During or during: how to write correctly. Reference book on the Russian language Special group of nouns

One of the common cases where there is difficulty in choosing the correct spelling is "during" or "during". It is useful for everyone to know how to use such phrases in the text correctly, since even the Word program, most likely, will not help clarify the situation with the correct ending. The built-in spell checker will only be useful when typing "during" or "during" instead of "during".

In contact with

During - together or separately? The answer to this question is unambiguous. In any case, it is correct to write separately. This is where a text editor with a built-in spell checker will help, highlighting the continuous spelling as erroneous. However, automatic fix is ​​not always available. Therefore, it is easier to remember this rather easy rule that will help out under any circumstances.

Which ending is correct: "e" or "i"? There is no definite answer here. Both options are correct, but are used in different cases, as they differ in meaning. At the same time, automatic spell checking is powerless, because the spelling of the phrase both with the ending "and" and with "e" is not erroneous.

So you can find out for sure which ending should be written only by examining the phrase in the sentence.

Spelling in cases where you can ask the question "in what?"

Correct: with the ending "and".

These are two parts of speech: the preposition "in" and the noun, which is in the prepositional case. That is, the phrase answers the question "what?". The noun following the preposition in such cases can have any of the following meanings (for example, "flow" or "development"):

Scientists years later noticed changes (in what?) in the course of the river.

Doctors managed to achieve improvement (in what?) During the disease.

In addition, a noun can have dependent words with it, that is, for the purpose of checking spelling, the combination is easily separated by inserting an adjective into it. For instance:

In the (what?) rapid course of events, a regularity became noticeable.

Spelling when meaning "for some time" or "during"

Correct: with the ending "e".

This is a complex preposition, which is similar in meaning to the expressions "throughout", "in time" or "in time". Following the rules of the Russian language, the end of the combination with this meaning should always be written in the form of the letter "e":

During the lesson, the students studied the spelling of the adjective "tin" and made sentences with the word.

Over the past four years, they have vacationed at sea three times.

Two separate words form one part of speech (complex preposition), therefore, inserting something else between them without violating the meaning will not work. This feature can be used for verification purposes. So, for example, you cannot separate this stable combination by inserting an additional word in the following sentence:

He hadn't been able to catch the ever-elusive moment for a long time.

For comparison: between the preposition "in" and the noun "flow" you can insert the word "fast":

He once tried to capture a subtle moment (in what?) in the rapid passage of time.

Spelling in cases where you can ask the question "to what?"

Correct: with the ending "e".

Here, everything is in many ways similar to the case with the phrase with the ending "and". At the same time, the difference lies in the question to which the combination answers: “into what?” or "where?". These are the same two parts of speech: a preposition and a noun, but already in the accusative. Otherwise, there are no differences. The noun here can also be used in any sense (for example, "flow" or "stroke"):

The authorities became aware that industrial waste got into (into what?) along the river.

He noticed that (into what?) memories of the past conversation were constantly bursting into his thoughts.

In such cases, it is also possible for the noun to have dependent words. That is, to check the spelling, for example, an adjective is inserted in the middle of the combination, and the phrase will still make sense.

conclusions

Regardless of the semantic load and ending (“e” or “and”), the phrase is written separately. At the same time, the choice of the last letter at the time of writing is influenced by the meaning in the sentence, that is, belonging to one or two parts of speech.

Should be spelled with the ending "and", if:

• it answers the question "in what?", being a preposition and a noun;

The phrase must be written with the ending "e", if:

• it is similar in meaning to the expressions “during”, “during”, “during the time”, being a stable combination that is used as a complex preposition;
• it is impossible to put a word between the parts of the combination.

• the phrase answers the question “what?”, being a preposition and a noun;
• you can put a word between the parts of the combination.

To overcome errors in writing the endings of nouns, it is necessary to help students fully understand the rules for changing this part of speech.

Nouns change in numbers and cases, or decline. There are three types of noun declensions, which are characterized by different case endings in both singular and plural.

The 1st declension includes all nouns that have the endings -А, -Я in the nominative case of the singular. Basically, these are feminine nouns (MAMA, WATER, WILL) and only a very small number of masculine nouns (YOUNG, GRANDFATHER, UNCLE and a number of male names ending in -А, -Я: YURA, VOLODYA, SEREZHA, TOLYA, KOLYA , PETIA, FEDIA, BORYA, VANYA, etc.).

The 2nd declension includes all other masculine nouns that do not have endings in the nominative case (TABLE, SWORD, HORSE), as well as all neuter nouns (WINDOW, TREE, SUN, SEA).

The 3rd declension includes all feminine nouns ending in the nominative case with a soft sign (MOUSE, NIGHT, DOOR, SALT). Here are the case endings of nouns of all three declensions. In the future, we will have to refer to this table repeatedly.

As you can see, there are many options for endings. Our task is to help the child not get confused in all this diversity and teach him to clearly distinguish between those endings that he most often mixes up in writing. On the spelling of the remaining endings, his attention can not be fixed.

If we carefully look at the underlined words, we will see that in the nominative and accusative cases of all three declensions, the spelling of the endings does not raise any doubts: they are heard clearly and are written as they are heard. The same can be said about the genitive and dative cases of the second declension (nouns HOUSE, SEA). Therefore, we turn only to the “doubtful” endings of the genitive and dative cases of the 1st and 3rd declensions and the prepositional case of all three declensions mixed by students. (The instrumental endings will be dealt with separately, as they do not mix with the endings of these three cases.)

The first thing to do when analyzing the specific examples of declensions given below is to convince the child of the same endings of any nouns in each specific case of a specific declension. This will help him understand that there are no accidents here and that a solid knowledge of the rules for declension of nouns completely guarantees against erroneous spelling of their endings. In addition, it is necessary to draw the attention of a college or school student to the similarity of some case endings for nouns of different declensions, which will greatly facilitate his assimilation of this material. Attracting a child to music contributes to the development of language and speech.

Let us turn to specific examples of case endings mixed by Children.

Let's help the child understand the given examples. As you can see, in the genitive case in all three declensions, only AND or S are written (there is no rose, uncle, mouse, etc.) "there is never an ending E. For better visual memorization of the endings of this case, below are the words used only in the genitive case. Ask the child to read them not in columns, but in lines (rivers, hands, silence, wilderness ...), since each of the lines is given in an easy-to-remember rhythm.

The endings of this case will help to remember the following two lines:
There is no river, no puddle and no mouse.
Genitive case. Here And always we write.

It is also important to explain to students that prepositions are most often used with the genitive case Y (NEAR, ABOUT), FROM, TO, FROM.

In itself, the presence of these prepositions with nouns should help in “recognizing” the genitive case and choosing the appropriate endings (with the above prepositions, there can be no ending E, so you need to write “At the cell”, and not “At the cell”; “OT cells”, and not “FROM the cage”, “FOR the cage”, and not “FOR the cage”, “FROM the cage”, and not “From the cage”).
For better assimilation of prepositions used with the genitive case, we give easy-to-remember examples.

Was with aunt and uncle,
Went FROM aunt and FROM uncle,
He sang FOR aunt and for uncle.

Was with my sister
Came from my sister
Sang FOR SISTER.

Was at my mother's
Came from mom
Sang FOR MOM.

Get it for Zina
Mushroom FROM the basket.

Eat from a plate, from a bowl, from a bowl.
Knit me wool socks FOR a cat.

In the dative case in the nouns of the 1st declension, the ending E is always written (went to the rose, to the uncle), while in the nouns of the 3rd declension - And (went to the mouse, to the night).

In the dative case
The letter E is written
However, we will write
When we come to the MOUSE.

With the dative case, the preposition “K” is most often used, the mere presence of which indicates the need to write the ending E in this case, which, however, does not apply to nouns of the 3rd declension that have the ending I in this case.

I walked to the grove, to the river, to the clearing,
Went to the she-wolf, to the fox, to the monkey,
But he went to the furnace, to the embankment, to the mouse.
Why do we write "and" here?

In the prepositional case, in the names of nouns of the 1st and 2nd declension, the ending E is written (remembered about the rose, about the uncle, about the house), while in the nouns of the 3rd declension and in this case, I is always written (I thought about deer, about mice).

In the prepositional
Also spelled E
But again we will write
If we're talking about MOUSE.

The prepositional case is most often used with the prepositions O, B, HA:

0 home, about school, about gender
At home, at school, in the field
At home, at school, on the field.

In soot, in shoes, in the hole.

In the city, but in the hole,
In the room, but in shoes.

It is also necessary to draw the attention of children to the fact that some masculine nouns used with the prepositions В and КА, in the Igred case, have the ending U (in the closet, on the floor).

In the mouth, in the ditch, in the closet, in the corner.
In the meadow, on the closet, in the snow, on the floor.

trees in the forest,
clothes in closet,
Broom in the corner,
Broom on the floor.

hay in a stack,
stack on the meadow,
meadow on the shore,
Beach in the snow.

Thus, nouns of the 3rd declension in three cases at once (genitive, dative and prepositional) have the ending AND:

Speaking of MOUSE,
Everywhere And we write:
We don't have a mouse
We approach the mouse
And remember the mouse.

Naturally, the word MOUSE is taken here purely conditionally, as a symbol for designating all nouns of the 3rd declension ending in a soft sign (NIGHT, SPEECH, DOOR, etc.).
It is important to specifically draw the attention of children to the fact that in masculine nouns that also end in a soft sign (HORSE, DEER), but related not to the 3rd, but to the 2nd declension, E is written in the prepositional case: about horse, about deer, about seals, about drakes. For this reason, one should write: I think about laziness, about deer, but I think about deer, about seals.

In the third declension, where the MOUSE and LAZY are,
In three cases we write the letter I.
Tell me, does the DEER come here?
Look again carefully!

For better memorization (including visual) of the endings of the genitive, dative and prepositional cases, we give a number of examples of the same type:

R. I was with my aunt
E. Flowers gave aunt
P. And I thought about my aunt.

R. I was with my uncle,
D. The letter was written by uncle
P. And I remembered my uncle.

R. I haven't seen my sister for a long time.
D. I decided to go to my sister
P. Then he remembered his sister.

R. I missed my grandmother
D. I went to my grandmother
P. And I thought about my grandmother.
But:
R. It's not yet night
D. Case by night
P. I thought about the night.

R. I didn’t see deer
D. Approached the deer
P. I thought about deer.

Spelling of noun endings

In order to correctly write unstressed noun endings, in most cases (except for words ending in -IYA, -IE, -IJ), it is enough to determine which declension the word belongs to and see how words with stressed endings from the same declension are written in the same form.

When checking for the first declension, it is convenient to use the words GRASS, EARTH, for the second - WINDOW, ELEPHANT, for the third - STEPPE, CHAIN. In these words, all endings are stressed.

For example, we doubt what to write at the end of the phrase "BLOTS IN THE NOTEBOOK_". The word NOTEBOOK of the third declension. We substitute the test word "IN THE STEPPE". Therefore, it is necessary to write "BLOTS IN THE NOTEBOOK", with the letter AND at the end.

For feminine nouns ending in -Я, the ending -И is written in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases (ARMY - from ARMY, to ARMY, about ARMY; NATALIA - from NATALIA, to NATALIA, about NATALIA), for masculine nouns on -II and neuter in -IE in the prepositional case, the ending -I is written (SANATORIUM - about the HEALTH, CONSTELLATION - about the CONSTELLATION).

IN ADDITION, PAY ATTENTION TO THE FOLLOWING RULES DETERMINING THE SPRING OF SOME SPECIFIC NOUNS:

1. After the suffixes -UShK-, -YuSHK-, -YSHK-, -IShK- for feminine nouns and for animate masculine nouns, the ending -A is written, for example: ZIMUSHKA, PASSISTSHKA, KUPCHISCHKA, TRUSISHKA. For neuter nouns and inanimate masculine nouns, after these suffixes, the ending -O is written, for example: GORYUSHKO, GOLOSISHKO, MOLOCHISHKO, RUBLISHKO.

2. After the suffix -ISCH- for masculine and neuter nouns in the singular, the ending -E is written, and for feminine nouns - the ending -A. In the plural, after the suffix -ISCH-, for masculine and feminine nouns, the ending -AND is written, and for neuter nouns - the ending -A.

3. One-syllable nouns VIY and KIY have the ending -E in the prepositional case.

4. In personal names and surnames of Eastern origin, ending in -Я and having an accent on the last syllable, the ending E is written in the dative and prepositional case: letter Zulfiya, dream of Aliya (named after - Zulfiya, Aliya).

The exercise

Have you heard beyond the grove the voice of the night singer of love, the singer of your sorrows_? (A. Pushkin)

"Hey, shepherds, run here, beat me, beat me!" Shepherds with a cudgel on a wolf, a wolf - from them. The shepherds are running, wondering. The wolf went crazy_, he runs and shouts himself: “Catch up!”. (Chingiz Aitmatov, White ship)

Again I am on the big road_, poems_ free - a citizen, again in a nomadic lair_ I think I am alone. (P. Vyazemsky)

No pity_ for my deep longing. (E. Baratynsky).

In my memory there were no girlfriends of the old days. (E. Baratynsky)

He slowly climbed the stairs_, slowly entered the room among the respectfully parted public_ and, greeting his acquaintances, looked around the room inquiringly with his eyes. (I. Bunin)

“The servant of God Victor is betrothed to the servant of God Natalie_,” Father Vasily proclaimed even louder, almost singing, and, removing the rings from their hands and crossing them, put on each his own. (Sergey Babayan, Lord officers)

Happy is the one in whom the color of life will not be destroyed by the cold of life. (I. Klyushnikov)

The view of the earth is still sad, but the air is already breathing in spring, and the half-dead stalk sways, and stirs the branches with oil. (F. Tyutchev)

It’s impossible, dear sir, - we’re picking little by little, collecting pennies, maybe we’ll embroider the kids for milk, - said Filat Nikitich. (F. Reshetnikov, Between people)

Temperament, curiosity, strength - everything in his powerful nature prevents him from settling on the lands he has discovered, he gives them to others, and he himself hurries on. (Daniil Granin, Bison)

A golden cloud spent the night on the chest of a giant cliff; in the morning she rushed off on her way early, playing merrily across the azure. (M. Lermontov).

Sof_ Ivanovna really wanted to go, and we decided to entrust our fate to a nervous driver. (N. Taffy, Mountains)

Vasily Dimitrievich was married to Vitovt's daughter Sophie_: throughout his reign, he had to observe family relations and at the same time was on his guard against the attempts of his father-in-law. (N. Kostomarov, Russian history in the biographies of its main figures)

Whether you are in verse_ stormy, then gloomy, then bright. (F. Tyutchev).

In this excitement_, in this radiance_, all, as in a dream, I am lost standing; Oh, how willingly I would drown my whole soul in their charm. (F. Tyutchev).

And the tax farmer Mamontov was selling the same filthy wine as it was ten years ago, under Vasily Aleksandrovich Kokorev. (N. Leskov, Life of a Woman)

I'm bored, maidens, all alone in the room, sewing patterns with silver. (K. Aksakov)

In the house and in the neighborhood_, everything, from the yard girl_ to the yard dog_, ran away, seeing him (N. Gogol)

Fires flashed, rumpled bushes, black, still smoking ruins. (Yu. Dombrovsky, Monkey comes for his skull)

And the tired traveler grumbled at God: he languished thirsty and hungry, wandering in the desert for three days and three nights ... (A. Pushkin).

Behind the church, across the driveway, a concrete building was spread out, all in glass and aluminium. (Yu. Druzhnikov, Visa the day before yesterday)

I noticed, strengthened myself, and then suddenly, to my misfortune (or maybe fortunately!), As if out of the blue, the repairman galloped onto our little town_. (F. Dostoevsky, Polzunkov)

In thoughtfulness and in some senseless reasoning about the strangeness of his position, he began to pour tea (N. Gogol).

In fact, it was Skvorushk_, very young, yellow-mouthed: he did not even know that they did not eat such caterpillars, and was very proud of his prey. (Boris Zakhoder, Tales for people)

When do nouns end with -e, -i? and got the best answer

Answer from Nadeyka[guru]

Nouns of the first declension (country, drop, uncle, alley) in the genitive case have the ending -ы (-и), and in the dative and prepositional forms - e:

These words should not be confused with nouns in -ya, (Marya, Natalya, Sophia) which are declined according to the general rule and have the ending -e in the dative and prepositional forms: Mary, Natalia, Sophia, but: Mary, Natalia, Sophia; (o) Marya, (o) Natalia, (o) Sophia, but: (o) Mary, (o) Natalia, (o) Sofia.

4. Nouns in -y, -ye (genius, script, meeting, meeting) form a special variant of the declension and have the ending -i in the prepositional case: (about) geniuses, (c) scripts, (at) a meeting, (on) assembly. These words should not be confused with nouns in -ye (confusion, doubt, oblivion, grumbling), which are declined according to the general rule: (o) confusion, (o) doubt, (o) oblivion, (o) grumbling. Exception: in oblivion.


There are tables for this

Answer from Aydin Agaev[newbie]
b

Answer from Olga Somova[newbie]
After w, h, w, u are not written u, i, s, but written y, a, and, for example: miracle, pike, hour, grove, fat, sew.
The letters u and i are allowed after these consonants only in foreign words (mainly French), for example: jury, parachute (including in proper names, for example: Saint-Just), as well as in compound abbreviated words and alphabetic abbreviations in which, as a general rule, any combination of letters is allowed (see § 110).
§ 2. After q, the letter s is written in endings and in the suffix -yn, for example: birds, sheep and sheep?, cucumbers, white-faced, sisters, foxes, as well as in the words gypsies, chicken, tiptoe, tsyts (interjection) and in other words of the same root.
In other cases, after c is always written and, for example: station, cybik, mat, cymbals, zinc, medicine.
§ 3. After q, the letters u and i are allowed only in foreign proper names, for example, Zurich, Sventsiany.
§ 4. A. If after w, h, w, u is pronounced under the stress o, then the letter o is written:
About the rules of §§ 4-6:
“The presence of these rules is a forced necessity, caused by the special position of hissing and q in the phoneme system of the Russian language (their unpaired softness-hardness). The syllabic principle of Russian graphics is not able to dictate the spelling of e or o here.
V. F. Ivanova. Difficult spelling questions: A guide for teachers. - M.: Enlightenment, 1982.
In the endings of nouns and adjectives, for example: shoulder, knife, hut, shoulder, Fomich, cloak, boundary, rein, soul, candle, sling, alien, big.
In suffixes:
a) nouns:
-ok, for example: horn, cockerel, hook, borscht;
-onok, for example: a bear cub, a mouse, a jackdaw, a barrel;
-onk-a, for example: little book, shirt, little hand; also money;
b) adjectives:
-ov-, for example: hedgehog, penny, brocade, canvas;
-on (with a fluent o), for example: funny;
c) adverbs, for example: fresh, hot, general.
In genitive plural nouns, -ok, -on, for example: guts, princess.
In words (and in their derivatives): glutton, gooseberry, pulp, ratchet, slum, thicket, clink glasses, prim, Pechora, seam, rustle, blinders, in nouns: heartburn, burn, arson (cf. writing with -ёr in the past tense of verbs: burned, burned, set on fire); also in some regional and colloquial words, for example: zholknut, zazhora (and zazhor), zhokh, already (meaning "later", "after"), evening (meaning "last night"), chokh (for example, in the expression " does not believe in dreams or chokh"), adverb chohom.
Note. Foreign words are written according to pronunciation, for example: crucson, major, ramrod - ramrod, Chaucer (surname), but: gesture, tablet.
For the letter ё, see also § 10.
B. In all other cases, after w, h, w, u, the letter e is written under stress, although it is pronounced o, namely:
In verb endings -ё, -ёт, -ём, -ётe, for example: lie, lie, etc., bake, bake, etc.
In the verbal suffix -yovyva-, for example: obscure, migrate, also shade, migrate.
In the suffix of verbal nouns -yovk-,
for example: migration, demarcation.
In the suffix of nouns -ёr-, for example: conductor, retoucher, trainee, boyfriend.
In the passive participle suffix -yonn- (-yon-) and in words formed from such participles, for example: tense, tense, tension, tense; detached, detachment; softened, softened; simplified, simplicity; scientist, learning; crushed; burnt, burnt.
In words in the root of which o is pronounced under stress, alternating with e in other forms or in other words of the same root, for example: yellow (to turn yellow), hard (harsh), millstones (millstones), acorns (acorns), perch (poles ); cheap, cheap (cheaper), silk (silky), wool (woolen), lattice, lattice (sieve), purse (purse), whisper (whisper); shuttle (shuttle), bangs (brow), devil (devils), black (black), even (odd), tap dance

Answer from Ostrikov Gennady[newbie]
r p 1 skl -i 2 and 3i
d p ​​1st 2nd 3 ..
n n 1st 2nd 3-...

Answer from Natalia Laletina[active]
what

Answer from Bayram's love[active]
Speaking of nouns:
1 declension - masculine and feminine, endings in -а, -я. examples: mom, uncle, rainbow, dad
2nd declension - masculine gender with zero ending and neuter gender with endings -o, -e. examples: sun, wheel, house, garden
3rd declension: feminine with zero ending. examples: night, mouse, soot.

Answer from Danya Kapitonov[active]

Answer from Styopa Sadiokov[active]
Nouns ending in -iya (army, series, line, Maria) form a special variant of the declension, in the genitive, dative and prepositional forms they end in -i: !

Answer from Nastya Sivaeva[newbie]
written in the prepositional case 1 and 2 declension e a in 3 cleavage and

Answer from My name is Anna???[guru]
You know, Aida, there are two ways to determine the letter in the end of a noun. The first is to load up on theory. Here everything was correctly thrown at you: figure it out, but you can go the easier way: substitute keywords and determine the ending from them.
To noun. 1st declension - the words "EARTH, WALL"
To the noun of the 2nd declension - "WINDOW, LINEN"
To the essence of the 3rd declension - "FURNACE". For example, walking along the alley ... (on the ground) - along the alley
Well, you need to remember about the noun. , ending in Im. n. on -ia, ij, ie and noun. on me. In them, in all difficult cases, I is written! For example, I rested in a sanatorium (sanatorium)

Answer from Yeaina Kolesnikova[newbie]
there it depends on the declension ... if the noun is 1 elephant, then in the genitive case it is written I, in the dative E and in the prepositional E;
if there are 2 declensions, then E is written in the prepositional case;
well, all nouns of the 3rd declension are always and everywhere written I.

Answer from Sonia Abakumova[newbie]
Spelling endings
Noun endings
The spelling of the endings of nouns depends on what type of declension these nouns belong to. Mistakes in the choice of endings -е or -и do not occur in all case forms, but only in the forms of three cases: genitive, dative and prepositional.
Nouns of the first declension (country, drop, uncle, alley) in the genitive case have the ending -s (-i), and in the dative and prepositional forms - e:
R.
Country
Drops
Uncle-i
Alle-i
d.
Country
Drop-e
Uncle-e
Alle-e
P.
(About the country
(Oh) drop-e
(Oh) uncle
(About) alley
2. Nouns ending in -iya (army, series, line, Maria) form a special variant of the declension, in the forms of the genitive, dative and prepositional cases they end in -i:
R.
Army
series
Line-and
Mari-i
d.
Army
series
Line-and
Mari-i
P.
(About) army
(O) series
(Oh) line-and
» (0) Mari-i
These words should not be confused with nouns in -ya, (Maria, Natalya, Sophia) which are declined according to the general rule and have the ending -e in the dative and prepositional forms: Marya, Natalia, Sophia, but: Marya, Natalia, Sophia; (o) Marya, (o) Natalia, (o) Sophia, but: (o) Mary, (o) Natalia, (o) Sofia.
3. Nouns of the II declension in the form of the prepositional case have the ending -e: (in) the house, (on) the horse, (on) the table, (o) heat, (c) frost-e.
4. Nouns in -y, -ye (genius, script, meeting, meeting) form a special variant of the declension and have the ending -i in the prepositional case: (about) geniuses, (c) scripts, (at) a meeting, (on) assembly. These words should not be confused with nouns in -ye (confusion, doubt, oblivion, grumbling), which are declined according to the general rule: (o) confusion, (o) doubt, (o) oblivion, (o) grumbling. Exception: in oblivion.
5. Nouns of the III declension (sadness, night, rye, silence) in the forms of the genitive, dative and prepositional cases have the ending -i:
R.
Sad and
nights
Rzh-i
Tish-i
d.
Sad and
nights
rye
Tish-i
P.
(Oh) sad
(By the night
(In) rzh-i
(B) hush-e
6. The word way, as well as ten nouns with -mya (banner, flame, tribe, stirrup, etc.) are divergent and in the forms of the genitive, dative and prepositional cases have the ending -i:
R.
Put-and
Banners
flames
Tribes
d.
Put-and
Banners
flames
Tribes
P.
(On my way
(On) banners
(B) flames
(B) plsmsn-i
7. Proper names that name settlements, such as Kashin, Kalinin, Borodino, form a special form of the instrumental case of the singular following the model of nouns of the second declension and have an ending -om: Kashin, Kalinin, Borodino. These words should not be confused with proper names that call Russian surnames (Kashin, Kalinin, Borodin), which in the instrumental form have the ending -y: Kashin, Kalinin, Borodin.
8. Nouns like watch, dining room, ice cream, worker, formed from adjectives and participles, change according to the pattern of qualitative adjectives. Nouns such as forester, draw, third - modeled on possessive adjectives with the suffix -ij- (such as foxes, wolves). Surnames like Smirnov, Orlov, Golubev are modeled on possessive adjectives with the suffix -oe- (such as sisters, fathers).
9. Many borrowed nouns (such as cinema, coat, miss), as well as abbreviations (such as department head, RF, USA) are not declined.
Endings of adjectives and participles
1. Checking the unstressed ending of an adjective can be done in two ways: 1) by selecting a similar adjective in the same form, but with a stressed ending (new, new, new, but: holy, holy, holy); 2) by asking the question “what?” in the right form (what? - new, what? - new, what? - new).
Note. It is recommended to remember the spelling of the endings of some adjectives: suburban (th, th), between