Means of artistic representation in the Russian language and literature. Expressive means of language Figuratively expressive means distinctive features

The figurative and expressive means of the language allow not only to convey information, but also to clearly and convincingly convey thoughts. Lexical expressive means make the Russian language emotional and colorful. Expressive stylistic means are used when an emotional impact on listeners or readers is necessary. It is impossible to make a presentation of oneself, a product, a company without the use of special language tools.

The word is the basis of figurative expressiveness of speech. Many words are often used not only in the direct lexical meaning. The characteristics of animals are transferred to a description of the appearance or behavior of a person - clumsy like a bear, cowardly like a hare. Polysemy (polysemy) - the use of a word in various meanings.

Homonyms are a group of words in the Russian language that have the same sound, but at the same time carry a different semantic load, serve to create a sound game in speech.

Types of homonyms:

• homographs - words are spelled the same, they change meaning depending on the stress set (lock - lock);
• homophones - words when written differ in one or more letters, but are perceived the same way by ear (the fruit is a raft);
• homoforms - words that sound the same, but at the same time refer to different parts of speech (I'm flying in an airplane - I'm flying a runny nose).

Puns - used to give speech a humorous, satirical meaning, betray sarcasm well. They are based on the sound similarity of words or their ambiguity.

Synonyms - describe the same concept from different angles, have a different semantic load and stylistic coloring. Without synonyms, it is impossible to build a vivid and figurative phrase; speech will be oversaturated with tautology.

Synonym types:

• full - identical in meaning, used in the same situations;
• semantic (semantic) - designed to give shade to words (conversation-conversation);
• stylistic - have the same meaning, but at the same time refer to different styles of speech (finger-finger);
• semantic-stylistic - have a different shade of meaning, refer to different styles of speech (do - bungled);
• contextual (author's) - used in the context used for a more colorful and multifaceted description of a person or event.

Antonyms - words have the opposite lexical meaning, refer to the same part of speech. Allows you to create bright and expressive phrases.

Tropes are words in Russian that are used in a figurative sense. They give speech and works imagery, expressiveness, are designed to convey emotions, vividly recreate the picture.

Trail definition

	Definition
Allegory	Allegorical words and expressions that convey the essence and main features of a particular image. Often used in fables.
Hyperbola	Artistic exaggeration. Allows you to vividly describe properties, events, signs.
Grotesque	The technique is used to satirically describe the vices of society.
Irony	Tropes that are designed to hide the true meaning of the expression through light mockery.
Litotes	The opposite of hyperbole - the properties and qualities of the subject are deliberately underestimated.
personification	A technique in which inanimate objects are attributed the qualities of living beings.
Oxymoron	Connection in one sentence of incompatible concepts (dead souls).
paraphrase	Description of the item. A person, an event without a precise name.
Synecdoche	Description of the whole through the part. The image of a person is recreated by describing clothes, appearance.
Comparison	The difference from metaphor is that there is both what is being compared and what is being compared with. In comparison, unions are often present - as if.
Epithet	The most common figurative definition. Adjectives are not always used for epithets.

Metaphor is a hidden comparison, the use of nouns and verbs in a figurative sense. There is always no object of comparison in it, but there is something with which they are compared. There are short and extended metaphors. Metaphor is aimed at an external comparison of objects or phenomena.

Metonymy is a hidden comparison of objects by internal similarity. This distinguishes this trope from a metaphor.

Syntactic means of expression

Stylistic (rhetorical) - figures of speech are designed to enhance the expressiveness of speech and works of art.

Types of stylistic figures

The name of the syntactic construction	Description
Anaphora	The use of the same syntactic constructions at the beginning of adjacent sentences. Allows you to logically highlight a section of text or a sentence.
Epiphora	The use of the same words and expressions at the end of adjacent sentences. Such figures of speech give the text emotionality, allow you to clearly convey intonations.
Parallelism	Construction of neighboring sentences in the same form. Often used to reinforce a rhetorical exclamation or question.
Ellipsis	Deliberate exclusion of an implied member of a sentence. Makes speech more lively.
gradation	Each subsequent word in the sentence reinforces the meaning of the previous one.
Inversion	The arrangement of words in a sentence is not in direct order. Reception allows you to enhance the expressiveness of speech. Give the phrase a new sound.
Default	Conscious understatement in the text. It is designed to awaken deep feelings and thoughts in the reader.
Rhetorical address	Emphasized appeal to a person or inanimate objects.
Rhetorical question	A question that does not imply an answer, its purpose is to attract the attention of the reader or listener.
Rhetorical exclamation	Special figures of speech to convey expression, tension of speech. Make the text emotional. Grab the reader's or listener's attention.
polyunion	Repeated repetition of the same unions to enhance the expressiveness of speech.
Asyndeton	Intentional omission of unions. This technique gives dynamism to speech.
Antithesis	Sharp opposition of images, concepts. The technique is used to create a contrast, it expresses the author's attitude to the event being described.

Tropes, figures of speech, stylistic means of expression, phraseological statements make speech convincing and vivid. Such turns are indispensable in public speeches, election campaigns, rallies, presentations. In scientific publications and official business speech, such means are inappropriate - accuracy and persuasiveness in these cases is more important than emotions.

Visual and expressive means also known as tropes, means of artistic representation, artistic methods

Trope is one of the main tools in the work of the writer. Everyone uses them, but sometimes not everyone knows that some ordinary expression is, for example, a synecdoche. It's time to find out which trails you use the most!

Trope(from other Greek τρόπος - turnover) - words and expressions that are used - in a work of art in a figurative sense in order to enhance the figurativeness of the language, the artistic expressiveness of speech.

Tropes are used by absolutely all authors, perhaps there is not a single writer who does without tropes, because even our everyday life and habitual colloquial speech is replete with them. True, there are authors who consciously refuse to embellish the text, striving for conciseness of speech and transparency of thought. Definitely, our contemporary Bernard Werber can be attributed to them. The rich literary world also has its antagonists, whose texts abound with tropes and other stylistic frills: Oscar Wilde, the prose of Marina Tsvetaeva, Tatyana Tolstaya.

But this is already a question of the individual author's style: both will have admirers, and critics will be found who speak out both forgiving the excessive lapidarity of the text and against its excessive saturation with tropes. Probably, the truth is somewhere in the middle, although we sincerely support the idea that you need to write the way you want, without focusing on any laws, rules, and, especially, the opinions of critics. In our opinion, this is what we need to fight against, so it is with illiteracy and ignorance. So let's explore the trails.

However, it must be borne in mind that knowing the names of the tropes will not help the author to create a cunning turn of speech, and, nevertheless, it would not be bad for a decent writer to understand both the theory of literature in general and what a metaphor is and how it works. different from metonymy.

The main types of trails:

Epithet

Epithet (from the ancient Greek ἐπίθετον - "attached") - a definition with a noun that affects its expressiveness. It is expressed mainly by an adjective, but also by an adverb (“to love passionately”), a noun (“fun noise”), a numeral (second life), less often a verb (“desire to forget”).

The epithet acquires some new meaning or semantic connotation, helps the word (expression) to acquire color, richness.

An epithet is a figurative definition that expresses the emotional attitude of the author to the object of the image.

Example: Silver gray hair, emerald forest, golden sun.

Metaphor

Metaphor(from the ancient Greek μεταφορά - “transfer”, “figurative meaning”) - a trope that uses the name of one object to describe another object, transferring meaning from one to another. At the heart of the metaphor transferring the properties of one object to another.

We are surrounded by a huge number of everyday metaphors: the knives of a chair or table, the neck of a bottle, the back of a chair. The table and chairs do not have legs, but their support is so similar to human legs that we have given them the pet name "legs". The bottle does not have a neck, but we call it that by analogy with a long human neck, a neck. At the heart of the metaphor "the back of the chair" is the idea of ​​​​its similarity with the straight back of a person.

And so you can continue indefinitely: the sun is setting, the sea is raging, the wind is whistling.

A metaphor can easily be formed from an epithet: silver gray hair - gray hair silver, emerald forest - forest emerald, golden sun - sun gold.

Metaphor can safely be called the most favorite trope of most authors. Metaphor in general lies at the heart of writing. Therefore, it makes sense to devote time to the study of metaphor, as well as its varieties: metonymy and synecdoche.

Metonymy(from the ancient Greek μετονυμία - “renaming”, from μετά - “above” and ὄνομα / ὄνυμα - “name”) - a phrase in which one word is replaced by another, denoting an object or phenomenon that is in one or another connection with the object that is indicated replaced word. The relationship between words can be quantitative, spatial, temporal, etc. The replacement word is used in this case in a figurative sense.

If metaphor is transfer by similarity, then metonymy is transfer by “adjacency”. M Etonymy singles out a property in an object, object or phenomenon that, by its nature, is capable of replacing all the others. It could be:

• part instead of the whole: "all flags will visit us" (the word "flags" is used instead of "countries")
• class representative instead of the whole class: « went to Stanislavsky »
• container instead of content: “I ate three plates”, “I drank five glasses”, « The theater applauded »
• content instead of container: « temple let go"

Synecdoche(from the ancient Greek συνεκδοχή) - a kind of metonymy based on the transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another on the basis of a quantitative relationship between them: “I’m all torn in writers" (here the plural is used instead of the singular), " buyer went demanding "(in this example, on the contrary - the singular replaces the plural)," I will warm up in my corner”(the word“ corner ”is used in the meaning of“ home ”- that is, a part instead of the whole),

Hyperbola

Hyperbola(from the ancient Greek ὑπερβολή “transition; excess, excess; exaggeration”) - a stylistic figure of explicit and deliberate exaggeration, in order to enhance expressiveness and emphasize the thought said, for example, “I told you about it a hundred thousand times” or “yes there and for three you won't get there for a year."

Hyperbole is an exaggeration.

Exaggeration can be expressed in one word (Mayakovsky’s love) and a phrase or phrase (“The dusk of the night is set on me / Thousand binoculars on axis").

Litotes

Litotes(from the ancient Greek λιτότης - simplicity, smallness, moderation) - a figurative and expressive means that has the meaning of understatement or mitigation. For example: "An elephant is the size of a cat."

Litota is an understatement. Just like hyperbole, it can be expressed in one word (Mayakovsky’s love) and a whole phrase (“A person’s life is one moment”).

Comparison

Comparison- the path in which it takes place assimilation of one object or phenomenon to another in some way that they have in common. Comparison, it would seem, is the simplest type of tropes, and at first glance, it is quite simple to identify it, but in addition to the comparison we are used to, which is based on a comparative turnover, there are more sophisticated, complex types of comparisons that are sometimes confused with metaphors.

Comparison types:

1. Comparisons in the form of a comparative turnover formed with the help of unions as, as if, as if, exactly: “A man is stupid as a pig, but cunning as hell”, “She passed like a shadow flashed”, “She is like a bird”.
2. Union-free comparisons - in the form of a sentence with a compound nominal predicate: “My house is my fortress”, “my years are my wealth”.
3. Comparisons formed using noun in instrumental case: “he walks like a gogol”, “youth flew by like a bird”, “the sunset burned with a crimson fire”, “Gzak runs like a gray wolf”.
4. Negative comparisons: "An attempt is not torture."

personification

personification(personification) - the transfer of the properties of animate objects to inanimate ones. Personification is often confused with metaphor, because sometimes everyday metaphors are the basis of personification. On this occasion, in some assignments for the Unified State Examination in literature, in which it is necessary to name the type of path, a twofold answer is allowed: a metaphor or personification.

... Tell that the sun has risen, what it is, what it is hot light fluttered across the sheets- the whole phrase is a personification.

The forest slumbers, the pine forest straightens its mighty shoulders and snores in a dream, shaking with snow caps.

Figurative and expressive means of language.

Didactic material for

Compiled by V.

teacher of Russian language

MOU SOSH №3.

Bogotol

Foreword

The manual "Didactic Materials for Preparing for the Unified State Examination in the Russian Language" is intended for teachers of the Russian language and literature who prepare graduate students for passing certification in the form of the Unified State Examination.

Its purpose is to help the teacher develop the skills of recognizing the figurative and expressive means of the language in the text, to teach the children to see their purpose (role) in a work of art.

These "Didactic Materials" can be used by teachers and students at the stage of preparing students for task B8, as well as when developing the skills of writing an essay-reasoning (part C).

These tasks, as a rule, cause serious difficulties for students, since most graduates have a rather weak idea of ​​the most significant figurative and expressive means of the language and their role in the text, and it is impossible to master the skills of using language means in one's own speech without a well-developed conceptual apparatus. .

Today, the Unified State Examination in the Russian language requires the graduate to be able to formulate his point of view on a particular problem, and for this, the student must be able to refer to the proposed text, see this problem, and reveal the position of the author. Appeal to the analysis of linguistic means helps to reveal the author's intention, to formulate his own view of the problem.

"Didactic materials" contain a list of the most important language tools with a detailed explanation of concepts, introduce the ways of expressing individual language tools, their role in the text.

Articles of the manual are supported by examples.

Practical tasks specially selected for each type of tropes and stylistic figures can be used at the stage of consolidating the studied material.

Test tasks allow you to check the level of mastery of a given topic by students.

The material is presented in an accessible form and can be used during self-preparation for the exam.

Fine- expressive means of language.

In various language styles, especially in fiction, in journalism, in colloquial speech, linguistic means are widely used that enhance the effectiveness of the statement due to the fact that various expressive and emotional shades are added to its purely logical content.

Strengthening the expressiveness of speech is achieved by various means, primarily the use of tropes.

TROPE- a turn of speech in which a word or expression is used in a figurative sense.

The trope is based on a comparison of two concepts that appear

we are close in some way.

EPITHET- this is a word that defines an object or action and emphasizes in them some characteristic property, quality.

The stylistic function of the epithet lies in its artistic expressiveness. Adjectives and participles are especially expressive in the function of epithets, due to their inherent semantic richness and diversity.

For example, in a sentence:

And the waves of the sea sad roaring against the stone beat(M. G.) an adjective acts as an epithet sad, defining a noun roar due to its use in a figurative sense.

The adverb plays the same role proudly in a sentence: Between the clouds and the sea proudly flies Petrel...(M. G.)

or noun governor in a sentence Freezing- governor patrols the domain own (I.)

COMPARISON - it is a comparison of two phenomena in order to explain one of them with the help of the other.

“Comparison is one of the most natural and real means for description,” L. N. Tolstoy pointed out.

The stylistic function of comparison is manifested in the artistic expressiveness that it creates in the text.

For example, in a sentence The dreadnought fought like a living being even more majestic among the roaring sea and thunderous explosions (A.T.) not only the dreadnought and the living creature are compared, it is not just explained how the Dreadnought fought, but an artistic image is created.

Comparisons are expressed in various ways:

2) the form of the comparative degree of an adjective or adverb: You are sweeter than everyone, everyone expensive, Russian, loamy, hard ground(Surk.);

3) turnovers with various unions: Below him is Kazbek, like the edge of a diamond shone with eternal snows (L.); However, these were more caricatures than portraits (T.);

4) lexically (using words similar, similarand etc.): Her love for her son was like madness(M. G.).

Along with simple comparisons, in which two phenomena approach each other according to some common feature, detailed comparisons are used, in which many similar features are compared: ... Chichikov was still standing still in one and the same place, like a man who has completely gone out into the street in order to take a walk, with eyes disposed to look at everything, and suddenly stops motionless, remembering that he has forgotten something, and even then nothing can be more stupid to be such a person: in an instant, a carefree expression flies from his face; he struggles to remember that he has forgotten whether it is not a handkerchief, but a handkerchief in his pocket, or money, but money is also in his pocket; everything seems to be with him, but meanwhile some unknown spirit whispers into his ears that he has forgotten something.

METAPHOR is a word or expression that is used in a figurative sense on the basis of the similarity in some respect of two objects or events.

For example, in a sentence Resigned you, my spring grandiloquent dreams (P.) the word spring is metaphorically used in the meaning of the word "youth".

In contrast to the two-term comparison, which also states that

is compared, and that with which it is compared, the metaphor contains only that with which it is compared. Like a comparison, a metaphor can be simple and detailed, built on various similarity associations:

Here embraces the wind flocks waves embrace strong and throws them with a swing in wild anger at the cliffs, breaking into dust and splashes of emerald

bulks (M. G.)

METONYMY- this is a word or an expression that is used in a figurative sense on the basis of an external and internal connection between two objects or phenomena.

This connection could be:

1) between content and content: I three plates ate(Cr.)

3) between an action and the instrument of that action: He doomed their villages and fields for a violent raid swords and fires (P.)

4) between the object and the material from which the object is made: Not that on silver - on gold atel (Gr.)

5) between a place and the people in that place: Everything field gasped. (P.)

SYNECDOCH - This is a kind of metonymy based on the transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another on the basis of a quantitative relationship between them.

Usually used in synecdoche:

3) part instead of whole: ((Do you need anything? - "In roof for my family” (Hertz);

4) generic name instead of species name: Well, sit down light(M.; instead of the sun);

5) specific name instead of generic name: Take care of the most a penny(G.; instead of money).

HYPERBOLA- this is a figurative expression containing an exorbitant exaggeration of the size, strength, value, etc. of any phenomenon:

In one hundred and forty suns, the sunset was blazing (M.).

LITOTA - is an expression containing an exorbitant underestimation of the size, strength, significance of any phenomenon I:

Below a thin blade you have to bow your head ... (N).

Another meaning of the litote- definition of a concept or object by negating the opposite

(cf. not bad said - well said): Not expensive I appreciate high-profile rights, from which more than one dizzy (P).

Our world is wonderfully arranged ... He has an excellent cook, but, unfortunately, such a small mouth that it can never miss more than two pieces; the other has mouth the size of the arch of the General Staff, but, alas, I must be content with some German potato dinner (D).

IRONY- This is the use of a word or expression in the reverse sense of the literal, for the purpose of ridicule:

breakaway, smart, you're shaking your head!(Kr.) - an appeal to a donkey.

ALLEGORY- this is an allegorical image of an abstract concept with the help of a specific life image.

Allegory is often used in fables and fairy tales, where animals, objects, natural phenomena act as carriers of human properties. For example, cunning is shown in the form of a fox, greed - in the form of a wolf, deceit - in the form of a snake, etc.

PERSONALIZATION- is the transfer of human properties to inanimate objects and abstract concepts:

I whistle, and to me obediently, timidly creep in bloodied villainy, and hand will to me lick, and in the eyes look, in them is a sign of my reading will (P.);

be comforted silent sadness, and frisky joy will think ... (P.)

PERIPHRASE (or PERIPHRASE) - this is a turnover consisting in replacing the name of an object or phenomenon with a description of their essential features or an indication of their characteristic features:

king of beasts(instead of a lion).

Wed at A. S. Pushkin: creator of Macbeth(Shakespeare),

Lithuanian singer(Mickiewicz),

singer Giaura and Juan(Byron)

stylistic figures.

To enhance the figurative and expressive function of speech, special syntactic constructions are used - the so-called stylistic (or rhetorical) figures.

The most important stylistic figures include:

Anaphora (or monogamy)

Epiphora (or ending)

Parallelism

Antithesis

Oxymoron

(Greek "witty-stupid")

gradation

Inversion

Ellipsis

Default

Rhetorical address

Rhetorical question

polyunion

Asyndeton

ANAPHORA (or UNITY)- this is the repetition of individual words or phrases at the beginning of the passages that make up the statement.

For example, (lexical anaphora):

I swear I am the first day of creation,

I swear his last day

I swear shame of crime

And eternal truth triumph ... (L.)

Syntactic constructions of the same type (syntactic anaphora) can be repeated:

I am standing at high doors

I I follow at your work (St.)

I won't break, I won't falter, I won't get tired*

I will not forgive a grain of the enemies (Berg.).

EPIPHORA (or ENDING)is the repetition of words or expressions at the end of adjacent passages (sentences):

I would like to know why I titular adviser? Why exactly titular adviser?(G.)

PARALLELISM- this is the same syntactic construction of adjacent sentences or segments of speech:

The young are dear to us everywhere, the old people are honored everywhere (L.-K.). An example of parallelism is the well-known poem by M. Yu. Lermontov “When the yellowing field is agitated ...”:

When the yellowing field worries

And a fresh trail rustles at the sound of the breeze ...

When, sprinkled with fragrant dew,

Ruddy evening or morning at a golden hour ..

When the cold key plays in the ravine

And, plunging the thought into some kind of vague dream...

ANTITHESIS - This is a turn of speech in which opposite concepts are sharply contrasted to enhance expressiveness:

Where the table was food, there is a coffin (Hold).

Often the antithesis is built on lexical antonyms: The rich feast on weekdays, but poor and in holiday mourns (last).

OXYMORON- this is a stylistic figure, consisting in the combination of two concepts that contradict each other, logically exclude one another:

bitter joy; ringing silence; eloquent silence;

"Living Corpse" (L. T.);

"Optimistic Tragedy" (Vishn.)

GRADATION - this is a stylistic figure, consisting in such an arrangement of words, in which each subsequent one contains an increasing (less often - decreasing) meaning, due to which an increase (less often - weakening) of the impression they produce is created.

Examples of ascending gradation: In autumn, the feather-grass steppes completely change and receive their special, unique, unique view(ax);

Arriving home, Laevsky and Nadezhda Fyodorovna went into their dark, stuffy, boring rooms (Ch.).

Descending gradation example:

I swear to Leningrad wounds,

The first ruined hearths;

I won't break, I won't falter, I won't get tired

I will not give a grain to the enemies (Berg.).

INVERSION- this is the arrangement of the members of the sentence in a special order that violates the usual, so-called direct order, in order to enhance the expressiveness of speech. But not every reverse word order is an inversion; one can talk about it only when stylistic tasks are set when using it - increasing the expressiveness of speech:

With horror I wondered where this was leading to! And with desperation recognized his power over my soul (P.);

The horses were brought out. Did not like they tell me (T.);

After all, he friend was me (L.T.);

Inversion enhances the semantic load of the members of the sentence and translates the statement from a neutral plan into an expressive-emotional one. . hand gave me goodbye (Ch.);

Amazing our people (Er.);

He made dinner excellent(T.);

Soul to high stretches (Pan.).

ELLIPSIS- this is a stylistic figure, consisting in the omission of any implied member of the sentence:

We are villages- into ashes, hailstones into dust, into swords - sickles and plows (Zhuk.);

Instead of bread- stone instead of teaching- beater (S.-Sch.);

An officer with a pistol, Terkin - with a soft bayonet (Te.).

The use of an ellipsis gives the statement dynamism, intonation of lively speech, and artistic expressiveness.

DEFAULT- this is a turn of speech, which consists in the fact that the author deliberately does not fully express the thought, leaving the reader (or listener) to guess what was not said: No, I wanted ... maybe you ... I thought, What time is it for the baron to die (P.);

What did they both think they felt? Who will know? Who will say? There are such moments in life, such feelings. They can only be pointed- and pass by (T.)

rhetorical address- this is a stylistic figure, consisting in an underlined appeal to someone or something to enhance the expressiveness of speech:

Flowers, love, village, idleness, field!

I am devoted to you with my soul (P.);

O you, whose letters are many, many in my shore portfolio! (H);

"Quiet, speakers! your word, Comrade Mauser (M.)

Rhetorical appeals serve not so much to name the addressee of the speech, but to express the attitude towards this or that object, to characterize it, to enhance the expressiveness of the speech.

RHETORICAL QUESTION- this is a stylistic figure, consisting in the fact that the question is not posed in order to get an answer to it, but to draw the attention of the reader (or listener) to a particular phenomenon:

Do you know Ukrainian night? (G.);

Is it new to argue over Europe? Has the Russian lost the habit of victories? (P.)

POLYUNION- This is a stylistic figure consisting in the deliberate use of repeating unions for the logical and intonational underlining of the members of the sentence connected by the unions. Serves to enhance the expressiveness of speech:

Thin rain was sown on the forests, and on the fields, and on the wide Dnieper (G.);

The ocean walked before my eyes, and swayed, and thundered, and sparkled, and faded, and shone, and went to infinity (Kor.).

The same when repeating the union between parts of a compound sentence:

Houses burned at night, and the wind blew, and black bodies on the gallows swayed from the wind, and crows screamed above them (Kupr.)

ASYNDETON - this is a stylistic figure consisting in the intentional omission of connecting unions between members of a sentence or between sentences :

the absence of unions gives the statement swiftness, saturation with impressions within the overall picture:

Swede, Russian - stabs, cuts, cuts, drumming, yushki, rattle, thunder of cannons, clatter, neigh, groan ... (P.)

The non-union enumeration of subject names can be used to create the impression of a quick change of pictures:

Booths, women, boys, shops, lanterns, palaces, gardens, monasteries, Bukharians, sleighs, kitchen gardens, merchants, shacks, peasants, boulevards, towers, Cossacks, pharmacies, fashion stores, balconies, lions at the gates flicker past ... ( P.)

Functions of individual figurative and expressive means of the language

trail view	Functions in speech
	Emphasizes the most significant feature of an object or phenomenon. It is used with the word it defines, enhancing its figurativeness.
Comparison	These language tools help to see unity of the world, to notice similarities in dissimilar phenomena. Bringing together such distant objects, they discover their new properties, something that we did not know before. Give the expression an emotional coloring
Metaphor
personification
Metonymy	Thanks to metonymy, we see this object, this action in its uniqueness.
Synecdoche	Indicates similarities and differences, connections and relationships between objects.
In folklore, they often serve as means of creating an image.
	Based on contrast. Reveals the true meaning of the relationship to the hero.
Allegory	Serves to create a bright artistic image.
Paraphrase (or paraphrase)	Increases the expressiveness of speech.

Types of stylistic figures	Functions in speech
Anaphora (or monogamy)	Give poetry melodiousness, musicality.
Epiphora (or ending)
Parallelism
Antithesis	The combination of concepts that are contrasting in meaning emphasizes their meaning more strongly and makes poetic speech more vivid and figurative. With this tool, writers can more accurately paint a picture, convey a feeling or thought, discover the contradictions that exist in life.
Oxymoron (Greek "witty-stupid")	This language tool is used to characterize teristics of complex phenomena of life.
gradation
Inversion	Increasing the expressiveness of speech.
Ellipsis	In works of literature, it gives speech dynamism, ease, makes it look like an oral conversation:
Default	Helps convey the emotional state of the character (author)
Rhetorical address Rhetorical exclamation	They serve to enhance the emotional and aesthetic perception of the depicted.
Rhetorical question	Serves to draw the reader's attention to the depicted.
polyunion	Serves to enhance the expressiveness of speech.
Asyndeton	Gives the statement swiftness, saturation of impressions within the overall picture or to create the impression of a quick change of pictures:

Tasks that allow in practice to work out the skills of finding and defining the function in speech of figurative and expressive means of the language.

Tasks for the section "Trails":

I. INDICATE EPITHETS AND DEFINE THEIR STYLISTIC FUNCTION .

1. Among the flowering fields and mountains, a friend of mankind sadly notices a murderous shame everywhere of ignorance. (P.)

2. To them, if some goose comes - the landowner, and brings down, the bear, right into the living room. (G.)

3. He walks boldly and straight to the shore with large steps, he calls his comrades-in-arms loudly and menacingly calls the marshals. (L.)

4. As if he himself was drowsy, the old ocean seemed to have quieted down. (St.)

5. He was especially embarrassed by Olga's childish angry words. (M. G.)

6. Petrograd lived in these January nights tensely, agitatedly, angrily, furiously. (A.T.)

7. The shadow of Miloslavsky, terrible from childhood, rose again. (A.T.)

8. We attack with steel rows with a firm step. (Surk.)

9. Let the wind of iron revenge sweep the rapist into the abyss.

10. Come on, sing a song to us, cheerful wind. (OK.)

II . INDICATE COMPARISONS AND DEFINE THE WAYS THEY ARE EXPRESSED.

1. He ran faster than a horse ... (P.)

2. Below, like a steel mirror, lakes of jets turn blue. (Tyutch.)

3. And the old cat Vaska seemed to be more affectionate towards him than to anyone in the house.

4. (Pushkin's verse) gentle, sweet, soft, like the murmur of a wave, viscous and thick, like tar, bright, like lightning, transparent and pure, like a crystal, fragrant and fragrant, like spring, strong and powerful, like a blow of a sword in the hands of a rich man. (Bel.)

5. Whiter than snowy mountains, clouds go to the west. (L.)

6. The ice is not strong on the icy river, as if it lies like melting sugar. (N.)

7. From the chopped old birch, farewell tears poured in a hail. (H)

8. Now touching the waves with a wing, then soaring up to the clouds with an arrow, he screams, and the clouds hear joy in the bold cry of a bird, (M. G.)

9. Pyramidal poplars look like mourning cypresses. (ser.)

10. On Red Square, as if through the fog of centuries, the outlines of walls and towers are unclear. (A.T.)

11. Our guys melted like candles. (F.)

III. SPECIFY METAPHORS. DEFINE WHAT THE METAPHORICAL USE OF WORDS IS BASED ON.

1. The sun of Russian poetry has set (about Pushkin). (Bug.)

2. The east burns with a new dawn. (P.)

3. Remembrance silently in front of me develops its long scroll (P).

4. Here we are destined by nature to cut a window into Europe. (P.)

5. A kite swam high and slowly above the gardens. (Hound.)

b. Everything in him breathed the happy cheerfulness of health, breathed youth. (T.)

7. People were engaged in domestication of animals only at the dawn of human culture. (Shw.)

8. The wind is walking, the snow is fluttering. (Bl..)

9. Having unfolded my troops in a parade, I pass along the line front. (M.)

10. Quietly the river slumbers. (Her.)

IV. AtSAY WHAT METONYMY IS BASED ON.

1. Well, eat another plate, my dear! (Cr.)

2. No, my Moscow did not go to him with a guilty head. (P.)

3. Here the savage nobility, without feeling, without law, has appropriated to itself by a violent vine both labor, and property, and the time of the farmer. (P).

4. I read Apuleius willingly, but I did not read Cicero. (P.)

5. Here, on their new waves, all the flags will visit us. (P.)

6. But our open bivouac was quiet. (L.)

7. Cry, Russian land! But also be proud. (N.)

8. The pen of his revenge breathes. (ACT.)

9. And at the door are pea jackets, overcoats, sheepskin coats. (M.)

10. You can only hear an accordion wandering somewhere lonely on the street. (Is.)

V. MAKE SENTENCES USING SYNECDOCHES WITH DIFFERENT MEANINGS.

VI. FIND EXAMPLES OF HYPERBOLE IN THE DESCRIPTION OF THE DNEPR

N. V. GOGOL (“Terrible Revenge”, ch. 10).

VII. ON THE EXAMPLE OF I. A. KRYLOV'S FABLES, SHOW THE USE OF ALLEGORIES.

VIII. COMPLETE A SMALL TEXT USING ONE OF THE FIGURES OF REPETITION (parallelism, anaphora or epiphora).

IX. MAKE SEVERAL PERIPHRASES, REPLACING THEM:

1) names of writers, scientists, public figures;

2) names of animals;

3) names of plants;

4) geographical names.

Tasks for the section "Stylistic figures":

I. CHOOSE 10 PROVERBS BUILT ON THE PRINCIPLE OF ANTITHESIS.

II. FIND EXAMPLES OF USE OF INVERSION IN THE STORIES OF MODERN AUTHORS.

III. FIND EXAMPLES OF RHETORICAL APPEAL IN THE POEMS OF A. S. PUSHKIN, N. A. NEKRASOV, V. V. MAYAKOVSKY.

IV. FIND CASES OF MULTIPLE UNION AND NON-UNION IN THE WORKS OF MODERN ART LITERATURE. EXPLAIN THE USE OF THESE AND OTHER SPEECH.

CHECK YOURSELF.

1.The whole room with amber luster

Illuminated...

2. I lived like grandfathers, the old fashioned way.

Z. Resting his feet on the globe of the earth,

I hold the ball of the sun in my hands ...

4. Timidly the month looks into the eyes,

I'm surprised the day hasn't passed...

5. Spruce covered the path with my sleeve.

6. He led swords to a plentiful feast.

7.3 I hit the projectile in the cannon tightly

And I thought: I will treat a friend!

Wait a minute, brother Musyu!

8. A boy with a finger.

9. The Poet died! - slave of honor.

10. No, my Moscow did not go to him with a guilty head.

1. A golden cloud spent the night

On the chest of a giant cliff.

2. Eyes like the sky are blue.

3. Beware of the wind

Came out of the gate.

4. Trees in winter silver.

5... .Tears a mouth wider than the Gulf of Mexico.

6.... You will fall asleep, surrounded by care

dear and beloved family.

7. Scarlet dawn rises

She swept her golden curls, ...

8. Above all, take care of a penny ...

9. A cheat approaches a tree on tiptoe,

He wags his tail, does not take his eyes off the crow.

0. No, my Moscow did not go

To him with a guilty head.

1. Black evening, white snow.

Wind. Wind....

2. The unceasing rain is flowing,

The tedious rain...

3. Your mind is silent that the sea,

Your spirit is as high as mountains.

4. My friend! Let's dedicate to the Fatherland

Souls wonderful impulses!

5. And the waves crowd and rush back,

And they come again, and hit the shore ...

6. Not the wind, blowing from a height,

Sheets touched on a moonlit night ...

7. They came together: the wave and the stone,

Poetry and prose, ice and fire...

8. He groans through the fields, along the roads,

He groans in prisons, prisons ...

9. What is he looking for in a distant country?

What did he throw in his native country? ..

lo. I don't regret, I don't call, I don't cry...

1. Ah! Get over it, storm!

2. There the bride and groom are waiting -

no pop,

And I'm here too.

There they take care of the baby, -

no pop,

And I'm here too.

3. Everything flew far, past.

4. I came, I saw, I conquered ..

5. The coachman whistled,

The horses galloped.

b. Such is this book. Quite simple and complex. For children and for adults. The book of my childhood...

7. On the window, silver from frost.

During the night the chrysanthemums bloomed.

8. Flash past the booth, women,

Boys, benches, lanterns, ..

9. I swear by the first day of creation,

I swear on his last day...

10. Eloquent silence.

1. The azure of heaven laughs ...

2. In the room of people - you can’t count them in a day.

3. Poor luxury.

4. City on the Yenisei.

5. My life! Did you dream about me?

6. They entered their dark, stuffy, boring rooms.

7. The word crumbled in the hands.

8. Tramp-wind.

9. The rich feast on weekdays, and the poor mourn on holidays.

Y. All flags will visit us.

Answers to tests

Test number 1. Test number 3.

Epithet Antithesis

Comparison of Epiphora

Hyperbole Parallelism

Personification Rhetorical exclamation

Metaphor Polyunion

Metonymy Inversion

Irony Antithesis

Litota Anaphora

Paraphrase Rhetorical question

Metonymy. gradation.

Test number 2. Test number 4.

epithet rhetorical address

Comparison of Epiphora

Personification Ellipsis

Comparison Gradation

Hyperbole Parallelism

Irony

Metaphor Inversion

Synecdoche Bessoyuzie

Allegory Anaphora

Metonymy. Oxymoron

Metaphor

Hyperbola

Oxymoron

paraphrase

Rhetorical question

gradation

Comparison

Antithesis

Metonymy

Table-simulator*

Back to "Trails"

trail view	Definition
	A word that defines an object or action and emphasizes in them some characteristic property, quality.
Comparison	Comparison of two phenomena in order to explain one of them with the help of the other.
Metaphor	A word or expression that is used in a figurative sense based on the similarity in some respect of two objects or phenomena.
Metonymy	A word or expression that is used in a figurative sense on the basis of an external and internal connection between two objects or phenomena.
Synecdoche	A kind of metonymy based on the transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another on the basis of a quantitative relationship between them.
Hyperbola	A figurative expression containing an exorbitant exaggeration of the size, strength, significance, etc. of a phenomenon.
	An expression containing an exorbitant underestimation of the size, strength, significance of a phenomenon. Definition of a concept or object by negating the opposite
	The use of a word or expression in the reverse sense of the literal, for the purpose of ridicule.
Allegory	Allegorical image of an abstract concept with the help of a specific life image.
personification	The transfer of human properties to inanimate objects and abstract concepts.
Paraphrase (or paraphrase)	A turnover consisting in replacing the name of an object or phenomenon with a description of their essential features or an indication of their characteristic features.

To the section "Stylistic figures"

Types of stylistic figures	Definition
Anaphora (or monogamy)	The repetition of individual words or phrases at the beginning of the passages that make up the statement.
Epiphora (or ending)	Repetition of words or expressions at the end of adjacent passages (sentences).
Parallelism	The same syntactic construction of adjacent sentences or segments of speech.
Antithesis	A figure of speech in which opposite concepts are sharply contrasted to enhance expressiveness:
Oxymoron (Greek "witty-stupid")	A stylistic figure consisting in the combination of two concepts that contradict each other, logically excluding one another.
gradation	A stylistic figure consisting in such an arrangement of words, in which each subsequent one contains an increasing (decreasing) meaning, due to which an increase (weakening) of the impression they produce is created.
Inversion	The arrangement of the members of the sentence in a special order that violates the usual, so-called direct order, in order to enhance the expressiveness of speech
Ellipsis	Stylistic figure, consisting in the omission of any implied member of the sentence
Default
Rhetorical address	A stylistic figure consisting in an underlined appeal to someone or something to enhance the expressiveness of speech
Rhetorical question	A stylistic figure, consisting in the fact that the question is not posed in order to get an answer to it, but to draw the attention of the reader (or listener) to a particular phenomenon:
polyunion	A stylistic figure, consisting in the deliberate use of repeating unions for logical and intonational underlining of the members of the sentence connected by unions, to enhance the expressiveness of speech:
Asyndeton	A stylistic figure consisting in the intentional omission of connecting unions between members of a sentence or between sentences: the absence of unions gives the statement swiftness, richness of impressions within the overall picture

* These tables can be used in the lessons to reinforce the concepts of tropes and stylistic figures. (Possible form of work - "Find your mate")

Used Books:

D. E. Rosenthal. Practical style of the Russian language

In every word - the abyss of images.
K. Paustovsky

Phonetic means

Alliteration- repetition of consonants. It is a technique for highlighting and fastening words in a line. Increases the harmony of the verse.

Assonance- repetition of vowel sounds.

Lexical means

Antonyms- (from the Greek "anti" - against and "onyma" - name) - words related to the same part of speech, but opposite in meaning (good - evil, mighty - powerless). The basis of antonymy is the association by contrast, reflecting the existing differences in the nature of objects, phenomena, actions, qualities and features. The opposition of antonyms in speech is a vivid source of speech expression, which establishes the emotionality of speech:
He was weak in body but strong in spirit.

Contextual (or contextual) antonyms- these are words that are not opposed in the language in meaning and are antonyms only in the text:
Mind and heart - ice and fire - that's the main thing that distinguished this hero.

Hyperbola- a figurative expression that exaggerates any action, object, phenomenon. Used to enhance the artistic impression:
Snow fell from the sky in pounds.

Litotes- artistic understatement:
Man with nails.
Used to enhance the artistic impression.

Individual-author's neologisms (occasionalisms)- thanks to their novelty, they allow creating certain artistic effects, expressing the author's view on a topic or problems: ... how can we ourselves ensure that our rights are not expanded at the expense of the rights of others? (A. Solzhenitsyn)
The use of literary images helps the author to better explain any situation, phenomenon, other image:
Grigory was, apparently, the brother of Ilyusha Oblomov.

Synonyms- (from the Greek "synonymos" - the same name) - these are words related to the same part of speech, expressing the same concept, but at the same time differing in shades of meaning: Love - love, friend - friend.

Contextual (or contextual) synonyms- words that are synonymous only in this text:
Lomonosov - a genius - a beloved child of nature. (V. Belinsky)

Stylistic synonyms- differ in stylistic coloring, scope of use:
He chuckled - giggled - laughed - neighed.

Syntactic synonyms- parallel syntactic constructions having different structure, but coinciding in their meaning:
Start preparing lessons - start preparing lessons.

Metaphor- (from the Greek "metaphor" - transfer) - a hidden comparison based on the similarity between distant phenomena and objects. At the heart of any metaphor is an unnamed comparison of some objects with others that have a common feature.

In a metaphor, the author creates an image - an artistic representation of the objects, phenomena that he describes, and the reader understands what kind of similarity the semantic relationship between the figurative and direct meaning of the word is based on:
There were, are, and, I hope, will always be more good people in the world than bad and evil ones, otherwise disharmony would set in the world, it would warp ... capsize and sink.

Epithet, personification, oxymoron, antithesis can be considered as a kind of metaphor.

Expanded metaphor- a detailed transfer of the properties of one object, phenomenon or aspect of being to another according to the principle of similarity or contrast. Metaphor is particularly expressive. Possessing unlimited possibilities in bringing together a wide variety of objects or phenomena, metaphor allows you to rethink an object in a new way, reveal, expose its inner nature. Sometimes it is an expression of the individual author's vision of the world.

Non-traditional metaphors (Shop of antiquities - Grannies on a bench at the entrance; Red and Black - Calendar;)

Metonymy- (from the Greek "metonymy" - renaming) - the transfer of meanings (renaming) according to the adjacency of phenomena. The most common cases of transfer:
a) from a person to his any external signs:
Is lunch coming soon? - asked the guest, referring to the quilted waistcoat;
b) from an institution to its inhabitants:
The entire boarding school recognized the superiority of D.I. Pisarev;
c) the name of the author on his creation (book, painting, music, sculpture):
Magnificent Michelangelo! (about his sculpture) or: Reading Belinsky...

Synecdoche- a technique by which the whole is expressed through its part (something less included in something more) A kind of metonymy.
"Hey beard! And how to get from here to Plyushkin? (N.V. Gogol)

Oxymoron- a combination of contrasting words that create a new concept or idea. This is a combination of logically incompatible concepts, sharply contradictory in meaning and mutually exclusive. This technique sets the reader to the perception of contradictory, complex phenomena, often - the struggle of opposites. Most often, an oxymoron conveys the author's attitude to an object or phenomenon:
The sad fun continues...

personification- one of the types of metaphor, when the transfer of a sign is carried out from a living object to an inanimate one. When personified, the described object is externally used by a person: Trees, bending down towards me, extended their thin arms. Even more often, actions that are permissible only to people are attributed to an inanimate object:
The rain splashed bare feet along the paths of the garden.

Evaluative vocabulary- direct author's assessment of events, phenomena, objects:
Pushkin is a miracle.

Paraphrase(s)– use of a description instead of a proper name or title; descriptive expression, turn of speech, replacement word. Used to decorate speech, replace repetition:
The city on the Neva sheltered Gogol.

Proverbs and sayings, used by the author, make speech figurative, label, expressive.

Comparison- one of the means of expressiveness of the language, helping the author to express his point of view, create whole artistic pictures, give a description of objects. In comparison, one phenomenon is shown and evaluated by comparing it with another phenomenon.

Comparison is usually joined by unions: like, as if, as if, exactly, etc. but it serves for a figurative description of the most diverse features of objects, qualities, and actions.
For example, comparison helps to give an accurate description of a color:
Like the night, his eyes are black.

Often there is a form of comparison expressed by a noun in the instrumental case:
Anxiety snaked its way into our hearts.
There are comparisons that are included in the sentence using the words: similar, similar, reminiscent:
... butterflies are like flowers.
Comparison can also represent several sentences related in meaning and grammatically. There are two types of comparisons:
1) A detailed, branched comparison-image, in which the main, initial comparison is specified by a number of others:
The stars are out in the sky. With thousands of curious eyes they rushed to the ground, thousands of fireflies lit the night.
2) Expanded parallelism (the second part of such comparisons usually begins with the word like this):
The church trembled. This is how a person taken by surprise shudders, this is how a trembling doe takes off from its place, not even understanding what has happened, but already sensing the danger.

Phraseologisms- (from the Greek "phrasis" - expression) - these are almost always bright expressions. Therefore, they are an important expressive means of language used by writers as ready-made figurative definitions, comparisons, as emotional and pictorial characteristics of heroes, the surrounding reality, etc.:
People like my hero have a divine spark.

Quotes from other works help the author to prove any thesis, the position of the article, show his passions and interests, make the speech more emotional, expressive:
A.S. Pushkin, "like first love", will not be forgotten not only by "Russia's heart", but also by world culture.

Epithet- (from the Greek "epiteton" - application) - a word that highlights in an object or phenomenon any of its properties, qualities or signs. An epithet is an artistic definition, i.e. colorful, figurative, which emphasizes some of its distinctive properties in the word being defined. Any meaningful word can serve as an epithet, if it acts as an artistic, figurative definition for another:
1) noun: magpie talker.
2) adjective: fatal hours.
3) adverb and participle: eagerly peers; listens frozen;
But most often epithets are expressed using adjectives used in a figurative sense:
The eyes are half asleep, tender, in love.

Metaphorical epithet- a figurative definition that transfers the properties of another object to one object.

allusion- a stylistic figure, a hint at a real literary, historical, political fact that is supposed to be known.

Reminiscence- features in a work of art that are reminiscent of another work. As an artistic device, it is designed for the memory and associative perception of the reader.

Syntactic means

Author's punctuation- this is a punctuation mark that is not provided for by punctuation rules. Author's signs convey the additional meaning invested in them by the author. Most often, a dash is used as copyright marks, which emphasizes or contrasts:
Born to crawl - can't fly
or emphasizes the second part after the sign:
Love is the most important thing.
Author's exclamation marks serve as a means of expressing a joyful or sad feeling, mood.

Anaphora, or monogamy- this is the repetition of individual words or phrases at the beginning of a sentence. It is used to strengthen the expressed thought, image, phenomenon:
How to describe the beauty of the sky? How to tell about the feelings that overwhelm the soul at this moment?
Antithesis- a stylistic device that consists in a sharp opposition of concepts, characters, images, creating the effect of a sharp contrast. It helps to better convey, depict contradictions, contrast phenomena. It serves as a way of expressing the author's view of the described phenomena, images, etc.

exclamation particles- a way of expressing the emotional mood of the author, a method of creating an emotional pathos of the text:
Oh, how beautiful you are, my land! And how good are your fields!

exclamatory sentences express the emotional attitude of the author to the described (anger, irony, regret, joy, admiration):
Disgraceful attitude! How can you save happiness!
Exclamatory sentences also express a call to action:
Let's save our soul as a shrine!

gradation- a stylistic figure, which concludes in the consequent injection or, conversely, the weakening of comparisons, images, epithets, metaphors and other expressive means of artistic speech:
For the sake of your child, for the sake of the family, for the sake of the people, for the sake of humanity - take care of the world!
Gradation is ascending (strengthening of the feature) and descending (weakening of the feature).

Inversion- Reverse word order in a sentence. In direct order, the subject precedes the predicate, the agreed definition comes before the word being defined, the inconsistent attribute after it, the addition after the control word, the adverb of the mode of action before the verb: Modern youth quickly realized the falsity of this truth. And with inversion, the words are arranged in a different order than is established by grammatical rules. This is a strong expressive means used in emotional, excited speech:
Beloved homeland, my native land, should we take care of you!

Composite joint- this is the repetition at the beginning of a new sentence of a word or words from the previous sentence, usually ending it:
The Motherland did everything for me. Motherland taught me, raised me, gave me a start in life. A life I'm proud of.

polyunion- a rhetorical figure, consisting in the deliberate repetition of coordinating conjunctions for the logical and emotional highlighting of the enumerated concepts:
And the thunder did not strike, and the sky did not fall on the earth, and the rivers did not overflow from such grief!

Parceling- a technique for dividing a phrase into parts or even into separate words. Its purpose is to give speech intonational expression by its abrupt pronunciation:
The poet suddenly stood up. Turned pale.

Repeat- the conscious use of the same word or combination of words in order to enhance the meaning of this image, concept, etc.:
Pushkin was a sufferer, a sufferer in the full sense of the word.

Connecting structures- the construction of the text, in which each subsequent part, continuing the first, main one, is separated from it by a long pause, which is indicated by a dot, sometimes an ellipsis or a dash. This is a means of creating emotional pathos of the text:
Belorussky railway station on Victory Day. And a crowd of greeters. And tears. And the bitterness of loss.

Rhetorical questions and rhetorical exclamations- a special means of creating the emotionality of speech, expressing the author's position.
Who hasn't cursed the stationmasters, who hasn't scolded them? Who, in a moment of anger, did not demand from them a fatal book in order to write in it their useless complaint of oppression, rudeness and malfunction? Who does not revere them as monsters of the human race, equal to the deceased clerks, or at least the Murom robbers?
What summer, what summer? Yes, it's just magic!

Syntax parallelism- the same construction of several adjacent sentences. With its help, the author seeks to highlight, emphasize the expressed idea:
Mother is an earthly miracle. Mother is a sacred word.

A combination of short simple and long complex or complicated sentences with various turnovers helps to convey the pathos of the article, the emotional mood of the author.
“Binoculars. Binoculars. People want to be closer to Gioconda. Consider the pores of her skin, eyelashes. Glare pupils. They seem to feel the breath of Mona Lisa. They, like Vasari, feel that “the eyes of the Gioconda have that brilliance and that moisture that are usually seen in a living person ... and in the deepening of the neck, with a careful look, you can see the beating of the pulse ... And they see and hear it. And it's not a miracle. Such is the skill of Leonardo."
“1855. The zenith of Delacroix's glory. Paris. Palace of Fine Arts ... in the central hall of the exposition - thirty-five paintings of the great romantic.

One-part, incomplete sentences make the author's speech more expressive, emotional, enhance the emotional pathos of the text:
Gioconda. A human babble. Whisper. The rustle of dresses. Quiet steps ... Not a single stroke, - I hear the words. - No smears. How alive.

Epiphora- the same ending of several sentences, reinforcing the meaning of this image, concept, etc.:
I have been going to you all my life. I have believed in you all my life. I have loved you all my life.

Words and expressions used in a figurative sense and creating figurative representations of objects and phenomena are called paths(from the Greek "tropos" - a figurative expression).
In fiction, the use of tropes is necessary in order to give the image plasticity, imagery and liveliness.
Tropes include: epithet, comparison, metaphor, personification, metonymy, allegory, etc.

euphemisms- (Greek "euphemismos" - I speak well) - words or expressions used instead of words or expressions of direct meaning ("Where the legs grow from", "Keeper of the hearth").

Euphemism is a powerful means of enriching thought, a catalyst for fantasy and associative thinking. Let us note that euphemism, among other things, plays the role of a synonym, but it is not legalized by the linguistic tradition, but a newly invented author's synonym.

Allegory- (from the Greek "allegory" - allegory) - expressions of abstract concepts in specific artistic images. In fables and fairy tales, stupidity and stubbornness - a donkey, cunning - a fox, cowardice - a hare.
____________________________________________
We all look at Napoleons (A.S. Pushkin) - antonomasia

Winter was soft and damp on the roofs. (K. Paustovsky) - metaphor

Hey beard! And how to get from here to Plyushkin? (N.V. Gogol) - metonymy

He laughed out loud, oxymoron

How courteous! Of good! Mila! Simple! - parceling

Figurative means of expressiveness of the language are artistic and speech phenomena that create the verbal figurativeness of the narrative: tropes, various forms of instrumentation and rhythmic-intonational organization of the text, figures.

In the center are examples of the use of figurative means of the Russian language.

Vocabulary

trails- a turn of speech in which a word or expression is used in a figurative sense. The paths are based on an internal convergence, a comparison of two phenomena, one of which explains the other.

Metaphor- a hidden comparison of one object or phenomenon with another based on the similarity of features.

(p) “A horse is galloping, there is a lot of space,

It snows and lays a shawl"

Comparison- comparison of one object with another according to the principle of their similarity.

(p) “Anchar, like a formidable sentry,

It stands alone in the whole universe"

personification- a kind of metaphor, the transfer of human qualities to inanimate objects, phenomena, animals, endowing them with thoughts with speech.

(p) “Sleepy birches smiled,

Disheveled silk braids "

Hyperbola- an exaggeration.

(p) "Tears a yawning mouth wider than the Gulf of Mexico"

Metonymy- replacement of the direct name of an object or phenomenon with another one that has a causal relationship with the first.

(p) "Farewell, unwashed Russia,

The country of slaves, the country of masters ... "

paraphrase- similar to metonymy, often used as a characteristic.

(p) "Kisa, we will see the sky in diamonds" (get rich)

Irony- one of the ways of expressing the author's position, the skeptical, mocking attitude of the author to the depicted.

Allegory- the embodiment of an abstract concept, phenomenon or idea in a specific image.

(p) In Krylov's fable "Dragonfly" - an allegory of frivolity.

Litotes- an understatement.

(p) "... in big mittens, and himself with a fingernail!"

Sarcasm- a kind of comic, a way of displaying the author's position in a work, a caustic mockery.

(p) “I thank you for everything:

For the secret torment of passions... the poison of kisses...

For everything that I was deceived"

Grotesque- a combination of contrasting, fantastic with the real. Widely used for satirical purposes.

(p) In Bulgakov's novel The Master and Margarita, the author used the grotesque, where the funny is inseparable from the terrible, in a performance staged by Woland in a variety show.

Epithet- a figurative definition that emotionally characterizes an object or phenomenon.

(p) “The Rhine lay before us all silver…”

Oxymoron- a stylistic figure, a combination of opposite in meaning, contrasting words that create an unexpected image.

(p) "heat of cold numbers", "sweet poison", "Living corpse", "Dead souls".

Stylistic figures

Rhetorical exclamation- the construction of speech, in which one or another concept is affirmed in the form of an exclamation, in a heightened emotional form.

(p) “Yes, this is just witchcraft!”

Rhetorical question- a question that does not require an answer.

(p) "What summer, what summer?"

Rhetorical address- an appeal that is conditional in nature, informing poetic speech of the desired intonation.

stanza ring- sound repetition located at the beginning and at the end of a given verbal unit - lines, stanzas, etc.

(p) "Affectionately closed the darkness"; " Thunder skies and guns thunder"

polyunion- such a construction of a sentence when all or almost all homogeneous members are interconnected by the same union

Asyndeton- omission of unions between homogeneous members, giving the worst. speech compactness, dynamism.

Ellipsis- an omission in the speech of some easily implied word, a member of a sentence.

Parallelism- concomitance of parallel phenomena, actions, parallelism.

Epiphora- repetition of a word or combination of words. Identical endings of adjacent poetic lines.

(p) “Baby, we are all a bit of a horse!

Each of us is a horse in his own way ... "

Anaphora- monotony, repetition of the same consonances, words, phrases at the beginning of several poetic lines or in a prose phrase.

(p) “If you love, then without reason,

If you threaten, it’s not a joke ... "

Inversion- a deliberate change in the order of words in a sentence, which gives the phrase a special expressiveness.

(p) “Not the wind, blowing from a height,

Sheets touched on a moonlit night ... "

gradation- the use of means of artistic expression, consistently reinforcing or weakening the image.

(p) “I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry ...”

Antithesis- opposition.

(p) “They came together: water and stone,

Poetry and prose, ice and fire…”

Synecdoche- transfer of meaning based on the convergence of the part and the whole, the use of singular instead of pl.

(p) “And it was heard before dawn how the Frenchman rejoiced ...”

Assonance- repetition in verse of homogeneous vowel sounds,

(p) "A son grew up without a smile at night"

Alliteration- repetition or consonance of vowels

(p) "Where the grove whinnying guns whinnying"

Refrain- exactly repeated verses of the text (as a rule, its last lines)

Reminiscence - in a work of art (mainly poetic), individual features inspired by involuntary or deliberate borrowing of images or rhythmic-syntactic moves from another work (someone else's, sometimes one's own).

(p) "I have experienced many, many"

Everything for study » Russian language » Visual means of expression: inversion, allegory, alliteration...

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