Union-free sentences are complex sentences, the parts of which are connected intonation. These can be quite complex constructions, parts of which are separated from each other not by unions, but by punctuation marks - commas, semicolons, dashes, colons.

The setting of one or another punctuation mark depends on how the parts of such a BSP relate to each other.

If in sl. the sentence lists the facts, while the intonation lists with pauses before each part of the construction, replacing the union and, then a comma must be put. For example, let's turn to the work of Sergei Yesenin. The fields are compressed, the groves are bare, fog and damp from the water.

In a common BSP, when it already has commas separating homogeneous or isolated members, introductory words and other constructions, then a semicolon is placed between the parts of such a sentence. For example, in Lermontov's poem "Boyarin Orsha". The crosses of the monastery glisten; on the long towers and walls and on the painted gates, beautiful, pure and alive, like the happiness of a young life, its golden ray plays.

There are several situations when the rules of the Russian language prescribe to put a dash in the BSP. First, one part of a complex sentence is opposed to another. In the allied pre-tion, a comma is placed with the union but. Let me give you a Russian proverb as an example. A big talker is a bad worker.

Secondly, if you can replace the unions "if" and "when" used to indicate time and other conditions. An example is also from oral folk art. You do one thing - do not spoil another.

Thirdly, instead of a comma and conjunctions "therefore" and "so" in the BSP, when the second part of a complex sentence is summed up, the conclusion of what was said in the first part is made. There are traffic jams on the streets - you need to leave early.

Fourth, there is a rapid change of events. A comma and the union "and" could stand in an allied sentence, and a dash in a non-union one. A shot rang out - everyone rushed in all directions.

There are also several conditions for setting this punctuation mark. One of them - in the second sentence, the reason for what happens in the first one is explained. Example. I don't keep cats: I'm allergic to their fur.

The second of the conditions - one of the pre-tions explains the other, reveals its content. In the allied it would be - "namely", of course, after a comma. An example from the work of Nekrasov. A nose with a beak, like a hawk, a gray mustache, long, and - different eyes: one healthy -glows, and the left one is cloudy, cloudy, like a pewter penny!

The third of the conditions - the second sentence complements the first, and theoretically one can put a comma and the unions "how" or "what" between them. I see the sun goes below the horizon.

Associative complex sentences have similar and distinctive features with compound and complex sentences. Parts of the BSP establish relationships similar to those found in the SSP and SSP, but there are no alliances in them. Depending on the context, one or another punctuation mark is put. Sometimes, to make it easier to determine which sign. punctuation must be put, it is enough to mentally substitute one or another union and apply the above rules.

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This article talks about what types of complex non-union sentences exist. Corresponding examples are given for each of these species. For...

Unionless sentences in Russian: types, rules, punctuation marks, examples

By Masterweb

Compound sentences in Russian are divided into several subgroups: compound, compound and non-union. It is about non-union proposals that will be discussed in this article. If with the first two categories of sentences, as a rule, everything is very clear, and it is not difficult to determine the type of any of them, if you pay attention to the conjunction used and the semantic relationships between simple sentences, then the last category is considered less obvious and simple.

To begin with, it should be noted that non-union sentences are not simple: they always consist of two or more sentences connected by meaning in different ways. It is from these methods that the type of the desired complex sentence depends.

Enumeration

A non-union complex sentence with the meaning of enumeration consists of several simple sentences, between which enumerative intonation can be traced. All semantic parts of the sentence refer to one subject of discussion; perhaps describe it from different aspects or list some of its properties; however, the proposals do not depend on each other in any way, being in completely equal relations. Here are some examples of this type of non-union proposal:

• The rain did not stop for the fourth day, the streets were flooded to the very edges of the high white curbs, there was no end in sight to the clouds covering the sky.
• It was a warm summer evening, a pleasant breeze was blowing, and I wanted to take a walk with someone along the embankment.
• Loaders carried old furniture out of the house, the owners themselves tore off the wallpaper; an insolent red cat with a pleasant sense of his own nobility helped the process, sharpening his claws on a shabby sofa with a protruding spring.

In all three sentences, with the help of enumerative intonation, quite definite objects or phenomena are described: a prolonged downpour, a warm summer evening, and repairs in an old apartment. If you pay attention to punctuation marks in non-union sentences of this type, then commas are placed between its semantic components.

However, if one of the simple sentences is complicated by introductory words, appeals, homogeneous members, participial or participle turnover (as in the last sentence), it is recommended to put a semicolon in order to avoid piling up of signs and loss of meaning.

Comparison and contrast

Such non-union complex sentences contain the corresponding intonation of opposition, which is easy to trace on the relevant examples:

• You laugh - I'm not funny.
• You should find a job, find a wife, make kids with her - no, you all drag around your exhibitions, draw, talk about art!
• I asked for their help - none of them even thought to respond!

In sentences of this kind, a dash is put. In some works of art, one can find examples of non-union sentences with the meaning of opposition, written with a comma. Such incidents can be considered a case of author's punctuation.

conditioning

If the first part of the sentence contains a condition, and the second part contains its consequence, it is called a non-union complex sentence with the meaning of conditionality. Here are some examples:

• Try not to come to the meeting tomorrow morning - the boss will not let you live in peace. Starts to harass - you quit yourself. You dare to argue - he will throw it out with a bang and write the most terrible recommendations.
• As soon as I start cooking, something will certainly fall out of my hands, spill out, spill, catch fire, burn and come out terribly salty. And give my girlfriend a corner in the kitchen for half an hour - a culinary masterpiece will be produced, decorated and served on the table.

In sentences of this type, as in the previous case, a dash is put.

Explanation

If the second part of the sentence explains what the first part meant, then the sentence is explanatory. Here are some examples of non-union proposals of this type:

• In my mind, I decided this: I definitely need to come to the meeting, having prepared myself well and maybe even putting on my best suit.
• My disgruntled friend made it very clear, if crudely, that I had to get out of his sight and out of sight for the next few days.
• Over the past few days of our communication, it became extremely clear to me: you should not even think about a happy marriage with this woman, no matter what my caring aunt prophesied.

The only correct punctuation mark in non-union sentences of this type is a colon.

Definition

If the second part of the sentence contains information that serves as a description of the object or phenomenon mentioned in the first part, this is a definitive non-union sentence. On an example, the attributive relations between the simple parts of a complex sentence look like this:

• My friend has always been like this: he cannot remain indifferent to a young beautiful girl, and at the first sign of interest on her part, he completely loses his head.
• These large cities are exactly the same: cars and people rush about like crazy, and no one has time for a calm and quiet walk!

For these non-union sentences, the colon is an essential element that cannot be replaced by a comma, even justified by the author's punctuation.

Causal relationship

One simple sentence within a complex one can be the cause or effect of another. For example, in these sentences:

• The house was completely empty: both the owners and their guests, and even the servants, had left.
• The bus was hot, cramped and uncomfortable: everyone wanted to get home as soon as possible, and the transport could not comfortably accommodate such an influx of passengers.
• The colder it is on the streets, the less cheerful people come across: most people like summer warm weather and T-shirts instead of down jackets.

Punctuation marks in non-union sentences of this type are the same as in the previous two - a colon.

Temporary relationship

Sometimes one simple sentence indicates a time, and the second - an event that happened at that time. Such relationships between sentences are called temporary.

• I was just about to have breakfast - my friends were already returning from an afternoon walk.
• Autumn has come - the forest is orphaned.
• The moon rolled out into the sky - it became cool and uncomfortable on the roof.

In such non-union sentences, the punctuation rules of the Russian language prescribe a dash.

Comparison

Complex sentences can also contain comparative relations between their simple semantic parts. For example:

• The actor began to read a monologue - the thunderous peals of a velvet voice swept through the instantly silent auditorium.
• The sun rose - a round gold coin rolled out onto the blue vault of heaven.
• The car started up - the ferocious engines burst out with a roar of a wild beast.

All three sentences contain a comparison: the actor's voice is compared to thunder, the sun - to a gold coin, the growl of a running car - to the roar of a predator. In sentences of this type, a dash is put.

Abrupt change of events

A rare, but still used in Russian literature, type of non-union sentence: when one part of it contains one event, and the other contains a completely different one, but at the same time being its direct consequence. For example, in the following sentences:

• Suddenly, a downpour began - the travelers took out raincoats and umbrellas.
• Snow fell two days ago - a good dozen snowmen were "sculpted" on the playground.
• Summer has come - people grabbed their suitcases and rushed on vacation.

In sentences of this type, according to the rules of the Russian language, a dash is placed.

Explanation

The first part of sentences containing an explanation usually contains an indication of an event or phenomenon, and the second part contains a description of the event itself.

• A terrible misfortune has happened: your uncle has gone bankrupt.

In this particular example, the role of an event or phenomenon is the noun "unhappiness", and the part of the non-union sentence after the colon acts as an explanation for it. By the way, in accordance with the norms of the Russian language, in sentences of this type, semantic parts are always separated from each other by a colon.

Accession

Another very interesting subgroup of non-union proposals. Their first part usually contains an indication of the action associated with perception (the character heard, saw, felt something), and the second - the reason for this action. For example:

• The girl shuddered and turned around - someone loudly called her name.
• The audience listened attentively, with interest and respect - the man spoke from the podium about democracy, human values ​​and moral principles.
• The tourists stopped and listened - some dark figure, resembling a large animal, passed them, hidden from prying eyes by bushes and tree trunks.

In all three examples, as in all sentences with the meaning of attachment, a dash is used.

Complex sentences

Sometimes non-union sentences consist of more than two simple sentences, and it is impossible to attribute them to only one group. Take, for example, the following sentence:

• The children were talking loudly during the performance: the play seemed boring to them, the parents were too busy, the evening as a whole was terribly boring.

The first two simple sentences are connected by explanatory relations, and all subsequent ones are enumeration. It is precisely such cases that are called in Russian as union-free sentences of complex composition.

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A non-union complex sentence (BSP) is a complex sentence, the parts of which are connected intonation without the help of unions and allied words. BSP are often found in fairy tales, in artistic and colloquial speech, among proverbs and sayings.

The concept of an allied proposal

In non-union complex sentences, the means of connecting sentences-parts of the BSP are:

• intonation;
• order of arrangement of proposals in the composition of the BSP;
• the ratio of the form and tense of verbs in sentences.

In this way, BSPs differ from compound and complex sentences in which unions play this role.

Non-union sentences can consist of two or more simple or complex sentences, between which, depending on the meaning, a comma, colon, dash or semicolon is placed.

Examples of non-union complex sentences with schemes:

By evening it cleared up, the sun peeked out from behind the trees.

He paced the room anxiously, haunted by the news that his friend had told him.

[…] : [[…],(which)].

They will call - let's go to visit them.

Do not confuse BSPs with simple dash sentences. There are always two syntactic bases in the BSP, expressed by the subject and the predicate or only by the predicate. Examples: Moscow is the capital of Russia(simple sentence). Evening will come - let's talk (BSP).

Classification of non-union complex sentences by meaning

Simple sentences in the BSP can express different meanings. The main types of union-free sentences, as well as punctuation rules when writing them, are shown in the table.

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Complex non-union sentences are studied in the Russian language lessons in the 9th grade.

What have we learned?

We figured out which sentences are complex non-union and which punctuation marks are put in the BSP, depending on their meaning.

• In the BSP, sentences are connected not by conjunctions or allied words, but by intonation, the order of the sentences, the ratio of the form and tense of verbs.
• A comma, dash, colon, semicolon can be placed between parts of the BSP.
• BSPs can consist of simple and complex sentences.
• BSP is distinguished with the meaning of conditions, time, simultaneity, sequence, enumeration, comparison, attachment, opposition, explanation, cause, effect, addition.

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Unionless are such complex sentences in which the parts are connected only with the help of intonation. The main feature of such complex structures is the absence of unions. Instead, punctuation marks are used in the BSP.

general characteristics

Semantic relations are established between sentences in the BSP, similar to the relations in allied sentences: compound and complex.

For example:

• The night was falling, the forest was moving closer to the fire. IN the sentence reveals semantic relations of enumeration of simultaneously occurring events.
• One fine day, the pickets, knocked down from running around, bring the news: the fortress is surrendering. In this sentence, semantic relations are similar to those in a complex sentence with an explanatory clause.
• He spoke the truth - they did not believe him. The sentence combines tenses, concessions and adversaries.

Depending on how the parts relate to each other in meaning, there are BSPs with different punctuation marks. The examples given above serve as proof of this. Depending on this, non-union complex sentences are divided into three groups.

bsp with semicolon and semicolon

There are several punctuation features associated with non-union sentences. In particular, there are two rules governing the use of commas and semicolons in a sentence.

Should I choose a comma or a semicolon?

If the rule is well understood and learned, then you can easily master the following exercises:

1. Explain the semicolon:

1) The sun rises, cheerful and radiant from the cold; the window gleams golden.

2) All morning, clean and bright, the colors sparkled; frosty chrysanthemums shone silver on the window for half a day.

2. What punctuation marks are missing in BSP in brackets?

Happy irretrievable time - childhood! How not to love the memories of her? They are so refreshing and uplifting to my soul.

You run up to your fill (…) you sit at the table on your chair (…) it’s already late (…) you have drunk a cup of milk for a long time (…) your eyes are covered with sleep (…) but you don’t move (…) you sit and listen. Mom is talking to someone (...) her voice is so sweet (...) so friendly. The sound of my mother's voice says so much to my heart, it resonates so much in my soul!

With hazy eyes, I gaze intently into her sweet face (...) suddenly she becomes all small - her face becomes no more than a button (...) but I still see him just as clearly. I love seeing her so tiny. I squint my eyes even more (...) she is no longer bigger than those boys (...) which are in the pupils (...) when you look closely into the eyes (...) but then I moved - and the miracle disappeared (...) I narrow my eyes again (... ) I try in every possible way to renew the vision (...) but in vain.

BSP with dash

Punctuation marks in the BSP directly depend on the semantic relationships of its parts. To put a dash in non-union proposals, one of the conditions given in the table must be present.

Dash or no dash?

1. What punctuation marks are used in the BSPs below?

1) The teacher ordered me to submit a diary (...) I didn’t have a diary.

2) There is a terrible stuffiness (...) there will be a thunderstorm by night.

3) She sat in a wagon near the hussar (...) the coachman whistled (...) the horses rushed off.

4) There was a shout (...) he rushed to run.

5) You will chase after the big (...) you will lose the little.

2. The text contains BSP with different punctuation marks. With which?

A song was heard (...) the voices immediately fell silent (...) the urgings subsided (...) and the whole convoy moved on in silence (...) only the clatter of wheels and the champing of mud under horse hooves could be heard at those moments (...) when the words of a sad song sounded.

3. In which of the sentences is a dash placed?

1) The sun has already set, but it is still light in the forest (...) the air is so clean and transparent (...) the birds chirp and whistle (...) the young grass shines like emerald.

2) My soul is cheerful and festive (...) it’s spring in the yard (...) and the air is so clean and transparent (...) the birds are chirping stunned and joyfully (...) young grass is breaking through.

bsp with colon

Of great importance in determining the connection between parts in the BSP is intonation. If at the end of the first part it is necessary to raise the tone of voice, then a colon must be put in. So it turns out that punctuation marks in BSP depend on intonation. But semantic relationships are of paramount importance. Consider the conditions for setting a colon.

Colon or not colon?

In this case, too, there are rules.

1. What punctuation marks are missing in the sentence?

Somehow it happened (...) that Vera left ahead of schedule (...) but now it didn’t frighten Sergey at all (...) he knew (...) that his father and everyone else would return in the evening.

2. Place punctuation marks in the BSP. Example proposals are given below.

1) The picture has changed (...) already on the white tablecloth of the fields, black spots and stripes of thawed earth were visible in some places.

2) I really liked listening to the girl (...) she painted me about a world unknown to me.

3) A little more (...) her eyes will come to life, a smile will bloom on her face.

4) I looked out the window (...) the stars flared brightly in the cleared sky.

5) How many years I have been serving (...) this has not happened to me yet.

Let's summarize what we've learned

BSPs are a complex system that includes four types of sentences, depending on the punctuation marks between the parts of a complex sentence - comma, semicolon, colon, dash.

What is the difference between punctuation marks in SSP, SPP, BSP

Between the parts of the BSP, relations are established similar to those found in allied sentences: compound and complex.

As can be seen from the table, the punctuation in the BSP is much richer than in allied sentences, which use only commas. But in allied constructions, the semantic relations of parts are understandable and clear, thanks to unions:

• simultaneity, sequence - the union And;
• the reason is the union BECAUSE;
• consequence - union THEREFORE;
• comparison - union HOW;
• time - union WHEN;
• conditions - union IF;
• addition - union WHAT;
• explanation - union THAT IS;
• opposition - union A.

Punctuation marks in the BSP are needed to express the semantic relationships between sentences; they play the role of unions.

BSP examples

Examples illustrate BSP options:

• with conditional relations: If you stay here for a day, then you will know.
• with temporary relations: If you can handle it, we will transfer it to the leaders.
• with the meaning of the consequence: The rain is over - you can move on.
• with conditional relationships: The sun is shining - we are working, it is raining - we are resting.
• with concessive relations: I would like such a dog - I don’t need a cow.
• with opposing attitudes: Beautiful urban - me a village mile.

• with connecting relationships: A man, sitting at a table, was talking on the phone; The baby was still sleeping on the couch.
• with explanatory attitudes: I advise you: do not pick up other people's wallets.
• with relationships and consequences: The land was needed for crops: gardens had to be plowed up.
• with explanatory relations: Occasionally voices were heard: late pedestrians were returning home.
• with relationships reasons: We must give him his due - he was very hot, bold and persistent.
• with relations of comparison: It is not the wind that makes noise in the open, it is not the sea that rages in a storm - my heart yearns for the Motherland, there is no peace and happiness in it.

Example of an OGE task

Among the proposals you need to find complex ones with an allied connection between the parts:

1) The Holy Sea - this is how Baikal has been called for a long time. 2) We will not assure you that there is nothing better than Baikal in the world: everyone is free to love something of their own, and for the Eskimo its tundra is the crown of creation. 3) From an early age we love pictures of our native land, they define our very essence. 4) And it is not enough to consider that they are dear to us, they are our part. 5) One cannot compare icy Greenland with the hot sands of the Sahara, the taiga of Siberia with the steppes of the Central Russian strip, the Caspian with Baikal, but you can convey your impressions of them.

6) But still, Nature has her favorites, which she creates with special care and endows with a special attraction. 7) Baikal is undoubtedly such a creature.

8) Even if we do not talk about its wealth, Baikal is famous for others - for its wonderful strength, timeless reserved power.

9) I remember how my friend and I went far along the coast of our sea. 10) It was the beginning of August, the most fertile time, when the water is heated, the hills are raging with colors, when the sun makes the fallen snow shine on the distant Sayan mountains, when Baikal, having stocked up on water from melted glaciers, lies full and calm, gaining strength for autumn storms, when fish splashes merrily to the cries of seagulls.

Punctuation marks between parts of a non-union sentence

Complex sentences in Russian are of two types: allied and non-union. In allied complex sentences, parts are interconnected by intonation and conjunctions or allied words. In non-union complex sentences, parts are connected only by intonation.

Compare three examples:

And

The squirrel jumped from branch to branch, that's why snow fell in flakes on our heads;

The squirrel jumped from branch to branch - snow flakes fell on our heads.

Let's try to determine the semantic relationship between the parts of the sentence in each example. In the first sentence, the two parts are connected, in addition to intonation, by the coordinating union AND, the main meaning of which is to indicate the sequence of events. In the second sentence, the two parts are connected, in addition to intonation, by the union (more precisely, the union analogue) THEREFORE, the main purpose of which is to indicate the consequence of those events that are described in the main part of the complex sentence. And in the third example, the union is absent, we cannot accurately determine the essence of the relationship between the parts of the sentence. We can say that there are both causal relationships and an indication of the sequence of events at the same time.

So, complex non-union sentences differ from complex allied sentences in that the semantic relationships between the parts are less clearly expressed in them. In order to make the semantic relationship between the parts of a complex non-union sentence clearer, different punctuation marks are used in the letter: comma, semicolon, colon and dash.

The use of each punctuation mark is determined by a special rule.

Let's start with those cases when between the parts of the non-union proposal is placed comma or semicolon.

1. A comma is placed between the parts of an allied compound sentence if it simply lists some facts. In this case, you can easily insert the union AND after the comma. For example:

It was just getting dark, I ordered the Cossack to heat the kettle in a camping(According to Lermontov).

2. A semicolon can be placed between the parts of an union-free complex sentence, in which some facts are listed, if the parts of the sentence are very common (contain homogeneous members, participial or adverbial phrases, clarifications, etc.). For example:
His head ached; he got to his feet, turned around in his closet and fell back on the sofa(Dostoevsky).

3. A semicolon can also be placed in such a non-union sentence, where the parts are completely independent of each other. Such a complex sentence can, without destroying the meaning, be divided into several simple ones. For example:

He was wearing a Life Campanian uniform; his head was heavily soiled with mud and beaten in several places(Saltykov-Shchedrin).

Now let's turn to the rules for setting colons and dashes. The choice of these two punctuation marks depends on the meaning of the parts of the sentence.

There are three cases when between the parts of a complex non-union sentence you need to put colon:

1) if the second part indicates the reason for what is described in the first part, for example: In developed countries, the middle class decides the outcome of elections: it makes up the majority of the population. In this sentence, you can insert the union BECAUSE;

2) if the first part is followed by an explanation of what the first part is about, for example: Write a work plan: what needs to be purchased and prepared, where to start, in what time frame the project can be completed. or Like all Moscow, your father is like this: he would like a son-in-law with stars and ranks(Griboyedov). In these sentences between parts, you can insert the union AIM;

3) if the second part has the meaning of the addition, and before it you can insert the union WHAT, for example: Yes, I wanted to report yesterday: the harrows need to be repaired(Tolstoy). In some cases, in addition to this union, the missing predicate AND SAW or AND HEARD can be added to the sentence, for example: He looked into the room: a man was sitting at the table and was writing something quickly.

Dash between parts of a complex non-union sentence is placed under one of four conditions:

1) if the complex sentence has the meaning of opposition and the union A or BUT can be inserted between the parts, for example: I looked around a few times and there was no one.(Tolstoy);

2) if the first sentence has a time or condition value and you can insert a union WHEN or IF before it, for example: The authorities want - we must obey(Gogol);

3) if the second part of the sentence indicates a consequence of what is described in the first part and before it you can insert the union SO THAT, for example: Gruzdev called himself get in the body(Proverb);

4) in rare cases, a dash is also used to indicate a quick change of events, for example: Cheese fell out - with him there was such a cheat(Krylov).

The exercise

I looked at my watch and realized that the train had already left.

We can leave these things - they will not be useful to us.

Snow fell_ traffic jams began in the city center.

Ivlev looked around - the weather got dull - molting clouds stretched on all sides (Bunin).

The rank followed him_ he suddenly left the service (Griboedov).

The swallows have arrived - it will be a good summer.

Suddenly Ivan Ivanovich screamed and was stunned - a dead man appeared to him (According to Gogol).

Eyewitnesses give conflicting testimonies_ it is difficult to make the right decision.

I know_ in your heart there is both pride and direct honor (Pushkin).

Decisions were not made easily, for a long time_ it was necessary to take into account the interests of all parties.

Thunder will not break out - the peasant will not cross himself (Proverb).

And we march in this order_ Nikolai goes ahead with preparations or with atlases, I follow him, and behind me, modestly bowing his head, a draft horse walks ... (Chekhov).

But let's leave these arguments - they do not go here (Gogol).

But this is precisely the purpose of education_ to make pleasure out of everything (Tolstoy).

At the present time, denial is most useful - we deny (Turgenev).

It is necessary to introduce him_ he is timid, still a beginner ... (Goncharov).

Yes, let them swallow each other alive_ why should I? (Dostoevsky).

You are still in danger_ the wound may open (Pushkin).

From childhood he was distinguished by remarkable beauty; besides, he was self-confident, a little mocking and somehow amusingly bilious - he could not help but like (Turgenev).

A minute later, again squealing and laughter - I had to drive under a huge overhanging stone (Chekhov).

Everything is quiet, calm, and only dumb statistics are protesting - so much has gone crazy, so many buckets have been drunk, so many children have died of malnutrition ... (Chekhov).

"Nothing to do! said Bazarov at last. - He took up the tug - do not say that it is not a heft! We came to see the landowners_ let's see them! (Turgenev).

Look at this life - the arrogance and idleness of the strong, the ignorance and bestiality of the weak, all around impossible poverty, overcrowding, degeneration, drunkenness, hypocrisy, lies... (Chekhov).

We carry him to the emergency room, the blood is pouring - a terrible thing, but he keeps asking for his leg to be found, and everyone is worried_ twenty rubles in a boot on a cut off leg, no matter how lost (Chekhov).

Getting sued because of Laevsky, wasting time_ is not worth the candle game (Chekhov).

The characteristic features of a draft horse, which distinguish him from talent, are that his horizons are narrow and sharply limited by his specialty; outside his specialty, he is naive, like a child (Chekhov).

Questions of science are not alien to him either - he is terribly angry with himself for having forgotten to take seeds from a tree from the Flying Island, the juice resembling Russian vodka (Chekhov).

After all, there was a time when not a single man spoke to her the way Kirilin did, and she herself tore this time like a thread, and ruined it irrevocably_ who is to blame for this? (Chekhov)

For a year now, we have been in a strained relationship_ he answers me disgustingly at exams, and I give him units (Chekhov).

In my opinion, if the play is good, then in order for it to make the proper impression, there is no need to bother the actors_ you can limit yourself to reading alone (Chekhov).

Often I forget ordinary words, and I always have to spend a lot of energy in order to avoid superfluous phrases and unnecessary introductory sentences in writing - both clearly indicate a decline in mental activity (Chekhov).

But, imagine, I glanced ahead - in the first row, some general with a ribbon and a bishop (Chekhov) are sitting side by side.

It’s not the wind that rages over the forest, it’s not the streams that run from the mountains_ Frost-voivode patrols his possessions (Nekrasov).

All this news is similar to one another and boils down to this type - one Frenchman made a discovery, another - a German - caught him, proving that this discovery was made back in 1870 by some American, and the third - also a German - outwitted both, proving to them that both of them made a fool of themselves, mistaking air balls for a dark pigment under a microscope (Chekhov).

Don't come, don't come, you're out of the cold! (Goncharov).

I open the window, and it seems to me that I see a dream_ under the window, clinging to the wall, there is a woman in a black dress, brightly lit by the moon, and looking at me with big eyes (Chekhov).

Beauty is leaving - you do not have time to explain to beauty how you love it, beauty cannot be kept, and this is the only sadness of the world (Nabokov).