What are permanent tax liabilities. Accounting entries in the event of permanent and temporary differences between bu and nu Permanent tax liability how to write off

Today we will figure out when a company has a PNO (permanent tax liability), and when a deferred tax asset will have to be reflected in accounting. In accounting, organizations must reflect the differences arising from the discrepancy between accounting profit and profit calculated in accordance with the requirements of Chapter 25 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

The obligation to form PNO is established by PBU 18/02 "Accounting for settlements on corporate income tax", approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated November 19, 2002 No. 114n (as amended by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated February 11, 2008 No. 23n).

PBU 18/02 may not apply to organizations that are small businesses (small businesses), as well as non-profit organizations.

Organizations related to small businesses are determined in accordance with the Federal Law of July 24, 2007 No. 209-FZ “On the Development of Small and Medium-Sized Businesses in the Russian Federation”.

PIT or permanent and deferred tax assets and liabilities arise when income or expenses are recognized in different amounts in accounting and tax accounting. And also due to the different procedure for the formation of the initial value of assets in accounting and tax accounting.

Information on permanent and temporary differences is formed in accounting either on the basis of primary accounting documents directly on accounting accounts, or in another manner, which is determined by the organization independently (for example, in off-system accounting registers - tables, calculations, etc.). At the same time, the organization must separately reflect permanent and temporary differences in accounting, as well as provide analytical accounting for temporary differences. They need to be reflected differently by the types of those assets and liabilities in respect of which the temporary difference arose.

The rules for reflecting in accounting information on permanent and temporary differences and the method of conducting analytical accounting for temporary differences should be fixed in the accounting policy of the organization.

Consider the procedure for the formation in accounting of indicators provided for by PBU 18/02.

Permanent tax assets and liabilities(PNO and PNA)

Permanent tax assets and liabilities are formed due to the appearance of permanent differences between accounting and tax accounting data.

Constant Differences- these are incomes and expenses that affect the formation of accounting profit (loss), but are not taken into account when determining the tax base for income tax for both the reporting and subsequent reporting periods.

Permanent differences are also income and expenses that are taken into account when determining the tax base for income tax of the reporting period, but are not recognized for accounting purposes as income and expenses of both the reporting and subsequent reporting periods.

Permanent differences occur when:

any expenses are taken into account when forming the financial result in accounting in full, and for the purposes of tax accounting they are normalized (representation expenses, advertising expenses, expenses for creating reserves for doubtful debts, etc.);
any expenses are accepted in tax accounting, but in accounting they do not affect the formation of the financial result;
the organization transferred its property (goods, works, services) free of charge. When calculating the tax base for income tax, expenses related to the gratuitous transfer of property, including the residual value of fixed assets and intangible assets, are not taken into account. In accounting, these amounts are reflected as expenses;
there is a loss of previous years, which after 10 years cannot be accepted for tax purposes (Article 283 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation);
there are other differences between accounting and tax accounting data.

Permanent Tax Liability (PNO)- this is the amount of tax that leads to an increase in income tax payments in the reporting period.

Permanent tax asset (PTA), on the contrary, reflects a decrease in income tax.

Permanent tax liabilities and assets are formed in the reporting period in which the permanent difference arose.

The amount of the permanent tax liability (asset) is equal to the product of the permanent difference and the income tax rate in force on the reporting date.

Organizations reflect in accounting permanent tax liabilities and assets on account 99 subaccount "Permanent tax liabilities / assets" in correspondence with account 68 subaccount "Calculations for income tax":

Debit 99 Credit 68 sub-account "Calculations for income tax" - accrued permanent tax liability (PNO);

Debit 68 sub-account "Calculations for income tax" Credit 99 - a permanent tax asset has been accrued.

Temporary differences, deferred tax asset and IT

Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are formed if there are temporary differences between accounting and tax accounting.

Temporary differences are income and expenses that form accounting profit (loss) in one reporting period, and the tax base for income tax - in another or in other reporting periods.

Temporary differences are classified as:

for deductible temporary differences;
taxable temporary differences.

Deductible temporary differences are formed if any expenses in accounting in the reporting period have reduced accounting profit, and in tax accounting they will be accepted only in the next reporting (tax) period or even later. For example, if:

in the reporting period, depreciation for accounting purposes was charged in a larger amount than in tax accounting;
the organization applies different methods of recognition of commercial and administrative expenses in the cost of products sold (goods, works, services) for accounting and taxation purposes;
the organization applies the cash method for the purpose of calculating income tax and at the end of the reporting period it has accounts payable for purchased goods (works, services). The amount of this debt in accounting is recognized as part of the expenses of the organization when the acquired property (works, services) is accepted for accounting, and in tax accounting - only after payment.

The occurrence of a deductible temporary difference gives rise to deferred tax asset(SHE). The amount of the deferred tax asset increases income tax in the reporting period (at the time of its occurrence) and reduces income tax in the next reporting or subsequent reporting (tax) periods.

Deferred tax asset formed in the reporting period when the deductible temporary differences arise. The amount of the deferred tax asset is equal to the product of the deductible temporary difference and the income tax rate effective at the reporting date.

Organizations reflect in accounting deferred tax assets on account 09 "Deferred tax assets" in correspondence with account 68 sub-account "Calculations for income tax":

Debit 09 Credit 68 sub-account "Calculations for income tax" - a deferred tax asset has been accrued.

Organizations are given the right to independently decide how detailed analytical accounting should be kept when reflecting deferred tax assets. The chosen method should be fixed in the accounting policy. Analytical accounting for deferred tax assets should be structured in such a way that it is possible to determine what caused the deductible temporary difference.

Example 1

On November 20, 2013, the organization accepted for accounting an object of fixed assets with an initial cost of 750,000 rubles. with a useful life of 5 years. Income tax rate - 20%.

For accounting purposes, the organization calculates depreciation by applying the reducing balance method, and in order to determine the tax base for income tax - using the straight-line method.

The amount of depreciation accrued during the fourth quarter of 2013, according to accounting data, amounted to 38,900 rubles, according to tax accounting - 37,500 rubles.

Thus, the deductible temporary difference amounted to RUB 1,400. (38,900 rubles - 37,500 rubles).

The deferred tax asset is calculated as follows:

1400 rub. x 20% = 280 rubles.

The formation of SHE in accounting is reflected in the posting:

- 280 rubles. - accrued deferred tax asset.

According to PBU 18/02, an organization may generally refuse detailed analytical accounting of deferred tax assets if it is not difficult for it to track the movement of these amounts based on the available analytics of deductible temporary differences.

As the deductible temporary differences are reduced or fully reversed, deferred tax assets will be reduced or fully reversed.

The repayment amount is reflected in the accounting records as follows:

Debit 68 subaccount "Calculations for income tax" Credit 09 - repaiddeferred tax asset.

If there is no taxable profit in the current reporting period, but it is probable that it will arise in subsequent reporting periods, then the amounts of the deferred tax asset remain unchanged until such reporting period when taxable profit arises in the organization.

If the accounting object, in connection with which the deferred tax asset was accrued, retires, the balance of the outstanding deferred tax asset is written off to account 99 “Profit and Loss”:

Debit 99 Credit 09 - deferred tax asset written off.

Taxable temporary differences arise if, as a result of any business transactions, the tax base for income tax decreases, and accounting profit will be reduced by this amount in the next reporting period or in subsequent periods. For example, if:

in the reporting period, depreciation was charged in a smaller amount in accounting than in tax accounting;
the organization applies the cash method for the purpose of calculating income tax and in its accounting there are receivables, the amount of which is included in income when forming SHE accounting profit, and in tax accounting it will be recognized as income after receiving payment from the buyer (customer).

The occurrence of taxable temporary differences results in deferred tax liability (IT). They lead to a decrease in the amount of income tax in the current reporting period (at the time of the occurrence of IT) and to an increase in income tax in the next reporting or subsequent reporting (tax) periods.

Deferred tax liabilities are recognized in the period in which the taxable temporary differences arise. IT is calculated as the product of the taxable temporary difference and the income tax rate effective at the reporting date. In accounting, IT is reflected in the posting:

Debit 68 sub-account "Calculations for income tax" Credit 77 - deferred tax liability accrued.

Example 2

On September 25, 2013, the organization accepted for accounting an object of fixed assets with an initial cost of 480,000 rubles. with a useful life of 5 years. Income tax rate - 20%.

For accounting purposes, the organization accrues depreciation on a straight-line basis, and for the purposes of determining the tax base for income tax - on a non-linear basis.

The amount of depreciation accrued during the 4th quarter of 2013 amounted to:

according to accounting data - 24,000 rubles,
according to tax accounting - 48,000 rubles.

The taxable temporary difference amounted to RUB 24,000. (48,000 rubles - 24,000 rubles).

The deferred tax liability is calculated as follows:

24 000 rub. x 20% = 4800 rubles.

In accounting, the formation of deferred tax liabilities is reflected in the posting:

Debit 68 Credit 77
- 4800 rub. - accrued deferred tax liability.

The organization may not accrue deferred tax liabilities for each temporary difference that has arisen and not reflect them in detail in accounting, but determine their amount based on the final data on the amount of taxable temporary differences formed during the reporting period.

As the taxable temporary differences are reduced or fully eliminated, deferred tax liabilities will be reduced or fully eliminated.

The amounts by which deferred tax liabilities are reduced or fully repaid in the reporting period are reflected in accounting by posting:

Debit 77 Credit 68 - deferred tax liability is repaid.

If the accounting object, in connection with which the deferred tax liability was accrued, retires, the amount of the not fully repaid IT is written off to the credit of account 99 “Profit and Loss”:

Debit 77 Credit 99 - deferred tax liability written off.

If the legislation provides for different income tax rates for certain types of income, then when forming a deferred tax asset or deferred tax liability, the income tax rate must correspond to the type of income that leads to the reduction or full repayment of the deductible or taxable temporary difference next to the reporting or subsequent reporting periods.

Conditional expense (conditional income) and current income tax

PBU 18/02 “Accounting for income tax settlements” introduced the concept of “conditional expense (conditional income) for income tax”. This is the amount calculated as the product of the financial result according to accounting data and the income tax rate.

Conditional expense (conditional income) for income tax is reflected in accounting on account 99 “Profit and Loss” sub-account “Conditional income tax income”. The conditional income tax expense is accrued by posting:

Debit 99 Credit 68 - reflects the amount of contingent income tax expense.

The amount of contingent income for income tax is reflected as follows:

Debit 68 Credit 99 - accrued conditional income for income tax.

RAS 18/02 refers to the amount of contingent income tax expense (income) adjusted for the amount of a permanent tax liability (asset), an increase or decrease in a deferred tax asset and a deferred tax liability of the reporting period as current income tax. It is calculated by the formula:

Npr \u003d + (-) UN + PNO- PNA + (-) SHE + + (-) IT,

where Npr - current income tax;

UN - conditional expense (conditional income);

PNO - permanent tax liability;

PNA - permanent tax asset;

SHE is a deferred tax asset;

IT is a deferred tax liability.

The current income tax calculated in accounting must be equal to the income tax calculated according to tax accounting data.

According to paragraph 22 of PBU 18/02, an organization can determine the amount of current income tax in one of two ways:

calculate the amount of current income tax based on the data generated in accounting in accordance with clauses 20 and 21 of PBU 18/02 (that is, based on the amount of contingent expense or contingent income for income tax, adjusted for the amount of permanent and deferred tax assets and obligations);
calculate the amount of current income tax based on the income tax return.

The organization must fix the method of determining the amount of the current income tax in the accounting policy. At the same time, whichever method she chooses, the amount of current income tax must be equal to the amount of income tax reflected in the tax return. In addition, all organizations must, as before, make entries in accounting for the formation of the amount of contingent expense (conditional income) for income tax, as well as the amounts of permanent tax assets and liabilities and deferred tax assets and liabilities. The amount of the current income tax from the tax return can only be used to determine the amount of certain tax amounts provided for by PBU 18/02. So, if such indicators as conditional expense (conditional income) for income tax, permanent tax liabilities (assets) and current income tax for the reporting period are known, it is easy to calculate the amount of deferred taxes.

Example 3

Saratov Prostory LLC determines the amount of the current income tax in the first way. In the organization, the financial result (profit) revealed at the end of the reporting period according to accounting data amounted to 250,000 rubles.

In the reporting period, Saratov Prostory LLC revealed the following differences:

As a result, the following tax assets and tax liabilities were formed:

To simplify the example, let's assume that at the beginning of the reporting period there were no balances on accounts 09 and 77.

We calculate the conditional income tax expense:

250 000 rub. x 20% = 50,000 rubles.

Making the wiring:

Debit 99 subaccount "Conditional income tax expense / income" Credit 68 subaccount "Calculations for income tax"

We check the compliance of tax accounting data with accounting data. For this it is convenient to use the formula:

NB \u003d FR + (-) PR + VVR - NVR,

where NB is the tax base for income tax;

FR - financial result according to accounting data (if a loss is received, its amount must be taken with a minus sign);

PR - constant differences;

VVR - deductible temporary differences;

NVR - taxable temporary differences.

In doing so, attention should be paid to the following. If a permanent difference has formed due to the fact that when carrying out any business transaction in accounting, expenses are recognized in a larger amount than in tax accounting, then the amount of the permanent difference is added to the amount of the financial result. If, on the contrary, the difference was formed due to the fact that expenses in tax accounting are recognized in a larger amount than in accounting, the amount of the permanent difference is deducted.

In our example, Saratov Prostory LLC has an income tax base of:

250 000 rub. + 500 rub. + 800 rub. - 7500 rubles. = 243,800 rubles.

The current income tax is:

RUB 243,800 x 20% = 48,760 rubles.

This amount of tax is calculated in the income tax return.

When accounting for tax assets and tax liabilities, the following entries were made:

- 100 rubles - accrued permanent tax liability;

Debit 09 Credit 68 sub-account "Calculations for income tax"
- 160 rubles. - accrued deferred tax asset;

Debit 68 subaccount "Calculations for income tax" Credit 77
- 1500 rub. - accrued deferred tax liability;

Debit 99 Credit 68 sub-account "Calculations for income tax"
- 50,000 rubles. - accrued contingent income tax expense.

Thus, at the end of the reporting period, Saratov Prostory LLC had a credit balance in the sub-account "Calculations for income tax" account 68:

50 000 rub. + 100 rub. + 160 rub. - 1500 rubles. = 48,760 rubles.

As can be seen from the example, the amount of current income tax accrued according to accounting data is equal to the amount of tax reflected in the declaration.

Overview of the latest changes in taxes, contributions and wages

You have to restructure your work due to numerous amendments to the Tax Code. They affected all major taxes, including income tax, VAT and personal income tax.

When restoring the accounting of organizations, we encountered a misunderstanding of some accountants of the provisions on accounting 18\02. in connection with which we decided to write a series of articles explaining

A practical example of the calculation for determining the current income tax is in

Who applies PBU 18/02?

Reading the General Provisions section, we certainly answer this question. This PBU is applied by organizations that calculate and pay income tax. In other words, if you do not calculate and pay income tax in accordance with the law, then you do not need to apply PBU 18/02. PBU 18/02 does not apply:

credit institutions;
state (municipal) institutions;
applying simplified methods of accounting, including simplified accounting (financial) reporting;

Why should PBU 18/02 be applied at all?

The answer is in this section. The application of PBU 18/02 makes it possible to reflect in accounting and financial statements the difference in tax on accounting profit (loss) from income tax formed and reflected in the income tax return. In other words, this PBU reflects in accounting a certain amount that will affect income tax in the future. As a result of different rules for accounting for income and expenses, set out in the regulatory legal acts on accounting and in the legislation on taxes and fees in the Russian Federation, there is a difference between accounting profit (loss) and profit (loss) reflected in the income tax return and formed from temporary and permanent differences, clause 3 of RAS 18/02.

SHE(deferred tax asset)-

first we recognize the expenses in accounting, and in subsequent periods in the tax. Income in tax, and later in accounting. There is a practice of using the abbreviation TNP (current income tax) and URNP (conditional income tax expense).

Reflected in the reporting:

Balance sheet: Assets:

IT(deferred tax liability)-

the opposite of she. First, we recognize expenses in tax accounting, and in subsequent periods in accounting. Income in accounting, and later in tax. Reflected in the reporting: Balance sheet: Passive:

Constant Differences

–income and expenses recognized only in accounting or only in tax accounting. They are: PNA-permanent tax assets; PNO-permanent tax liabilities; Reflected in the reporting:

temporary differences.

So, we are approaching the most “serious” moment, which always raises a lot of questions from accountants. These are temporary differences. What it is, and how to "fight" with it, we will consider in this article. Temporary differences are differences that will affect tax, increasing or decreasing it in the future. Accordingly, those differences that will increase income tax will be called taxable temporary differences, and those that will reduce income tax - deductible temporary differences. Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities. Deferred tax assets (DTA) are deductible temporary differences multiplied by the income tax rate at the time DTA is recognized. When the deductible temporary differences are reduced or settled, the DHA will be reduced or fully repaid. Accounting entries: Accrual of SHE Dt09 Kt68; Repayment of SHE Dt68 Kt09. Deferred tax liabilities (DTL) are taxable temporary differences multiplied by the income tax rate at the time DTL is recognised. As the taxable temporary differences are reduced or fully settled, deferred tax liabilities will be reduced or fully settled. Accounting entries: Accrual IT Dt68 Kt77; Repayment of IT Dt77 Kt68. In the financial statements, it is allowed to reflect IT and IT is balanced (collapsed). The amount of income tax (NP) is called conditional income (expense) (UD (R)) if NP is determined from accounting profit (loss). NP formed from tax profit is equal to UD(R)-PNO+(-) SHE+(-)ONO SHE and IT are reflected in the balance sheet as non-current assets and long-term liabilities, respectively. Income tax overpayment is recorded as an asset, debt - as a liability. The income statement reflects PNO, SHE, IT and current income tax.

Income statement:

In addition, separately in the notes to the balance sheet and the income statement, the following are disclosed:

conditional expense (conditional income) for income tax;
permanent and temporary differences that arose in the reporting period and led to the adjustment of the conditional expense (conditional income) for income tax in order to determine the current income tax;
permanent and temporary differences that arose in previous reporting periods, but resulted in the adjustment of the conditional expense (conditional income) for income tax of the reporting period;
amounts of permanent tax liability (asset), deferred tax asset and deferred tax liability;
reasons for changes in applied tax rates compared to the previous reporting period;
the amounts of a deferred tax asset and a deferred tax liability that are written off in connection with the disposal of an asset (sale, transfer free of charge or liquidation) or type of liability.

It is a common phenomenon when accountants reflect identical transactions in accounting differently due to existing rules and objective reasons. This leads to the fact that there is an imbalance in the base, which is subject to subsequent mandatory payments to the budget. All this causes the accrual and appearance in the accounting of permanent tax liabilities. Here it is important to understand what such reporting content means, where the differences come from and what kind of posting the accountant will accrue a permanent tax liability.

General concepts

PNO is a variable that is calculated by multiplying the constant difference by the income tax rate. The prerequisites for the discrepancy are most often expenses that, from the point of view of tax accounting, are not such (penalties on fiscal payments).

There is also the concept of permanent tax liabilities or assets. This term implies the calculation of the base for taxation, which contains unrecorded income, which entails an increase or decrease in tax payments on profits in a particular period.

Both concepts cannot be identified, although their essence is common. The key difference is the calculation of the amount of profit in a specific accounting. If the accounting exceeds the tax, then this is an asset, when vice versa - a liability.

The calculation of the TIT is carried out using a simple formula: PR * NP (the current % tax rate at the time of calculation).

The constant difference (PR), which leads to the above two phenomena in reporting, is the inconsistency of income and expenses in different types of accounting, which even after a while cannot be eliminated.

At the same time, there are reported contradictions of a periodic nature. They are called a temporary difference and represent a discrepancy in reporting an expense or income in one period in fiscal accounting, and in another in financial accounting. After some time, inconsistencies will be brought to a single value and will be eliminated.

Deferred Tax Liabilities, according to IFRS, are the amounts of tax that are required to be paid in the perspective of temporary differences in relation to taxable mandatory payments to the budget.

Permanent tax liabilities arise as a result of discrepancies in reporting data

What is PNO

Financial receipts and expenses, which are the result of the economic activity of a legal entity, are perfectly reflected in accounting and tax records. Individual indicators may be concentrated in accounting in other figures than in tax accounting. Often there are inconsistencies in the initial value of assets for different types of accounting.

The ratio of tax, the calculation of which is carried out within the framework of tax accounting and within the framework of accounting, can be expressed through:

PNA (revenues are accepted exclusively from a financial position or expenses from a fiscal position) - in fact, the profit exceeds the amount that is subject to taxation.
PNO (income is regarded as such only from the standpoint of taxation, but at the same time from the accounting side they are not recognized as such) - means that profit is taxed in an overestimated amount in relation to that which goes on accounting. accounting.

The legislative framework

The regulation of the display of contradictions is carried out by regulation 18/02 “Accounting for income tax settlements” (PBU), which was put into effect in 2002 by order 114 of the Russian Ministry of Finance.

This NPA is the same for all business entities that, as a result of their activities, have a profit and are payers of deductions to the budget from its amounts.

The rules established by the regulation do not apply only to:

Non-profit and credit organizations.
budget institutions.

Small indulgences in this part are also provided for enterprises that are recognized as small - companies, firms, etc. that have the characteristics established in the Federal Law No. 209 and 156 of 2007 and 2015, respectively. They independently in their accounting policy reflect the decision on the application or non-use of this Regulation.

Equally important is the International Financial Reporting Standard (IAS) 12, which serves as the basis for local acts.

Like other forms of obligations, PNO is regulated by law

When does PNO occur?

Due to the fact that tax liabilities that are classified as permanent are the result of recognizing expenses as such in accounting only from a financial point of view or being used in tax accounting in fiscal accounting, the transactions that lead to their occurrence are quite diverse. These are:

Free alienation of property owned by a legal entity as an owner. Such a transaction is not subject to reflection in the report as an expense only for the tax, in the accounting department it will be listed as such. By analogy, the situation is with goods and other material values that entered the balance of the office without payment, that is, for free. They are taken into account when calculating income tax.
For the final year, according to the fiscal report, there is a loss, in fact, this means that the company worked "in the red" and the amount of income is less than expenses. Reducing the tax base is allowed for the entire amount of the loss within 10 years from the date of its occurrence, further accounting is not kept. As for the financial, it continues beyond this period.
Spending that went to corporate events. In order for the funds spent to be accepted for accounting for income tax, everything must be documented with justification and be directly related to economic activity. Corporate entities do not meet such requirements and are not actually accepted for fiscal accounting. This also includes payments for voluntary medical insurance for employees, travel, advertising and entertainment expenses.
Revaluation of a fixed asset resulting from a change in its market value. As a result of such actions, either the initial or the current price is revised (the latter is relevant for cases where the cost has already been reviewed earlier). The consequence is the recalculation of depreciation from the first day of operation of the facility. All this is relevant for accounting, but not for tax.
Compensation payments to employees that do not follow from an employment contract or contract concluded with them (material assistance, etc.). The accounting department conducts such amounts and reflects them in the reports, but the income tax from their presence does not change.
Sanctioned amounts (fines, penalties, etc.) that were transferred in favor of the budget.

PNO has its own characteristics of reflection in accounting

Accounting reporting and accounting

A permanent tax liability is reflected by postings in debit in the line with the same name on account 99, and on credit by 68 in the position “Calculations for income tax”.

Assets are fixed through reverse posting, in which it is required to use debit and credit for 68 and 99 accounts.

These indicators are not reflected in the balance sheet, but are subject to analysis within the framework of the “report on financial results” (line 2421). The estimated value is indicated for reference and is excluded from the calculation of the final amount of payment to the budget. At the same time, the accrued tax liability is constant in postings and always comes with a minus sign, and PNA, on the contrary.

A feature of accounting is that PNO is subject to inclusion only in accounting, fiscal accounting does not provide for the formation and fixation of permanent differences. Information about the PR is subject to interpretation and clarification in the annex to the mandatory reporting documents.

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Permanent tax liability (Permanent tax asset)- the amount of income tax calculated from the difference between profit according to accounting and taxation.

The concepts of "Permanent tax liability (permanent tax asset)" are used for accounting purposes.

The permanent tax liability (asset) is calculated based on .

Permanent tax liabilities are abbreviated as PNO;

Permanent tax assets are abbreviated as PTA.

A comment

A permanent tax liability (asset) is the estimated amount of income tax that would arise from the difference between the amount of profit according to accounting and the amount of profit according to tax accounting. Such differences (referred to as) may arise due to the regulation of certain income tax expenses, the application of tax incentives, etc.

The main meaning of this value is to explain in the financial statements the differences in profit according to accounting and tax accounting.

If the amount of profit according to accounting and the amount of profit according to tax accounting are the same, then there is no permanent tax liability (asset).

Permanent tax liability (asset) is determined by the formula:

PNO (PNA) \u003d PR * ST

PNO (PNA) - Permanent tax liability (asset)

PR - Constant difference

ST - income tax rate

Example

For certain types of advertising expenses, there is a limit on the amount recognized for taxation in the amount of 1% of revenue. In the tax period, the amount of advertising expenses amounted to 100 million rubles. Of this amount, 10 million rubles is not recognized in taxation (in excess of the standard) - a constant difference.

With an income tax rate of 20%, the permanent tax liability will be 2 million rubles.

100 million D 44 - K 60 - advertising expenses are reflected

2 million D 99 - 68 - reflected a permanent tax liability (10 million * 20%)

Example

The organization received free of charge funds in the amount of 200 thousand rubles from a participant owning more than 50% of the authorized capital of this organization. The amount received is not subject to corporate income tax (clause 11 clause 1 article 251 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

The amount of income of 200 thousand rubles is recognized as income in accounting and is not recognized for income tax. This amount forms a permanent difference of 200 thousand rubles and, accordingly, a permanent tax asset in the amount of 40 thousand rubles (200 thousand * 20%).

D 51 - K 91,200,000 - reflected income

D 68 - K 99 40,000 - reflects a permanent tax asset (200,000 rubles * 20%).

List of situations where a permanent tax liability or asset arises

As already noted, a permanent tax liability (asset) is formed when there are differences in accounting and tax accounting of income and expenses. The main situations are listed below:

A permanent tax liability (PNO) arises:

1) When the amount of expense recognized in tax accounting is limited by a limit, and in accounting it is recognized as an expense without restrictions. In this case, the PNO is formed in terms of over-limit expenses (which are recognized as expenses in accounting and are not recognized in tax accounting).

Thus, the amount of some advertising expenses is limited to 1% of the sales proceeds (clause 4, article 264 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). The amount of hospitality expenses is recognized in the amount not exceeding 4 percent of labor costs (clause 2, article 264 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

2) When the amount of expense is recognized in accounting and is not recognized in tax accounting.

Yes, Art. 263 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation defines the list of insurance costs that are recognized in tax accounting. Other types of insurance are not recognized in income tax expenses. If the organization has incurred such expenses for insurance that are not taken into account in taxation, but are recognized in accounting, then a PNO is formed.

3) The value of property donated as charitable assistance.

4) Increase in the value of the fixed asset as a result of the revaluation carried out in accounting.

In this case, the book value of the object in accounting will exceed the tax value of the same object. Accordingly, that part of the depreciation of the object, which will be recognized in accounting and not recognized in tax accounting, will form the PNO.

A permanent tax asset (PTA) arises:

1) when expenses are recognized in tax accounting and are not recognized in accounting.

For example, paragraph 7 of Art. 262 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation defines the types of R&D expenses that are recognized in tax accounting with a coefficient of 1.5 (that is, an expense per 100 rubles is taken into account as 150 rubles). The amount of expenses that is recognized in tax accounting in excess of the amount in accounting forms PNA.

2) Decrease in the value of the fixed asset as a result of the revaluation carried out in accounting.

In this case, the book value of the object in accounting will be less than the tax value of the same object. Accordingly, that part of the depreciation of the object, which will be recognized in tax accounting and not recognized in accounting, will form PNA.

Reflection of PNO and PNA in accounting and reporting

In accounting, a permanent tax liability (asset) is reflected in the account, in correspondence with the account. Accordingly, PNO is reflected in DC, and PNA is reflected in accounting DC.

A permanent tax liability (asset) is reflected in (previously called the “Profit and Loss Statement”) financial statements in the line “incl. Permanent tax liabilities (assets)” (p. 2421).

The amount of line 2421 is indicated for reference and is not indicated in the calculation of other lines, since its impact is taken into account in the line "Current income tax" (2410).

A permanent tax liability (asset) is not reflected in the balance sheet.

Definition from regulations

A permanent tax liability (asset) is understood as the amount of tax that leads to an increase (decrease) in tax payments for income tax in the reporting period.

A permanent tax liability (asset) is recognized by an organization in the reporting period in which the permanent difference arises.

The permanent tax liability (asset) is equal to the amount determined as the product of the permanent difference that arose in the reporting period and the income tax rate established by the legislation of the Russian Federation on taxes and fees and effective on the reporting date.

Operations performed by an accountant are not always equally reflected in two types of accounting - tax and accounting. Under such conditions, there are permanent tax liabilities. Find out with which postings they can be shown in the reporting.

Income tax is transferred to the budget by each commercial organization. The tax is affected by permanent tax liabilities. How to calculate the indicator and reflect it in accounting, read the material.

What is PNO

There are situations when income and expenses are recognized only in one type of accounting. In this case, there are differences: temporary and permanent. Their difference lies in the reason for which the difference was formed (clause 3 of the Regulation, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of November 19, 2002 No. 114n).

A discrepancy between the amounts in accounting may occur due to the fact that income or expenses were shown in accounting (BU) and tax (NU) accounting not in the same period, but in different ones. This difference is called temporary. There are two varieties of it: deductible (if the income tax payment is reduced in the current period) and taxable (the payment is increased).

Permanent differences arise when income (or expenses) must be reflected in tax accounting, but they are not recognized at all in accounting. The opposite is also possible: in the BU the amounts are shown, but in the NU they are not (paragraphs 8-12 of the Regulation). If, due to the difference, the profit in tax accounting turns out to be greater than in accounting, PNO is formed.

In simple terms, permanent tax liabilities are the amounts of tax that in the reporting period will lead to the fact that the company will pay income tax in a larger amount.

In PBU 18/02, the Ministry of Finance provides options in which a permanent difference may form. It can arise, for example, in the case of a gratuitous transfer of property. To be more specific, the discrepancy manifests itself when, for tax purposes, the company does not recognize expenses (clause 4 of the Regulation).

It is likely that in the future a new term “permanent tax expense” will appear in the legislation. They want to introduce it instead of the current PNO. The Ministry of Finance has such plans for 2020. A draft has already appeared on regulation.gov.ru, its number is 85070. The document can also be downloaded from the link below.

How to calculate PNO

PNR is an indicator that depends on constant differences. They appear in the formula by which companies calculate liabilities (clause 7 of the Regulations):

PNO = Difference x Rate

Recall that the basic income tax rate is 20 percent. It has been at this level for 10 years already, since 2009 (Federal Law No. 224-FZ of November 26, 2008).

Regions have the right to set their own rate. For example, in the capital, manufacturers of vehicles transfer tax to the budget at a rate of 12.5 percent. The rest adhere to the requirements of the federal law (Article 1 of the law of the city of Moscow dated May 17, 2018 No. 12).

Let's look at an example of calculating the formula. Suppose that the organization bought gifts for the female part of the team on March 8. The purchase amount was 43 thousand rubles. This operation needs to be shown only in accounting.

We calculate the indicator if it is known that the company keeps records according to general rules, applies PBU 18/02.

(43 thousand rubles x 20 percent) = 8600 rubles.

Permanent Tax Liabilities: Postings

Permanent tax liabilities (abbreviated PNO) are reflected in the following accounting entry:

Debit 99 Credit 68

It is used if the difference is positive. That is, in NU the profit is greater than in BU.

You can find a reverse entry: Debit 68 Credit 99. It is used to show a permanent tax asset (or PNA for short).

Both records feature account 99, in which firms report profits and losses. It is on this account that, according to the law, PNOs are reflected (section VIII of the Instruction, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of October 31, 00 No. 94n).

When the reporting year ends, the 99 profit and loss account is closed. The amount is debited to the corresponding account 84. It shows retained earnings or uncovered loss.

PNO and PNA in accounting on examples

We have already said above that if, due to a constant difference, the profit in tax accounting becomes greater than in accounting, a liability appears. When a firm faces the reverse, it is dealing with permanent tax assets.

That is, permanent tax liabilities increase income tax in accounting, and permanent tax assets - this is what reduces the payment to the budget (clause 7 of the Regulation).

To make the differences more obvious, we will explain with examples how the indicators are reflected in accounting. Let's set two situations and show in the table which postings the accountant will use.

Situation 1. The company donated office equipment (fax) for free use. The initial cost of this fixed asset (OS) was 45 thousand rubles. By the day the organization handed over the equipment, depreciation in the amount of 3.7 thousand rubles had accumulated. At the time of fax transmission, its market value was 39 thousand rubles. Of this amount, 7 thousand rubles. made VAT. The organization pays income tax at a rate of 20 percent.

Situation 2. The organization received a lathe for use free of charge. Its market value is 140 thousand rubles. And the useful life of the equipment is 120 months. The organization pays the tax in the same amount as the company from the first example.

What postings for the accrual of PNO will the accountant need. table

PNO				PNA
The essence of the record	Amount (thousand rubles)	Debit	Credit	The essence of the record	Amount (thousand rubles)	Debit	Credit
The initial cost of fixed assets is written off (or "the residual value of fixed assets is shown"	45	01	01	reflects the market value of the OS	140	08	91
The amount of accrued depreciation of the fixed asset is written off	3,7	02	01	OS put into operation	140	01	08
Object markdown reflected	41,3 (45-3,7)	91	01	OS depreciation accrued	1,167 (140/120 mo)	20	02
Accounted for VAT from the sale of the object	7	91	68	Reflected a permanent tax asset	0.2 (233 rubles) (1.167 x 20 percent)	68	99
Written off loss on other expenses	48,3 (41,3+7)	99	91
Reflected permanent tax liability	9.6 (48.3 x 20 percent)	99	68

Please note that posting Debit 20 Credit 02 (and Debit 68 Credit 99 too) the accountant must be done throughout the useful life of the fixed asset. In our example, this period is 120 months (or 10 years).

The posting table can also be downloaded free of charge below in Word format.

PNO in financial statements

PNO accountants show in the statement of financial results (clause 24 of the Regulation). In the document, line 2421 was assigned to this type of obligation. PNA is also reflected in it (Appendix No. 4 to the order of the Ministry of Finance dated 02.07.10 No. 66n).

The indicator on line 2421 is calculated as the difference between the credit and debit balances for account 99 ("Profit and Loss"). If the sum is negative, it is shown in brackets.

Some firms in the income statement will put a dash in line 2421. We are talking about those who, by law, have the right not to apply PBU 18/02. This includes, for example, small businesses and non-profit companies (Clause 4, Article 6 of Federal Law No. 402-FZ of December 6, 2011). The law allows them to apply simplified financial statements.

Important!
By law, a liability must be recognized in the reporting period when a discrepancy has arisen between the two types of accounting. This is required by law - PBU 18/02 (paragraph 2, clause 7 of the Regulation).