Non-union sentences as a type of complex connection. Non-union complex sentences. Scheme for parsing a complex non-union sentence

Short story studying non-conjunctive complex sentences in linguistic literature. Differential characteristics of a non-union complex sentence as a special independent structural and semantic unit of language.

The main means of connecting predicative parts in a non-conjunct complex sentence: lexical material as the most important means of expressing and implementing syntactic relationships between the parts of a non-conjunct complex sentence; intonation, its varieties when expressing various semantic-syntactic relations in a non-union complex sentence; other means of communication and expression of syntactic relations in the structure of a non-conjunctive complex sentence. Non-Union complex sentences homogeneous and heterogeneous composition. Non-conjunctive complex sentences with differentiated and undifferentiated relations between their constituent predicative parts: criteria for distinguishing structures with differentiated and undifferentiated relations; private varieties of non-union complex sentences with differentiated and undifferentiated relations; punctuation design of non-union complex sentences depending on the nature of differentiation or non-differentiation of the relationships between their component parts. Studying non-conjunctive complex sentences at school.

A non-conjunctive complex sentence is a phenomenon of the syntactic system, largely unknown to science. This is largely due to the fact that for a long time attention was paid to the facts of a codified literary language, which was identified with the literary language in general. Meanwhile, the sphere of existence of a complex non-union sentence is predominantly spoken language.

In a codified literary language, the main type of complex sentence is the conjunction. In scientific and business speech, non-union complex sentences are almost never used; only a few of their types are allowed here. Non-union complex sentences are more widely represented in fiction, mainly in such areas that directly imitate spoken language (in dramatic works and in the speech of characters in fiction), as well as in journalistic works with an emphasis on loose speech. Non-union complex sentences are widely and uniquely used in poetic speech.

In a colloquial language, in many cases, the non-union design of a complex sentence is the norm, while for a codified literary language it represents a deviation from the norm, permissible only in limited speech areas. Thus, non-conjunctive complex sentences corresponding to pronominal-correlative complex sentences of a codified language are consistently and regularly formed in spoken language without conjunctions and correlative words: He walked with us in the forest / will study in his class (cf.: The one who is with us in the forest walked, will study in his class); – Is he sleeping soundly with you? - He is sleeping / impossible to wake up (cf.: He sleeps so soundly that... or He sleeps so that...); It was raining / we were soaked to the skin (cf.: It was raining so much that...)

Not a single one in the colloquial speech sphere of a codified literary language represents the entire variety of non-union complex sentences that exist in spoken language.

There are many examples of them that are realized only in spoken language. These are, for example, non-union complex sentences, equivalent to complex sentences with a substantive clause: And this is that doll / did you bring from the GDR? (= which you brought from the GDR), Give me the shirt / I go to the theater (= the shirt in which...).

The functioning of non-union complex proposals mainly in the field spoken language explained by the specifics of their formal and semantic organization. In non-union complex sentences, the semantic relationships between the parts do not have explicit expression and must be extracted by the addressee of the speech from the content of the parts, relying on the fund of general knowledge of the listener and speaker. In conditions when the speaker and the addressee of speech are in direct contact and the speaker can constantly monitor the understanding of what he said, and, if necessary, correct misinterpretations, non-union complex sentences turn out to be an economical and therefore convenient construction.

Until the 50s of our century, the prevailing view in science was that non-union complex sentences were considered not as a special syntactic structure, but as sentences with “omitted” conjunctions. With this view of non-union proposals, the task of studying them was reduced to subsuming certain non-union proposals under the types of union ones; there was no need for a special study of their structure.

Since the 50s, a fundamentally new view of non-conjunctive complex sentences has become widespread, which is based on the recognition of non-conjunctive sentences as a special structural and semantic class of a complex sentence. This recognition entailed the abandonment of the traditional assimilation of non-union sentences to allied ones and the development of a classification of non-union sentences based on the specifics of their structure and semantics. The classification of N. S. Pospelov is the most famous.

He based the division of non-union complex sentences on a consistently applied semantic criterion. Among non-union sentences, two main types are distinguished: 1) sentences of homogeneous composition, the parts of which are of the same type in semantic terms and equally relate to the whole they form; 2) sentences of heterogeneous composition, parts of which are of different types in semantic terms and represent different aspects of the whole they form. Within these types, particular varieties are distinguished, also based on the nature of the semantic relationships between the parts of a complex sentence. Among sentences of homogeneous composition, a distinction is made between sentences with the meaning of enumeration and with the meaning of comparison. Among sentences of heterogeneous composition, sentences with the meaning of conditionality, cause-and-effect, explanatory, explanatory and connecting are distinguished.

This classification is important stage in the study of non-conjunctive complex sentences. However, it is not aimed at studying its formal organization. Meanwhile, non-conjunctive complex sentences are sentences with a specific formal organization, and therefore their classification must be built taking into account formal differences, as is done when classifying conjunctive complex sentences.

In non-union complex sentences, as in allied ones, predicative constructions are combined into one sentence in order to establish certain semantic relationships between these predicative constructions. In allied complex sentences, the main means of combining predicative constructions into one sentence and expressing certain meanings are conjunctions and allied words. In non-union complex sentences there are no conjunctions or allied words. Consequently, in order to understand the syntactic structure of non-union complex sentences, it is necessary to answer the following questions: with the help of what linguistic means are predicative constructions combined, what semantic relations exist between them, how are these relations expressed? The answers to these questions in different linguistic directions have been ambiguous. A. M. Peshkovsky believed that the functions of conjunctions and allied words in non-union complex sentences are performed by a certain intonation. It was argued that by the type of intonation one can distinguish between composition and subordination in non-conjunctive complex sentences and various kinds specific meanings: in the sentence Called yourself a milk mushroom - get into the back, the intonation corresponds to the subordinating conditional conjunction if (If you called yourself a load of milk, then get into the back), in the sentence Try it on seven times - cut it off once, the intonation corresponds to the coordinating adversative conjunction but (Try it on seven times, but one cut once).

Another understanding of the syntactic structure of a non-union complex sentence was proposed by N. S. Pospelov. Like A.M. Peshkovsky, N.S. Pospelov believed that intonation in a non-union sentence can express certain semantic relationships between predicative constructions, but these relationships are different from those expressed by conjunctions and allied words. N. S. Pospelov identified non-union complex sentences of homogeneous and heterogeneous composition, which did not coincide with the concepts of composition and subordination in the union type. If for A. M. Peshkovsky the sentence I see: the forest is over was a non-union complex sentence with explanatory relations, then N. S. Pospelov finds explanatory relations in this sentence. In “Russian Grammar”-80 it is proven that intonation cannot express certain semantic relationships between predicative constructions at all. From this it is concluded that in non-conjunctive complex sentences there is no syntactic means of connecting parts, and, therefore, non-conjunctive complex sentences are not a syntactic unit at all, but a simple sequence of sentences in the text.

So, can or cannot intonation express semantic relationships between predicative constructions, combining them into one sentence? Wed. : 1) He went into the bakery: he needed to buy bread and 2) *He went into the bakery: a nightingale was singing in the grove. It is clear that in (1) there are causal relations between predicative constructions. Let us assume that this meaning is conveyed by a special causal intonation. Then it would be logical to expect that in sentence (2) causal relations can be expressed using the same intonation. However, no matter how you intonate this sentence, it is impossible to comprehend the reason in it. In order to establish causal relations in such a sentence, an appropriate conjunction is necessary; Wed : He went into the bakery because a nightingale was singing in the grove. This, of course, is a very strange, unnatural reason, but the union does not allow us to doubt that the predicative constructions are connected by causal relationships. Thus, intonation cannot establish semantic relationships between predicative constructions. From this conclusion it follows new question: How is sentence (1) conceptualized as a sentence with causal relations? These relationships are determined by the very content of predicative constructions, i.e., by their meaning, which is formed by the vocabulary that fills these syntactic structures: the lexical semantics of the words bakery and bread is such that it “suggests” causal relationships. In sentence (2) there are no real, obvious connections between the words bakery and nightingale, so sentence (2) is meaningless.

Does this mean that in a non-conjunctive complex sentence there really are no syntactic devices and, therefore, a non-conjunctive complex sentence is not a syntactic structure? No, it doesn't mean that. Intonation in a non-conjunct complex sentence is still a syntactic means that forms a non-conjunctive complex sentence as a special syntactic unit, only the functions of intonation are not those that were attributed to it by A. M. Peshkovsky and N. S. Pospelov. Which ones? Firstly, intonation connects predicative constructions into one complex sentence. Secondly, intonation is a syntactic signal with the following function: find semantic relationships between predicative constructions in the content of predicative constructions. Naturally, it is possible to use the semantic-syntactic structure of a non-union complex sentence only when the content of predicative constructions makes it possible to easily detect certain semantic relationships between them.

So, one of the possible definitions of a non-union complex sentence, which we will follow in the future, is this.

A non-union complex sentence is a complex sentence in which, with the help of intonation, two (or more) predicative constructions are combined into one whole with the purpose of intonationally activating the semantic relationships inherent in the content of these predicative constructions.

Depending on the nature of intonation, the degree of activation of semantic relations can be different, which is conveyed in writing by such punctuation marks: semicolon, comma, dash or colon. Compare this series of sentences: The sun has risen. The day begins. - The sun rose; the day begins. - The sun has risen, the day begins. – The sun has risen and the day begins. This series shows different degrees of activation of semantic relations between predicative constructions: it is zero with a period, weak with a semicolon, medium with a comma and strong with a dash (in other cases - with a colon). Behind each of the signs there is a special intonation: with a period there are two sentences, that is, two predicative constructions with the intonation of completeness; with a comma (and semicolon), most often there is an intonation of incompleteness, but not clearly expressed; with a dash or colon there is a clear intonation incompleteness. The difference in intonation between a period, a comma and a dash (or colon) is clearly heard by every native speaker, distinguished and reproduced in their speech. Only bright intonation can reliably activate semantic relationships between predicative constructions. Therefore, the core of non-conjunctive complex sentences consists of non-conjunctive complex sentences with bright intonation.

The structure of non-union complex sentences can be open or closed. In non-union, as well as allied, complex sentences with an open structure, the number of predicative constructions is quantitatively indefinite; there is always the possibility of continuing this series; Wed : The days have become shorter, the leaves on the trees have turned yellow, it rains often - The days have become shorter, the leaves on the trees have turned yellow, it rains often, the swallows have already flown to warmer climes.

In open, non-union complex sentences there is a special enumerative intonation. Its distinctive feature is the emphasized identical intonation of all predicative constructions, except for the last one, which is pronounced with a descending intonation of completion - the intonation of a period.

Enumerative intonation can manifest itself only in non-union complex sentences with more than two predicative constructions, otherwise the same intonation is not detected, since the last predicative construction is pronounced, as just said, with the intonation of a period. Enumerative intonation makes us discover in the content of predicative constructions that general thought, the idea for the sake of which these constructions are combined into one whole.

It is clear that the given non-union complex sentence activates the thought of the coming autumn. Sometimes the general idea uniting an open enumeration series finds expression in a special predicative construction:

Drive away a living boat with one push

From sands smoothed by the tides,

Rise in one wave into another life,

Feel the wind from the flowering shores,

Interrupt a dreary dream with a single sound,

Suddenly revel in the unknown, dear,

Give life a sigh, give sweetness to secret torments,

Instantly feel someone else’s as your own,

Whisper about something that makes your tongue go numb,

Strengthen the fight of fearless hearts -

This is what only a select few singers possess,

This is his sign and crown (Fet).

In non-union complex sentences with enumerative relations, a coordinating conjunction can be used and:

Sister of flowers, friend of roses,

Look into my eyes,

Bring life-giving tears

And plant a song in your heart (Fet).

The bright enumerative intonation in writing in open enumerative non-conjunct complex sentences is conveyed by a comma.

The structure of closed non-union complex sentences is binary. Bright intonation, which activates the search for semantic relationships in such sentences, is conveyed either by a dash or a colon. The choice of one of these signs depends on the nature of semantic relationships in closed structures and is regulated by the current rules of punctuation.

Semantic relations in non-union complex sentences of a closed structure can be described in different ways, in different terminological systems. One of the possible ways is to present these relations in a terminological system, the basis of which would be the terms used to describe the semantic relations in a conjunctive closed type of complex sentence: adversative, explanatory, causal relations, etc. With this approach, in non-conjunctive complex sentences of a closed type structures must distinguish between two types of semantic relations: differentiated and undifferentiated.

Differentiated relationships are those that require one term to describe them. If this term is common with the one used to define semantic relations in the conjunction type, then it clearly follows that the relations in the conjunction and non-conjunctive complex sentences are identical: cf. : I knew: he wouldn’t come - I knew that he wouldn’t come (explanatory relationships).

Undifferentiated relationships are those that simultaneously require a number of terms to describe them; Wed : The session ends - we’ll go to a sports camp - in this sentence the relationship is temporal-effect-causal (When the session ends, we’ll go to a sports camp; The session ends, and, therefore, we’ll go to a sports camp; Since the session ends, we’ll go to a sports camp ). Such relations are called undifferentiated because in this semantic complex a number of differentiated relations are merged into one undifferentiated whole. It should be emphasized that the identification of undifferentiated relations as a special type is justified only if one relies on a terminological system to describe semantic relations in the union type. Nothing prevents us from choosing another way of description: creating a number of special terms to describe what is here called undifferentiated relations. The advantage of a description highlighting differentiated and undifferentiated relations is that this approach allows us to consider non-union and allied complex sentences in one system and on the same basis.

An independent structural and semantic type of complex sentences, the predicative parts of which are interconnected intonationally and in meaning.

Specifics:

1) predicative parts are not connected by formal means. There are no conjunctions or allied words in them.

2) The semantic relationships between predicative parts often turn out to be ambiguous and blurred. Therefore, in non-union complex sentences, syncretism of meaning is often observed. That is, the same non-union sentence can express different semantic relationships.

According to their structure, non-conjunctive complex sentences are divided into 2 groups. Non-union complex sentences of homogeneous composition and heterogeneous composition.

Offers of a homogeneous composition are characterized by:

1) the predicative parts are grammatically and meaningfully equal.

2) General modal time plan.

3) Predicative parts are connected using enumerative intonation.

4) In a letter, either a comma or a semicolon is placed between predicative parts

The sea sings, the city hums.

Offers of heterogeneous composition:

1) semantic diversity of predicative parts.

2) Possible different grammatical formats of predicative parts.

3) Availability different types intonation.

4) From a punctuation point of view, either a colon or a dash is used.

I'm leaving for Africa - we won't see each other for a long time.

Non-union proposal of homogeneous composition. Comma when enumerating relationships:

1) if the parts of a non-conjunctive complex sentence indicate simultaneously or sequentially occurring events. The horses started moving, the bell rang, and the wagon flew off.

2) Semicolon: if the parts of a non-conjunctive complex sentence are loosely related to each other in meaning or if the parts of a non-conjunctive complex sentence are significantly common and have commas inside them. There is a forest in front of them; the pines are motionless in their frowning beauty; the bushes and rapids are all covered in snowstorms, immersed deep in the snow; there is no road

Colon

1) if the second part names the reason for what is said in the first half of the sentence. I'm sad, I don't have a friend with me.

2) If the second part of a non-union complex sentence explains or reveals the content of the first part. A strange incident happened at the fair: everyone was filled with rumors that a red scroll had appeared between the carts.

3) For explanatory relationships between parts, you can insert an explanatory conjunction namely.

4) If the second part of the sentence complements the content of the first part of the sentence, as indicated by the verbs see, look, hear, know, feel. I raised my head and saw: a miller’s wife was sitting on an overturned boat in front of the fire, talking to the hunter.

In some sentences these verbs may be omitted, but they can always be restored. I went to the window: it was already dawn.

1) when the second part of a non-conjunctive complex sentence is opposed to the first part. I would be glad to serve, but listening is sickening. The rank followed him - he suddenly left the service.

2) If the second part is non-union complex. The sentence contains a consequence, a conclusion from what is said in the first part of the sentence . The key is lost - break the door.

3) If the first part denotes the time or condition of the action mentioned in the second part. If he wants, he will tell you himself.

4) The second part of a non-conjunctive complex sentence contains a comparison with the controversial part, comparative relations arise .look at it and give it in rubles.

5) If parts of a non-conjunctive complex sentence depict a rapid change of events. The cheese fell out, there was a trick with it

As a rule, it consists of three predicative parts. More often, the second and digging parts form a semantic and intonation unity and together refer to the sperm part of the sentence. Everything was empty: some died, others left. Much less often, the first and second parts form a semantic unity. The snow is already melting, streams are flowing: spring is blowing through the window.

In Russian there are complex polynomial sentences with various types communications. Three types of connections can occur in one sentence: coordinating, subordinating and non-conjunctive, although only two are more common: coordinating and subordinating, non-conjunctive and coordinating.

Related information:

I. A. From the sentences given below, write down those whose action is currently taking place, underline the predicates and translate the sentences into Russian
I. A. From the sentences given below, write down those whose action is currently taking place, underline the predicates and translate the sentences into Russian

TOPIC IV

PUNCTUATION IN NGN

In SPP, the subordinate clause is separated from the main clause by a comma. In addition to the comma in the IPP, a dash sign is possible between parts:

a) with parallelism in the structure of predicative units ( What is the pop - such is the arrival);

b) in sentences of narrative-interrogative type (in multifunctional constructions): Are you sure – do you need this?

A non-conjunctive complex sentence is a type of complex sentence in which the main means of communication is intonation.

Until the 50s of the twentieth century, BSPs were not distinguished in syntactic science. They were considered as NGN and NGN with a missing conjunction. Therefore, the main method of analysis was the substitution of a union, subsuming it under the union type. In 1950, an article by N.S. appeared. Pospelov “On the grammatical nature and principles of classification of BSP” (“Issues of the syntax of SRL”). Pospelov said that the BSP should be considered independent structural type of joint venture , since not all BSPs correspond to specific union proposals. Example. We drove past the lake: ice growths were visible on its sloping shores. Colon = and we saw that... Pospelov said that it is possible to put in the BSP different signs punctuation depending on intonation. Examples. Morning will come, let's hit the road(comma for enumerative intonation). Morning will come - let's hit the road(dash). Semantics can be conveyed through intonation and formalized using different punctuation marks. In the same article, Pospelov gives an expanded definition: “BSP is such a complex sentence, the parts of which are grammatically formed, are combined into one whole not with the help of conjunctions and allied words, but directly by the relationship of the content of the sentences included in their composition, which is expressed by morphological and rhythmic-intonation means."

Differential features of BSP:

1) lack of lexical and grammatical indicators of connection (conjunctions and allied words);

2) the use of intonation as the main means of communication;

3) the use of morphological means as additional ones, helping to reveal the intonation pattern (the relationship between the types of tenses and modal-temporal plans of parts).

Pospelov offers the first classification of BSP, which is structural and semantic in nature.

*Pospelov’s work presents characteristics of the intonation pattern of the identified types.

2. Intonation-semantic classification of BSP(AG - Shvedova, Bryzgunova) Intonation features: tone of voice, location of pauses, stress, tempo of speech, rhythm.
Enumerative	Comparative	Conditioning	Explanatory
The uniformity of the rhythm, the melody of the pattern of the parts, the even increase in the tone of the voice at the end of each part, except the last.	Raising the tone of voice at the end of each part, except the last, symmetrical placement of stress in all parts of the structure on the reference words chosen for comparison.	Raising the tone of voice at the end of the first part, slight emphasis on one of the words of the second part	A warning lowering of the voice at the end of the first part, a difference in rhythm when pronouncing parts (the second part is always pronounced faster than the first).
The grass is green, the sun is shining.	We attacked, they defended.	If you like to ride, you also like to carry a sled.	I went home: the lesson was over.

Advantages of intonation-semantic classification: the description of intonation is clearly typified. Problem: intonation appears only in spoken speech, so it is difficult to analyze it in written text.

In modern textbooks on syntax, the main emphasis is not on the intonation pattern, but on the semantics of the BSP, which corresponds to intonation. V.V. Babaytseva notes that intonation is universal a means of connecting the parts of the BSP, and the semantic content of the parts is leading means of communication.

3 . Modern classification of BSP. Intonation-semantic types of BSP

I. Enumerative( , And ; )characterized by:

1) open structure;

2) the following intonation pattern: uniformity of rhythm and melody of the pattern of parts, even increase in the tone of voice at the end of each part, except the last;

a) simultaneity And ), flexible structure

The knives are knocking loudly, the dishes are clanking, the oil is sizzling in the pans.(A. Chekhov).

The forest lawn is all saturated with cold dew, insects are sleeping, many flowers have not yet opened their corollas(M.M. Prishvin).

b) sequences(synonymous with SSP with connecting conjunction And ), inflexible structure

The battle ended with an unknown outcome, the surviving fighters scattered to their ownparts (E. Simonov).

And the sky cleared from the sunset edge, the sun came out(V.M.Shukshin).

4) punctuation marks – comma, semicolon.

II. Comparative( , And - )intonational-semantic type characterized by:

1) closed structure;

2) the following intonation pattern: raising the voice at the end of each predicative unit, symmetrical stress in both parts on the reference words for comparison;

3) private semantic relations:

a) actually comparative A ), flexible structure

I am too old at heart - you are too young (M.Yu. Lermontov).

Half of the yard is in the shade, half is illuminated (I.A. Bunin).

b) adversative (synonymous with SSP with the adversative conjunction But ), flexible / non-flexible structure

Now let the wind rage, let the cold rage - we will endure, we will survive(G. Fedoseev).

4) punctuation marks - dash, sometimes comma.

III. Intonation-semantic type of conditioning ( - )characterized by:

1) closed structure;

2) the following intonation pattern: raising the voice at the end of the first predicative unit and a slight emphasis on one of the words of the second predicative unit;

3) private semantic relations:

a) cause-and-effect(synonymous with SPP with subordinate clause and conjunction So ; or synonymous with SPPs with subordinate reasons in the first part with conjunctions because , because), *if the reason is contained in the first part, then there is a dash between the parts, if the reason is in the second part, then there is a colon between the parts. The structure is inflexible

I'm dying - I have no reason to lie(I.S. Turgenev).

Suddenly men with axes appeared - the forest rang, groaned, crackled(N.A. Nekrasov).

b) conditionally investigative (synonymous with SPP with a subordinate adverbial clause, conditions with a conjunction if... then ), the structure is inflexible

If you hurry, you will make people laugh(proverb).

Walk down a dead street at noon and you won’t see a person(M.A. Sholokhov).

c) temporary (synonymous with SPP with adverbial adverbial clause, tense with conjunction When(in part 1) … That(in part 2), the structure is inflexible

We drove here - the buds on the trees were just blooming(V. Kozlov).

They plow the arable land - they don’t wave their hands(proverb).

4) punctuation mark - dash.

IV. Explanatory( : )intonational-semantic type characterized by:

1) closed structure;

2) the following intonation pattern: a warning lowering of the voice at the end of the first predicative unit, a difference in rhythm when pronouncing parts, that is, the second predicative unit is pronounced faster than the first;

3) private semantic relations:

a) explanatory(synonymous with SPP with adverbial adverbial, causative with conjunctions since, because in the second part), inflexible structure

I trust those who love: they are generous(K. Paustovsky).

Sometimes the horses sank up to their bellies: the soil was very viscous(A.A. Fadeev).

b) justification (SPP is synonymous with the union namely in the second part), inflexible structure

The outlines of objects changed sharply: they merged into a single, dark bulk(K. Paustovsky).

c) explanatory-objective(SPPs are synonymous with explanatory clauses, because they can contain a conjunction What between parts), inflexible structure

Imagine: I’m here alone, no one understands me...(A.S. Pushkin).

Samghin looked around: behind him, a girl was sitting on the sofa, crying bitterly.(M. Gorky).

4) punctuation mark - colon.

*** Special group inside explanatory-objective CSOs make up sentences in which, in addition to the conjunction What can be substituted phrases I saw that or I heard that . I looked around: along the partition there was a huge leather sofa. The structure is inflexible (the second part explains the first, therefore, within the framework of these semantic relations, they cannot be changed).

*The type of structure and the nature of semantic relationships correspond to a punctuation mark.

Academic grammars offer a similar, but more complex classification. This classification of BSP is presented in school textbooks, but in Shansky’s traditional textbook the emphasis is placed on the placement of punctuation marks, because conventionally this classification could be called Types of ZP in BSP? (BSP with a comma, BSP with a period and a comma, BSP with a dash and colon), and to characterize the types, a classification of general and particular semantic relations is already given. Most school exercises are devoted to the placement of punctuation marks in the BSP.

Not a single university textbook contains the task “put a punctuation mark.” But there are tasks like “explain the placement of punctuation marks.”

It turns out that the school is not justifiably shifting its emphasis; the reason for placing the punctuation mark is paramount.

But in the textbook by Babaytseva and Lekant, Razumovskaya it is proposed to go from intonation-semantic relations, and then put punctuation marks. The paragraphs are called “BSP with enumerative relations”, “BSP with determinative relations”, etc.

A complex sentence, the predicative parts of which are interconnected by their meaning and structure, by rhythmic and melodic means, without the help of conjunctions or relative words. They differ:

1) non-union complex sentences of homogeneous composition (with parts of the same type). According to the meanings they express (simultaneity or sequence of events, comparison or opposition of actions, etc.) and according to some structural features (enumerative intonation or intonation of opposition, uniformity of aspectual forms of predicate verbs, the possibility of inserting coordinating conjunctions), sentences of this type can be correlated with complex sentences. The white blanket has been thrown to the floor, the house is empty, Vera Nikandrovna is alone(Fedin). You are eager for war - we have strengthened peace(Bezymensky);

2) non-union complex sentences of heterogeneous composition (with different types of parts). According to the meanings they express (relations conditional! and, cause-and-effect, explanatory, etc.) and according to some structural features (intonation, the order of predicative parts with a single goal, the lexical composition of the first part, etc.) sentences of this type can be correlated with complex sentences proposals. fight alone - you can’t turn your life around(N. Ostrovsky). Sometimes the horses sank up to their bellies: the soil was very viscous(Fadeev). Fedor understood: it was about communication(Furmanov).

With this classification, transitional or intermediate types of non-conjunctive complex sentences are possible, not correlative with complex or complex sentences, for example, non-conjunctive sentences with explanatory relations. The weather was terrible: the wind howled, wet snow fell in flakes...(Pushkin).

Another classification of non-union complex sentences is based on different types of intonation as the most important formal aspect of their construction. Stand out:

1) enumerative sentences. Silk does not tear, damask steel does not fray, gold does not rust(proverb);

2) comparative sentences. Children store - winter eats(proverb);

3) sentences of conditionality. If you're afraid of wolves, don't go into the forest(proverb);

4) explanatory sentences. She imagined a picture: a fragile boat rushing downstream(Veresaev);

5) connecting sentences. The Russian intelligentsia grew and developed in absolutely brutal conditions - this is undeniable(Bitter).

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- An integral unit that performs a specific communicative task. The actual division of a complex sentence is carried out through intonation and the order of parts...
Syntax: Dictionary
- Sentences built on the basis of a combination of different syntactic connections and combining structures various types, characterized by: 1) different types of communication...
Syntax: Dictionary

"unionless complex sentence" in books

Complex assortment

From the book Blanks. Easy and according to the rules author Sokolovskaya M.

Lesson 6 Once you add a personal element to your business proposal, people begin to respond to that personal element rather than to the proposal itself.

From the book How to Survive Sharks by McKay Harvey

Lesson 6 Once you add a personal element to your business proposal, people begin to respond to that personal element rather than to the personal element itself.

Lesson 6 As soon as you bring your personality to your offer, people shift their attention to your personality and stop responding to your offer.

From the book How to Swim Among Sharks by McKay Harvey

Lesson 6 As soon as you bring your personality to your offer, people shift their attention to your personality and stop responding to your

COMPLEX SUPERSOCIETY

From the book On the Way to Supersociety author Zinoviev Alexander Alexandrovich

COMPLEX SUPERSOCIETY It is believed that Soviet Union was an empire. The word "empire", like all other sociological terms, is vague. But if the concept of empire includes the division into the metropolis and the colonies it exploits, then the Soviet Union was not an empire. It was

16.6. Complex matchmaking

From the book Stratagems. About the Chinese art of living and surviving. TT. 12 author von Senger Harro

16.6. Complex matchmaking “When I look at my twenty-year-old daughter, three things appear to me: insects, monsters and demons,” wrote Wu Woyao (1866–1910) in his famous novel “Rare Events of the Last Twenty Years.” Rare events include, in particular,

Difficult sentence

From the book Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation. Complete Academic Reference author Lopatin Vladimir Vladimirovich

Complex sentence in a complex sentence a comma between parts of a complex sentence (with connective, adversative, disjunctive, connecting and explanatory conjunctions) § 112 a comma is not placed if there is a common secondary

XLVII. Difficult sentence

From the book Handbook of Spelling and Stylistics author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich

XLVII. Complex sentence § 209. Conjunctions and allied words 1. When using conjunctions (coordinating and subordinating), not only their inherent lexical and grammatical meaning is taken into account, but also their stylistic coloring. Wed: 1) conjunctions used in colloquial speech: yes, yes and, either, and

Complex substance

TSB

Complex weave

From the book Big Soviet Encyclopedia(SL) author TSB

Complex resistance

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (SL) by the author TSB

Complex assignment

From the book Universal Reader. 2nd grade author Team of authors

Difficult assignment During the war years I had a friend. We jokingly called him a fur farmer. This is because he is a livestock specialist by profession and previously worked at an animal farm. Well, at the front, in our artillery division, he was a scout. Our fur farmer was very proud of his military

Complex image of hands

author Libin Viktor Vladimirovich

Complex image of hands Hands made of two or more homogeneous parts Double or triple hands symbolize increased activity in social sphere. The symbolic meaning of the geometric shape of the hands allows us to draw a conclusion about the content of social activity.

Complex image of legs

From the book Psychographic test: constructive drawing of a person from geometric shapes author Libin Viktor Vladimirovich

Complex image of legs Legs made of two or more homogeneous parts Legs consisting of several homogeneous elements indicate the enhanced nature of the activity symbolized by each geometric shape. The meaning of the legs in the drawing is associated with the general subject

The hardest thing

From the book Praise Me [How to stop depending on other people's opinions and gain self-confidence] by Rapson James

The most difficult thing is that Dave and Marianne are invented characters designed to simply and clearly show an example of conflict. However, the habit of reflexively defending ourselves is deeply rooted in us, and couples can again and again fall into habitual patterns of behavior that usually

Simple and complex

From the book GIRL FROM THE BOOK OF REVIEWS author Svobodin Alexander Petrovich

Simple and complex When communication with painting is just beginning, during your first visits to an art museum you get an idea of the comparative complexity of paintings. Landscapes and still lifes seem to you to be the simplest, so to speak, clear “at first glance”, almost

A unionless complex sentence (BSP) is a complex sentence, the parts of which are connected intonationally without the help of conjunctions and allied words. BSPs are often found in fairy tales, in fiction and colloquial speech, among proverbs and sayings.

The concept of a non-union proposal

In non-union complex sentences, the means of connecting sentences-parts of the BSP are:

intonation;
the order in which proposals are arranged within the BSP;
relationship between the aspect and tense of verbs in sentences.

In this way, BSPs differ from complex and complex sentences, in which conjunctions play this role.

Unconjunct sentences can consist of two or more simple or complex sentences, between which a comma, colon, dash or semicolon is placed, depending on the meaning.

Examples of non-union complex sentences with diagrams:

By evening it cleared up and the sun peeked out from behind the trees.

He walked around the room anxiously: he was haunted by the news that his friend had told him.

[…] : [[…],(which)].

If they call us, we’ll go and visit them.

Do not confuse BSP with simple sentences with a dash. In the BSP there are always two syntactic bases, expressed by the subject and the predicate or only the predicate. Examples: Moscow is capital of Russia(simple sentence). When evening comes, we'll talk (BSP).

Classification of non-union complex sentences by meaning

Simple sentences within the BSP can express different meanings. The main types of non-union sentences, as well as the rules of punctuation when writing them, are given in the table.

TOP 5 articleswho are reading along with this

*Meaning*	*What punctuation mark is used?*	*Rule*	*Examples*
Simultaneity, sequence, enumeration	comma, semicolon	A comma is placed if a conjunction can be placed between sentences in the BSP And. A semicolon is placed in cases where the sentences in the BSP are remote in meaning or widespread.	The mouse ran, waved its tail, and the egg broke. Andrey returned late; Masha was already asleep.
Contrasts (comparisons)		There is always a semantic opposition to something in a sentence; You can put conjunctions between simple sentences a, but.	One hour to study, one hour to play. The winner is ahead - the coward is behind
Time and conditions		The first sentence in the BSP indicates a time or condition; conjunctions can be placed in front of it if, when.	If you like to ride, you also like to carry sleds
Comparisons		Alliances can be created between parts of the BSP as if, as if.	If he gets angry, a thunderstorm will break out. Smile - the clouds will disperse.
Accessions		The second sentence expresses the connecting meaning and you can use the words before it like this, like this, like this; or the word is used This.	Bread is the head of everything - that’s what my grandmother taught. She was late again - this happened often.
Consequences		The second sentence expresses the meaning of the consequence; conjunctions can be placed in front of it so, as a result of which.	The phone rang - I was distracted from work. The guests arrived and we quickly set the table.
	colon	The second sentence expresses the meaning of the reason; it can be preceded by a conjunction because.	I woke up early: my sister woke me up. Sasha was in a hurry: she wanted to come first.
Explanations	colon	The second sentence explains the first, you can put conjunctions in front of it namely, that is.	He could only advise one thing: never give up. It was wonderful by the river: we lay on the warm sand and admired nature.
Add-ons	colon	The second sentence complements the first; it can be preceded by a conjunction What or combinations of words: and see that; and hear that; and feel that etc.	He noted: the girl has a beautiful dress. The man looked into the house: it was clean and cozy.

Complex non-conjunctive sentences are studied in Russian language lessons in 9th grade.

What have we learned?

We figured out which sentences are complex non-union sentences and what punctuation marks are placed in the BSP depending on their meaning.

In BSP, sentences are connected not by conjunctions or allied words, but by intonation, the order of sentences, and the relationship between the type and tense of verbs.
A comma, dash, colon, or semicolon can be placed between parts of the BSP.
BSPs can consist of simple and complex sentences.
There are BSPs with the meaning of condition, time, simultaneity, sequence, enumeration, comparison, addition, opposition, explanation, cause, effect, addition.

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