What are the types in Russian. Appearance as a grammatical category

Perfective verbs answer the question what to do? And yes, in English there is a concept of a kind (or aspect). Thus, the perfect form of the verb corresponds to two forms of tense. I thought” — I started thinking sometime in the past and stopped thinking. What is the form of the verb and how to learn it? The imperfective verb denotes the actual action.

Perhaps you have already noticed that in Russian, when describing an action, very similar, but still unequal, verbs are used. These verbs denote one action, have one lexical meaning - but they are different. The main, basic, form is considered to be the form of an imperfect form - you will find it in the dictionary.

From this form, a perfect form is formed in various ways. The aspect category is the most important characteristic of a verb; any verb refers to a perfect or imperfect action.

In fact, taking into account the type, we have not three, but five forms of time. These two verb forms once existed in Russian, but disappeared over time. This is especially important to understand for the past tense of verbs. Yes, it's possible. In Russian, in general, there are almost no grammatical restrictions on the use of different types of tense forms of verbs in one sentence. It indicates how the action defined by the verb proceeds in time: it is completed and one-time (done, lived) or incomplete and repeated (lives, does).

What is the form of verbs in Russian?

The general meaning of the verb form is the realization of an event in time. One type represents an event in its implementation (imperfect), the other - in its limit (perfect). The form of the verb is a grammatical category of the Verb in many languages, which generally reflects certain types of action.

1. VIEW, a (y), suggestion. Vanya] is thin, coughing ... look: he is thirteen years old, but he looks like a ten-year-old. Imperfective verbs denote an action that is long, constant or repetitive, for example: He was silent for a long time; The river flows to the north; He walks to work.

In previous lessons, friends learned that a verb is such a part of speech that answers the question "What to do?" and describes the action. Namely, these verbs answer different questions. The verb “sew on” describes an action that has already been completed. The grandfather began to pull a turnip from the ground (Nesov. This has its own unconditional charm - but certain difficulties lurk. And so that our thought takes shape accurately, beautifully, interestingly, variously - the Russian language has an excellent tool: it has kind of verb!

Forget that the form of the verb is a complex grammatical topic. In my life I have taught Russian to several hundred students. And therefore I know that the bulk of the problems with the aspect of the verb can be completely removed if, from the very beginning, the meaning and use of the aspects are clearly explained and consolidated. In doing so, it is important to follow two conditions. Verb pairs (in the sequence "imperfective-perfective" - ​​this is how they will be written in any textbook, grammar manual, and so on) must be memorized.

The verb, especially in the everyday sphere, is the organizing center of the sentence. NSV verbs express an action in the course of its course. CB verbs denote an action limited by a limit (often we define this as "result"). That is, when building your own sentence with this or that verb, you will first have to decide which type of verb to choose: imperfect or perfect.

What happens with the verbs of the first group is called the word "perfection". Here “imperfection” takes place, and the direction is the opposite: a prefix is ​​added to the perfect aspect - and thus an imperfect aspect (“imperfect”) appears. As in the case of the first group, what kind of suffix we need to form the aspect pair of each particular verb cannot be either guessed or deduced logically.

Therefore, these verbs just need to be learned by heart. To understand and remember the meanings of the verb types in Russian well, analyze which ones are in your native language, and which ones you just need to remember. In this case, the tone of the phrase will inevitably change (foreigners often do not take this change in meaning into account).

After you learn the aspect pairs and do the practice exercises, you will no longer feel insecure when using the verb aspects. 4) a process presented as a generalized fact: Everyone found that the young people have a very cozy corner (A. Chekhov). When attaching prefixes to such verbs, the perfect form expresses only the beginning, limited by some time limits, or the end of the process: to be sad, to lie down, to live out.

Some multi-valued verbs can form a specific pair only in some of their meanings. The forms of verbs of the imperfect past tense are united by the fact that they all indicate an action that began in the past (this is implied) and continued in the past for some time. Yesterday at five in the evening I ate soup (I ate and ate, nothing more can be said about this).

Are there cases in general when one or another English tense can be confidently put in correspondence with one or another type of Russian verb? That's all for today. Write your comments and additions in the comments.

We can furnish our imperfect appearance with any refinements (I drink this minute, I drink this second ...) and still we will not be able to get rid of the grammatically embedded duration (“I drink”). By the way, these are just imperfect verbs (Imperfect, Imperfective). These are precisely species, not times (to be quite precise, species times).

Verbs of motion have two additional forms, generally corresponding to the English simple and continuous. Appointment and use of types of verbs. Perfect form: completed action, result, beginning of action, intention.

as separate definitions. Isolation options for main words

A separate definition in Russian is represented by participles and adjectives. It can be isolated both intonation and punctuation in cases where:

• expressed by an adjective with a dependent word and is in postposition;
• is a participle turnover in postposition;
• several single definitions follow the main word, equipped with another prepositive definition;
• a single postpositive definition reinforces the meaning of the main word;
• distant from the word being defined by other members of the sentence;
• the definition refers to the pronoun.

Parts of speech as inconsistent definitions. What is a definition in Russian, created by the type of adjunction or control

Inconsistent definitions with the main word are connected according to the type of adjunction or control using:

Characteristics of the application and its figurative power

An application, as a kind of definition expressed by a noun, can be with the word being defined in the relationship "private - general" by the type of contiguity or agreement. This is a convenient and frequently used technique, because such a definition in Russian most figuratively conveys:

• property or quality of an object: bird- troika;
• rank, age, profession of a person: steelmaker Ivanov;
• a more accurate sign or explanation: Ural, the main landmark of the Euro-Asian border, stretched from north to south;
• names of trademarks, works of art, enterprises: a novel "Dead Souls";
• place names: peninsula Hindustan.

Classification of definitions according to the type of connection in the phrase. Management, coordination, connection

In a phrase, one of the types of subordination is always established, such as:

• agreement definitions with the main word;
• control definition;
• contiguity definitions for the main word.

Homogeneous definitions as a way to comprehensively characterize the attribute of the word being defined, intonation and punctuation features

Homogeneous definitions are included in the Russian language as equal words that characterize the word being defined to the same extent.

1. They can refer to one attribute of the subject, which in conversation is conveyed by the intonation of enumeration.
2. They can convey the gradation of a sign: close, familiar, beloved.
3. If different signs are listed, homogeneity is observed according to a common criterion for all (impact on the listener, qualitative parameter):

• white, faded desert sky;
• long, straight, thick hair.

An example of preparing for a lesson in grade 6: Patterns of registration of inconsistent definitions. Repetition of the topic covered and assessment of acquired knowledge

Russian language lesson. Definition.

Topic: Regularities in the design of inconsistent definitions.

Educational goals:

• consider previously studied parts of speech as definitions;
• to form the concept of definition agreement.

Development goals:

• establish the difference between an agreed type of definition and an inconsistent one;
• stimulate creative thinking;
• develop analytical skills, train associative thinking.

Educational goals:

• increase applied interest in native speech;
• deepen understanding of the role of language in the history of the Russian people.

Type of lesson work: deepening the fundamental knowledge of the course.

Checking and evaluating the degree of assimilation of the previous topic:

• Indirect Complement Rule (2 people).
• Exercise 131 (1 person orally).

Repetition of grade 5 material from the "Definition" section. Acquaintance with the topic of inconsistent definitions and the rules for their design. Fizminutka for training vision - work with cards. Independent work in groups

The topic of this lesson: Patterns of registration of inconsistent definitions.

1. Indication of the goal.

2. A brief overview of the 5th grade material "What is a definition in Russian":

• write phrases on the board
• mark spellings;
• indicate the method of communication;
• name parts of speech
• indicate the number and case of dependent words;
• formulate conclusions in positions:

a) definition functions;

b) differences in the type of communication;

3. Independent reading of the theoretical section.

4. Entering the topic in a notebook: "Methods of registration of inconsistent definitions".

5. Retelling the rule.

6. Removing eye strain - showing cards. Definition in Russian: guidance questions.

Questioning and performing exercises in order to consolidate new material. Work in groups, acquaintance with texts of different levels of complexity

Fixing new material:

• formation of agreed and inconsistent phrases (orally 4 people);
• write out the indicated phrases on the board, indicating the type of definition (1 person);
• give examples of definitions with an explanation of their role in the conversation.

Group work:

distribution of texts. The general task is to highlight the definitions. Additional tasks

Final concepts: what is a definition in Russian; methods of marking inconsistent definitions. Homework

• Learn the rules for marking inconsistent definitions.
• Write down 5 phraseological units from the life of birds.
• Exercises to prepare for dictation.
• Exercise on the topic.

The study of which includes many rules and exceptions to them. In this article, we will touch on the concept of the aspect of the verb and the correct use of verbs of one kind or another in speech.

What is the aspect of the verb?

The type of the verb in Russian is determined by the question asked for the word. If we ask what to do? is an imperfect form if what to do?- perfect. In other words, the action can be either completed at the time of speech, or not completed - this determines the type.

Read a book (what to do? imperfective) - the action is not completed, it is being performed at the moment. Read a book (what to do?)- the action has already been performed, it has been completed, therefore, the form of this verb is perfect.

How are verb form and tense related?

The tense and aspect of the verb in Russian are very closely related. An action that has not been completed can be spoken of in the form of any tense: I bake pies, I bake pies, I will bake pies. In other words, imperfective verbs can take the form of any of the three tenses. It should be remembered that such verbs have the form of a complex future tense (infinitive with a modal verb).

In contrast, perfective verbs can only be in the past or future tense. In other words, the action has either been done or will be done. Such words do not have categories of the present tense. After all, perfective verbs denote either the beginning of an action or its result, while the present tense form implies the duration of the action, the period of its completion. Therefore, these two concepts are mutually exclusive.

When forming the future tense, a simple form is used. I bake pies - I bake pies.

The main ways of forming types of verbs

Now we figured out what the form of the verb in Russian is. How are perfect or imperfect words formed?

Most often, to form a perfect form, it is enough to add a prefix to the word. The meaning changes, the question changes. Drive (what to do?) - come, leave, go (what to do); swim - swim, swim, swim; draw - draw, draw, draw etc.

However, one should not think that a species can be determined by the presence of a prefix. For example, the word buy does not have a prefix, but answers the question what to do?, which means it belongs to the perfect form.

The form of the verb in Russian can also be changed with the help of a suffix. Seal - seal, invite - invite, shout - shout.

Infrequent case: replacement of the base

There are cases when, by replacing the stem, another kind of verb is formed (table). The Russian language is complex and insidious. For native speakers, there is nothing strange in the fact that when the form changes, the whole word can change completely, but foreigners have to memorize a lot. Let's give some examples.

These are just a few "special" verbs to keep in mind. Special attention should be removed from the verb "put"- its root is used only without a prefix, but when it is added, it changes to the root -false- ( put down, lay down etc.).

Two aspect verbs

It happens that the aspectual forms of verbs in Russian can only be distinguished in context, because words, having different meanings, sound the same. Most often, such words can be recognized by the suffix -irova- or -ova- (-eva-). Attack, reward, vaccinate, start, etc. He started for a very long time (what have you been doing?) - He got off to a good start (What did you do?).

To determine the type of such a verb, you need to carefully delve into the context and ask the right question.

Why do you need to know about verb types?

It would seem that what could be difficult in such a concept as the aspect of the verb? In Russian, there are rules that are more complicated. But, oddly enough, one of the most common mistakes in the construction of sentences and even texts is associated with this rule. The fact is that the form of the verb and all verb forms (recall that participle and gerund participle, some linguistic schools refer to independent parts of speech, others to special forms of the verb) must be the same in a certain speech segment. That is, the action is either done (will be done), or is being done at the moment of speech.

"Grandmother baked pies, made tea, invited us to dinner, and we wanted to stay"- verbs of both types alternate in one sentence, which makes it difficult to grasp the meaning of the phrase." When I went to a neighbor, I asked if he had salt"- in this sentence the form of the gerund and the verb does not match, the action seems to have already been completed, but at the same time it has not. It is more correct to build the phrase like this: " I went to my neighbor and asked..."

Summing up

So, the form of the verb is very simple to determine: you just need to ask a question ("what to do?" Or "what to do?"). Imperfective verbs are used in the form of any tense; perfect - only in the past or future. It is very important to use the form of a particular type of verb correctly so that the phrase is logically correct and understandable!

View- this is the category of the verb, reflecting how the speaker sees the course of action in time: ended, lasting, repeating, one-time. In Russian, there are two types: perfect and imperfect.

Verbs imperfect form convey the meaning of the action, without indicating its completeness. Three types of words fall under this category:

Denoting long-term action. For example: "He looked into her eyes for a long time", "She walked down the street for an infinitely long time."

Conveying the meaning of a repetitive action. Example: "Every morning she gets on the bus", "He goes to school every day."

Describing permanent action. Consider the example: "The city is on a hill."

In many cases, imperfective verbs are accompanied by adverbs "long", "often", "usually", conveying the frequency with which the action is performed. Words of this type can be expressed in three tenses: present, past, future.

Verbs related to perfect look, pass the value of the completion of the action. Limit it to a time frame. Words of this type can express:

An action that ended with the achievement of some result. For example: "Nastya painted a beautiful picture", "Dad hammered a nail into the wall."

An action whose boundary is determined by its beginning. For example: “Wonderful music began to play in the hall”, “The girl sang a wonderful romance”.

A single action, provided that the word is formed using the suffix “nu”: “He accidentally pushed me in the corridor”, “Out of anger, he kicked the briefcase with his foot.”

Perfective words appear only in past and future simple tenses.

Verbs of both types sometimes form species pairs. This category includes homonymous words that have the same meaning, but with different semantic shades. Consider examples:

Justify and justify. In the first case, we see a completed action, in the second - a long one.

Double and double. The first word conveys the meaning of the action that ended when the result was reached. The second shows the duration.

Most often, such verbs are formed from one stem. But there are exceptions, such as "take and take" or "catch and catch."

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One of the points in the study of the Russian language is the study of such a part of speech as a verb. The verb has several forms, types, conjugations. In this article, we will dwell on how you can determine the form of the verb. There are only two of them: perfect and imperfect.

Determine the form of the verb using a question

This is the simplest and most reliable option that does not require a lot of time and additional knowledge.

Perfective verbs answer the question “What to do (does, did, did)?”, And for imperfective verbs we ask the question “What to do (does, did, did)?”.

Determine the type of the verb by the nature of the action

Perfective verbs denote an action that, by the time the verb is used, has already been completed or will be completed by a certain time (or upon reaching some specific goal). Also indicate actions that do not need to be repeated. They can denote actions in the future, the main limit is the very implementation of this action. That is, the action is always limited by some framework.

Imperfect verbs are not limited by time frames and can occur at the moment, denote long-term actions, actions that require repetition.

Example. The verb "to wash" means that something must be completely washed by some specific moment. The action will end when the desired result is achieved, which means the perfective verb.

The verb "to wash" means that something must be washed for an indefinite period of time. Due to the fact that the time of action is not limited, we can conclude that the verb is imperfective.

However, it is not necessary to determine the form of the verb only by meaning. It will be safer to additionally ask a question, as we did in the first paragraph. This way you can avoid accidental errors.

Determine the form of the verb by parsing the word

Each of the types of verbs has some specific features in word formation. These signs can also tell you what kind of verb you are dealing with.

Perfective verbs are characterized by the following features:

• prefixes "from", "you", "by", "on", "about", etc.,
• suffix "well".

Imperfect verbs are characterized by the following features:

• prefixes "from", "you", "by", "on", "about", etc.,
• suffix "iva", "yva", "va", etc.

After reading this article, you may notice that you can determine the form of the verb very quickly and without much difficulty. You just need to know a few important rules and features, for example, what question a particular type of verb answers or what suffix is ​​characteristic of it.