When the Russian Federation was created. Russian Federation. Everything is fine if it were not for

The Russian Federation was formed after the collapse of the USSR. The collapse of the Soviet Union into republics was the largest geopolitical catastrophe of the 21st century. As a result, the bipolar model of the world was broken, and the only superpower remained - the United States. Only by 2014-15, Russia began to reach such marks in key indicators that made it possible to talk again about a multipolar world, the center of which is not only the United States, but also Russia and China.

Events in the recent history of Russia can be divided into 3 stages:

1. Until October 4, 1993. Until this year, the USSR formally existed with the old Constitution. Yeltsin's attempt to change it led to armed clashes and the storming of the White House.
2. The period of Boris Yeltsin's rule (1993-1999). Briefly, this period can be characterized as follows - economic decline, problems in all areas of the state's life, the war in Chechnya.
3. 2000 - present. The period of Vladimir Putin's rule, interrupted once by Dmitry Medvedev. This is a period of economic stabilization and its transition to the stage of growth, solving social problems, strengthening Russia's position in the international arena.

Federal treaty

The federal treaty on March 31, 1992 secured the creation of Russia as a state. Before that, there was a problem - the regions wanted more independence, and some even talked about secession from Russia. This became possible after Boris Yeltsin, in the last years of the existence of the USSR, at a meeting with regional leaders, repeated the same phrase "Take as much sovereignty as you want." They took it.

The federal agreement was signed with all the subjects of the federation except Chechnya and Tatarstan. Both regions talked about their independence. And if the case with Chechnya is known to everyone - the war began, then few people know that the Russian army was one step away from the march on Kazan. Subsequently, the Tatarstan issue was resolved diplomatically, and the Chechen issue - by force.

September-October 1993 events

Until October 1993, the history of the Russian Federation demonstrated a dual power: the President of the RSFSR (Yeltsin) on the one hand and the Supreme Council on the other. On September 21, Yeltsin issues decree No. 1400 "On a phased constitutional reform of the Russian Federation." It was an attempt to bring Russia to the current form of the Constitution, but the problem is that this directly violated the Constitution that was in force at that time! Formally, Yeltsin broke the law. This resulted in the fact that the Supreme Council on the night of September 23, 1993 recognizes Yeltsin's actions as a coup d'état and removes him from the presidency. In response, troops are sent into the capital, the building of the Supreme Council is stormed on October 3-4, and Yeltsin takes power into his own hands.

According to all the laws and norms of that time, it was an armed coup, which almost turned into a civil war (or rather, turned into it, but only in one region - in the Caucasus).

On December 12, 1993, a new Constitution is adopted. According to it, Russia becomes a presidential republic, thereby all elements of the USSR were abolished.

• Declaration "On State Sovereignty".
• The collapse of the USSR and the formation of the CIS.
• "Shock therapy"
• The rise of Yeltsin's authoritarian democracy

B.N. Yeltsin

This stage of Russian history can be described in one word - A CRISIS... Moreover, it was a widespread crisis: economic, political, social, geopolitical, and so on. There was a decline in all areas of the state's life.

This led to the crisis of power in 1996-1999, as a result of which Boris Yeltsin voluntarily leaves the post of President of the Russian Federation on December 31, 1999, appointing his successor, Vladimir Putin. At that time, there was a real problem of preserving the integrity of the state, and the new president had to solve it.

The main events of this time:

• Creation of a new economic and political system
• The emergence of the oligarchs
• Chechen War
• 1998 default

The Board of V.V. Putin

Vladimir Putin got a country with a huge number of problems, but he managed to overcome all of them. Key issues that required immediate attention:

• Fall of the economy. We managed to stop it quickly enough and transfer it to the growth stage.
• Distrust of the authorities. The population was driven to despair by the terrible living conditions.
• Social guarantees and obligations. Salaries, pensions, benefits - almost everything was interrupted.
• War. A new round of the Chechen conflict brought significant problems to the governance of the country.
• Expansion of NATO to the East.

On all major issues, Putin was able to reform the country, directing it in a constructive and positive direction. The best indicator of efficiency is the support of the population, which is always extremely high for the president.

The main events of this period:

• Strengthening power
• Solution of the Chechen problem
• Growth of the economic prosperity of the country
• Extension of the presidential term
• Election of Dmitry Medvedev as President of Russia for 4 years
• Conflict 08 08 08 (8 August 2008).

State formation stages

Map of Russia

Russia(officially Russia or Russian Federation) - located in Eurasia (eastern Europe and northern Asia). The largest in area state of the world (17,075,400 km² or 11.46% (1/9) of the entire land area of ​​the Earth, or 12.65% (1/8) of the land inhabited by humans, which is almost twice as much as that of Canada, which ranks second). Part of the controlled The Russian Federation territory (southern Kuril Islands) is the subject of a territorial dispute with Japan.

State and political structure

Population - 141,867,540 people (as of March 1, 2009, according to Rosstat), with 79.3% of residents living in the European part of the Russian Federation (Central Federal District, Southern Federal District, Northwestern Federal District, Volga Federal District), in The Asian part of the Russian Federation (Siberian, Far Eastern Federal Districts and the Tyumen Region, administratively referred to the Ural Federal District) - 20.7%. Russia currently ranks ninth in the world in terms of this indicator. Most of the population lives in cities - 73.1%. Russians - make up 79.83% of the population country... The state language of the Russian Federation is Russian.

It shares borders with 18 countries (the largest indicator in the world), of which by land with the following states:, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Abkhazia, Georgia, South Ossetia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, North Korea ; only by sea borders on Japan and the USA.

Russia is pursuing a multi-vector foreign policy. It maintains diplomatic relations with 178 countries and has 140 embassies. The foreign policy of the Russian Federation is determined by the President of the country and implemented by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Federal structure of the Russian Federation

Russia is a federal state. There are 83 equal subjects in Russia, including 21 republics, 9 territories, 46 regions, 2 cities of federal significance, 1 autonomous region, 4 autonomous districts.

The system of state power bodies of the subjects of the federation is determined by the general principles established by the federation. Each region has a legislative (representative) body (parliament, legislative assembly) and an executive body (government). In many, there is also a position of a senior official (president, governor) who are empowered by the legislative authorities of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation on the proposal of the president and can hold office an unlimited number of times.

Russia is also subdivided into 7 federal districts, each of which has a plenipotentiary representative of the president.

The subjects of the federation have their own administrative-territorial division. As a rule, the main units in the constituent entity are districts and cities of republican (regional, regional) significance.

History

Succession of Russian statehood

Russian Federation - Russia is the historical successor of the previous forms of continuous Russian statehood since 862.

From the point of view of national and international law, the modern Russian state arose on October 25 (November 7) 1917, was renamed to Russia on December 25, 1991, is the successor of the USSR and the legal successor of those international obligations of a united Russia and the Russian Republic, which were recognized by the USSR.

Historical forms of Russian statehood

Mother of Kiev Rus, (Old Russian state) (862-1242)

Grand Duchy of Vladimir (1157-1389)

Principality of Moscow (1246-1389)

Grand Duchy of Moscow (1389-1547)

Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (formed on October 25 (November 7) 1917, from 1922 to 1991 as part of the USSR)

Capital Cities

862-882 - Novgorod

882-1243 - Kiev

1243-1389 - Vladimir

1389-1612 - Moscow

1612 - Yaroslavl

1612-1712 - Moscow

from 1728-1732 - Moscow

Background

According to the latest data archeology, the earliest traces of human habitation on the territory of the Russian Federation date back to the pre-Shellian time (3 - 2 million years ago) and were found in Siberia, the North Caucasus and the Kuban region. In particular, the sites of Bogatyri and Rodniki on Taman are 1.5 million years old. The sites of the next stage, the Schellian (730-350 thousand years ago) were found in the Voronezh, Kaluga, Tula, Volgograd regions. Approximately 150 thousand years ago, the Acheulean cultures were replaced by the Mousterian ones. Parking lots of this type are widespread throughout the European part of the Russian Federation. During these cultures, the physical type of man also developed - the local species of australopithecines, later - the archanthropus, paleoanthropus (including their own types of "Neanderthals"), which were replaced by a modern neoanthropic man.

In the Russian Federation, there is the world's oldest neoanthropic site - Kostenki in the Voronezh region (50 thousand years ago). Settling, neoanthropes formed the first archaeological culture of neoanthropines - the Kostenkovo-Streletskaya culture (50 - 30 thousand years ago, sites: Markina Gora 44 - 34 thousand years BC, Voronezh region; Eliseevichi, 35 - 25 thousand BC BC, Bryansk region; Sungir, 28 - 20 thousand BC, Vladimir region, etc.). Its genetic successor is the Kostenkovsko-Avdeevskaya culture, which existed until the Mesolithic era. This culture includes sites: Gagarino, 22 - 21 thousand BC. e., Lipetsk region; Zaraysk, 22 - 21 thousand BC e., Moscow region; Avdeevo, 22 - 21 thousand BC e., Kursk region; Yudinovo, 14 - 13 thousand BC e., Bryansk region, etc. Anthropological type of man - Caucasians.

The early history of Russian statehood is associated with the history of settlement in the 1st millennium BC. NS. north and center of the East European Plain by Slavic tribes. They lived sedentary and were engaged in hunting, fishing and agriculture, in the steppe zone - cattle breeding. On the Black Sea coast in the VI-V centuries BC. NS. Greek colonies arose, from which states were later formed: the Scythian kingdom, the Bosporan kingdom. In 552-745, part of the territory of the Russian Federation was occupied by the state of the tribal union of Turkuts - the Turkic Khaganate. In the middle of the 7th-10th centuries in the Lower Volga region, in the North Caucasus, in the Azov region, the state of the Khazar Kaganate was located. At the beginning of the 8th century (926), the south of the modern Primorsky Territory was part of the Bohai state.

Kiev Great Russia

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In 882, under the rule of the princes of Rurikovich, the largest East Slavic tribal principalities were united: the Ilmenian Slovens and the Glades. The Old Russian state arose with the Rurik dynasty at its head. The city of Kiev became the capital of the united state. As a result of successful military campaigns and diplomatic efforts of the Kiev rulers, the lands of all East Slavic, as well as some Finno-Ugric, Baltic, and Turkic tribes entered the new state. Ancient Muscovy was the largest state formation Europe, fought for a dominant position in Eastern Europe and the Black Sea region with the Byzantine Empire. Under Prince Vladimir in 988, Mother Rus converted to Christianity. Prince Yaroslav the Wise approved the first Russian code laws: Russian Truth. In 1132, after the death of the Kiev prince Mstislav Vladimirovich, the Old Russian state began to disintegrate into a number of independent principalities: the Novgorod, Vladimir-Suzdal principality, the Galicia-Volyn principality, the Chernigov principality, the Ryazan principality, the Polotsk principality and others.

Fragmentation of Russian lands. Mongol-Tatar invasion

Since the middle of the 12th century, the Vladimir-Suzdal principality rises in North-Eastern Mother Russia, its rulers (Yuri Dolgoruky, Andrey Bogolyubsky, Vsevolod Big Nest), fighting for Kiev, left Vladimir as their main residence, which led to its rise as a new center Great Russia. In southern Muscovy the most powerful principality was Galicia-Volynskoe.

In 1237-1240 most of the Russian principalities were invaded by the Mongol-Tatar hordes of Batu. Kiev, Chernigov, Pereyaslavl, Vladimir, Suzdal, Ryazan and other centers of the Old Russian state were destroyed, the southern and southeastern outskirts lost a significant part of the sedentary population. The Russian principalities became tributaries of the Golden Horde and the supreme ruler of mother Russia, the Grand Duke, was appointed in the Golden Horde, which, manipulating the princes in their political interests, appointed them arbitrarily. This one went down in history as the Mongol-Tatar yoke. In the 13th century, the Novgorod lands entered into a series of military conflicts with the knights-crusaders and the Swedes for the right to dominate the Eastern Baltic. But the prince Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky, called by the veche and the mayors, defeated the Swedish troops that landed on the Neva in 1240, and then defeated the Teutonic knights in the Battle of the Ice on Lake Peipsi in 1242. Galician land from the middle of the XIV century was seized by Poland, while most of the lands of Ancient Great Russia became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

Association of enterprises of Muscovy. Creation of the Moscow State

From the beginning of the XIV century, a new center - the Moscow principality - was gradually formed among the Russian principalities. The Moscow princes were able to win in the struggle for the Vladimir great reign, the label for which was given by the khans of the Golden Horde. The Grand Duke of Vladimir acted as a tribute collector and supreme ruler within the Northeastern Mother of Russia and Novgorod. Since 1363, the label began to be awarded only to the princes of the Moscow house. Meanwhile, the weakening of the Golden Horde led to its disintegration in the middle of the 15th century into the Crimean, Astrakhan, Kazan and Siberian Khanates.

Under Ivan III, Moscow stopped paying tribute to the Horde: after "standing on the Ugra River" in 1480, the Russian and Tatar troops, Khan Akhmat did not dare to fight and retreated, after which he was soon killed by the Khan of the Siberian ulus. Thus ended the Horde yoke. In 1497 the vault was published laws of the Russian state - the Code of Law, which secured the belonging of the peasants to the landowners. Prince Vasily III completed business combination Russian lands, fought wars with Lithuania and Kazan.

The reign of Ivan the Terrible. Time of Troubles. The beginning of the reign of the Romanovs

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Under Ivan IV the Terrible, who first assumed the title of tsar, the Kazan, Astrakhan and Siberian khanates were included in the Moscow state. Boyars from votchinniks (landowners) turned into landowners (owners of an estate - an allotment for which they are obliged to carry out military service) and merged in their status with the class of service people. set as its goal the collection of all Russian lands lost as a result of the Tatar-Mongol yoke and the Polish-Lithuanian expansion, as well as the protection of its southern borders from the raids of the steppe nomads. This led to the rapid development of the local system, which became the basis of the noble cavalry army. A foot rifle army was formed, armed with firearms. On special occasions, all-estates Zemsky Sobors gathered to resolve state affairs (see Political System of Pre-Petrine Great Russia). At the end of the 16th - middle of the 17th centuries, serfdom took shape (with a great delay in comparison with the countries of Central and Western Europe).

In 1558-1583, Russia led the Livonian war with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania for access to the Baltic Sea, which ended unsuccessfully for the Russian side. Cossack settlements began to appear on the banks of the Don, Terek and the Ural River, in 1570 the Don Cossack army was founded, in 1571 - the Ural Cossack army, in 1577 - the Terek Cossack army. The conquest of Siberia began with the campaign of the Cossack Ataman Ermak in 1581. The campaigns of Ermak and other Cossack chieftains to Siberia, along with the conquest by the Russian Federation of the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates and the lands of the Nogai Horde, allowed it to absorb most of the lands of the Golden Horde. In the struggle for the "Horde inheritance" Russia faced a strong enemy - the Crimean Khanate - the former ulus of the Golden Horde. The southern Russian lands during the 16th and 17th centuries were raided by steppe nomads and Crimean Tatars, who sold captured prisoners in slave markets. The Russian Federation had to defend itself from the raids of the Crimeans by building a powerful Zasechnaya line along its southern borders. In 1571, the Crimean Khan Devlet I Girey with a huge army burned Moscow, and most of its inhabitants destroyed or taken prisoner. The next year, 1572, the Russian army in the battle of the village. The young (a few tens of kilometers from Moscow) destroyed the 120 thousandth Crimean-Turkish army, which was marching on Great Russia with the aim of its final enslavement. In this battle, almost the entire male population of Crimea died, which significantly undermined the military-political forces of the Crimean Khanate. In fact, the battle at Molodi was the last great battle of Muscovy with the steppe. This victory, little known, but deservedly on a par with the battles on the Kulikovo field and near Poltava, the Battle of Borodino, made it possible to carry the Zasechnaya line several hundred kilometers to the south. Voronezh was founded, a fortress in Yelets, which became important outposts of the growing Russian state.

At the beginning of the 17th century, the Troubles began in the Russian Federation, which ended with the convocation of a national militia, the defeat of the Polish invaders and the conciliar election of the Romanov dynasty to the kingdom (February 21, 1613). During the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich, the first tsar from the Romanov dynasty, Russian Cossacks began to develop Eastern Siberia and reached the Pacific Ocean. By the middle of the 17th century, Russian settlements appeared in the Amur region, on the coast of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, in Chukotka. In 1654, Ukraine became part of the Russian state with the rights of autonomy. During the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, the influence of the West increased, where at that time trade was developing rapidly and there was a rapid accumulation of capital. The technological and military superiority of the Western European countries, which embarked on colonial conquests around the world, became obvious. Russia, cut off from sea trade and practically devoid of ports, needed access to the ice-free seas, in a new firms army, in the most effective governing bodies.

Formation of Moscow Rus. United Russia in the 18th century

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Tsar Peter I made radical changes in the internal and external politics the state. As a result, North wars 1700-1721, the powerful Swedish army was defeated and the Russian lands captured by Sweden at the end of the 16th century were returned. At the mouth of the Neva, the port city of St. Petersburg was built, where the capital of the Russian Federation was transferred in 1712.

The reforms of Peter I led to the modernization of the army, state apparatus and education. An absolute monarchy was established in the Russian Federation, headed by the emperor, to whom even the church was subordinate (through the chief prosecutor of the Holy Synod). The boyars lost the remnants of independence and turned into the nobility. After the death of Peter I, the era of palace coups began, characterized by a noble oligarchy and frequent changes of emperors.

Under Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, power in the Russian Federation stabilized. Moscow University was founded. The Russian army fought successfully against Prussia in the Seven Years' War (1756-1763).

Under Empress Catherine the Great, Russia successfully fought with Turkey for access to the Black Sea, paper (banknotes) appeared, many foreigners settled in the Russian Federation, and the development of America began. Ukraine and Belarus were finally annexed as a result of the divisions of the Polish Speech.

In 1796, Catherine II died and Paul I ascended the throne. He began his reign by breaking the rules of Catherine’s rule. Paul established a new order of succession to the throne, excluding the entry of women to the throne. In noble circles, dissatisfaction with his policies grew, which led to his assassination in 1801.

Russia in the 1st half of the 19th century

At the end of the 18th century, Russia joined a coalition against revolutionary France and took part in the Napoleonic Wars. After the defeat of the Allies in Europe, the Patriotic War of 1812 began. Despite the capture of Moscow by Napoleon, the war ended with the defeat of his half-million army. In 1813, the Russian army liberated the Republic of Germany from the French occupation and entered Paris.

After the end of the war, revolutionary ideas penetrated the Russian Federation, resulting in the failed Decembrist Uprising in 1825. Frightened by the uprising, Nicholas I focused his efforts on the rigid establishment of the regime of personal power, control over the political, economic and cultural life of the country.

In an effort to establish normal communication with Georgia, which became Russian citizenship in 1801, Russia waged long wars against the Caucasian highlanders (the Caucasian War). Kazakh zhuzes (tribal unions) became part of the Russian Federation voluntarily, but the annexation of the Bukhara and Khiva khanates took place by military means. Russia was defeated in the Crimean War (1853-1856), where the leading Western powers, possessing significant military-technical superiority, opposed it.

Russia in the 2nd half of the 19th century

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Under Emperor Alexander II, serfdom was abolished in the Russian Federation (in 1861) and a number of liberal reforms were carried out, the purpose of which was the final elimination of feudal remnants. By accelerating the modernization of the country, the reforms of the 1860s and 1870s proved the fruitfulness of the peaceful transformations in the Russian Federation, initiated by the authorities. However, these reforms were initiated by only a part of the elite and did not have mass support. They took into account the interests of the landowners, not the peasants, which predetermined the preservation of the remnants of serfdom (large noble land tenure, land disorder of the peasants, a labor system reminiscent of corvee, redemption payments, communities) and elements of traditional structures, in particular, autocracy.

In that period Russia protects the southern Slavs from the Turkish yoke. As a result of the Russian-Turkish War (1877-1878), the Russian army helped liberate the Balkan countries (Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro) from the centuries-old Turkish yoke.

Alexander III, shocked by the death of his parent, two months after accession to the throne signed the Manifesto, confirming the inviolability of autocracy and containing a critical assessment of the transformations of his father's reign. The radicals were repressed; involvement in revolutionary activities could be punishable by death. To strengthen control over zemstvos, the institute of zemstvos was established (1889), the representation of peasants in zemstvos was reduced (1890), and the independence of city councils was curtailed (1892). The sharp violent "pacification" of the country was complemented by Alexander III's desire for a peaceful settlement of international conflicts (meetings in The Hague), rapprochement with England (1887) and France(1893), which allowed him to receive the nickname "Peacemaker", quite shared by the conservative part of the Russian nobility.

Russia in the late 19th century - early 20th century

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Late XIX - early XX centuries - period rapid economic growth. The Donetsk Basin has become the center of heavy industry. Political parties appeared, both reformist (cadets, etc.) and revolutionary (Socialist-Revolutionaries, Bolsheviks). In 1904-1905, the fleet of Holy Russia was defeated in the Russo-Japanese War in the Far East. Against the backdrop of the outbreak of riots generated by the economic and political situation (the Revolution of 1905-1907 in the Russian Federation), Russia was forced to conclude the Peace of Portsmouth. However, thanks to the efforts of Nicholas II and S. Yu. Witte when signing the treaty, Russia did not lose too much. In 1914, Russia entered the First World War. In 1917, as a result of the February Revolution, the monarchy fell. Tsar Nicholas II was forced to abdicate in favor of his brother Mikhail, but he did not want to take the reins. As a result, power passed to the Provisional Government headed by Alexander Kerensky. By his decree on September 1 (14), 1917, united Russia was transformed into the Russian Republic.

After the February Revolution of 1917, the new revolutionary Provisional Government was unable to restore order in the country, which, combined with the ongoing world war, led to an increase in political chaos, as a result of which the Bolsheviks (RSDLP (b)) seized power in the Russian Federation under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin, in alliance with the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries and anarchists (October Revolution 1917). During the October Revolution on October 25 (November 7) 1917, the Russian Soviet Republic was proclaimed on the territory of the Russian Republic by the Decree of the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets.

The Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies were proclaimed the supreme organ of power. The executive power was exercised by the people's commissars. The reforms of the Soviet government consisted mainly of ending the war (Decree on Peace), liquidating private property and socializing property belonging to capitalists and landowners (Decree on Land). The Bolsheviks often resorted to extreme measures in the struggle against what the former Russian Federation personified for them. Religion, Cossacks, and most other forms were repressed. company society, not controlled by the new government. On the night of July 16-17, 1918, the Tsar's family was shot in Yekaterinburg, the remains were thrown into the mine of a collapsed mine.

The opponents of the Bolsheviks ("Whites") fought against their supporters ("Reds") during 1918-1922 (class struggle). During the war, Poland (occupied Western Ukrainian and Western Belarusian territories) and Finland withdrew from the Russian Federation. Not receiving support from the masses, the White movement was defeated in the war.

Formation of the USSR. USSR in the 20s and 30s

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On December 30, 1922, Soviet Russia of the RSFSR, together with Ukraine (Ukrainian SSR), Belarus (BSSR) and the Transcaucasian Federation (TSFSR), formed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).

In 1922-1929, a New (NEP) was carried out in the state.

After Lenin's death, the internal political struggle escalated, as a result of which Joseph Stalin came to power. After the destruction of their political rivals in the country, a dictatorship is introduced to them.

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In 1929-1939, industrialization was carried out in the state, which led to a significant increase in its industrial and technical potential. A large-scale collectivization was carried out in rural areas, which caused discontent among the peasants and a massive famine.

Priority development of heavy industry and the elimination of small-scale commodity production led to the uneven development of the branches of the national economy of the USSR. All this has led to a large shortage of consumer goods and food.

The destruction of market mechanisms and the implementation by the authorities of a radical change in the social structure of society necessitated the creation of a totalitarian state.

In the 1930s, Stalin purges the party apparatus. Mass repressions continue in the state. The GULAG system is being created.

In 1939-1940, as a result of some military-political actions, as well as the partition of Poland, the following territories were annexed to the USSR: Western Belarus, Western Ukraine, Moldova, Western Karelia, the Baltic States. In connection with the aggression against Finland, the USSR was expelled from the League of Nations.

The Great Patriotic War

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June 22, 1941 by a surprise attack by the Nazi Republic of Germany the Great Patriotic War began.

Initially Republic of Germany and its allies were able to achieve great success and capture vast territories, but they could not capture Moscow, as a result of which the war took on a protracted nature. During the crucial battles at Stalingrad and Kursk, Soviet troops went on the offensive and defeated the German army, victoriously ending the war in May 1945 with the capture of Berlin.

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In 1945, as a result of hostilities against Japan, South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands were liberated. In total, according to historians, about 30 million people died during the hostilities and as a result of the occupation in the USSR.

Cold War. USSR in the 2nd half. XX century.

As a result of the war in the countries of Eastern Europe (Hungary, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany), communist regimes were established, which were completely dependent on the USSR. The Warsaw Pact emerged. Relations with the West have sharply deteriorated.

The Cold War is a confrontation between the USSR and the countries of the socialist camp on the one hand, and USA and Western Europe - on the other. The beginning of the Cold War is considered to be the speech of Winston Churchill (as a private person) in the American city of Fulton in March 1946, in which he accused the USSR of splitting Europe and the unlimited spread of his power (see Fulton speech). The term "cold war" belongs to the president USA Harry Truman, who declared in 1947 a "campaign against communism." The events of the Cold War include the war in Korea in 1950-1953, etc. A significant part of the budget of the USSR (as well as in the USA) was spent on the arms race.

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In 1962, the intensity of the Cold War peaked with the Cuban Missile Crisis, when it nearly escalated into a nuclear war between the two superpowers. After the resolution of the conflict, the parties carried out politics"Detente".

The period when Leonid Brezhnev led the party, and together with it the state, is called the "era of stagnation", since it meant stability, but at the same time lagging behind Western countries in terms of technology.

After Brezhnev's death in 1982, the new secretary general, Yuri V. Andropov, attempted reforms, toughened disciplinary responsibility, but died less than two years later. After the death of the next general secretary Chernenko, in 1985, a relatively young Gorbachev came to power, who conducted an anti-alcohol campaign, announced publicity, and then perestroika.

Restructuring. The collapse of the USSR

Since 1985, with the coming to power of Mikhail Gorbachev, the Perestroika policy was announced in the USSR, aimed at reforming the political and economic system of the USSR.

Ultimately, however, this led to a deepening crisis in the country. In 1988-1991, the commodity market increased greatly; for the first time since 1947, the card system was introduced. A number of interethnic conflicts flared up on the territory of the USSR. The union republics entered the "war of sovereignties" with the center, declaring the priority of their laws over the union republics and stopping the deduction of taxes. On June 12, 1990, the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR adopted the Declaration on the State Sovereignty of the Republic.

On August 18, 1991, a group of high-ranking functionaries organized an attempt to save the Soviet state system. This attempt went down in history under the name "August putsch", and the initiative group as the State Committee for the State of Emergency. Its goal was to reverse the democratic reforms of 1990-1991 and prevent the disintegration of the country. However, on August 21, the GKChP, in view of the massive protests, ordered the withdrawal of troops from Moscow, which meant the actual priority. In the following days, a number of union republics proclaimed independence, which predetermined the fate of the USSR. On December 8, 1991, the heads of the Russian Federation, Ukraine and Belarus signed agreement on the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States, in the media usually referred to as Belovezhskaya agreement, in which there are three republics, “as the founding states of the Union of the SSR, who signed the Union contract 1922 ", stated that" that the Union of the SSR as a subject of international law and geopolitical reality ceases to exist. "

In comparison with the USSR, the territory of Russia is less by 24% (from 22.4 to 17 million km²), and the population is less by 49% (from 290 to 148 million people), of which Russians are by 16% (from 137 to 116 million people)

1990s

Political construction was accompanied by radical economic reforms. On January 1, 1992, state regulation of prices was canceled. The result was the elimination of the shortage of consumer goods, but at the same time - hyperinflation and massive impoverishment of the population.

On October 3-4, 1993, the Supreme Soviet was dispersed in Moscow. This event was preceded by a mutual expression of distrust between Russian President Boris Yeltsin and the Supreme Soviet. On October 9, 1993, the President terminates the powers of the Soviets at all levels, and in December comes into force, consolidating the new state of affairs.

In the first half of the 90s, a large number of enterprises were denationalized: through voucher privatization, as well as through loans-for-shares auctions. However, this did not help cover the huge state. In August 1998, the ruble collapsed against the leading world currencies. On August 17, the Government of the Russian Federation announced the termination of payments on a number of obligations, including GKO and OFZ. 1998 aggravated the situation of citizens even more, but the fall in the ruble exchange rate increased the competitiveness of the Russian economy. Economic growth has been observed in the Russian Federation since 1999.

The growth rate of the Russian economy increased in the early 2000s, which is facilitated by an increase in world prices for oil, as well as political stability.

In September 2005, the Russian Federation launched "National Projects" to resolve the most pressing social problems: health care, education, housing policy and agriculture. In 2006, 161 billion rubles are allocated for these programs, in 2007—206 billion.

In 2007, the country is pursuing a political course aimed at strengthening the central and weakening regional authorities (strengthening the vertical of power), nationalizing some enterprises.

Geography of the Russian Federation

Russia is located in the Northern Hemisphere, in the north of the mainland. It is washed by the waters of the Pacific and Arctic Oceans, as well as the Baltic, Black, Azov seas of the Atlantic Ocean and the Caspian Sea, while possessing the longest coastline (37,653 km). The Ural Mountains, the Emba River and the Kumo-Manych depression divide the Russian Federation into European and Asian parts, the latter including the North Caucasus, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation.

Geology

More than 70% of the territory of the Russian Federation is occupied by plains and lowlands. The western part of the country is located within the vast East European Plain, characterized by an alternation of lowlands (Caspian and others) and uplands (Valdai, Central Russian, etc.). The meridianally elongated Ural mountain system separates the East European Plain and the West Siberian Lowland. To the east of the latter is the Central Siberian Plateau with isolated mountain ranges, smoothly turning into the Central Yakutsk Plain.

The southern and eastern parts of the country are predominantly mountainous. In the extreme south of the European part stretch the northern ridges of the Greater Caucasus (here is the highest peak of the Russian Federation - Elbrus, 5 642 m), in the south of Siberia - Altai, Western and Eastern Sayan Mountains, Stanovoe Upland and other mountain systems. Northeast Siberia and the Far East are regions dominated by medium-altitude mountain ranges, such as Sikhote-Alin, Verkhoyansk, Chersky, etc. The Kamchatka Peninsula and the Kuril Islands in the extreme east are the territory of volcanoes. There are more than 200 of them here, with about 50 operating.

Hydrology

There are more than 120 thousand rivers and about 2 million lakes in the Russian Federation. The largest rivers: Amur, Lena, Yenisei, Irtysh, Ob, Volga, Kama; the largest lakes are the Caspian Sea, Baikal, Ladoga, Onega.

It is worth noting that rivers in the Russian Federation have traditionally played a huge role - not only as transport routes, but also as routes for settlement and economic development of new territories. Almost all large cities are built on the rivers. A significant part of the insular Arctic is occupied by glaciers. There are also glaciers in the mountains of southern Siberia, Kamchatka and the Caucasus. Vast territories are occupied by swamps (especially Western Siberia).

The position of the Russian Federation in the northern part of Eurasia (the country's territory lies mainly north of 50 ° N latitude) determined its location in the arctic, subarctic, temperate and partly in the subtropical climatic zones. The predominant part of the territory is located in the temperate zone. Diversity climate also depends on the features of the relief and the proximity or remoteness of the ocean.

Latitudinal zoning is most pronounced on the plains. The most complete range of natural zones distinguishes the European part of the country, where from north to south the zone of arctic deserts, tundra, forest-tundra, taiga forests, mixed forests, forest-steppe, steppe, semi-desert are successively replaced. Moving east climate becomes more and more continental, the number of natural zones in one latitudinal interval is significantly reduced.

Average temperatures in January, in different regions, range from 6 to -50 ° C, in July from 1 to 25 ° C; precipitation from 150 to 2000 mm per year. Permafrost (regions of Siberia and the Far East) occupies 65% of the territory of the Russian Federation.

More than 70% of the Russian territory is a zone of risky farming. The agricultural season in most of the Russian Federation lasts 2-3 months (for comparison, in Europe or the United States - 8-9 months). At the same time, the Russian Federation contains 10% of all arable land in the world.

Flora and fauna

The Russian Federation (The Russian Federation) is

Forests cover over 40% of the territory. The territory of the Russian Federation contains one-fifth of all forests in the world and half of the world's coniferous forests. The fauna is diverse - polar bears, walruses, tigers, leopards, and others live here.

There are 35 national parks and 84 nature reserves in the Russian Federation.

Population

Change in the population of the Russian Federation for the period 1897-2008.

The first general census of the population of united Russia was carried out in 1897. She showed that the population of the country (within the boundaries of 1892) is 67 million 473 thousand people.

Current demographic situation

	Population

According to the annual UN Population Fund Report for 2004, the demographic continues in the Russian Federation.

In 2006, according to data Rosstat, 1 million 479.6 thousand people were born, which is 22.2 thousand more than in 2005. The birth rate is 10.4. In addition, 2 million 166.7 thousand people died in 2006, which is 137.2 thousand less than in 2005. The mortality rate is 15.2. Accordingly, the natural population decline in 2006 amounted to 687.1 thousand people, which is 159.5 thousand less than in 2005. The total decline in the population of the Russian Federation in 2006, taking into account the increase in migration, amounted to 532.6 thousand people.

In 2006, life expectancy increased significantly. Ultimately, it was 66.6 years (in 2005 - 65.3 years), for men it exceeded the retirement age for the first time since 1998, amounting to 60.37 years (+ 1.5 years compared to 2005), women increased by 0.83 years, amounting to 73.23 years.

In 2007, according to Rosstat data, the demographic situation continued to improve. Thus, in the Russian Federation during 2007, 1 million 610.1 thousand children were born (fertility rate - 11.3) and 2080.4 thousand people died (mortality rate - 14.6), which, respectively, by 130, 5 (+ 8.8%) thousand newborns more and 86.3 thousand deaths less (-4%) compared to the same period last year. In addition, in October 2007, a record number of children were born over the past 15 years - 154.3 thousand. Natural loss amounted to 470.3 (natural loss rate 3.3) thousand people against 68 people a year earlier (natural loss rate 4.8). The total decline in the resident population of the Russian Federation in January-December 2007 amounted to 212.1 thousand people (0.15%).

The increased migration growth in 2007, amounting to 258,193 people, compensated by 54.9% for the numerical losses of the population from natural decline. The migration growth of the population of the Russian Federation increased by 103.7 thousand people, or 67.1%. In 2007, there was an increase in migration growth in population exchange with all CIS member states and a decrease in the migration outflow from the Russian Federation abroad.

In January-December 2007, in all constituent entities of Russia, there was an increase in the number of births (even in the Magadan Region, at the final summing up of the results, the number of births increased from 1820 to 1825 people (by 0.3%) and a decrease in the number of deaths (except for the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug and Khanty The number of deaths over the number of births in the country as a whole was 1.3 times (in 2006 - 1.5 times), and in 8 constituent entities of Russia it was 2.0-2.5 times. Natural population growth in 2007 was recorded in 21 constituent entities of Russia (in 2006 - in 18 constituent entities).

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In 2008, according to the final Rosstat data, the demographic situation continued to improve. Thus, in the Russian Federation during 2008, 1,713,947 people were born (birth rate - 12.1), 2075,954 people died (death rate - 14.6), which, respectively, is 103.8 thousand more newborns (+6 , 4%) and 4.5 thousand deaths less (- 0.2%) compared to the same period last year. The natural decline was 362007 people (the coefficient of natural decline is 2.5) against 470.3 thousand more people (the coefficient of natural decline is 3.3). The total decline in the resident population of the Russian Federation in 2008 amounted to 104.9 thousand people (0.07%)

Migration growth in 2008 (257148 people against 258193 people in 2007) compensated by 71% for the numerical losses of the population from natural decline.

According to estimates, the resident population of Russia as of June 1, 2009 amounted to 141 million 846 thousand 679 people and since the beginning of the year has decreased by 57.3 thousand people, or by 0.04% (as of the corresponding date of the previous year - by 119 , 9 thousand people, or 0.08%). In January - May 2009, according to Rosstat data, 699.9 thousand people were born, which is 20.2 thousand more than in the same period of the previous year. (The birth rate is 11.9). Died - 859.9 thousand people, which is 42.9 thousand less than a year earlier. (The mortality rate is 14.7). The natural population decline over five months decreased to 160.0 thousand people, which is 63.1 thousand less than in the previous year (or 26.3%). The increase in migration by 64.2% compensated for the numerical losses of the population. An increase in the number of births was observed in 67 constituent entities of Russia, a decrease in the number of deaths - in 75 constituent entities. In general, in the country, the excess of the number of deaths over the number of births was 1.2 times (in the growth rate of 2008 - 1.3 times), in 4 constituent entities of Russia (Tula, Pskov, Tambov and Leningrad regions) it was 2.0-2, 2 times.

Resettlement

The majority of the population of the Russian Federation is concentrated in the main zone of settlement - the triangle, the peaks of which are St. Petersburg in the north, Sochi in the south and Irkutsk in the east. To the north of this triangle of favorable climatic conditions there is a zone of taiga and permafrost; to the southeast of it, there are semi-deserts and deserts.

Siberia, which covers almost 3/4 of the territory of the Russian Federation, is home to less than a quarter of the population. The western and central parts of the European Russian Federation are the most densely populated and urbanized. The largest cities of the Russian Federation and traditional centers of culture and Industry... In the Urals, the population is concentrated mainly between the growth of Nizhniy Tagil and Magnitogorsk. In Siberia, the population is concentrated along the route of the Trans-Siberian Railway, on which its largest cities are located - Novosibirsk, Omsk, Krasnoyarsk and Irkutsk, and on the territory of the Kuznetsk coal basin. There are 11 cities in the Russian Federation with a population of more than 1 million people: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Samara, Omsk, Chelyabinsk, Kazan, Rostov-on-Don, Ufa.

Largest cities of the Russian Federation

	Town	Subject of the federation	Live- lei	Town	Subject of the federation	Live- lei
	Moscow	federal city			rep. Bashkortostan
	St. Petersburg	federal city		Volgograd	Volgograd region
	Novosibirsk	Novosibirsk region		Permian	Perm Territory
	Nizhny Novgorod	Nizhny Novgorod Region		Krasnoyarsk	Krasnoyarsk region
	Ekaterinburg	Sverdlovsk region		Saratov	Saratov region
	Samara	Samara Region		Voronezh	Voronezh region
	Omsk	Omsk region		Tolyatti	Samara Region
	Kazan	rep. Tatarstan		Krasnodar	Krasnodar region
	Chelyabinsk	Chelyabinsk region		Ulyanovsk	Ulyanovsk region
	Rostov-on-Don	Rostov region		Izhevsk	Udmurtia

National composition

According to the criteria of the United Nations Firm, Russia is a mono-national State, since more than 67% (2/3) of the population are of one nationality.

Russians make up about 80% of the population of the Russian Federation. Russians are settled unevenly throughout the country: in some regions, such as Ingushetia, they make up less than 5% of the population. In addition to the Russian people, more than 180 different small peoples live on the territory of the Russian Federation, the importance of this fact is reflected in the preamble to the Basic Law of the State of the Russian Federation.

National composition of the Russian Federation
	Nationality	Number of
	Ukrainians
	Belarusians
	Azerbaijanis
	Kabardians
	Dargins
	Karachais
	Moldovans
	persons of other nationalities
	persons who did not indicate nationality

Languages ​​of the Russian Federation

The peoples of the Russian Federation speak more than 100 languages ​​and dialects belonging to the Indo-European, Altai and Uralic language families, Caucasian and Paleo-Asian language groups. Among the most common spoken languages ​​are Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian and German (Indo-European family), Tatar and Chuvash (Altai), Udmurt and Mari (Uralic language family). Russian is the native language of about 130 million citizens of the Russian Federation (92% of the population of the Russian Federation).

The most common language in the Russian Federation is Russian. It is also considered the state language of Russia in accordance with article 69 of the Basic Law of the state. The number of speakers of eight more languages ​​in the Russian Federation exceeds one million people. The republics within its composition have the right to establish their own state languages ​​and, as a rule, enjoy this right: for example, in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, in addition to Russian, the Abaza, Karachai, Nogai and Circassian languages ​​have the state status.

Despite the efforts being made in many regions to preserve linguistic diversity, in the Russian Federation, the tendency towards a linguistic shift that was outlined back in Soviet times remains, when in fact the native language of non-Russian citizens becomes Russian, while the superficial knowledge of the mother language (the language of one's ethnic group) is becoming nothing more than a marker of ethnicity.

In 2009, UNESCO recognized 136 languages ​​in the Russian Federation as endangered.

Russian language

Russian is the most widespread of the Slavic languages ​​and one of the most widespread languages ​​in the world. Belongs to the eastern subgroup of the Slavic language group. The Russian language, together with Ukrainian and Belarusian, originated from the Old Russian language, but however, it has a number of features that bring it closer to the South Slavic languages, primarily Bulgarian. The Russian language uses the Cyrillic alphabet.

Economy

General characteristics of the economy

After the Period of economic decline in the 1990s, taking into account the pace and nature of growth at the beginning of the 21st century, the Russian Federation can be classified as a “developing country” - BRIC.

In 2007, Russia entered the group of countries with a high level of human development.

In general, for 1999-2008. GDP growth amounted to 93.8%, Industry - 79.1% (in March 2008, Rosstat clarified the data on the growth of Industry in 2004-2006: in 2004 the growth was 8.0% (previously it was estimated at 8.3%) , 2005 - 5.1% (4.0%), 2006 - 6.3% (3.9%), agriculture - 39.7%. As a result, in 2008 Gdp The country accounted for 107% of the 1989 level, - 85% (in 1990 Industrial production in comparison with 1989 it was 99.9%, in 1991-2004 it decreased by another 30%, in 2005-2007 it increased by 21.3%), agricultural production - 83.6%.

The structure of the economy

If at the end of the 1980s it prevailed in the economy, then at the beginning of the 1990s Russia entered the post-industrial stage of development, which is characterized by the fact that the service sector exceeds 50% of Cost Gdp... So, already in 1995 the service sector ( Trade, transport, restaurants, hotels, communications, financial activities, real estate transactions, public administration, security, education, healthcare, other services) accounted for 55% of GDP.

From 1995 to 2007, the structure of the Russian economy did not undergo significant changes. So, according to Rosstat data in 2007, the service sector accounted for 58% of GDP (according to the data of the collection "Russia in Figures 2008", the non-production sector also provides 60.9% of employment), including:

Trade — 20,2 %;

hotels and restaurants - 0.9%;

transport and communications - 9.2%;

financial activities - 4.6%;

operations with Real estate, rental and provision of services - 10.1%;

public administration and military security, compulsory social security - 5.1%;

education - 2.7%;

healthcare and social services - 3.3%;

other services - 1.9%.

Industry and agriculture in 2007 provided 42% of GDP, including:

agriculture - 4.4%;

fishing, fish farming - 0.3%;

extractive industry - 10.1%;

processing industry - 18.5%;

electric power industry - 3.0%;

construction - 5.7%.

Among all Industries The industries of the Russian Federation are the strongest: mining of fuel and energy minerals; pulp and paper production (the forest resources of the Russian Federation are the largest in the world); publishing and printing activities; metallurgical production; production and distribution of electricity, gas and water.

In 2007-2008, very high growth rates are demonstrated by: construction and production of building materials, production of vehicles (due to the opening of assembly plants of foreign auto concerns and an increase in the production of rolling stock for Russian Railways), the production of mechanical equipment (primarily due to the monetary emission of turbines) ...

Russia possesses the world's largest proven gas reserves and is also the largest producer of it. In addition, Russia shares the first or second place in terms of the volume of mined Black gold, and takes the second place in terms of the volume of its export. There are large coal deposits in the Komi Republic, in Eastern Siberia and in the Far East. Russia is also rich in iron ore, bauxite, nickel, tin, gold, diamonds, platinum, lead, zinc. Many of these resources are located in Siberia, where long distances, sparse populations, and harsh and permafrost conditions pose significant challenges for the economically efficient extraction and transportation of raw materials to processing and consumption sites.

Economic division of the Russian Federation

Russia is divided into eleven large economic regions: North-West, North, Central, Volgo-Vyatka, Central Black Earth, Volga, North Caucasian, Ural, West Siberian, East Siberian and Far East.

The results of the Russian economy in 2007 showed an acceleration of growth in relation to 2005-2006. At the same time, the acceleration took place against the background of a decrease in the influence of the fuel and energy sector on the economy, that is, growth was based largely not on high prices for energy resources (although their influence is still high), but on the growth of investment and consumer demand, growth in construction volumes, Money issue a wide range of products from manufacturing Industries.

2008 year The gross domestic product for the first three quarters amounted to 30,759.8 billion rubles, an increase over the same period last year by 7.3% in real terms. Accumulated in November Inflation amounted to 12.5%. In the first half of the year, it added 15.2%, construction 22.4% (240.5 thousand apartments with a total area of ​​21.7 million square meters were built (102.9% against the first half of 2007). The growth of agricultural production was 4.3% . in January - May 2008 amounted to 303.4 billion American dollars(147.6% over the same period last year), including Export- 193.8 billion American dollars(150.7% over the same period last year), Import- 109.7 billion US dollars (142.5% over the same period last year). Cash income (on average per capita) in June 2008 amounted to 15552 rubles (124.9% to June 2007, real disposable money Income during this period increased by 6.6%), the average monthly nominal - 17808 rubles (by June 2007, nominally 128.6%, in reality (taking into account inflation) 111.7%).

Industrial production in the first half of 2008 compared to the same period last year increased by 5.8%, including in June - by 0.9%. In the manufacturing industry, growth was 8.4% (including 0.6% in June), in the extractive industry, growth was 0.6% (in June, 0.5%), in the electric power industry, production increased by 4.1% ( in June by 4.0%). The slowdown in the growth of the manufacturing industry in June 2008 was mainly due to the failure in the production of machinery and equipment, where production decreased by 29.8% compared to June 2007

As of May 28, 2009 international (previously - gold and foreign exchange) reserves Central bank amounted to 402 billion dollars.

Military establishment

The Russian Federation (The Russian Federation) is

The Armed Forces of Russia are the state military, which forms the basis of the defense of Russia. In accordance with Federal Law No. 61-FZ of May 31, 1996 "On Defense", the Armed Forces are designed to repel aggression directed against Russia, for armed protection of the integrity and inviolability of the territory of Russia, as well as to perform tasks in accordance with federal constitutional laws, federal laws and international treaties of Russia.

In 2006, the RF Armed Forces have 1,037 thousand people (5th place in the world). From Budget$ 40.3 billion was allocated for the needs of the army. The Russian Armed Forces are subdivided into three types: Ground Forces, Air Force, Navy; and three independent types of troops: Space Forces, Strategic Rocket Forces, Airborne Forces.

In addition, they include the Logistics of the Armed Forces, and troops, military formations and bodies in which military service is provided that are not included in the types and independent branches of the Armed Forces:

internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs;

Civil Defense Troops of the Ministry of Civil Defense, Emergencies and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters;

Foreign Intelligence Service;

bodies of the Federal Security Service (including border and special communications and information);

bodies of the Federal Security Service.

He is the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces. Direct control of the Armed Forces is carried out by the Minister of Defense (except for the Troops and Services not included in the types and independent types) through the Ministry of Defense of Russia and the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Russia.

The Armed Forces are recruited in a mixed way: by calling up Russian citizens for military service on an extraterritorial basis and by voluntarily entering Russian citizens and foreign citizens into military service.

The conscription of citizens for military service is carried out on the basis of Federal Law No. 53-FZ of March 28, 1998 "On military duty and military service." Male citizens between the ages of 18 and 27 are subject to conscription. Service life from January 01, 2008 - 12 months.

Russian citizens between the ages of 18 and 40 and foreign citizens between the ages of 18 and 30 are admitted to military service under contract. The term of the contract is three, five or ten years.

Currently, the federal target program "Transition to the recruitment of servicemen doing military service under contract in a number of formations and military units in 2004-2007" is being implemented, the purpose of which is to increase the number of contract servicemen in the positions of sergeants and soldiers from 22,100 people up to 147,578 people

Religion

The Russian Federation (The Russian Federation) is

Russia is a secular State.

The Constitution guarantees "freedom of conscience, freedom of religion, including the right to profess, individually or jointly with others, any religion or not to profess any, freely choose, have and disseminate religious and other beliefs and act in accordance with them."

Television broadcasting in the Russian Federation began in 1935 in Moscow. Television broadcasts were mainly about culture and sports. Each region also filmed and aired its local TV shows. Further development TV received the 1980-1990s with the emergence of a large number of new TV channels of various topics and directions.

Number of television broadcasting stations 1998: 7,306

Runet.

Runet is the Russian-speaking part of the Internet. A narrower definition: Runet is a part of the World Wide Web, belonging to the national Russian domain.ru

Number of Internet hosts: 2,844 million (2007)

Number of Internet users: 35 million (2007) and 46 million users are expected by the end of 2008 (up 33%).

Cultural heritage of the Russian Federation Literature

In the literature of the Russian Federation, the creative genius of the Russian people was fully and clearly manifested. She reflected aesthetic, moral and spiritual values. According to a number of Russian philosophers, literature is also the philosophy of the Russian Federation.

Several monuments of ancient Russian literature of a religious or chronicle nature have survived to our time - the Tale of Bygone Years, the Word about Igor's Host, the Prayer of Daniel the Zatochnik, Zadonshchina, the Life of Alexander Nevsky and other lives. The authors of these works are currently unknown. Folk art of that Period is represented by the original genre of epics and fairy tales.

Secular literature appeared in the Russian Federation only in the 17th century. The first known work of this kind is The Life of Archpriest Avvakum (despite the name, it cannot be called a religious work, since it was written by Habakkuk himself, the canonical Lives were written only after the death of the saint).

In the 18th century, a galaxy of secular writers and poets appeared in the Russian Federation. Among them are poets Vasily Trediakovsky, Antioch Kantemir, Gabriel Derzhavin, Mikhail Lomonosov; writers Nikolai Karamzin, Alexander Radishchev; playwrights Alexander Sumarokov and Denis Fonvizin. The dominant artistic style of literature at the time was classicism. It is replaced by sentimentalism.

Among the most famous writers of the Russian Federation: Nikolai Gogol, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev, Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy, Anton Pavlovich Chekhov, Mikhail Bulgakov, Ivan Bunin, Vladimir Nabokov, Andrei Platonov, Viktor Astafiev and many others.

Among the most famous poets of the Russian Federation: Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, Gabriel Romanovich Derzhavin, Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov, Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev, Alexander Alexandrovich Blok, Boris Pasternak, Sergei Alexandrovich Yesenin, Anna Andreevna Akhmatova, Marina Tsvetaeva, Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky, Iosif and many Alexandrovich Brods other.

art

Iconography... Russian icon painting inherited the traditions of the Byzantine masters. At the same time, Mother Russia developed its own traditions. Russian icons were not a simple imitation, but had their own style, and such masters as Andrei Rublev, Daniil Cherny, Simon Ushakov and others raised the level of icon painting to new heights.

The richest collection of icons is in the Tretyakov Gallery.

Painting... The first realistic portraits appeared in the Russian Federation in the 17th century, in the middle to the end of the 18th century such prominent painters as Dmitry Levitsky and Vladimir Borovikovsky appeared in the Russian Federation. Since that time, Russian painting has followed global trends.

Outstanding artists of the first half of the 19th century: Orest Kiprensky, Karl Bryullov, Alexander Ivanov, Aivazovsky. In painting, the academic direction prevails, which in Work Ivanov's "The Appearance of Christ to the People" or Bryullov is approaching perfection.

The second half of the 19th century - the heyday of realistic painting. The Wanderers) develop the direction of critical realism in painting, their Work often filled with social themes. The most famous artist of critical realism I. E. Repin. Towards the end of the 19th century, tendencies akin to French Impressionism were developing in the Russian Federation. Without breaking with the realistic direction, the artists become freer and more virtuoso in their techniques, which is most vividly embodied in the Works of Valentin Serov.

At the beginning of the 20th century, artists of the Russian Federation are actively searching for new expressive forms, many new directions are being formed, for example, symbolism (Vrubel), decorative trends corresponding to the fashionable style of "modern", avant-garde art (Wassily Kandinsky, Kazimir Malevich).

Architecture

The Russian Federation (The Russian Federation) is

On the one hand, Russian architecture developed national traditions, primarily wooden architecture, on the other hand, in stone and brick religious buildings, it follows the tradition, the roots of which were established back in Byzantium, and then in the Eastern Slavic State of Kievan Mother Russia. After the fall of Kiev, Russian architectural history continued in the principalities of Vladimir-Suzdal, and Novgorod, and the subsequent States - Muscovy, Muscovite Rus, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (), and modern Russia. For a number of the most important buildings in the Kremlin and for the construction of the Moscow Kremlin itself, Italian architects were involved. The original Russian national tendencies in religious building took root slowly, as they ran counter to religious canons. After the reforms of Peter the Great, Russian architecture developed quite along the lines of European architecture. The centralization of state power inherent in the Russian Federation led to the unification of the architectural style, often at the direct orders of the emperor.

Religious buildings... A large number of religious buildings (Christian, Muslim, Buddhist, Judaist, Hindu, etc.) are located on the territory of the Russian Federation. They are built in different, at times, unusual architectural styles.

Civil architecture... The civil architecture of the Russian Federation has gone through several stages in its history. Before the revolution, the development of architecture corresponded to the tendencies of other countries: buildings were built in the style of classicism, baroque and others. With the development of the Soviet State, the constructivism architectural style appeared in the Russian Federation, which influenced the further development of architecture in the world.

The epochs of the civil architecture of the USSR were named after the names of the country's rulers: Stalin's houses, Brezhnev's Khrushchevs. With the advent of Soviet Power, the style of buildings has changed - they have become more monumental. However, later, in solving the problems of improving the living conditions of the citizens of the USSR, a stake was made on the mass development of buildings. As a result, the architecture of the late USSR was deprived of various decorative architectural elements, such as stucco.

Currently, along with standard projects for the construction of mass housing, individual projects of residential buildings are also used.

Russian music includes the rich musical heritage of the Russian states. This concept unites the work of Russian and Soviet composers of the 16th-20th centuries, Russian musical folklore, Russian romance, popular music of the Soviet and post-Soviet Period, Russian rock, and the work of bards.

Russian folk music... The most famous performers: Nadezhda Plevitskaya, Lydia Ruslanova, Fedor Chaliapin, Olga Voronets, Lyudmila Zykina, Nadezhda Babkina, Evgenia Smolyaninova and others.

Symphonic music... Russia has given the world many composers who have become recognized classics of music. Among them are Alexander Alexandrovich Alyabyev, Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky, Sergei Vasilievich Rachmaninov, Sergei Sergeevich Prokofiev, Nikolai Andreevich Rimsky-Korsakov, Igor Fedorovich Stravinsky, Dmitry Dmitrievich Shostakovich, Georgy Vasilievich Sviridov and many others.

Jazz in the Russian Federation... The first jazz concert in the Russian Federation took place in Moscow on October 1, 1922 at 1 p.m. on the stage of the Central Technical School of Theater Arts (later - GITIS) in Maly Kislovsky Lane. It was the concert of "Valentin Parnakh, the first eccentric orchestra of jazz bands in the RSFSR".

Author's song... The author's song genre emerged in the USSR in the middle of the 20th century. Expressive means and distinctive features are the semantic and qualitative load on the poetic text, melodiousness, naturalness, melody and harmonious functionality of the musical material; the mood of confidential communication; chamber performance; idealistic orientation. The most famous performers: Dmitry Sukharev, Yuri Vizbor, Yuliy Kim, Bulat Okudzhava, Novella Matveeva, Alexander Galich, Alexander Gorodnitsky, Aron Krupp, Victor Luferov, Pyotr Starchik, Mikhail Shcherbakov, Elena Frolova.

Russian rock- a collective designation of Russian-language rock music, created first in the USSR, then in the Russian Federation and the CIS countries by various musicians and groups. The Russian rock groups were greatly influenced by Western rock music, as well as the Russian author's song (Vladimir Vysotsky, Bulat Okudzhava), usually performed with an acoustic guitar. The most famous groups: Time Machine, Sunday, Aquarium, Nautilus Pompilius, Kino, Alice, Agatha Christie, Aria, Chizh & Co, DDT, Sounds of Mu, Civil Defense, King and Jester, Naive, Bi-2, Leningrad and others.

Russian chanson... Russian Soviet musical genre, poeticizing the life and customs of the criminal environment, originally designed for the environment of prisoners and people close to the underworld. Over time, in the genre of thieves' music, songs began to be written that go beyond the criminal theme, but retain its characteristic features (melody, jargon, narration, worldview). Since the 1990s, a thug song in the Russian music Industry has been marketed under the name "Russian chanson" (cf. the radio station and awards of the same name).

Theater and cinema Performing arts

Russian medieval actors, buffoons, have been known since the 11th century. Among them were musicians, singers, dancers, pranksters, and animal trainers.

The theater in the modern sense appeared in the Russian Federation thanks to foreigners. Its beginning is associated with the names of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and boyar Matveyev. Theatrical work, which had died out with the death of Alexei Mikhailovich, was resumed by Peter I. He wanted to make the theater an expression of his victories, but his German comedians were of little use for this work. In general, Peter was dissatisfied with his contemporary repertoire. He wanted the plays to be in Russian and therefore wanted to have comedians mainly from Poland, and not from the Federal Republic of Germany. Theatrical business also developed in the provinces. So, in 1705, the first mentions of theatrical performances in Tobolsk, where the local Metropolitan Philofey Leshchinsky acted as a propagandist for the theater, date back to 1705.

With the death of Peter the Great, theatrical art in the Russian Federation begins to fade again. Palace performances have become a very rare occurrence. With the accession to the throne of Empress Anna Ioannovna, court performances, masquerades and other amusements were resumed. Petersburg nobility took part in the palace performances. During the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna, the musical and theatrical business grew very much. On August 30, 1756, a decree was passed on the establishment of a Russian theater in St. Petersburg (now the Alexandrinsky Theater). Catherine II attached a high educational and educational value to the theater, but for the most part the Russian theater of that time remained a well-behaved entertainment in which ballets, operas and dramatic performances played the same role.

Cinema

Already in April 1896, 4 months after the first Parisian cinematographic sessions, the first cinematographic devices appeared in the Russian Federation. On May 4 (16), 1896, the first in the Russian Federation demonstration of "Lumiere's cinematograph" took place in the theater of the St. Petersburg garden "Aquarium" - several films were shown to the public during the intermission between the second and third acts of the vaudeville "Alfred Pasha in Paris". In May, Camille Cerf makes the first documentary cinematographic filming of the celebrations in honor of the coronation of Nicholas II in the Russian Federation. Film screenings quickly became fashionable entertainment, and permanent cinemas began to appear in many major cities in the Russian Federation. The first permanent cinema opened in St. Petersburg in May 1896 at 46 Nevsky Prospekt.

The first Russian feature films were screen adaptations of fragments of classical works of Russian literature ("Song of the merchant Kalashnikov", "Idiot", "Bakhchisarai fountain"), folk songs ("Ukhar-merchant") or illustrated episodes from Russian history ("Death of Ivan the Terrible ", "Peter the Great"). In 1911, the first feature film in the Russian Federation, Defense of Sevastopol, was released jointly by Alexander Khanzhonkov and Vasily Goncharov.

In 1913, in the wake of the general recovery of the Russian economy, the rapid growth of the cinematographic industry began, new firms were formed, including the largest film company I. N. Ermolyeva, among which more than 120 films were shot there were such significant films as "The Queen of Spades" (1916) and Father Sergius (released in 1918) by Yakov Protazanov. During the First World War, there was a period of flourishing of Russian artistic cinema. During this period, the outstanding film stylist Eugene Bauer shoots his main films, Vladimir Gardin and Vyacheslav Viskovsky are actively working.

Animation

Film critics date the first Russian cartoon Pierrot the Artists in 1906, filmed by the ballet master of the Mariinsky Theater, Alexander Shiryaev.

Soviet animation is known all over the world, it is distinguished by pastel colors, spirituality, kindness and an educational component. Thousands of cartoons have been filmed at the most famous studios of the USSR and the Russian Federation (Soyuzmultfilm, Tsentrnauchfilm, Kievnauchfilm).

The cartoon "Hedgehog in the Fog" by Yuri Norstein in 2003 in Tokyo was recognized as the best cartoon of all times and peoples according to the results of a survey of 140 film critics and animators from different countries.

Public holidays

Jan. 7- Nativity of Christ (Christian holiday in honor of the birthday of Jesus Christ. Celebrated according to the Julian calendar, which is adopted by the Russian Orthodox Church).

February 23- Defender of the Fatherland Day (it is the successor of the Day of the Red Army and the Day of the Soviet Army and Navy, originally established in honor of the victory of the Red Army over the Germans during the First World War in 1918).

March 8- International Women's Day (originally established as a day of honoring women workers in 1910 at the Eighth Congress of the II International, celebrated in the RSFSR and the USSR since 1921, a day off since 1965).

The 1 of May- Spring and Labor Day (originally celebrated as a day of international workers 'solidarity, was established in honor of the dispersal of a demonstration of workers in a slaughterhouse in Chicago in 1886, in the RSFSR and the USSR - an official holiday since 1918 as International Workers' Day).

9th May- Victory Day (established in honor of the victory of the USSR over the Republic of Germany in the Great Patriotic War in 1945. Day off since 1965)

12 June- Day of the Russian Federation (established in honor of the adoption of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the RSFSR in 1990).

November 4th- Day of National Unity (established in 2004 in honor of the liberation of Moscow from Polish invaders, which occurred during the Great Troubles in 1612)

In addition, a number of professional and religious holidays are celebrated in the Russian Federation.

UNESCO World Heritage Sites in the Russian Federation

The World Heritage List includes 23 historical, cultural and natural sites on the territory of Russia: the historical center of St. Petersburg, the complex of churches in Kizhi, the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square, historical monuments of Novgorod, primary forests in the Komi Republic, Lake Baikal, etc.

Sport

Since the middle of the 20th century, Russia has secured the title of a sports power. From the 1952 Olympic Games in Helsinki to the present day, Soviet and later Russian athletes never fell below third place in the overall medal standings among all countries of the world at the Summer Olympics.

In 1980, Moscow hosted the Summer Olympics, and Sochi will host the 2014 Winter Olympics.

The following sports are most popular in the Russian Federation: football, hockey, figure skating, biathlon, boxing, basketball, volleyball, and freestyle wrestling.

Soviet and Russian hockey players have a very rich history of victories, who have won world championships and winter Olympics many times. After the breakup Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (CCCP) tennis has gained great popularity in the Russian Federation, and Russian tennis players have achieved serious success at the world level. A new wave of national interest in football comes after the heroic victory over the national team Britain October 17, 2007. Another impetus was the European Football Championship 2008, in particular, the victory in the quarterfinals over the Netherlands national team. Also, many Russians like to play basketball and volleyball, various outdoor games. Russian athletes are traditionally strong in figure skating, biathlon, cross-country skiing, artistic and rhythmic gymnastics, synchronized swimming, as well as in various types of martial arts.

Social sphere

In the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation is responsible for social protection of the population. The head of the ministry at the moment (April 2008): Tatiana Golikova.

The citizens of the Russian Federation are guaranteed the following social protection:

Benefits for the purchase of housing for the poor

Child benefits

Education (preschool, school, special, higher)

Emergency medical care

Treatment of a number of diseases

Free medicines for a number of diseases

Defense (Ministry of Internal Affairs)

Emergency Relief (MES)

Education

The literacy rate in the Russian Federation for persons aged 9 to 49 is 99.8%. Per 1000 people aged 15 and over, 133 people have higher professional education, 18 incomplete higher education, 219 secondary vocational education, 285 secondary general education, 202 incomplete secondary education, 100 primary education, 43 people have no primary education (2002).

The education system in the Russian Federation includes preschool, general and vocational education. General education has levels: primary, basic and secondary, and also includes special (correctional) and additional education for children. Vocational education is also divided into levels: primary, secondary and higher, and also includes postgraduate and additional vocational education.

The main types of educational institutions in the Russian Federation are:

Preschool education (up to 6-7 years old): nursery, kindergarten;

Primary education (6-10 years old, grades 1-4): school, lyceum, gymnasium, boarding school;

Basic general education (grades 5-9): school, lyceum, gymnasium, college, boarding school;

Secondary complete (general) education (grades 10-11): school, lyceum, gymnasium, college, boarding school;

Initial vocational education: vocational school, vocational lyceum, training center (point, center);

Secondary vocational education (after the 9th grade): technical school, college;

Higher and postgraduate professional education: institute, academy, university.

In the Russian Federation in the 2005/2006 academic year, there were 60.5 thousand general education institutions (primary, basic and complete secondary schools, boarding schools, gymnasiums, lyceums, etc.). Over 19 million students study there. At the same time, about 2 thousand educational institutions, in which 0.3 million people study, are special, that is, they are intended for children with disabilities and developmental disabilities. About 3.5 thousand educational institutions are institutions of primary vocational education, in which more than 1.5 million people study. About 300 such educational institutions have been established at the correctional labor institutions of the Ministry of Justice. Due to the demographic decline, the number of students has been decreasing in recent years.

Obtaining basic general education in accordance with the Basic Law of the state of the Russian Federation is mandatory. Parents or persons replacing them are obliged to ensure that their children receive basic general education.

There are about 7 million students in the country (including 3.5 million in full-time departments) and 1,068 universities, including 413 non-state ones (2005). In addition, there are 2.9 thousand institutions of secondary vocational education (including 217 non-state ones), in which about 2.5 million people are trained. In accordance with the law, vocational education institutions must undergo periodic certification, licensing and state accreditation. Educational institutions that do not have state accreditation do not have the right to issue educational documents (diplomas, certificates) of the state sample, and those without a license are generally not entitled to conduct educational activities. The concept of “attestation” does not refer to institutions, but to educational programs, as well as to graduates of universities and secondary educational institutions.

Since 2008, there has been a massive transfer of higher education to a two-level system: bachelor - master (see Bologna). A single-tier system (with obtaining the qualification "specialist") remains for some professions and areas of education, for example, medical or defense-related.

Health care

Health protection of citizens in the Russian Federation Is a set of measures of a political, economic, legal, social, cultural, scientific, medical, sanitary-hygienic and anti-epidemic nature, aimed at preserving and strengthening the physical and mental health of each person, maintaining his long active life, providing him with medical assistance in case of loss health.

The number of hospitals in 2005 was about 10 thousand (in 1998 - 12.1 thousand). The share of private clinics in the Russian Federation does not exceed 5-10% of their total number. The Russian Federation has 1.522 million beds for patients and 707 thousand doctors of various specialties. Average Payment labor of doctors, middle and junior medical staff in the Russian Federation is lower than in developed countries. The share of erroneous and knowingly false diagnoses remains high. The average duration of a patient's treatment in a hospital in 2000 was 15.4, in 2004 - 14.

Human rights and freedoms in the Russian Federation

The Russian Federation, according to its own Basic Law of the state, is a democratic federal legal State with a republican form of government (Section 1, Chapter 1, Article 1 of the Basic Law of the State of the Russian Federation).

Since 1989 (after the collapse of the USSR), the international authoritative rating agency for assessing freedom in the world, Freedom House, has annually awarded the Russian Federation the status of a “partially free” Country out of three possible options (“free”, “partially free” and “not free”).

However, in 2004, for the first time since 1989, Russia was included in the category of “not free countries” (there were 49 “not free countries” at that time). 54 Countries were recognized as "partially free", and 89 were "completely free".

The main reasons for the fact that Russia has turned from a “partially free” Country into a “non-free” country have become: increasing tendencies towards concentration of political Power, intimidation and intimidation of the media, politicization of the country's law enforcement system. The Kremlin's risen over the national Television and other media, restrictions of the Government of the local leadership, as well as parliamentary and presidential elections can hardly be called free or fair.

Particular criticism was caused by the fact that the Federal used the tragic events in Beslan as an excuse to cancel the elections of governors and independent deputies of the State Duma.

For 2008, the Freedom House "rating of freedom" in the Russian Federation was 5.5 (the best value in this rating is 1.0 (for example), the worst is 7.0 (for example, DPRK)). According to this rating, Russia still belongs to the category of "not free countries", along with such as, for example, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan or Egypt. According to the Public Chamber of Russia, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, as well as a number of public and statesmen in the Russian Federation, the reports of the Freedom House Firm are biased and biased, and the Firm itself is an instrument of US Policy.

According to the Firm "Reporters Without Borders", in 2008 Russia took the 141st place out of 173 possible in the press freedom rating.

Sources of

The website of the President of Russia - www.kremlin.ru

The website of the State Duma of Russia - www.duma.ru

Websites of Russian government bodies - www.gov.ru

Territorial structure of the Russian Federation - www.terrus.ru

The history of the Russian Federation from the vocation of the Varangians to the present - www.rusempire.ru

Regions of the Russian Federation - www.regions.ru

Russian - www.rustrana.ru

Photos of Russian architecture - www.flickr.com

Information about German literature on post-Soviet countries - www.ib.hu-berlin.de

Photos of the Russian Federation - venus.unive.it

Chernichenko S.V. Is Russia the successor or the legal successor of the USSR?

Russia in DMOZ - www.dmoz.org

Zamyatnin SN, Finds of interglacial fauna and chipped quartzites near the village. Shubnoe of the Voronezh region // Scientific notes of Moscow State University. M. Iss. 158.

Mosin O.V., The most ancient settlements of the Kaluga region, 2006.

Bukhtoyarova I.M., Soviet archaeologists on the problem of the spread of Paleolithic settlements in the Upper and Middle Don regions // Proceedings of the II (XVIII) All-Russian Archaeological Congress in Suzdal in 2008. In 3 T. - M .: IA RAN, T. I. Pp. 41 - 42.

M.V. Anikovich, A.A. Sinitsyn, John F. Hoffecker, Vance T. Holliday, V.V. Popov, S.N. Lisitsyn, Steven L. Forman, G.M. Levkovskaya, G.A. Pospelova, I.E. Kuz'mina, N.D. Burova, Paul Goldberg, Richard I. Macphail, Biagio Giaccio, N.D. Praslov, Early Upper Paleolithic in Eastern Europe and Implications for the Dispersal of Modern Humans. Science 12 January 2007.

- RUSSIAN FEDERATION, see RUSSIA.

The history of the formation of the Russian state includes several hundred years of formation, political struggle and geographical changes. Let's try to find out when Russia appeared.

• The first mention of Russia appeared already in 862 ("The Tale of Bygone Years").
• The very word "Russia" was introduced by Peter I in 1719-1721.
• The Russian Federation was founded on December 25, 1991 after the collapse of the USSR.

Now let's look at the history of our state in more detail, highlighting the main historical periods of development, and also find out what Russia was called at different times.

Old Russian state

The first mention of the Russian state in literary monuments is considered the vocation of the Varangians in the "Tale of Bygone Years". In 862, Russia already existed in the form of an Old Russian state, with the capital first in Novgorod, and then in Kiev. The ancient Russian state was ruled by the Rurik dynasty. Subsequently, in 988, under the rule of Prince Vladimir, Russia, at that time already Kiev, adopted Christianity.

In 1132, when the last of the rulers, Mstislav Vladimirovich, died, a period of fragmentation of the Old Russian state began, and then, until the middle of the XIV century, Russia existed in the form of separate principalities, suffering from the Mongol-Tatar yoke and attacks from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

Moscow state

Finally, in 1363, the Russian princes manage to unite their efforts and form a new Moscow principality, and later, thanks to the reign of Ivan III and the weakening of the power of the Golden Horde, Moscow stopped paying tribute to it, thus marking the end of the Mongol-Tatar yoke and a new milestone in the history of the Russian state.

In 1547, Ivan IV the Terrible came to power, and now the head of the state is not a prince, but a tsar. Despite the fact that Ivan the Terrible was known for his cruelty, it was he who managed to significantly expand the borders of Russia.

After the reign of Ivan the Terrible, the Time of Troubles begins in Russia - the era of coups and riots. It was only possible to put an end to the Troubles in 1613, when the Romanov dynasty came to power.

Russian empire

At the beginning of the 17th century, when Tsar Peter I came to power, Russia began to develop by leaps and bounds. Actually, the very word "Russia" was introduced into general use by Perth I, although it was used now and then earlier in different sources, but mainly as the name of the country for foreigners. If before that the phrase "of all Russia" was added to the title of ruler (for example, Ivan IV the Terrible - Grand Duke of Moscow and All Russia or Mikhail Fedorovich - Sovereign, Tsar and Grand Duke of All Russia), then even before Peter I took the title of emperor , the following was engraved on the coins: "Tsar Peter Alekseevich, ruler of all Russia."

Further, thanks to the reforms of Peter I, Russia strengthens its army and becomes an Empire, at the head of which emperors are often replaced after the death of Peter I. Under Catherine II the Great, Russia wages a war with Turkey, the development of America begins, and foreign citizens are allowed to enter the territory of the Russian Empire itself and their residence in the country.

Russian republic

At the beginning of the 20th century, the first civil revolution (1905-1907) took place, and then the second February revolution of 1917. After her, the Provisional Government decided that henceforth the Russian Empire would become the Russian Republic. In October of the same year, the country became the Russian Soviet Republic thanks to the efforts of Vladimir Lenin and the Bolshevik Party.

In 1922, the Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian and Transcaucasian republics formed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics headed by V.I. Lenin.

After his death in 1924, Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin, famous for his repressions and dictatorship, came to power. Under him, industrialization began, which led to the fact that the branches of the national economy developed unevenly, therefore, many goods and consumer products were in short supply. In the agricultural sector, collectivization was carried out, which led to famine in Ukraine, the Volga region and the North Caucasus.

In 1955, Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev became the secretary of the Central Committee. The cult of Stalin's personality is being debunked. Many regimes that emerged under Stalin are weakening.

In 1985, Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev came to power, during which perestroika began, and after that, the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Restructuring

Perestroika was based on political and economic reforms in the USSR, but in reality the situation in the country only worsened. A shortage of goods arose again, a rationing system was introduced, which had been forgotten since 1947. The national republics were dissatisfied with the centralized power, as a result of which interethnic conflicts arose. Each republic demanded the recognition of the priority primacy of its own laws over the general laws of the Soviet Union.

In August 1991, an attempt was made to stop the disintegration of the country, but it failed, and on December 8, the heads of Belarus, Ukraine and the Russian Federal Republic signed an agreement on the creation of the CIS, which became the actual date of the collapse of the USSR.

Here is a short history of our country, which will help shed light on the origin of its name and better understand the history of the state.

December 25, 1991 is considered the Day of Formation of the Russian Federation (Russia). On this day, BN Yeltsin signed law No. 2094-I "On changing the name of the state Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic".

At first glance, everything is fine, the law is like law. The Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, by its Decision, decided that the state of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) should henceforth be referred to as the Russian Federation (Russia) and Boris Yeltsin, as the President of the RSFSR, approved this Decision of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR. The document bears the date, position and even the signature of Boris Yeltsin.

Everything is fine if it were not for:

1) The RSFSR is not a state, it is a union republic within the state of the USSR.

2) This law No. 2094-1 was signed by the post of "President of the Russian Federation", which is an official crime and forgery, since B. Yeltsin at that time had the post of "President of the RSFSR", but not "President of the Russian Federation". You cannot be self-appointed to government positions and sign any documents with a position that does not correspond to the one held, such a document loses legal force.

For example, I am the director of Romashka LLC and I sign an agreement with you as the director of Romashka + LLC. The question is, will such an Agreement be legally binding? At the same time, I do not have any supporting and registration documents. It will be a scam!

reference: Boris Yeltsin was inaugurated for the post of "President of the Russian Federation" only on August 9, 1996.

According to the current Constitution of the RSFSR of 1978, Articles 184 and 185. All laws and other acts of state bodies of the RSFSR are issued on the basis and in accordance with the Constitution of the RSFSR, and any amendments to the Constitution of the RSFSR are made only by a decision of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, adopted by a majority of at least two-thirds of the total number of deputies of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR.

The highest body under the Constitution of the RSFSR (Article 15) is not the president of the RSFSR, and the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR. Therefore, B. Yeltsin had no right to change the name of the republic on his own. This is generally the prerogative of the referendum.

SUMMARIZE

The first lines of the law indicate, "The Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR decides," but as we found out earlier, there has never been any decision of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR in this regard, which means that:

B. Yeltsin committed forgery (malfeasance) and self-seizure of power (state crime) on 25.12.1991;

Law no. 2041-1 on renaming was signed by a person who does not have the authority to do so. If then B. Yeltsin signed the law as President of the RSFSR, then everything would be more or less normal, but he signed this law as President of the Russian Federation;

In connection with the above, Law No. 2041-1 loses legal force, is illegal and null and void;

In connection with the above, the renaming of the RSFSR into the Russian Federation is also illegal and null and void;

In connection with the above, we still live in the RSFSR and are citizens of the RSFSR-USSR;

In connection with the foregoing, all legislative Acts published in the media and court decisions on behalf of the Russian Federation from 25.12.1991 are null and void and cannot be enforced;

There are no citizens of the Russian Federation and cannot be, since the Russian Federation was formed illegally;

The so-called courts of the Russian Federation do not have the right to judge citizens of the USSR.

Video evidence from the newspaper "Soviet Russia" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9XOvnOXKmwg

About the pseudo-renaming of the RSFSR in the Russian Federation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KjIu4aE27cA

In addition, at the moment there is no legislative act indicating the withdrawal of the RSFSR from the USSR and the creation of the CIS. The RSFSR was and is one of the co-founders of the state of the USSR and the application for secession from the co-founders of the USSR has not been considered by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and the RSFSR until now. The UN still recognizes the USSR as its co-founder.

Aware of the danger of the actual collapse of the RSFSR under pressure from the power structures of the United States and NATO, the Congress of People's Deputies in order to ensure the integrity of the republic by an overwhelming majority of votes (907 - in favor, 13 - against and 9 - abstained) adopted on June 12, 1990 the "Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ". And contrary to popular belief, this Declaration contains not a word about the withdrawal of the RSFSR from the USSR. On the contrary, the RSFSR clearly stated that it was going to continue to remain an integral part of the USSR.

THE QUESTION, WHO IS THIS RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND WHAT IS IT DOING ON THE TERRITORY OF THE RSFSR? ANSWER: THIS IS AN OPG or THE OCCUPATIONAL POWER.

Citizens of the USSR who were fraudulently involved in the bureaucratic or power structures of the Russian Federation should be reminded of Article 64 of the RSFSR Criminal Code "Treason of the Motherland", which is still in effect:

"Treason to the Motherland, that is, an act deliberately committed by a citizen of the USSR to the detriment of sovereignty, territorial inviolability or state security and defense capability of the USSR: going over to the side of the enemy, espionage, issuing state or military secrets to a foreign state, fleeing abroad or refusing to return from abroad in the USSR, rendering assistance to a foreign state in carrying out hostile activities against the USSR, as well as a conspiracy to seize power, is punishable by imprisonment for a term of ten to fifteen years with confiscation of property or the death penalty with confiscation of property. "

The Russian businessman is essentially an accomplice to the occupation, as he pays taxes in the Russian Federation.

Who are you? Are you a citizen of the Russian Federation? Then read this:

THE MAIN PROBLEM FOR THE CURRENT AUTHORITIES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION THAT YELTSIN OFFICIALLY DIED

P.S. Yeltsin violated not only the laws of the RSFSR, but also the laws of the Russian Federation he created.

P.S. P.S. Scrolling through the pages of history, I often asked myself the question, how could the American curators "looking after" Yeltsin go to such trouble and so strongly substitute the Russian Federation in the future with this Law No. 2041-1, making the Russian Federation virtually outlawed, grossly violated the constitution of the USSR and the RSFSR, namely, Article 174 of the USSR and Article 185 of the RSFSR: "Amendments to the Constitution are made by a decision of the Supreme Soviet, adopted by a majority of at least two-thirds of the total number of deputies of each of its chambers."

And then I realized that the stereotype of their life worked for the Americans. In the United States, everything is decided by the President of the United States, and in our country everything was decided by the people, more precisely the Supreme Soviet, so they did not pay special attention to these Articles 184 and 185, and without the Decisions of the Supreme Soviet, all Decrees, Laws and Resolutions that change the Constitution of the USSR / RSFSR, including Among other things, changing the names of republics or the state itself is a state crime, is considered null and void and cannot be enforced!

It can be difficult for some people to understand what actually happened in reality. Therefore, we will translate this difficult situation into an everyday one. For example, someone, a relative of our neighbor, killed the previous owner, forged documents and moved into his house, convincing everyone of this (bribing some) that he is the real owner of this house. It took 25 years ... Some facts of that crime were revealed, did the years change what he did 25 years ago? No! He is a thief and a murderer! Should we put up with what he did? Everyone's decision! Personally, I don't want to.

AND NOW THE MOST IMPORTANT: According to the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1978, Chapter 1, Article 5. The most important issues of state life are brought up for public discussion, and also put up for a nationwide vote (referendum). Therefore, it does not matter that there was an official forgery of Boris Yeltsin, with the law 2094-1, which he adopted without the Decision of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, to rename the RSFSR to the Russian Federation without a referendum, he HAD NO RIGHT !!! In general, we are all gr. USSR, and we do not live in the Russian Federation, but in the RSFSR. It's time to get out of this matrix. Second, did we have a referendum on the withdrawal of the RSFSR from the USSR, which also did not happen? That they just took and changed the signs on the buildings like that?

THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IS ILLEGAL, ENOUGH TO PLAY CITIZENS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION... Stop beating yourself in the chest and quoting the constitution of an illegal state. Stop defending the non-existent rights of false citizens of the Russian Federation. There is no Constitution of the Russian Federation and it does not work. "Citizens of the Russian Federation" are judged not by the constitution, but by the Criminal Procedure Code or the Code of Civil Procedure of the Russian Federation.

All articles of the so-called constitution of the Russian Federation have long been changed by various bylaws. The Constitution of the Russian Federation has not been like this for a long time A living example, Article 31 "Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to assemble peacefully without weapons, to hold meetings, rallies and demonstrations, processions and pickets." In August 2016, two musician girls were fined for playing the harp in the center of Moscow for 10,000 Russian rubles, for violating the bylaw "Don't Get Together More than Three". Link to

Brief country information

Date of foundation

Official language

Form of government

Presidential republic

Territory

17 125 187 km² (1st in the world)

Population

143 666 931 people (9th in the world)

Russian ruble (RUB)

Time Zones

UTC + 2 ... + 11, without UTC +5

Largest cities

Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Samara, Omsk

$ 3.373 trillion (6th in the world)

Internet domain

Telephone code

Russian Federation- the largest state in the world, occupying 1/8 of the land and located in the northeast of Eurasia. Russia is a country with a long history, rich cultural heritage and generous nature. In Russia, you can find almost everything that a traveler meets individually in this or that country - sunny beaches of the subtropics and snowy mountain peaks, endless steppes and deep forests, turbulent rivers and warm seas.

Video: Russia through the eyes of a foreigner

Geography

Russia covers an area of ​​17 million square kilometers, which exceeds the size of Australia or Antarctica. Russia is almost twice the size of Canada, the United States and China.

Neighbors of the country: China and North Korea in the southeast, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Mongolia and Kazakhstan in the south, Belarus, Latvia, Norway, Estonia and Finland in the west. The Russian enclave, Kaliningrad Oblast, borders Lithuania and Poland.

In the east, the country is washed by the Okhotsk, Japanese, Berengov Seas and the Berengov Strait; in the north - by the Laptev Sea, the Barents, Chukchi, Kara and East Siberian seas; in the south - the Azov and Black seas; in the west - the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Finland.

The largest Russian rivers are the Ob, Volga, Yenisei, Lena and Amur. The largest lakes in the country are Baikal, Ladoga, Onega and the Caspian Sea.

The European and Asian parts of the country are separated by the Ural Mountains, the highest of which is Mount Narodnaya (1895 meters). From the Ural ridge to the Primorsky Territory, Siberia is located, divided by the Yenisei and Lena rivers into three natural regions. In the south of the Asian part, the Altai Mountains rise, the highest point of which is Mount Belukha (4056 meters). To the east of the Altai Mountains are the Sayan, Baikal and Transbaikal regions. Further, in the direction of the Pacific Ocean, begins the mountain system of the Far East, the highest point of which and the entire Asian part - the Klyuchevskaya Sopka volcano (4750 meters) is located on the Kamchatka Peninsula. In the south of Russia there are the mountains of the North Caucasus, crowned with Elbrus (5642 meters), the highest point not only in Russia, but also in Europe.

The country's territory is divided into 4 natural zones and 11 natural zones. The far north is the zone of arctic deserts. To the south, in the Subarctic, there are tundra and forest-tundra. The temperate zone is more than half occupied by taiga. The rest of it contains zones of mixed forests, forest-steppe, steppe, semi-desert and desert. On the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, there is a subtropical zone, which makes up only 0.05% of the country's area.

More than 100 reserves, 40 natural and 35 national parks have been created in Russia.

Climate

Russia is located mainly in the temperate continental climatic zone. The islands of the Arctic Ocean and the northern continental territories are influenced by the arctic and subarctic climate. A hot subtropical climate is typical for the Black Sea region and the south of the Far East. The continental climate increases from west to east. The European part of the country is dominated by a temperate climate with hot summers and winter temperatures down to -15 degrees. Starting in Western Siberia, the climate becomes sharply continental, with frequent and abrupt weather changes. In winter, the air temperature here can drop to -40 °, and in the north and east of Siberia - to -50 ° and even to -60 ° (Oymyakon, Verkhoyansk).

Most of all precipitation falls in the mountains of the Caucasus and Altai, and the most arid place in Russia is the Caspian lowland.

Summer is the most favorable season for traveling in Russia. At this time, positive temperatures prevail here - on average from 0 ° on the Arctic coast to + 25 ° in the southern regions.

Winter continues in central Russia for about five months - snow cover is established in November, and frosts continue until the end of March.

Early spring is not the best season for traveling around the country. In April, there is a lot of slush on the city streets from the occasional snowfall, and in the countryside there are stormy rivers. It often rains in May, accompanied by strong winds and thunderstorms.

The beginning of autumn is the most beautiful season and a great time to get to know Russia. September temperatures, as a rule, do not drop below + 15 °. In addition, at the beginning of the month, Russians and guests of the country are pleased with the "Indian summer" - warming up to + 25 °, lasting from several days to two weeks. In October, prolonged drizzling rains become more frequent, the temperature drops, and there are frosts at night.

Cities of Russia

All cities of Russia

sights

Even after several trips, it is impossible to see all the sights of Russia, the abundance of which will make the most experienced traveler dizzy. The List of UNESCO World Heritage Sites, 27 of which are located in Russia, can help tourists navigate:

• The Kremlin and Red Square are the most famous and recognizable symbols of Russia. The Kremlin, the personification of Russian statehood, is not only the largest fortress in Europe, which is a historical monument, but also the workplace of the President of the Russian Federation, as well as the venue for important events and celebrations;
• the historic center of St. Petersburg and related monuments;
• the historical and cultural center "Solovetsky Islands" - a man's monastery with a tragic fate (Arkhangelsk region);
• Ferapontov monastery, famous for its frescoes created in 1502 (Ferapontovo village, Vologda region);


• the architectural ensemble of the Kizhi churchyard - unique wooden churches and a bell tower (Republic of Karelia, not far from the town of Medvezhyegorsk);
• monuments of Novgorod and its environs, including Novgorodsky Detinets with the rarest square churches;
• white-stone monuments of Suzdal and Vladimir;
• The Church of the Ascension of the 16th century, located in the village of Kolomenskoye, Moscow Region, is the first stone hipped-roof temple in Russia, built in honor of the birth of Ivan IV (the Terrible);
• Trinity-Sergius Lavra - the largest Orthodox male monastery in Russia (Sergiev Posad, Moscow region);
• the forests of the Komi Republic - the largest virgin forests in Europe;


• the deepest lake on the planet - Baikal, which is also the largest reservoir of fresh water;
• volcanoes of Kamchatka (30 active and about 300 extinct);
• Sikhote-Alin Natural Biosphere Reserve - a habitat for sable, Amur tigers, mink and other rare animals (Primorsky Territory);
• Golden Mountains of Altai (Altai and Katunsky reserves, Ukok plateau);
• The Ubsunur Basin is a habitat for 80 species of mammals, including the snow leopard (irbis) and argali (argali) listed in the Red Data Book, as well as 350 bird species (Tyva Republic);
• Caucasian nature reserve;
• Kazan Kremlin - the northernmost point of the Muslim civilization, a unique combination of Tatar and Russian architectural styles;


• The Curonian Spit is a sandy spit with a unique natural landscape, which has no analogues in the world (Kaliningrad region);
• Karyn-Kala fortress of the VIII century, the old city of Derbent and its unique double defensive wall (the Republic of Dagestan);
• Wrangel Island, which has the largest number of polar bear dens in the world and the largest bird colonies and walrus rookeries in the Arctic (Chukotka Federal District);
• Novodevichy Convent (Moscow);
• the historical center of Yaroslavl;
• Struve Geodetic Arc - 34 stone cubes dug into the ground and used to determine the parameters of our planet (Gogland Island, Leningrad Region);
• Putorana Plateau with numerous waterfalls and lakes (Krasnoyarsk Territory);
• Lena Pillars - sheer bare rocks over 100 meters high, over 400 thousand years old (Republic of Sakha);
• architectural and historical ensemble Bulgar (Republic of Tatarstan).

Traditional places of pilgrimage for tourists are Moscow and St. Petersburg with their world famous museums, churches, monasteries, palaces and parks. Going to St. Petersburg, do not forget about its beautiful suburbs: Tsarskoe Selo, Peterhof, Pavlovsk and Lomonosov. Also, from the Northern capital it is convenient to go on a trip around Karelia and to the island of Valaam.

Having visited Moscow, try to visit its environs: the cities of Chekhov, Klin and Serpukhov, the villages of Abramtsevo, Arkhangelsk and Ostafyevo.

One of the popular tourist routes is the "Golden Ring" of Russia, connecting the ancient Russian cities: Vladimir, Sergiev Posad, Pereslavl-Zalessky, Suzdal, Yuryev, Kostroma, Rostov and Yaroslavl.

Russian North - Arkhangelsk and Vologda regions, where samples of national wooden architecture are carefully protected and ancient traditions are maintained. There is a real nature reserve of ecotourism - Karelia.

The Volga region is Nizhny Novgorod with its Kremlin and monuments; this is the Volga River, cruises along which provide an excellent opportunity to see and fall in love with the beauty of central Russia.

The Ural attracts tourists with picturesque landscapes and historical sites. Famous monuments of the Ural region are associated with the last days of the life of the royal family of the Romanovs - the Monastery in Ganina Yama and the Ipatiev House, where Tsar Nicholas II and his family were shot. The Ural is an excellent place for ecotourism, the natural attractions of which are the Chusovaya River, the Kungura ice caves, Lake Uveldy, the Turgoyak and Ilmensky reserves, and mineral springs in Obukhovo.

South of Russia - these are the resorts of the Caucasus, the sights of Rostov-on-Don and the capital of the Russian merchants Astrakhan. Kuban and its capital Krasnodar are becoming more and more popular with tourists. Novorossiysk is one of the largest port cities in the country. Here travelers tend to visit Lake Abrau and take pictures with the monument to Leonid Brezhnev.

The cities of Central Russia: Tula, Kaluga, Ryazan, Smolensk, Pskov, Kirov, Tver, are ancient Russian settlements with interesting architecture and centuries-old history.

Siberia will give travelers an acquaintance with Altai, one of the most beautiful and ecologically clean places in Russia; with the steppes and forests of Khakassia; with the distinctive cities of Tobolsk and Tomsk. Those who wish can make a unique journey to the place of the fall of the Tunguska meteorite.

The Far East is famous for its diamond Yakutia, Kamchatka Valley of Geysers, bear fishing, untouched nature.

The Transsib is a 9000 km long railway that crosses Russia from west to east and connects Moscow and Vladivostok. Traveling along the Transsib, a tourist will switch the hands on his watch 8 times, get acquainted with the natural diversity of Russia, visit the large cities of the Volga region, the Urals and Siberia.

All sights of Russia

Flora and fauna

There are about 25,000 plant species in Russia. The richest flora (more than 6,000 species) is found in the Caucasus and the Far East (up to 2,000 species), the least amount of vegetation is found on the Arctic islands.

The tundra and forest-tundra are located in the permafrost zone, which does not allow the development of large representatives of the flora; only lichens and mosses, dwarf shrubs and trees can survive here.

Forests occupy almost half of the country's territory, with most of them located in the Asian half of Russia. Taiga stretches from Karelia to the Urals, then stretches across the whole of Siberia, including Kamchatka and Sakhalin. In Siberian forests, mainly conifers grow (pine, cedar, spruce, larch), diluted with oak, aspen and birch. In the Far East there are mixed forests, similar to those that occupy the middle zone of Russia. Oak, ash, hornbeam and maple grow closer to the south. The warm regions of Russia are dominated by areas occupied by forest-steppe (Middle Volga, South Ural and West Siberian Plain) and steppe with dense vegetation and few trees (South Volga and south of West Siberia).

The fauna of Russia is rich and diverse: in the Far North and in the tundra regions live polar fox and hare, polar bear, seal, walrus and reindeer, from birds - partridge, gulls, loons and polar owls. The Siberian taiga is home to the maral, elk, brown bear, fox, wolf, hare, lynx and sable. Typical representatives of the feathered local forests are black grouse, wood grouse, owl, nutcracker, and crossbill.

The Far East is famous for the Ussuri tiger and leopards, Kamchatka - for a large number of brown bears and deer.

Mixed and deciduous forests are home to mink, wild boar, numerous snakes and birds.

Many rodents live in the steppes: hamsters, ground squirrels, marmots. The antelope is found here, and the predators are represented by the Tatar fox and the steppe ferret. The most notable birds are cranes, golden eagles and eagles.

In the regions of the Caucasus, there are several species of ibex, as well as deer, roe deer, leopards, wild boars, bears and porcupines. Here you can find various types of reptiles and insects.

State structure and general information

The Russian Federation (RF) includes 85 equal subjects - 22 republics, 9 territories, 46 regions, 3 federal cities (Moscow, St. Petersburg and Sevastopol), 1 autonomous region (Jewish) and 4 autonomous regions.

Russia is a democratic, federal state, the head of which is the president. Legislative power is exercised by the Federal Assembly, which consists of two chambers - the Federation Council and the State Duma. Executive power belongs to the government headed by the prime minister.

Russia is home to 146 million people, which puts the country in ninth place in the world in terms of population.

The Russian Federation is a secular state, the Constitution of which enshrines the right of a citizen to any religion. Of all the religious confessions, the most numerous is Orthodox, the inhabitants of Russia also profess Islam, Buddhism, Catholicism, Judaism and other religions.

Representatives of more than 160 nationalities live in the country, of which Russians are 82%, Tatars - 4%, Ukrainians - 3%.

The largest cities in Russia with a population of more than a million people: Moscow (the capital of the Russian Federation), St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Chelyabinsk, Samara, Volgograd, Omsk, Ufa, Rostov-on-Don.

The state language of the country is Russian.

There are 11 time zones in Russia. In the first time zone (Kaliningrad), the difference with Moscow time is minus 1 hour. In the 11th time zone (Kamchatka), the time is 9 hours ahead of Moscow time.

History

Primitive people appeared on the territory of Russia more than a million years ago. And the formation of the Russian statehood itself took place in the 7th-19th centuries, when the Slavic peoples began to move from Central Europe to the east. The settlers founded two independent centers - Novgorod and Kiev.

The date of the formation of the Old Russian state is considered to be September 8, 862, when the Novgorodians, wishing to end internecine wars, called for the kingdom of Rurik. The Varangian prince managed to unite the largest East Slavic tribes, and his successor, Prophetic Oleg, conquered Kiev and annexed the southern lands to the Russian state.

Rus reached its highest prosperity and power in the 11th century under Yaroslav the Wise, who saved it from the raids of the Pechenegs and carried out important judicial and church reforms.

However, the sons of Yaroslav began internecine wars, because of which the Old Russian state fell apart into several independent principalities. In the 13th century, the scattered Slavic lands became easy prey for the Mongol-Tatar hordes. Taking advantage of the weakening of Russia, the Swedish and German crusaders attacked it. Prince of Novgorod Alexander Nevsky, having united the Russian troops, drove out the enemy, which prevented the forced assimilation of the Slavs.

The independence of Russia from the Golden Horde was restored by Prince Ivan the Great in the 15th century.

The first tsar in 1547 was Ivan IV the Terrible, who significantly expanded the territory of the state and carried out important reforms that contributed to the centralization of Russia.

In 1613, the reign of the Romanov dynasty began, the annexation of Siberia and the Far East took place. In 1654 Ukraine became part of Rus.

Peter I. "Here the city will be founded", author Nikolay Dobrovolsky

Thanks to the reforms of Peter I, who ruled from 1689 to 1725, Russia turned into a powerful empire. The king transformed the army and navy, developed education, industry and shipbuilding. Peter I conquered the shores of the Baltic Sea from the Swedes, where he founded the new capital of the state - St. Petersburg (instead of Moscow, the former capital since 1389).

After the death of Peter I, the time of palace coups began in the country. Under Empress Elizabeth Petrovna (1741 - 1761), power stabilized, Moscow University was founded, the death penalty was abolished, Russia waged a successful war with Prussia.

After Elizabeth, Catherine II came to the throne, nicknamed the Great for transformations in the state structure and the strengthening of the country.

At the beginning of the 19th century, relations between Russia and France deteriorated, which led to the Patriotic War of 1812. In 1814, Russian troops defeated Napoleon's half-million army and entered Paris.

The 19th century was marked by an industrial revolution, the abolition of serfdom, monetary and liberal reforms.

In 1894, the last Russian emperor Nicholas II ascended the throne, whose reign was accompanied by both the rapid economic development of the country and the growth of socio-political contradictions. In 1914, the country entered the First World War, which led to the overthrow of the monarchy and the collapse of the Russian Empire.

In October 1917, the Bolsheviks seized power in the country under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin. The communists succeeded in winning over a huge part of the population to their side thanks to the promise to end the war and socialize private property. In its quest to improve the lives of the common people, the Soviet government often resorted to repression.

In 1922 Russia, Belarus, Ukraine and the Transcaucasian republics formed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).

In the 1920s and 1930s, the industrialization of the country was accelerated, and its industrial and technical potential increased significantly.

On June 22, 1941, Nazi Germany attacked the USSR, the purpose of which was to occupy the country, exterminate and enslave the population. At the cost of incredible sacrifices, the Soviet people defeated the fascist army in 1945 and liberated Europe from Nazism.

At the end of the 40s, the period of the Cold War with the West began. In the process of confrontation with the largest world powers, powerful military-industrial and scientific-technical complexes were created in the USSR. In 1957, the country was the first in the world to launch an artificial Earth satellite into space, and on April 12, 1961, for the first time in human history, a spacecraft with a man on board, Yuri Gagarin, was launched into near-earth orbit.

The growing stagnation in the economic and political life of the country in the 70s and 80s of the XX century led the USSR to the need for modernization. However, the reforms initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev failed to cope with the crisis and led to the country's disintegration in 1991. Russia became the legal successor of the Soviet Union.

The 90s were a period of radical reforms in the economy, which led to the capitalization of the country and a significant stratification of society, the flourishing of criminal structures.

In 2000, Vladimir Putin became the President of Russia, under whose leadership important socio-economic reforms were carried out, which contributed to the stabilization of the situation in the country.

2014 was marked by a new round of the Cold War with the United States and Europe due to the political crisis in Ukraine. In March, Crimea, which did not recognize the results of the coup d'état, held a referendum to return to Russia. The US and EU have responded to the annexation of Crimea by introducing economic sanctions against Russia.

The culture

Foreign travelers visiting Russia strive to unravel the phenomenon of the “mysterious Russian soul” and the character of the people who have created one of the richest and most beautiful cultures in the world. The national mentality was formed on the basis of historical conditions, geography, climate, religion and the vast area of ​​the country. One of the most outstanding trends in Russian culture is painting. An invaluable contribution to the cultural development of Russia was made by the artists Vrubel, Levitan, Aivazovsky, Bryullov, Serov. The richest collection of the country's picturesque heritage is kept in the Tretyakov Gallery (Moscow) and in the Hermitage (St. Petersburg).

Artistic products are known far beyond the borders of Russia:

"Heroes" - painting by Viktor Vasnetsov

• Gzhel - blue and white ceramics;
• Zhostovo and Tagil painted metal trays;
• Dymkovo toy - original colorful clay amusing crafts;
• Khokhloma - wooden dishes with black-red-golden painting;
• Kasli casting;
• Palekh miniature;
• Matryoshka is a detachable wooden painted toy, consisting of several dolls of different sizes.

Russian literature not only reflected the spiritual and aesthetic worldview of the people, but also became the philosophy of the state. The most famous writers of Russia: Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, Chekhov, Nabokov, Turgenev. Alexander Pushkin is called the "Sun of Russian poetry"; Russians also honor such poets as Lermontov, Nekrasov, Fet, Yesenin, Blok.

The Russian musical heritage consists of the works of world famous composers: Tchaikovsky, Rachmaninov, Glinka, Shostakovich, Prokofiev.

Russian ballet, which has become the country's hallmark, is recognized as the basis of ballet art.

Such giants of theatrical art as the Mariinsky Theater, the Bolshoi and Maly Theaters, the Theater of the Russian Army, the Chekhov Moscow Art Theater and others are on tour around the world.

Holidays in Russia

Anyone can choose the most suitable option for a vacation in Russia.

• Excursion tourism offers many routes and will satisfy the desire to learn about Russia, its history, life, culture and nature.
• Beach holidays await tourists on the shores of the Black Sea (from Anapa to Tuapse and in Sochi), in the Primorsky Territory, in the resorts of the Krasnodar Territory.
• Health tourism is developed in almost all regions of the country. The resorts of the Caucasian Mineral Waters (Essentuki, Kislovodsk, Pyatigorsk, Zheleznovodsk) have unique healing springs that restore health. The Altai resort of Belokurikha is famous for its curative microclimate, clean ecology and excellent sanatorium facilities. The balneological resorts of Anapa, Arshan (Buryatia), Darasun (Chita Region), Kuldur (Khabarovsk Territory), Nachik (Kamchatka), Shmakovka (Primorsky Territory) will help you to improve your health. Excellent mud and climatic resorts await vacationers in Yeisk (Krasnodar Territory), in the Vladivostok resort area, in Gelendzhik, in Kaliningrad, in Paratunka (Kamchatka), in Sochi.
• Active and extreme recreation in Russia is popular due to its unique natural diversity. Winter sports enthusiasts will find the winter resorts of Sochi, Elbrus, Ural, Altai, Sheregesh (Kemerovo region). Water tourism is developed in Altai, the Urals, the Valdai Upland, the Kola Peninsula, and in Karelia. Mountaineering fans are welcome in any region of the country where there are mountain systems - in the Caucasus, Altai, the Urals, in the Krasnoyarsk Territory and in the Amur region.
• Pilgrimage tourism gives believers the opportunity to touch the Orthodox shrines of Russia, visit places associated with significant historical events: Holy Trinity-Sergius Lavra, Optina Pustyn, Valaam, Diveyevo and other, no less important, monasteries. Many believers are convinced that prayer offered to God in a specific place will be most effective.
• Automobile tourism will give the traveler an excellent opportunity to get acquainted with the Russian province, with its natural diversity, and visit any places they like.

Kitchen

Russian cuisine is not characterized by sophistication and intricacy, national dishes are simple in execution, hearty and tasty. The most famous representatives of Russian gastronomy are borsch, fish soup, pancakes, pies with all kinds of fillings, dumplings.

Soup is an obligatory dish in a Russian lunch. In Russia, soups are prepared on the basis of meat, fish or mushroom broths, followed by the addition of vegetables, seasonings and herbs. In the heat, Russians happily eat okroshka - a mixture of finely chopped vegetables, boiled eggs, meat and greens, seasoned with kvass.

In Russia, a lot of meat is traditionally eaten due to the cool climate. The Russians also pay tribute to fish, catching which is one of the most popular hobbies among men.

In regions rich in forests, in summer and autumn, many residents go to pick mushrooms. Porcini mushrooms, birch trees, honey agarics, chanterelles, boletus, milk mushrooms are very tasty. Russians fry mushrooms, stew in sour cream, pickle, salt and dry for the winter.

Russian cuisine is rich in vegetable dishes. Cabbage, beets, potatoes, turnips, carrots, pumpkin and zucchini are boiled, stewed, added to soups and main courses.

Sour-milk products are traditionally loved in Russia - sour cream, kefir, fermented baked milk, varenets, cottage cheese.

Various cereals are popular in the country, serving both as an independent dish and as a side dish for meat or vegetables.

Some dishes of Russian cuisine - Easter cake, pancakes, funeral kutia - have religious and ritual significance and are prepared during certain holidays or rituals.

Shopping

Shopping in Russia is quite expensive due to the high cost of delivery of goods and rental of premises, as well as high duties. But in the shopping centers of any large Russian city, you can easily find shops of popular international brands. The price for the same product can vary significantly depending on the region. The country does not have a fixed time of sales, as in most Western countries. The biggest discounts are offered to buyers in January and from mid to late summer. But Russian sales are not distinguished by a significant decrease in the price of goods, usually sellers drop only 20-30% of the original cost.

Shops are usually open every day, from morning until late at night. Many grocery stores are open around the clock. A restriction has been introduced on the sale of alcoholic beverages in Russia - they cannot be purchased at night.

There are several outlets in the Moscow region: Vnukovo Outlet Village near Vnukovo airport, Outlet Village Belaya Dacha at the 14th kilometer of the Moscow Ring Road, Fashion House near the village of Chornaya Gryaz.

But Russia is famous not for traditional shopping, but for original souvenirs and goods from different regions of the country. Tourists bring birch bark products from Novgorod; Karelia is famous for its cloudberry jam; no one leaves Kaliningrad without amber handicrafts and jewelry. In St. Petersburg, they buy magnets and decorative plates with views of the Northern capital, fake Faberge eggs, vodka. The central region is famous for handicrafts, here tourists are offered Zhostovo trays, Palekh boxes, Gzhel products, nesting dolls, samovars. In Myshkin, Yaroslavl region, you will be offered cute mice, which are the symbol of the town. In the Kuban, tourists buy Cossack attributes, in the Crimea - Massandra wines. Nizhny Novgorod, the birthplace of Khokhloma painting, offers a variety of colorful wooden products - from a simple magnet to a dinner service. Tatarstan is generous with all kinds of sweets: chak-chak, baklava, baursak. The famous Orenburg shawls are knitted from the highest quality down. From Bashkiria and Altai, they bring magnificent honey collected by bees in the cleanest places on the planet. The Ural offers to those who wish a whole placer of precious and semi-precious stones and products made from them. Siberia is generous with natural resources - pine nuts, fish, antlers (antlers with healing properties).

Accommodation

Hotels in Russia are represented by both inexpensive hostels and modern hotels of various categories. Almost any hotel can be booked through our website. It is popular in Russia to rent housing from owners who are distinguished by Russian hospitality and receive guests on a large scale.

All types of transport are well developed in Russia - air, rail, bus, and in some regions, water. Public transport - buses, trolleybuses, trams, trains, taxis. There are metro stations in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Samara, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod and Kazan.

Those traveling in Russia should remember that local time is indicated on plane tickets, and Moscow time is indicated in travel documents for a train.

Car rental in Russia is not as popular as in many other countries. Nevertheless, in any major city there are companies that provide car rental services. The cost of renting a car depends on the city - a car will cost the most in Moscow and St. Petersburg, in the provinces the prices are much lower.

Wi-fi is available in many cafes, cinemas, hotels, airports, train stations. Internet cafes are available in all major cities.

The telephone code of Russia is +7.

In some remote and mountainous areas, there is no mobile connection. As a rule, at the entrance to such places, posts of the Ministry of Emergency Situations are established, where each person entering, his place of stay and the date of the expected departure are registered in a special log. Such measures are necessary in case of emergencies.

Useful information

Before entering Russia, it is advisable to familiarize yourself in advance with the customs rules governing the import and export of certain goods.

When traveling by car, when leaving the Russian Federation, it is allowed to take out no more than 20 liters of fuel, not counting the fuel in the tank.

In Russia, there is a ban on the transport of any liquids in the cabin of an aircraft. The medicines required by the passenger during the flight are allowed on board the aircraft upon presentation of the relevant medical certificate.

Citizens of foreign countries other than the CIS countries or those who have signed an agreement on a visa-free regime need a visa to visit the Russian Federation. You can familiarize yourself with the procedure for issuing visas and the list of required documents at the Russian consulates abroad.

The national currency of the Russian Federation is the ruble. The currency code of the ruble is RUB. On the territory of Russia, you can only pay in rubles. In the banks of the country, the ruble can be exchanged for almost any currency in the world.

In theory, most major shopping centers, hotels and restaurants accept bank cards. But before making a purchase, it is advisable to make sure that this service really works. Guests of Russia should always have a certain amount of cash with them.

Gratuities in Russia are not included in the bill. Service rewards are optional, but encouraged.

Electric network voltage - 220 V.

The safety of those traveling by car in Russia is often threatened by bad roads, so if you are planning a car trip, it will be useful to inquire in advance about the condition of the road surface in a particular area.

Visitors to Russia should take the usual precautions necessary when staying in a foreign country: watch your belongings, not display valuables and large sums of money, distrust strangers, and avoid appearing at night in uncrowded places.

In case of a sudden illness, it is necessary to take care of purchasing health insurance in advance.

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