project in Moscow for the production of Renault-Megan cars

The growth in the production of mechanical engineering in Western Siberia is based on measures to implement a large federal program for the production of equipment for the oil and gas industry, as well as with the possible inclusion of defense enterprises of this region in programs and projects for the development of high-tech industries

There were no noticeable dynamic shifts in the mechanical engineering of Eastern Siberia, nevertheless, some growth was provided by enterprises of heavy, agricultural and transport engineering

The diagram "Territorial structure of production of engineering products in 2001" shows the volume of growth in the engineering industry by region (see Appendix)

As a result of the implementation of measures to reform and restructure enterprises, the sectoral structure of mechanical engineering has somewhat changed.

In the total volume of industrial production, the share of products of the automotive industry, heavy, energy, transport, tractor, agricultural and road-building machine-building increased, and the share of instrument-making, electrical, machine-tool and tool industries decreased.

In more detail, I would like to dwell on the aviation industry, since this sub-industry is closer to me (I work at the Kumertau aviation industrial enterprise)

The achievements of Russia as one of the leading aviation powers in the world are well known. The types of the first Russian aircraft created at the dawn of aircraft construction were distinguished by the originality of technical solutions, the fruitfulness of the design search for answers to the challenges of the early twentieth century. In the middle of the century, Soviet aviation certainly met the requirements of the time of harsh military tests, a powerful industrial base was created based on the unity of fundamental aviation science, a network of design bureaus, serial factories - manufacturers of non-class combat aircraft. Modern domestic aviation research and design schools have a high rating in international business circles and organizations, which creates favorable preconditions for the integration of the aviation industry into the global aerospace community. At the same time, significant efforts will be required from the aviation industry to maintain its status as one of the main manufacturers of aviation equipment and overcome the difficulties associated with the unprecedented size of the reduction in orders from traditional customers of the main production products and the deep crisis in effective demand for civil aircraft and new generation helicopters.

The aviation industrial complex is experiencing problems common to the entire industrial complex:

An acute shortage of financial resources,

Non-reimbursement of the costs of work in progress, which has acquired a chronological character of adjustments to the state defense order,

Excess of the accumulated arrears of ordering ministries of the annual amount of financing of enterprises,

weakening of human resources, etc.

At the same time, an objective analysis and forecasts of the development of the world market for military aviation, carried out by reputable international analytical centers, indicate an intensification of the competition between the leading countries-producers of military aircraft - the USA, Russia, Great Britain and France, moreover, in terms of production and sales in the world market. fighters, attack and jet training aircraft until 2007, the Russian firms "Sukhoi", "Mikoyan" and "Yakovlev" effectively compete with the firms "Boeing", "Dasso"

According to the data of the defense departments of the United States and Western European countries, Russia has retained a high level of critical technologies in the military aircraft industry, which is the basic prerequisite for maintaining the competitiveness of the domestic industry in the aircraft industry in general.

The domestic aviation industry, despite the difficult financial situation in the economy of the entire national economic complex, has managed to maintain its leading positions and high scientific and technological potential with a minimum level of state support. It is the largest among the defense industries in terms of such indicators as the number of highly qualified personnel, the cost of fixed assets of enterprises, the volume of production and sales of products (about 40% of the total output of the military-industrial complex)

In 2000, with a decline in production of 5.2% in the industry as a whole, the volume of goods and services of the aviation industry increased by 8.1% compared to 1999. Positive trends in the aviation industry continued following the results of the first half of 2001: the largest growth in the output of goods and services among the defense industries was achieved in the aviation industry by 40%, while the average growth across all industries was about 10%.

These data testify to the viability of the aircraft industry, the possibility of economic recovery and, ultimately, the preservation of Russia's status as the world's leading aviation power.

In the aviation industry, which traditionally included the production of light aircraft, heavy aircraft and helicopters, special equipment (aircraft weapons systems), aggregate, engine and instrument making, the most real organizational, financial and economic gaps arose with the liquidation of sectoral ministries and are still not completely overcome between the three main sectors - research, design and manufacturing. At the same time, the world practice of creating technically complex and highly capital-intensive aviation complexes has led to the need to use the so-called commercial approach not only in relation to the tasks of creating civil aviation equipment, but also when creating combat aviation systems. The main requirement of this approach is the existence of a single legal entity with full responsibility for design, development, certification, production and after-sales services.

In order to overcome the disunity between design organizations and serial factories, the Ministry of Economy developed, and the Government of the Russian Federation in 1998 approved by its special resolution the "Concept for restructuring the domestic aviation industry", the main idea of ​​which was that on the basis of coordinated actions of federal and regional management, the aircraft building enterprises themselves, create the necessary conditions for the integration of existing enterprises into large corporate structures. Currently, programs are underway to create four main independent corporations - "Ilyushin", "Tupolev", "Sukhoi" and "Mikoyan"

Among the holding companies and second-tier corporations should be noted Aviapriborholding OJSC, Aerospace Equipment Corporation, Technocomplex Corporation, and the NK Engines financial and industrial group.

The formation in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation "On the further development of integrated complexes" of the interstate aircraft building corporation "Ilyushin", which includes OJSC "AK im. S.V. Ilyushin ", VASO," Tashkent aviation software "

A decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 30, 1999 N720 was issued on the integration under the patronage of the state into the Tupolev company of two main enterprises creating the intellectual and material property of this brand of aircraft ANTK im. A. N. Tupolev and JSC Aviastap. When implementing the resolution, not only the contradictions and disunity between the developer and the manufacturer are overcome, but control is restored by the state over the activities of the Ulyanovsk aviation-industrial complex, the largest in Russia (at present, the state's share in JSC Aviastar is only 6.69%), as well as the state's control over the development of strategic aviation systems, carried out by the team of the A.N. A.N. Tupolev

In the aircraft industry, the most advanced work on the implementation of integrated structures in the defense industry, provided for by the Federal Target Program ("Restructuring and Conversion of the Defense Industry for 2001-2005" (for example, in aircraft and helicopter construction, the integration of six companies created at the first stage into two or three) ; transformation of the created structures into intersectoral ones, transformation of sectoral management bodies into forms adequate to the new structure of the industry

More details about the prospects for the development of the airline will be covered in the next chapter.

3 Prospects for the development of the industry

Now it is obvious to everyone that Russia is in a severe crisis. It is impossible to get out of it without giving, first of all, a realistic assessment and without revealing the reasons for the country's stay in permanent reproductive collapse.

As many economists rightly point out, the Russian government all these years, contrary to the facts, has diligently avoided the concept of "crisis", constantly repeating about "stabilization" and "signs of growth." Preferring to talk about “stabilization”, the RF Government recognized the crisis only in certain areas: “non-payment crisis”, “budget crisis”, “financial crisis”, etc.

Without considering the crisis comprehensively, the government underestimated the situation, did not conduct a deep analysis that would allow to fully understand the causes of the crisis and further develop a system of interconnected comprehensive measures to overcome the economic deadlock

For quite a long time, the analysis of the state of affairs in the Russian economy was usually associated with the assessment of finances, money circulation, and securities markets. And this is determined by the growing role of the financial environment in the functioning of economic relations both in the domestic and in the world context. A series of financial crises that have erupted most recently in various regions of the world have sharply contributed to the growth of general interest in the financial environment. In this regard, there is a significant shift in the initial data of the analysis of economic life. The real sector of the economy somewhere no longer seems to be ahead, and a deceptive impression is formed that the exceptional power and development of the financial sphere make states and their peoples rich and prosperous

However, the backbone of any economy is industry.

The strategy for the development of this industry for the medium term provides for the introduction of the latest foreign technologies with the possibility of importing equipment, the gradual accumulation of experience in its production at our own facilities, and then the development of domestic priority technologies. At the same time, Russian mechanical engineering under favorable market conditions will develop in the following directions:

1) production of modernized machines and equipment for enterprises with obsolete, but still functioning technological lines;

2) production (including assembly) of science-intensive products on imported equipment with the involvement of various forms of foreign capital;

3) participation in projects involving the production of technologically complex components for equipment manufactured by foreign firms abroad (inclusion of Russian technologies in the international system of technological cooperation);

4) targeted development of individual industries for the production of equipment for high technologies both on imported and on our own technological base

However, only a part of the capacities of the existing machine-building complex, which is mainly concentrated in the regions of the European part of the country, including the Urals (92% of the total production of the industry in 2002), can ensure the solution of the above programs. Thus, in the medium term, the priority in the development of mechanical engineering will remain with the old industrial regions of the west and center of the European part of Russia.

The positive dynamics of demand on the domestic market for machinery and equipment, which manifested itself in 1999, will continue in the coming years. At the same time, such an increase in exports of some types of engineering products should be expected. The import of a certain part of machinery and equipment, due to the limited potential of import substitution of domestic engineering, will remain at the achieved level. A significant structural shift in the volume of sales of products in the domestic market as a result of the import substitution factor is expected for passenger cars. On the world market of machinery and equipment, Russia acts as a supplier of a narrow range of specialized products, primarily military equipment and certain types of power equipment. Development of Russian exports of machinery and equipment in the forecast period until 2005. can happen with the strengthening of the tendencies of the economy and the recovery of the economies of the CIS countries. At the same time, an increase in the export of Russian heavy and general engineering products should be expected to expand the export of engineering products to developing countries, which is of particular importance in the formation of cooperation in the framework of technical assistance. The potential for Russian exports of weapons and military equipment remains very significant. The successful promotion of this product group on the world market will be achieved by effective political and economic support from the state. The implementation of domestic scientific and technical projects for organizing the production of science-intensive machine-building products can contribute to a significant increase in exports, the income from which can serve as a fairly significant source of investment in the industry.

One of the most important and real sources of attracting investment in industrial sectors in modern conditions is international cooperation, and the aviation industry provides up to 2/3 of the volume of exports of defense industries, both in the area of ​​civilian products and in the area of ​​aircraft weapons and military equipment.

The tendencies of globalization and internationalization, which have noticeably intensified after the collapse of the former geopolitical system, have primarily affected the expensive market for high-tech aviation products.

In the short term, the competitive environment of this market will be driven by such trends as sales of aircraft and helicopters of previous generations and their modifications to third world countries, development of new projects as a result of joint efforts of several companies from several countries to reduce risks

There is also a tendency when, while supporting the aspirations of Western aircraft manufacturers to hinder Russia's access to world technologies and undermine the competitiveness of Russian exports, the governments of these countries allow the export of military aircraft to regions previously closed for export (supplies to Taiwan, Latin America). In this regard, as well as other circumstances (significant monopolization in the markets of civil aviation equipment, economic difficulties and the following limited opportunities for export credit, the requirements of most countries - potential importers for certification of domestic civil aviation equipment for compliance with American or Western European requirements), it is necessary to activate the state regulation in the field of export-import operations with aviation equipment, elimination of the unproductive competition that still exists between domestic aircraft manufacturers and intermediary trading companies, ensuring greater political state support in promoting domestic equipment to world markets and balanced measures to protect the interests of domestic manufacturers in the domestic market

The aviation industry in Russia is capable and should become one of the main "locomotives" of the revival of our economy, become a point of growth. However, this requires the implementation of a balanced and consistent industrial policy, to a measure of flexibly adapted to changing external conditions, but not missing the main goal - the preservation and development of the high-tech industry to ensure the issues of defense sufficiency, safe operation of aviation equipment, effective competition in the open aviation community. ... The stabilization and development of enterprises of the Russian aviation industry is possible with the implementation of a set of necessary, deeply thought out and specific measures affecting both issues of government support for aircraft construction and issues related to the responsibility of the FSVT of Russia, the IAC and the Ministry of Trade of Russia

In order to provide state support for the Russian aviation industry and stimulate sales of domestic aircraft, the Ministry of Economy of Russia, at the suggestions of the leading institutes of the aviation industry, leading design bureaus specializing in the creation of civil and military aviation equipment, has developed and submitted to the Government a package of legislative and other regulatory legal documents providing:

Introduction of a number of tax incentives for Russian leasing companies and banks financing the acquisition of domestic aircraft (exemption from tax on road users, partial exemption from income tax, etc.);

Reducing the amount of state duty for registration of aircraft mortgage agreements;

Exemption from VAT on imported components of foreign production for domestic aircraft, provided that the imported components do not have Russian counterparts;

Exemption from customs duties on previously exported domestic aircraft and imported back by Russian airlines on the terms of temporary import;

Raising the limit of state guarantees for leasing projects for domestic aircraft to 85%

The adoption of these documents will provide effective government support for the aviation industry, as well as for specialized leasing companies, as it contains deeply thought-out and professionally prepared economic measures to support the system of development, production and supply of aviation equipment.

Conclusion

The urgent needs of the national economy, caused by the need for minimum support of the technological level in the machine-building complex, determine the priorities of the structural and investment policy in machine-building. It is required to normalize the investment process by restoring demand for equipment and interregional cooperation ties. It is especially important to revive the demand for equipment in the basic, life-supporting sectors of the national economy. As a result, it will be possible to revive the most backward branches of mechanical engineering with an undeveloped structure of production.

In the context of a decline in production in the engineering industries, it is advisable to limit purchases abroad of equipment, analogues of which are produced or may be produced in Russia. This will increase the utilization of production capacities and may, in connection with the supply of a number of types of component parts and equipment, restore broken production and cooperation ties with the neighboring countries and the former CMEA countries. At the same time, state support is needed for those subsectors of the machine-building complex (primarily defense), whose production capacities allow for the technical re-equipment of the country's production apparatus.

To implement the country's structural and investment policy, it is necessary to concentrate significant funds on priority areas. But the volume of capital investments formed at the expense of enterprises' own funds is currently limited as a result of rising prices for investment resources and because of the catastrophic financial situation of the enterprises themselves. Private investment is one of the additional sources of investment in domestic machine building. However, the possibility of attracting private investment is limited by the narrowness of the areas for investment. According to some estimates, the investment attractiveness of mechanical engineering is generally low, while the rating of industries with an export-oriented raw material orientation is at a high level. At the same time, large-scale attraction of funds from private (domestic and foreign) investors in such sub-sectors as agricultural engineering and mechanical engineering for processing agricultural products in the near future is generally unlikely.

Therefore, the main burden of maintaining the viability of mechanical engineering for the basic sectors of the national economy falls on the shoulders of the state.

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