Where is iodine contained, features of its use. Iodine (iodine) in nature Industry workforce

Description

From 2013 to 2017, sales of iodine in the Russian market showed an increase only in 2015 (by 36.4% compared to 2014), in other years there was an annual decline of 6.9-13.9%. In general, over the period under study, the sales volume increased by 0.6%: from 206.9 to 208.2 tons. Foreign products are mainly represented on the Russian iodine market, the share of domestic production in 2013-2017 did not exceed 5.4% of the import volume .

In 2013, iodine was not produced in Russia, its last production was closed earlier due to unprofitability. The presence of the release of these products in 2014-2017 is due to the entry into the country of the Crimea (on the territory of the peninsula there are 2 iodine production plants located in the city of Saki). In general, during the study period, the indicator increased by 7.3 times: from 1.08 to 7.84 tons. It should be noted that the Crimean enterprises produce technical reactive iodine of the “Ch” brand. There are no Russian enterprises focused on the production of iodine for pharmaceutical purposes, and therefore it is necessary to purchase it abroad in full.

From 2013 to 2017, the natural volume of iodine imports increased by 2.1%: from 205.6 to 209.9 tons. The growth of the indicator took place in 2015 - by 40.3% compared to 2014; negative dynamics (by 8.8-12.0% per year). A sharp increase in Russian imports in 2015 was ensured by an increase in the supply of iodine from Chile (by 95.0 tons).

Chemical industry experts estimate the Russian need for iodine in a wide range - from 0.8 to 1.4 thousand tons per year. Therefore, in fact, based on the available data, the country, even at the expense of the total volume of imports and domestic production, cannot satisfy the needs of the industry in these products by 100%. According to BusinesStat forecasts, in 2018-2022, iodine sales are expected to grow gradually at a rate of 0.4-16.3% per year. In 2022, they will amount to 316.5 tons, which will exceed the value of 2017 by 52.0%.

"Analysis of the iodine market in Russia in 2013-2017, forecast for 2018-2022" includes the most important data necessary for understanding the current market conditions and assessing the prospects for its development:

Economic situation in Russia
Sales volume of iodine, wholesale price of iodine
Balance of supply and demand, stocks of iodine
Production volume, producer price of iodine
Export and import of iodine
Manufacturer ratings by financial performance

Data on iodine producers are given: Technoyod, Research and Production Association "Yodobrom".

BusinesStat prepares an overview of the global iodine market, as well as reviews of the markets of the CIS, the EU and individual countries of the world.

In preparing the review, official statistics were used:

Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation
Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation
Federal Customs Service of the Russian Federation
Federal Tax Service of the Russian Federation
Eurasian Customs Union
world Trade organisation

Along with official statistics, the review presents the results of BusinesStat research:

Iodine trade audit
Survey of chemical industry experts

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Content

METHODOLOGY FOR PREPARING MARKET REVIEWS IN RUSSIA

THE STATE OF THE RUSSIAN ECONOMY

Basic parameters of the Russian economy

Results of Russia's entry into the Customs Union

The results of Russia's accession to the WTO

Prospects for Russian business

CLASSIFICATION OF IODINE

SUPPLY AND DEMAND OF IODINE

Sentence

Table 9. Supply of iodine, RF, 2013-2017 (thousand tons; %)
Table 10. Iodine supply forecast, RF, 2018-2022 (thousand tons; %)
Table 11. Production, imports and stocks of iodine, RF, 2013-2017 (thousand tons)
Table 12. Forecast of production, imports and stocks of iodine, RF, 2018-2022 (thousand tons)

Demand

Table 13. Demand for iodine, RF, 2013-2017 (thousand tons; %)
Table 14. Demand forecast for iodine, RF, 2018-2022 (thousand tons; %)
Table 15. Sales and exports of iodine, RF, 2013-2017 (thousand tons)
Table 16. Forecast of sales and exports of iodine, RF, 2018-2022 (thousand tons)

Balance of supply and demand

Table 17. Balance of demand and supply of iodine, taking into account stocks, RF, 2013-2017 (thousand tons; %)
Table 18. Forecast of the balance of demand and supply of iodine, taking into account stocks, RF, 2018-2022 (thousand tons; %)

SALES OF IODINE

Natural sales volume

Table 19. Sales of iodine, RF, 2013-2017 (thousand tons; %)
Table 20. Iodine sales forecast, RF, 2018-2022 (thousand tons; %)

Sales value

Table 21. Sales of iodine, RF, 2013-2017 (billion rubles; %)
Table 22. Forecast of iodine sales, RF, 2018-2022 (billion rubles; %)

Wholesale price

Table 23. Wholesale price of iodine, RF, 2013-2017 (rub per ton; %)
Table 24. Forecast of the wholesale price of iodine, RF, 2018-2022 (rub per ton; %)

The ratio of the wholesale price and inflation

The ratio of natural, value sales and wholesale prices

Table 27. Correlation between the natural value of sales and the wholesale price of iodine, RF, 2013-2017 (thousand tons; rub per ton; billion rubles)
Table 28. Forecast of the ratio of natural value sales and the wholesale price of iodine, RF, 2018-2022 (thousand tons; rub per ton; billion rubles)

IODINE PRODUCTION

Natural volume of production

Table 29. Iodine production, RF, 2013-2017 (thousand tons; %)
Table 30. Forecast of iodine production, RF, 2018-2022 (thousand tons; %)
Table 31. Iodine production by federal districts, RF, 2013-2017 (thousand tons)

Manufacturers price

Table 32. Producer price of iodine, RF, 2013-2017 (rub per ton; %)
Table 33. Forecast of producer prices for iodine, RF, 2018-2022 (rub per ton; %)

IODINE MANUFACTURERS

Table 34. Rating of iodine manufacturers by revenue from the sale of products, RF, 2016 (million rubles)
Table 35. Rating of iodine manufacturers by profit from sales of products, RF, 2016 (million rubles)
Table 36. Rating of iodine manufacturers by profitability of product sales, RF, 2016 (%)

EXPORT AND IMPORT YODA

Balance of exports and imports

Table 37. Balance of exports and imports of iodine, RF, 2013-2017 (thousand tons)
Table 38. Forecast of the balance of exports and imports of iodine, RF, 2018-2022 (thousand tons)

Natural volume of exports

Table 39. Export of iodine, RF, 2013-2017 (thousand tons; %)
Table 40. Iodine export forecast, RF, 2018-2022 (thousand tons; %)
Table 41. Export of iodine by countries of the world, RF, 2013-2017 (thousand tons)

Export value

Table 42. Export of iodine, RF, 2013-2017 (million dollars; %)
Table 43. Forecast of iodine exports, RF, 2018-2022 (million dollars; %)
Table 44. Export of iodine by countries of the world, RF, 2013-2017 (million dollars)

Export price

Table 45. Export price of iodine, RF, 2013-2017 (USD per ton; %)
Table 46. Iodine export price forecast, RF, 2018-2022 (USD per ton; %)
Table 47. Export price of iodine by countries of the world, RF, 2013-2017 (USD per ton)

Natural volume of imports

Table 48. Import of iodine, RF, 2013-2017 (thousand tons; %)
Table 49. Iodine import forecast, RF, 2018-2022 (thousand tons; %)
Table 50. Import of iodine by countries of the world, RF, 2013-2017 (thousand tons)

The value of imports

Table 51. Imports of iodine, RF, 2013-2017 (million dollars; %)
Table 52. Forecast of iodine imports, RF, 2018-2022 (million dollars; %)
Table 53. Imports of iodine by countries of the world, RF, 2013-2017 (million dollars)

Import price

Table 54. Import price of iodine, RF, 2013-2017 (USD per ton; %)
Table 55. Iodine import price forecast, RF, 2018-2022 (USD per ton; %)
Table 56. Import price of iodine by countries of the world, RF, 2013-2017 (USD per ton)

FOREIGN ECONOMIC INDICATORS OF ENTERPRISES

natural volume

Table 57. Rating of exporters of iodine by export volume, 2017 (thousand tons)
Table 58. Rating of foreign companies receiving Russian products by volume of supplies, 2017 (thousand tons)
Table 59. Rating of importers of iodine by import volume, 2017 (thousand tons)
Table 60. Rating of foreign suppliers of products to the Russian market by volume of deliveries, 2017 (thousand tons)

Value volume

Table 61. Ranking of exporters of iodine by export volume, 2017 (million dollars)
Table 62. Rating of foreign companies receiving Russian products by volume of deliveries, 2017 (mln USD)
Table 63. Rating of importers of iodine by import volume, 2017 (million dollars)
Table 64. Rating of foreign suppliers of products to the Russian market by volume of supplies, 2017 (mln USD)

ECONOMIC INDICATORS OF THE INDUSTRY

Financial result of the industry

Table 65. Revenue from sales of products, RF, 2013-2017 (billion rubles; %)
Table 66. Selling and administrative expenses, RF, 2013-2017 (billion rubles; %)
Table 67. Cost of production, RF, 2013-2017 (billion rubles; %)
Table 68. Gross profit from the sale of products, RF, 2013-2017 (billion rubles; %)

Economic efficiency of the industry

Table 69. Economic efficiency, RF, 2013-2017 (%; times; days days)

Investments in the industry

Table 70. Investments in the industry, RF, 2013-2017 (thousand rubles)

Industry workforce

Table 71. Number of employees in the industry, RF, 2013-2017 (thousand people)
Table 72. Average salary in the industry, RF, 2013-2017 (thousand rubles per year)

PROFILES OF LEADING MANUFACTURERS

Technoyod LLC

Organization leadership
Main members of the organization
The main financial indicators of the enterprise

PJSC NPO Yodobrom

Registration data of the organization
Organization leadership
Subsidiaries of the organization
The main shareholders of the organization
The balance sheet of the enterprise in form No. 1
Profit and loss statement of the enterprise in form No. 2

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tables

Table 1. Nominal and real GDP, RF, 2013-2022 (trillion rubles)

Table 2. Real GDP and real GDP index, RF, 2013-2022 (trillion rubles, %)

Table 3. Investments in fixed assets from all sources of financing, RF, 2013-2022 (trillion rubles, %)

Table 4. Export and import, trade balance, RF, 2013-2022 (billion dollars)

Table 5. Average annual dollar/ruble exchange rate, RF, 2013-2022 (rubles per dollar, %)

Table 6. Consumer price index (inflation) and food price index, RF, 2013-2022 (% of the previous year)

Table 7. Population including migrants, RF, 2013-2022 (million people)

Table 8. Really disposable income of the population, RF, 2013-2022 (% of the previous year)

Table 9. Iodine supply, RF, 2013-2017 (t; %)

Table 10. Iodine supply forecast, RF, 2018-2022 (t; %)

Table 11. Production, imports and stocks of iodine, RF, 2013-2017 (t)

Table 12. Forecast of production, imports and stocks of iodine, RF, 2018-2022 (t)

Table 13. Demand for iodine, RF, 2013-2017 (t; %)

Table 14. Demand forecast for iodine, RF, 2018-2022 (t; %)

Table 15. Sales and exports of iodine, RF, 2013-2017 (t)

Table 16. Forecast of sales and exports of iodine, RF, 2018-2022 (t)

Table 17. Balance of demand and supply of iodine, taking into account stocks, RF, 2013-2017 (t; %)

Table 18. Forecast of the balance of demand and supply of iodine, taking into account stocks, RF, 2018-2022 (t; %)

Table 19. Sales of iodine, RF, 2013-2017 (t; %)

Table 20. Iodine sales forecast, RF, 2018-2022 (t; %)

Table 21. Sales of iodine, RF, 2013-2017 (million rubles; %)

Table 22. Iodine sales forecast, RF, 2018-2022 (million rubles; %)

Table 23. Wholesale price of iodine, RF, 2013-2017 (rubles per kg; %)

Table 24. Forecast of the wholesale price of iodine, RF, 2018-2022 (rubles per kg; %)

Table 25. The ratio of the wholesale price of iodine and inflation, RF, 2013-2017 (%)

Table 26. Forecast of the ratio of the wholesale price of iodine and inflation, RF, 2018-2022 (%)

Table 27. Correlation between the natural value of sales and the wholesale price of iodine, RF, 2013-2017 (t; rub per kg; mln rub)

Table 28. Forecast of the ratio of natural value sales and the wholesale price of iodine, RF, 2018-2022 (t; rub per kg; mln rub)

Table 29. Iodine production, RF, 2013-2017 (t; %)

Table 30. Forecast of iodine production, RF, 2018-2022 (t; %)

Table 31. Iodine production by federal districts, RF, 2013-2017 (t)

Table 32. Producer price of iodine, RF, 2013-2017 (rubles per kg; %)

Table 33. Forecast of producer prices for iodine, RF, 2018-2022 (rubles per kg; %)

Table 37. Balance of exports and imports of iodine, RF, 2013-2017 (t)

Table 38. Forecast of the balance of exports and imports of iodine, RF, 2018-2022 (t)

Table 39. Export of iodine, RF, 2013-2017 (t; %)

Table 40. Iodine export forecast, RF, 2018-2022 (t; %)

Table 41. Export of iodine by countries of the world, RF, 2013-2017 (t)

Table 42. Export of iodine, RF, 2013-2017 (thousand dollars; %)

Table 43. Iodine export forecast, RF, 2018-2022 (thousand dollars; %)

Table 44. Export of iodine by countries of the world, RF, 2013-2017 (thousand dollars)

Table 45. Export price of iodine, RF, 2013-2017 (USD per kg; %)

Table 46. Iodine export price forecast, RF, 2018-2022 (USD per kg; %)

Table 47. Export price of iodine by countries of the world, RF, 2013-2017 (USD per kg)

Table 48. Import of iodine, RF, 2013-2017 (t; %)

Table 49. Iodine import forecast, RF, 2018-2022 (t; %)

Table 50. Imports of iodine by countries of the world, RF, 2013-2017 (t)

Table 51. Imports of iodine, RF, 2013-2017 (thousand dollars; %)

Table 52. Iodine import forecast, RF, 2018-2022 (thousand dollars; %)

Table 53. Import of iodine by countries of the world, RF, 2013-2017 (thousand dollars)

Table 54. Import price of iodine, RF, 2013-2017 (USD per kg; %)

Table 55. Iodine import price forecast, RF, 2018-2022 (USD per kg; %)

Table 56. Import price of iodine by countries of the world, RF, 2013-2017 (USD per kg)

Table 65. Revenue from the sale of products, RF, 2013-2017 (billion rubles)

Table 66. Selling and administrative expenses, RF, 2013-2017 (billion rubles)

Table 67. Cost of production, RF, 2013-2017 (billion rubles)

Table 68. Gross profit from the sale of products, RF, 2013-2017 (billion rubles)

Table 69. Economic efficiency of the industry, RF, 2013-2017 (%; times; days days)

Table 70. Investments in the industry, RF, 2013-2017 (million rubles)

Table 71. Number of employees in the industry, RF, 2013-2017 (thousand people, %)

Table 72. Average salary in the industry, RF, 2013-2017 (thousand rubles per year, %)

Iodine, like other valuable elements, is mined on an industrial scale. The level of world production of iodine is approaching that of silver and mercury. It should be noted that in the form of a simple substance, iodine is practically not found, it is mainly extracted from chemical compounds. There are the following ways to extract iodine:

1. Processing of natural iodine accumulators - seaweed and obtaining iodine from their ash.

A ton of dried seaweed (kelp) contains up to 5 kg of iodine, while a ton of sea water contains only 20-30 mg. Until the 60s of the XIX century, algae were the only source of industrial production of iodine. Until 1915, Russia did not have its own iodine, it was imported from abroad. The first iodine plant was built precisely in 1915 in Yekaterinoslav (now Dnepropetrovsk). Received iodine from the Black Sea alga Phyllophora. During the years of the First World War, about 200 kg of iodine was produced at this plant.

2. Obtaining iodine from saltpeter production waste - mother solutions of Chilean (sodium) nitrate containing up to 0.4% iodine in the form of iodate and sodium iodide.

This method has been used since 1868 and, due to the cheapness of raw materials and the ease of obtaining microelements, has become widespread in the world.

3. Obtaining iodine from natural iodine-containing solutions, for example, the water of some salt lakes or associated (drilling) oil waters, usually containing 20-40 mg / l of iodine in the form of iodides (in some places 1 liter of these waters contains over 100 mg of iodine).

In our country, already during the years of Soviet power, iodine began to be obtained from the underground and oil waters of the Kuban, where it was discovered by the Russian chemist A.L. Potylitsyn back in 1882. Later, similar waters were discovered in Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan. Currently, oil drilling waters serve as the main raw material for the industrial production of iodine in Russia.

But there is very little iodine in groundwater and associated waters of oil production. This was the main difficulty in creating economically justified industrial methods for its production. It was necessary to find a "chemical bait" that would form a fairly strong compound with iodine and accumulate it. Initially, such a "bait" turned out to be starch, then salts of copper and silver, which bound iodine into insoluble compounds. Then they used kerosene - iodine dissolves well in it. But all these methods turned out to be expensive, and sometimes flammable.

In 1930, the Soviet engineer V.P. Denisovich developed a coal method for extracting iodine from oil waters, and this method was the basis of Soviet iodine production for quite a long time. Up to 40 g of iodine accumulated in 1 kg of coal per month.

4. Ionite method based on the selective absorption of iodine by special chemical compounds - high-molecular ion-exchange resins.

The innovative idea did not go unnoticed by the government of the Tyumen region. The project has already been designated as a priority, and the scientific group plans to enter a large industrial plant at the Cherkashinsky site, 40 km from Tobolsk. “There, the concentration of iodine is exceeded three times,” says Elena. - We have to move from small plants to large ones, and that is why we are constantly upgrading and optimizing the plant, which is located in Yalutorovsk. If we manage to reach the planned indicators, we will be able to cover all those wells (20 wells) and receive iodine up to 100 tons per year. We plan to launch this large-scale installation at the end of 2014 - at the beginning of 2015,” the developer assured.

In a small, unremarkable building near the sanatorium "Sosnovy Bor" representatives of Tsogu have been working for almost a year. Here, young scientists are exploring the possibility of extracting iodine by an innovative electrosorption method, and absolutely not in vain: experiments show that the technology is effective, environmentally friendly and not expensive, so even now young researchers are being offered to enter the industrial scale.

As told to the AI "NewsProm.Ru" in the public relations department of Tsogu, today the demand for iodine significantly exceeds supply. The main producers of the substance are Chile, Japan, the USA, and the consumers are Western Europe, Russia. Potassium iodide is often used in electronics, and iodine is also needed for special purification of metals (titanium, tungsten), in pharmaceuticals, veterinary medicine, the production of synthetic rubber, and the production of x-ray machines.

Doctor of Chemistry, Professor of TSOGU Vladimir Ganyaev, together with the leading specialist of the Department of General and Physical Chemistry of the Technological Institute of TSOGU Elena Shapovalova, has been puzzled by the problem of obtaining iodine in Russia for several years. At first, the idea was based on already studied technologies, and the first laboratory tests were carried out within the walls of the university.

“I even had to go to production in the Crimea and look at the principles of operation of developments in nature,” says Elena. - There we met with the researchers, brought to Tyumen the results of the tests. The main disadvantage of the experiments was that it was necessary to use chemicals to extract iodine, and chemicals today are an expensive pleasure, and, most importantly, this will lead to environmental pollution.

Vladimir Petrovich Ganyaev, the scientific director of the project, was confident in the developed schemes, and in 2010 he asked the rector of the Oil and Gas University Vladimir Novoselov for further development. So the researchers registered the Tyumen State Oil and Gas University economic company Tyumen Raw Materials Company LLC, where Elena Shapovalova is the head, and Vladimir Petrovich is the deputy director for science. The researchers presented the project of innovative development of iodine extraction in the regional technopark, and, having become residents, they took part in the program of the regional government, received 1.250 million rubles for the creation and manufacture of a prototype of an iodine extraction plant, which six months later was manufactured by the Tyumen Water Treatment Systems company. At the moment, the installation is operating in Yalutorovsk.

“In August 2013, the system was launched. The first iodine was received on November 15th. Every day we carried out analyzes, tracked whether there was iodine at the output or not. As soon as the analyzes showed that the coal was saturated, we received a concentrate of about 10 kg of the finished product,” Elena said.

What is so innovative about the iodine extraction method? “We took the ion-exchange method as a basis, which we modernized and turned into another one: we combined the electrochemical and ion-exchange methods,” says Elena. - Thus, we were able to get away from two mandatory stages in the detection of iodine - this is acidification (adding mineral acid) and oxidation (adding chlorine). We extract iodine without chemicals, but using electricity.

Water comes from a bromine-iodine well, then it is pumped up by a pump and then enters the installation, after which iodine is extracted by a unique method - electrosorption. Here, iodine concentrations are low, about 9-10 mg of iodides per liter. We do not use additional reagents when extracting, all processes take place in one container, that is, the iodine extraction function continues until the sorbent is completely replaced by iodine, and then we switch the electric rectifier completely and begin to wash it out from there. That is, in the tank only electrodes and sorbent. No one has extracted iodine in this way before us,” the researcher concludes the story.

Colleagues help Elena in such an important work. Electrical engineer of Tyumen Raw Materials Company Yevgeny Fritzler is finalizing the installations. “When we began to use the finished apparatus, we discovered some shortcomings. The fourth unit is currently being tested. We would like to bring all the work to automatism in order to exclude the activities of other persons in the cycle,” Evgeny Vladimirovich emphasized.

To find out if there is enough iodine in the water that entered the blockbox container, Maria Novopashina, a chemistry specialist at the Tyumen Raw Materials Company, conducts an analysis using the Fresenius method: “The presence of a pink color in the flask indicates the presence of iodine. This analysis is carried out at the entrance to the installation and at the exit. If there is iodine at the inlet, but not at the outlet, then iodine is in the installation, which is what we are trying to achieve. The procedure must be carried out until the analysis of the iodine content at the outlet and at the inlet is equal - this means that the installation is completely saturated and all the iodine remains inside.

Manufactured products:
iodine, iodine-containing products, iodine GPC, iodine for the production of highly pure salts, pure crystalline iodine, crystalline pure iodine, instant fine-crystalline iodine VFS, fine-crystalline instant technical iodine, iodine OSCh 20-3, iodine OSCh 20-4, iodine FK, iodine Ch , potassium iodide HCh, potassium iodide ChA, potassium iodide ChDA, potassium iodide HPC, sodium iodide OSCh, sodium iodide OSCh, alcohol iodine solution 5%, medicines, potassium-lithium electrolyte

About the company:

The history of Troitsky Iodine Plant JSC began in 1961, when the Krasnodarneftesintez association built a pilot plant for processing thermal iodine-bromine brines and extracting iodine from them. In 1964, the installation, together with the field, was transferred to the jurisdiction of the USSR Ministry of Chemical Industry and the enterprise was given the status of a plant. Today, the joint-stock company, located on several production sites, includes the mining allotment of the Slavyansko-Troitsky deposit of iodine-containing groundwater, which is the main raw material in the production of iodine. The West Kuban trough, in the central part of which the Troitsky section of the Slavyansko-Troitsky deposit of iodine-containing waters is located, is an independent artesian basin in hydrogeological terms.

The plant produces reagents, drugs, substances for the preparation of medicines, veterinary drugs, drugs for the chemical, medical, food, electronics and agriculture industries.

The company is developing steadily, regularly mastering new types of products. In 2000, the production of potassium iodic reactive qualifications and potassium iodate, a pharmacopoeial iodine-containing product used for salt iodization, was launched here; in 2003 - the medical preparation "Yodopyron", used as a bactericidal agent for thermal and chemical burns of I-II degrees; in 2005 - production of potassium iodide used in the production of chemical fiber.

The Troitsk Iodine Plant has a certified laboratory that provides control of incoming raw materials, step-by-step technological control, and quality control of products. Environmental monitoring is constantly carried out to determine emissions into the atmosphere, as well as to determine the quality of discharged water and the iodine content in industrial waste.

In 2004, the enterprise was headed by M.V. Kravchuk. From the first days of his work as General Director, Mikhail Vitalievich directed his attention to increasing production efficiency, developing and implementing new technologies, expanding the range of products, improving their quality and reducing costs. Today, top-level specialists work under his leadership: two have the title of Honorary Chemist, seven have been awarded diplomas of the Ministry of Industry, Science and Technology of the Russian Federation. A number of employees were awarded medals and certificates of honor from the Administration of the Krasnodar Territory.

In the coming years, the management of the plant plans to reconstruct the mineral resource base, increase the existing production capacity and introduce block-modular plants for the production of highly pure substances.

It is also planned to reconstruct the power supply system of the plant. The acquisition of a modular gas generator set will allow the use of associated gas supplied with iodine-bromine water, not only to generate electricity, but also to obtain a significant amount of thermal energy, which will be used for technological and domestic needs.

Troitsk Iodine Plant JSC is developing dynamically in a market economy and successfully withstands competition in the world market. Its products consistently receive high marks at specialized all-Russian competitions and exhibitions. In 1997, at the annual meeting of the Club of Trade Leaders, the enterprise was awarded the international prize "For the quality of partnerships"; according to the results of the work of 2000, the plant received a diploma of the All-Russian competition "1000 best enterprises and organizations of the XXI century"; in 2001 he was awarded a diploma "For active participation in the First All-Russian Exhibition" Russian Manufacturers and Supply of the Armed Forces ". According to the results of the competition "100 Best Goods of Russia" in 2002, iodine of pharmacopoeial qualification (substance), produced by the enterprise, received a diploma and the sign "Declaration of Quality", and according to the results of the regional competition "High-quality goods of the Kuban" in 2003, two types of products became winners at once, produced by the plant - iodine brand "Ch" and the drug "Yodopyron".

Everyone has ever used an alcohol solution of iodine, some are familiar with it from chemistry lessons. Someone faced a lack of iodine in the body, and someone confuses it with brilliant green. In this article, we have collected answers to the most frequently asked questions about iodine, we hope it will be useful!

When and by whom was iodine discovered

The chemical element "Iodine" was included in the periodic table in 1871.

Like many chemical elements, iodine was discovered by accident in 1811 by the Frenchman Bernard Courtois while obtaining saltpeter from seaweed. As a chemical element, the substance was named "iodine" two years later, and officially entered into the periodic table in 1871.

Where and how is iodine obtained?

In its pure form (free form), iodine is extremely rare - mainly in Japan and Chile. The main production is made from seaweed (5 kg are obtained from 1 ton of dry kelp), sea water (up to 30 mg per ton of water) or from oil drilling waters (up to 70 mg per ton of water). There is a method for obtaining technical iodine from saltpeter and ash production waste, but the content of the substance in the source materials is not more than 0.4%.

The method of obtaining iodine has two directions.

Seaweed ash is mixed with concentrated sulfuric acid and heated. After evaporation of the moisture, iodine is obtained.
Iodine in liquids (sea or lake salt water, petroleum water) is bound with starch, or silver and copper salts, or kerosene (an outdated method, as it is expensive) into insoluble compounds, and then the water is evaporated. Later they began to use the coal method for extracting iodine.

How iodine affects the human body

Iodine and its derivatives are part of the hormones that affect the metabolism of the human body, its growth and development, so the average person needs to consume up to 0.15 mg of iodine daily. Lack of iodine or its deficiency in the diet leads to thyroid diseases and the development of endemic goiter, hypothyroidism and cretinism.

An indicator of iodine deficiency in the body is fatigue and depressed mood, headache and the so-called "natural laziness", irritability and nervousness, weakening of memory and intelligence. There is arrhythmia, high blood pressure and a drop in the level of hemoglobin in the blood. Very toxic - 3 g of the substance is a lethal dose for any living organism.

In large quantities causes damage to the cardiovascular system, kidneys and pulmonary edema; there is a cough and a runny nose, lacrimation and pain in the eyes (if it gets on the mucous membrane); general weakness and fever, vomiting and diarrhea, increased heart rate and pain in the heart.

How to replenish iodine in the body?

The main source of natural iodine is seafood, but mined as far as possible from the coast: in the coastal strips, iodine is washed out of the soil, and its content in products is negligible. Eat seafood - this can restore the content of the substance in the body to a certain extent.
You can artificially add iodine to table salt, eat foods containing this trace element - sunflower oil, food additives.
Pharmacies sell tablets with a high content of iodine - relatively harmless drugs (for example, iodine-active, antistrumine).
A lot of iodine is found in persimmons and walnuts.

Where is iodine found?

Iodine is present almost everywhere. The highest content of iodine is in products of marine origin, in sea water itself and in salty lake water.
In free form - as a mineral - iodine is present in the thermal springs of volcanoes and natural iodides (lautarite, iodobromite, embolite, myersite). It is found in oil drilling waters, sodium nitrate solutions, saltpeter and potash liquors.

What foods contain iodine

In seafood: fish (cod and halibut) and fish oil, crustaceans and mollusks (scallops, crabs, shrimp, squid, oysters, mussels), seaweed. This is followed by dairy products and chicken eggs, feijoa and persimmon, sweet peppers, walnut peel and kernels, black grapes, cereals (buckwheat, corn, wheat, millet), river fish and red beans. Iodine is found in orange and red juices.

There is even less iodine in soy products (milk, sauce, tofu), onions, garlic, beets, potatoes, carrots, beans, strawberries (about 40-100 times less than in seaweed), but it is.

What foods do not contain iodine

Iodine is not found in baked goods (homemade) using regular iodine-free salt, peeled potatoes, unsalted vegetables (raw and frozen), peanuts, almonds, and egg whites. There is practically no iodine in cereals, poor in natural salts; pasta, cocoa powder, white raisins and dark chocolate. This applies to vegetable oils, including soybean.

Almost all known seasonings in dried form (black pepper, herbs) also do not have iodine-containing components - iodine quickly decomposes (volatilizes) in the open air, which is why iodized salt is usable for only 2 months (if the pack is open).

Carbonated drinks - coca cola and its derivatives, wine, black coffee, beer, lemonade - all this also does not contain iodine.

Linen fabrics:

Option 1. Cover the stain with baking soda, pour vinegar on top and leave for 12 hours, and then wash in warm clean water.

Option 2. Dissolve a teaspoon of ammonia in 0.5 liters of water, and wipe the stain with the resulting solution. Next, wash in warm soapy water.

Option 3. A thick gruel is made from starch in water, applied to the stain and the stain is expected to turn blue. If necessary, repeat again, and wash the product in warm soapy water.

Option 4. Rub the stain with raw potatoes and wash the item in warm soapy water.

Option 5. You can wipe the stain with liquid ascorbic acid (or dissolve the tablet in water), and then wash it in soap and water.

Woolen, cotton and silk fabrics:
The stain should be wiped with a hyposulfite solution (a teaspoon per glass of water) and washed in warm water. You can wipe the stain with ammonia and wash in the usual way.

How to wash iodine from the skin

There are several options:

Olive oil or a fat cream is applied to the skin, which will absorb iodine. After an hour, the iodine is washed off with a body sponge and soap.
They take a bath with sea salt, and at the end they use a washcloth and baby (household - in extreme cases) soap.
You can use a scrub instead of a washcloth for delicate skin, and massage the spot with a stain. After that, you can lubricate the skin with a nourishing cream or milk.
You can apply cotton wool with alcohol, moonshine or vodka for 5 minutes to the stain, and then rub it. The procedure can be repeated several times.
Removes iodine stains by hand washing things or a regular bath with powder or lemon juice.

How to gargle with iodine

The method is quite simple - you need to add a few drops of iodine to a glass of warm water until a light brown solution is obtained. But the effect will be better and stronger if you add a teaspoon of soda and table salt to the water. The method has proven itself in the treatment of purulent tonsillitis and chronic tonsillitis. The procedure can be repeated 3-4 times a day (with purulent tonsillitis - every 4 hours) for 4 days.

An alcoholic solution of iodine cannot be used to lubricate the throat with angina, such as Iodinol. Otherwise, you will simply burn the mucous membrane.

How to make an iodine grid, how often can you make an iodine grid

You need to take a thin stick with cotton wool, moisten it in a 5% alcohol solution of iodine and draw on the skin intersecting horizontal and vertical stripes in the form of a plate with 1x1cm squares. This is the ideal geometry for the uniform distribution of iodine: it is absorbed quickly and efficiently.

It can be done within a week only two or three times for any diseases.

At what age can you smear with iodine

Doctors do not recommend smearing skin with iodine even in adolescence - iodine burns the skin. But the iodine grid (once) can be done from the age of five. But there is a more "advanced" and safer version of iodine that can be used and.

Why is iodine in the periodic table, but no brilliant green?

Because brilliant green is a synthetic antiseptic, an aniline dye. The periodic table includes only chemical elements and compounds that exist in nature in their pure form.

Iodized salt should replace ordinary salt for people living in regions of iodine deficiency.

Because this salt helps to restore balance in iodine deficiency in the human body, it is the prevention of iodine deficiency diseases in children, pregnant and lactating women, adolescents. Salt with iodine helps prevent the absorption of radioactive components of iodine by the thyroid gland and is a protection against radiation, inflammation and diseases.

How is iodized salt made?

Iodine in a certain concentration is added to sea or lake salt water, mixed with water and only then evaporated.