Characteristics of the phonetic system of the Russian language. Characteristics of the phonetic system. Articulatory aspect of studying sound units

Abstract on Russian language

"Phonetic system of the Russian language"

Phonetics is the science of the sound side of human speech. The word "phonetics" comes from the Greek. phonetikos "sound, voice" (phone sound).

Without pronouncing and hearing the sounds that make up the sound shell of words, verbal communication is impossible. On the other hand, for verbal communication it is extremely important to distinguish a spoken word from others that sound similar.

Therefore, in the phonetic system of a language, means are needed that serve to convey and distinguish significant units of speech - words, their forms, phrases and sentences.

1. Phonetic means of the Russian language

Phonetic means of the Russian language include:

Stress (verbal and phrasal)

Intonation.

1.1 The shortest, minimal, indivisible sound unit that stands out during the sequential sound division of a word is called the sound of speech.

Speech sounds have different qualities and therefore serve as a means in language to distinguish words. Often words differ in just one sound, the presence of an extra sound compared to another word, or the order of sounds.

For example: jackdaw - pebble,

fight - howl,

mouth is a mole,

nose - dream.

The traditional classification of speech sounds is to divide them into consonants and vowels.

- Consonants differ from vowels in the presence of noises that are formed in the oral cavity during pronunciation.

The consonants differ:

2) at the place of noise generation,

3) according to the method of noise generation,

4) by the absence or presence of softness.

"], [z], [z"], , , formed by noise with the participation of a voice. Noisy voiceless consonants include: [p], [p"], [f], [f"], [k], [k"], [t], [t"], [s], [s"] , [w], ["], [x], [x"], [ts], [h"], formed only with the help of noise alone, without the participation of the voice.

Place of noise generation. Depending on which active organ of speech (lower lip or tongue) dominates in sound formation, consonants are divided into labial and lingual. If we take into account the passive organ in relation to which the lip or tongue articulates, consonants can be labiolabial [b], [p] [m] and labiodental [v], [f]. Linguals are divided into front-lingual, middle-lingual and posterior-lingual. Forelinguals can be dental [t], [d], [s], [z], [ts], [n], [l] and palatodental [h], [sh], [zh], [r] ; middle tongue - middle palatal; posterior lingual - posterior palatal [g], [k], [x].

Methods of noise generation. Depending on the difference in the methods of noise formation, consonants are divided into stops [b], [p], [d], [t], [g], [k], fricatives [v], [f], [s], [z ], [w], [zh], [x], affricates [ts], [h], occlusions: nasal [n], [m], lateral, or oral, [l] and tremulous (vibrants) [ R].

Hardness and softness of consonants. The absence or presence of softness (palatalization) determines the hardness and softness of consonants. Palatalization (Latin palatum - hard palate) is the result of mid-palatal articulation of the tongue, complementing the main articulation of the consonant sound. Sounds formed with such additional articulation are called soft, and sounds formed without it are called hard.

Characteristic feature The consonant system is the presence in it of pairs of sounds that are correlated in deafness-voiceness and in hardness-softness. The correlation of paired sounds lies in the fact that in some phonetic conditions (before vowels) they are distinguished as two different sounds, and in other conditions (at the end of a word) they do not differ and coincide in their sound.

For example: rose - rosai roses - grew [ros - grew].

This is how paired consonants appear in the indicated positions [b] - [p], [v] - [f], [d] - [t], [z] - [s], [zh] - [sh], [g] - [k], which, therefore, form correlative pairs of consonants in terms of deafness and voicedness.

The correlative series of voiceless and voiced consonants is represented by 12 pairs of sounds. Paired consonants differ in the presence of voice (voiced) or absence of it (voiceless). Sounds [l], [l "], [m], [m"], [n], [n"], [r], [r"] - extra-paired voiced, [x], [ts], [h "] - extrapaired deaf.

The classification of Russian consonants is presented in the table:

The composition of consonant sounds, taking into account the correlation between deafness and voicedness, is shown in the following table

Doubles	Unpaired
Voiced	b b" c c" d g" d d" f h h"	l l" m m" n n" r r"
Deaf	p p" f f" k k" t t" w s s"	x ts h

"], [ "] - long hissing, paired in deafness and voicedness; Wed [draw "and", ["and]).

The hardness and softness of consonants, like deafness and voicedness, differ in some positions, but do not differ in others, which leads to the presence in the consonant system of a correlative series of hard and soft sounds. So, before the vowel [o] there is a difference between [l] - [l"] (cf.: lot - ice [lot - l "ot], but before the sound [e] not only [l] - [l"], but also other paired hard-soft sounds (cf.: [l "es", [v"es], [b"es], etc.).

Long and double consonants. In the phonetic system of the modern Russian literary language there are two long consonant sounds - soft hissing [

"] and [ "] (yeast, cabbage soup). These long hissing sounds are not opposed to the sounds [ш], [ж], which are unpaired hard sounds. As a rule, long consonants in the Russian language are formed only at the junctions of morphemes and are a combination of sounds. For example, in the word reason [рΛ udък], a long sound arose at the junction of the prefix raz- and the root sud-, cf.: [пΛ "елкъ", [ыл], [л"ö "ik] (fake, sewed, pilot). The sounds that arise in these cases cannot be defined as long, since they lack a distinctive function and are not opposed to short sounds.In essence, such “long” sounds are not long, but double.

Cases of long consonants (quarrel, yeast, etc.) in the roots of Russian words are rare. Words with double consonants in their roots are usually foreign words (telegram, gamma, antenna, etc.). Such words in real pronunciation lose the length of their vowels, which is often reflected in modern spelling (literature, attack, corridor, etc.).

Sound laws in the field of consonants:

1. Phonetic law of the end of a word. A noisy voiced consonant at the end of a word is deafened, i.e. pronounced as the corresponding paired voiceless. This pronunciation leads to the formation of homophones: threshold - vice, young - hammer, goat - braid, etc. In words with two consonants at the end of the word, both consonants are deafened: gruzd - sadness, entrance - popodest [podjest], etc.

The devoicing of a final voiced occurs under the following conditions:

1) before the pause: [pr "ishol pojst] (the train has arrived); 2) before the next word (without a pause) with the initial not only voiceless, but also a vowel, sonorant, as well as [j] and [v]: [praf he ], [sat our], [slap ja], [your mouth] (he is right, our garden, I am weak, your family). Sonorant consonants are not deafened: litter, they say, lump, he.

2. Assimilation of consonants by voicing and deafness. Combinations of consonants, one of which is voiceless and the other voiced, are not characteristic of the Russian language. Therefore, if two consonants of different sonority appear next to each other in a word, the first consonant becomes similar to the second. This change in consonant sounds is called regressive assimilation.

By virtue of this law, voiced consonants in front of deaf ones turn into paired deaf ones, and deaf ones in the same position turn into voiced ones. Voicing of voiceless consonants is less common than voicing of voiced consonants; the transition of voiced to voiceless creates homophones: [dushk - dushk] (bow - darling), [v"i e s"t"i - v"i e s"t"i] (to carry - to lead), [fp"jr" and e "bag - fp"r" and e "bag] (interspersed - interspersed).

Before sonorants, as well as before [j] and [v], the deaf remain unchanged: tinder, rogue, [Λtjest] (departure), yours, yours.

Lecture No. 2

Phonetic system of the Russian language.

Consonants and vowels

Plan

Vowel sounds and their classification.
Consonant sounds and their classification

Vowel sounds these are speech sounds, during the formation of which the outgoing stream of air does not encounter obstacles in the oral cavity, and therefore, acoustically, they are characterized by the predominance of a musical tone, or voice.

There are 6 vowel sounds in the Russian language: [a], [o], [e], [i], [s], [u]. They are most clearly heard under stress.

Vowel sounds are characterized by three main characteristics:

1) on the participation of active speech organslips distinguish labial (labialized from Latin lip) [o], [y] and nonlabial (non-labialized) [a], [i], [e], [s];

2) by place of education(movement of the tongue in the oral cavity back and forth): front row [e], [i]; middle row [OU]; when these sounds are formed, the front, middle or rear end language;

3) by method of education(vertical movement of the tongue in the oral cavity: up and down): upper rise [i], [s], [y] (the front, middle or back part of the tongue rises upward), middle rise [o], [e] (front or the back of the tongue rises slightly upward), lower elevation [a] (the tongue is in a neutral position, down).

When pronouncing vowels, the shape and volume of the oral cavity may change. These changes depend on the participation or non-participation of the lips and the movement of the tongue vertically (the degree of elevation of the back of the tongue) and horizontally (the location of the elevation of the back of the tongue).

Based on the participation of the lips, all vowel sounds are divided into two groups: rounded vowels, or labialized (from the Latin labium lip), [o], [u] and unrounded, or non-labialized vowels, [i], [e], [ ы], [а].

When producing the sounds [o], [u], the lips are rounded and pulled forward. The lips do not take an active part in the formation of the sounds [a], [e], [i], [s]. The sound [o] differs from [u] by a lesser degree of stretching and rounding of the lips. This can be easily noticed by muscle sensations when pronouncing, for example, the sounds [a] [o] [u] in a row.

According to the degree of rise of the back of the tongue, vowels of the upper, middle and lower rise are distinguished. When forming high vowels, which include the sounds [i], [s], [u], the tongue is raised to the greatest extent.

The formation of a lower vowel, which is the sound [a] in Russian, is characterized by a minimal rise of the tongue.

Mid-rise vowels, which include the sounds [e], [o], in terms of the degree of tongue elevation, occupy an intermediate position between high and low vowels.

It is easy to replace different degrees of lifting of the tongue by pronouncing, for example, the sounds [u] [o] [a] in a row.

According to the place where the back of the tongue rises, the vowels of the front, middle and back rows are distinguished.

When forming front vowels, which include the sounds [i], [e], the front part of the back of the tongue moves towards the hard palate.

The formation of back vowels these are the sounds [у], [о] occurs when the back of the back of the tongue moves towards the soft palate.

The middle vowels [ы], [а] at the point where the tongue rises occupy an intermediate position between the front and back vowels.

To make sure that when forming front, middle and back vowels, the tongue articulates in different parts, you can pronounce in a row, for example, the sounds [and] [ы] [у].

So, depending on the articulation in the Russian language, six different sounds are clearly perceived by ear: [i], [s], [u], [e], [o], [a].

Vowel sounds table

	Front row	Middle row	Back row
Top rise	[And]	[s]	[y]
Medium rise	[e]		[O]
Bottom rise		[A]
	Non-labialized		Labialized

Table of vowel sounds taking into account reduced ones

	Front row	Middle row	Back row
Upper rise	[And]	[s]	[y]
Upper-medium rise	[i e], [b]	[suh]
Medium rise	[e]	[ ъ ]	[O]
Bottom rise		[a], [Λ]
	Non-labialized		Labialized

Classification of consonants

Speech sounds consisting only of noise, or of voice and noise, which are formed in the oral cavity, where the stream of air exhaled from the lungs encounters various obstacles, are called consonants. The consonant sounds of the Russian language contain 37 sound units, each of which in a certain position is capable of performing a semantic distinguishing function:

1) [b], [b"], [c], [c"], [g], [g"], [d], [d"], [h], [z"], [p] , [p"], [f], [f"], [k], [k"], [t], [t"], [s], [s"];

2) [l], [l"], [m], [m"], [n], [n"], [p], [p"];

3) [x], [x"], [g], [w], [c];

4) [h"], [j];

5) [w ̅ "], [z ̅ "].

The classification of consonants is based on contrasting some features with others. In modern Russian, consonant sounds are divided according to several classification criteria (acoustic and articulatory):

2) by place of education;

3) by method of education;

4) by the presence or absence of palatalization (“softening”, from Latin palatum sky).

According to acoustic characteristics, consonants differ in the degree of participation of voice and noise. All consonants of the Russian language are divided into sonorant (from the Latin sonorus sonorous) and noisy.

Sonorant sounds are characterized by the fact that in the composition of these sounds the voice predominates over noise. In modern Russian these include: [l], [l"], [m], [m"], [n], [n"], [r], [r"], [j].

Noisy consonants are characterized by the fact that their acoustic basis is noise, but there are noisy consonants that are formed not only with the help of noise, but with some participation of the voice. Among noisy ones there are noisy deaf and noisy voiced ones.

Noisy voiced sounds are formed by noise accompanied by voice. In modern Russian these include: [b], [b"], [v], [v"], [d], [g"], [d], [d"], [z], [z "], [f], [f̅ " ].

Noisy deafness is formed with the help of noise, without the participation of the voice. When pronouncing, their vocal cords are not tense or vibrate. In modern Russian these include: [k], [k"], [p], [p"], [s], [s"], [t], [t"], [f], [f "], [x], [x], [ts], [h"], [w], [w̅ " ].

Most noisy consonants of the Russian language are contrasted by deafness with voicedness: [b] [p], [b"] [p"], [v] [f], [v"] [f"], [d] [t], [d"] [t"], [z] [s], [z"] [s"], [g] [w], [g] [k], [ g"] [k"]; voiceless consonants do not have paired voiced consonants [w̅ " ], [ts], [x], [x"], [h"].

According to articulatory characteristics, the initial ones are the method of formation and the place of formation.

1. According to the place of noise formation, according to which speech organs take part in pronunciation, sounds are divided into labial and lingual.

a) Labial consonants, in which the barrier is formed with the help of the lips or lower lip and upper teeth. In Russian, labials are divided into labiolabials ([b], [p], [m], [b"], [p"], [m"]) and labiodentals ([v], [v"] , [f], [f"]).

When producing labial sounds, the active organ is the lower lip, and the passive organ is or upper lip(labial sounds), or upper teeth (labiodental sounds).

b) Depending on which part of the tongue creates an obstruction, lingual consonants are divided into front-lingual, middle-lingual and posterior-lingual.

In Russian, front-lingual sounds include [d], [t], [n], [z], [s], [l] and the corresponding soft sounds [d"], [t"], [n"], [ z"], [s"], [l"], as well as [ts], [h"], [w], [w and " ].

The front-lingual ones include:

1) dental: [t], [t"], [d], [d"], [s], [s"], [z], [z"], [ts], [n], [n "], [l], [l"];

2) palatodental: [w], [w̅ "], [zh], [zh ̅ "], [r], [r"], [h"].

The division of anterior lingual sounds into dental and palatodental sounds is made taking into account the passive organ. In this case, either the upper teeth or the base of the upper teeth serve as such a passive organ.

Lingual sounds make up the majority of all consonant sounds: anterior lingual sounds are formed with the participation of the front part of the back of the tongue; midlingual with the participation of the middle part of the back of the tongue; posterior lingual with the participation of the back of the tongue.

Only [j] belongs to the middle language sound.

Rear lingual sounds are [g], [k], [x], [g"], [k"], [x"].

2. According to the method of noise formation, consonants are divided into:

A) Plosive (closed), (Why explosive? Explain) when pronounced, there is a complete closure of the organs of speech, with the force overcome by an air stream. These are [b], [p], [d], [t], [g], [k] and the corresponding soft variants [b"], [p"], [d"], [t"], [ g"], [k"].

B) Frictional (fricatives), during the pronunciation of which the organs of speech do not close completely, resulting in the formation of a gap through which air passes. Friction consonants are otherwise called spirants (from the Latin spiro I breathe). In Russian it is [v], [v"], [f], [f"], [z], [z"], [s], [s"], [zh], [zh̅ "], [w], [w ̅ "], [x].

C) Affricates, when pronouncing these consonants, the speech organs close, forming a barrier, which is then torn apart by air, resulting in a gap. In this case, the closure and rupture are instantaneous. These are the sounds [ch"] and [ts]. When pronouncing the sounds [ch"] and [ts], it is necessary to strictly preserve two points of articulation: the bow and the gap. First, the tip of the tongue closes with the teeth (with the sound [ts]) or with the front part of the palate (with the sound [ch "]), then the air with a slight explosion opens the organs of speech, which creates a gap through which the air noisily comes out, so the sound [ts] consists, as it were, of the sounds [t] and [s] fused together, and the sound [h"] consists of soft sounds [t"] and [sh] fused together̅ " ].

D) Trembling consonants, or vibrating, (Why did these consonants get such a name? Explain) during the formation of which the active organs of speech vibrate. In Russian these are the sounds [р] and [р"].

E) Transitive consonants (Explain why transitive consonants received such a name) during the pronunciation of which the organs of speech are completely closed, but are not interrupted by air, since the air passes through the nose or mouth. These are the sounds [l], [l "], [m], [m"], [n], [n"]. So, when the sounds [l] and [l "] are formed, the front part of the tongue closes with the upper teeth, but between the lateral edges of the tongue and the lateral teeth, gaps form through which air escapes. Therefore, the sounds [l] and [l"] are called lateral. When the sounds [m] and [m"] are formed, the lips are tightly closed, and when the sounds [n] and [n"] are formed, the tongue is tightly adjacent to the upper teeth; but there is no explosion is formed because the air, without breaking the closed organs of speech, exits through the nose. Therefore, the sounds [m], [m"], [n], [n"] are called nasal.

3. Most consonant sounds of the Russian language are opposed to each other on the basis of hardness and softness:

When soft consonants are formed, an accompanying additional movement of the speech organs is added to the main sound-forming movement: the middle part of the back of the tongue rises up to the hard palate, as with the sound [j], as a result of which the consonant acquires a special sound, which we conventionally call softness. They have no pairs and are only hard: [zh], [w], [ts], only soft: [zh̅ "], [ w ̅ " ], [h"], [j].

A characteristic feature of the consonant system is the presence in it of pairs of sounds that are correlated in deafness-voicedness and in hardness-softness.

The correlation of paired sounds lies in the fact that in some phonetic conditions (before vowels) they are distinguished as two different sounds, and in other conditions (at the end of a word) they do not differ and coincide in their sound. Compare: rose - dew and rose - grew [ros - grew]. This is how paired consonants appear in the indicated positions [b] - [p], [v] - [f], [d] - [t], [z] - [s], [zh] - [sh], [g] - [k], which, therefore, form correlative pairs of consonants in terms of deafness and voicedness.

The correlative series of voiceless and voiced consonants is represented by 12 pairs of sounds. Paired consonants differ in the presence of voice (voiced) or absence of it (voiceless). Sounds [l], [l "], [m], [m"], [n], [n"], [r], [r"] [j] - unpaired voiced, [x], [ts] , [h"] - unpaired deaf.

Literature:

1. Skripnik Ya.N., Smolenskaya T.M. Phonetics of the modern Russian language. M., 2010.

4. Modern Russian literary language / Ed. P. A. Lekanta. M., 2009.

5. Solovyova N.N. Complete guide in Russian: Spelling. Punctuation. Orthoepy. Vocabulary. Grammar. Stylistics. M.: Mir and Education, 2011.

Internet resources:

1.Textology. Phonetics. http://www.textologia.ru/russkiy/fonetikafonologia/fonetika/?q=459

3. Phonetics. http://padeji.ru/fonetika

4. Phonetics, graphics and spelling of the Russian language. Spelling rules, phonetic analysis of words. http://licey.net/russian/phonetics/part1

5. Phonetics of the Russian language. http://excellence.kz/fonetika-russkogo-yazyka.html

Abstract on Russian language

"Phonetic system of the Russian language"

Phonetics- the science of the sound side of human speech. The word "phonetics" comes from the Greek. phonetikos "sound, voice" (phone sound).

Therefore, in the phonetic system of a language, means are needed that serve to convey and distinguish significant units of speech - words, their forms, phrases and sentences.

1. Phonetic means of the Russian language

Phonetic means of the Russian language include:

Stress (verbal and phrasal)

2) at the junction of a preposition and a word: [ar'm], [ar'm] (with heat, with a ball); [b "i e ar", [bi e ar] (without heat, without a ball).

The combination zzh inside the root, as well as the combination zhzh (always inside the root) turn into a long soft [zh"]: [po"b] (later), (I ride); [in "and", [dro "and] (reins, yeast). Optionally, in these cases a long hard [zh] can be pronounced.

A variation of this assimilation is the assimilation of dental [d], [t] followed by [ch], [ts], resulting in long ["], : [Λ"ot] (report), (fkra ъ] (in brief) .

6. Simplifying consonant combinations. The consonants [d], [t] in combinations of several consonants between vowels are not pronounced. This simplification of consonant groups is consistently observed in the combinations: stn, zdn, stl, ntsk, stsk, vstv, rdts, lnts: [usny], [poznj], [sh"and e sl"ivy], [g"igansk"i] , [ch"stvo", [s"heart", [son] (oral, late, happy, gigantic, feeling, heart, sun).

7. Reducing groups of identical consonants. When three identical consonants come together at the junction of a preposition or prefix with the following word, as well as at the junction of a root and a suffix, the consonants are reduced to two: [ra or "it"] (raz+quarrel), [ylk] (with reference), [klo y ] (column+n+th); [Λd "e ki] (Odessa+sk+ii).

v Vowel sounds differ from consonants in the presence of a voice - a musical tone and the absence of noise.

The existing classification of vowels takes into account the following conditions for the formation of vowels:

1) degree of tongue elevation

2) place of tongue elevation

3) participation or non-participation of the lips.

The most significant of these conditions is the position of the tongue, which changes the shape and volume of the oral cavity, the state of which determines the quality of the vowel.

According to the degree of vertical rise of the tongue, vowels of three degrees of rise are distinguished: vowels of the upper rise [i], [s], [y]; mid-rise vowels e [e], [o]; low vowel [a].

The horizontal movement of the tongue leads to the formation of three rows of vowels: front vowels [i], e [e]; middle vowels [ы], [а] and back vowels [у], [о].

The participation or non-participation of the lips in the formation of vowels is the basis for dividing vowels into labialized (rounded) [o], [u] and non-labialized (unrounded) [a], e [e], [i], [s].

Table of vowel sounds of the modern Russian literary language

Sound law in the field of vowel sounds.

Vowel reduction. The change (weakening) of vowel sounds in an unstressed position is called reduction, and unstressed vowels are called reduced vowels. A distinction is made between the position of unstressed vowels in the first pre-stressed syllable (weak position of the first degree) and the position of unstressed vowels in the remaining unstressed syllables (weak position of the second degree). Vowels in the weak position of the second degree undergo greater reduction than vowels in the weak position of the first degree.

Vowels in the weak position of the first degree: [vΛly] (shafts); [shafts] (oxen); [b "and e yes] (trouble), etc.

Vowels in the weak position of the second degree: [рърлвоз] (locomotive); [kurganda] (Karaganda); [kalkkla] (bells); [p"l"i e na] (veil); [voice] (voice), [vocal] (exclamation), etc.

Frazov stress is the emphasis in pronunciation of the most semantically important word within a statement (phrase); such an accent is one of the bars. In the example above, the phrasal stress falls on the word dreams. Phrase stress distinguishes sentences by meaning with the same composition and word order (cf.: It's snowing and It's snowing).

Bar and phrasal stress is also called logical.

1.3 Intonation distinguishes sentences with the same composition of words (with the same place of phrasal stress) (cf.: Is the snow melting and Is the snow melting?). The intonation of the message, question, motivation, etc. differs.

Intonation has an objective linguistic meaning: regardless of the functional load, intonation always combines words into phrases, and without intonation phrases do not exist. Subjective differences in the intonation of a phrase have no linguistic significance.

Intonation is closely related to other levels of language, and, above all, to phonology and syntax.

What intonation has in common with phonology is that it belongs to the sound side of language and that it is functional, but what distinguishes it from phonology is that intonation units have semantic significance in themselves: for example, rising intonation is mainly correlated with interrogativeness or incompleteness of a statement. The relationship between intonation and sentence syntax is not always straightforward. In some cases, the grammatical patterns on which the utterance is constructed may have a typical intonation design. So, sentences with the particle

[and e]
[l "and e juice]

[s e]
[shy e stock]

[And]
[So]

[s]
[py l "it]

[u]
[p"ul"it"]

[s]
[fat]

[y]
[lesson]

[y]
[there]

[y]
[with "ud"

[y]
[noise "et"]

Phoneme options<а>, <о>, <е>of the first pre-stressed syllable after hard consonants coincide with the variants of these phonemes at the absolute beginning of the word. These are the sounds [Λ], [ы и].

The exception is the phoneme<и>, which at the absolute beginning of a word is realized by the sound [i]: [Ivan], and in the first pre-stressed syllable after hard consonants - by the sound [s]: [s-yvan'm].

Variants of vowel phonemes of the second prestressed syllable. In all pre-stressed syllables, except the first, weak vowel phonemes are in a weak position of the second degree. This position has two varieties: I - after a paired hard consonant and II - after a soft consonant. After a hard consonant, vowel phonemes are realized by the sounds [ъ], [ы], [у]; after the soft one - with the sounds [b], [i], [u]. For example: [b] - [burΛban], [kalkla], [y] - [help out", [y] - [murΛv"ê], [b] - [pitchok], [i] - [k "islta] , [y] - [l" are good].

Variants of vowel phonemes of overstressed syllables. Weak vowel phonemes of overstressed syllables differ in the degree of reduction: the weakest reduction is observed in the final open syllable. There are two positions of weak phonemes in overstressed syllables: after hard consonants and after soft consonants.

The system of variants of vowel phonemes of overstressed syllables is presented in the table.

After hard consonants		After soft consonants
In a non-final syllable	In the final syllable	In a non-final syllable	In the final syllable
[s] - [i] [vyzhyt] - (survived) [squeeze] - (squeezed out)	[ы] - [ъ] [naked] - (naked) [golm] - (naked)	[i] - [ъ] [will be] - (wake up) [to be] - (you will)	[i] - [b] [with "ûn"im] - (blue) [s"ûn"m] - (blue)
		[b] - [b] [kl "äch"m"i] - (nags) [kl "äch" ъм"i] - (nags)	[b] - [b] [kl "äch"m] - (to the nags) [kl "äch" ъм] - (to the nags)
[y] [body] - (to the body)	[y] [frame] - (frame)	[y] [half" ear] - (pole pole)	[y] [pop" - (on the field)

As the table shows, after hard consonants the vowels [ы], [ъ], [у] are distinguished; Moreover, the sounds [ы] and [ъ] are weakly opposed. After soft consonants, the vowels [i], [ъ], [ь], [у] are distinguished; Moreover, the sounds [i] - [b], [b] - [b] are distinguished by weak demarcation.

The exchange of phonemes, strong and weak, occupying the same position in the morpheme, forms phoneme series. Thus, vowel phonemes identical in place in the morpheme kos- form a phoneme series<о> - <Λ> - <ъ>: [braids] - [kΛsa] - [kysΛr "i], and the consonant phoneme<в>morphemes become - begins the phoneme series<в> - <в"> - <ф> - <ф">: [charters] - [charter "it"] - [charter] - [charter"].

The phoneme series is an essential element of the structure of the language, since the identity of the morpheme is based on it. The composition of phonemes of the same morpheme always corresponds to a certain phoneme series. Inflections of the instrumental case in the words okn-om and garden-om [Λknom] - [sad'm], water-oh and mod-oh [vΛdo] - [mod] are pronounced differently. However, these inflections ([-ом] - [-ъм], [-o] - [ъ]) are one and the same morpheme, since phonemes change in their composition<о>And<ъ>, included in one phoneme row.

Conclusion

Thus, the phonetic system of the Russian language consists of significant units of speech:

§ word forms

§ phrases and sentences

for transmission and differentiation, which are served by phonetic means of language:

Ø accent

Ø intonation.

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Practical lesson No. 10

Phonetics. Graphic arts. Russian language sound system

1. Phonetics. Graphic arts. Spelling.

2. Basic units and concepts of the phonetic system of the Russian language.

3. Classification of vowel sounds.

4. Classification of consonants.

Methodological materials

Language exists in two material forms - oral and written. In the oral form of existence, linguistic meanings are transmitted using sound units (sounds), and in written form - using graphic units (letters).

The smallest unit of speech flow is sound . Sounds make certain combinations with each other, forming sound speech, with the help of which we transmit information to each other.

Speech sounds do not exist in isolation. They form certain connections among themselves and form a system. In addition to sounds, this system also includes other elements, but the main unit of the sound system is sound.

Under the term phonetics (phone– sound, voice, tone) refers to the sound system of the language, i.e. first of all, its sounds, but not only them, but their phonetic alternations, different kinds stress and other issues related to the sound design of speech.

Phonetics also – the science of the sound side of language, which studies the ways in which speech sounds are formed, their changes in the speech flow, their role and the functioning of language as a means of communication between people.

Knowledge of sound laws is necessary when studying the written form of a language, which is described graphics and spelling.

For Russian spelling, the main one is the phonemic principle of spelling, and not the phonetic one, i.e. spelling rules sometimes act contrary to pronunciation, taking into account the phonemic, traditional and differentiating principle. This makes the relationship between phonetics and spelling very complex.

Basic units and concepts of the phonetic system of the Russian language

The minimum phonetic unit, which is not further divisible by sensory perception, is sound. P sound is a set of physiological and acoustic signs, which are divided into differential and non-differential, constant and non-constant.

Sound as the shortest material unit corresponds to an abstract linguistic concept phonemes, which is a central concept in phonology.

Phonology operates with the concepts of phoneme position (strong and weak), phonetic law and phonetic process(accommodation, assimilation, deafening at the end of a word, reduction).

As a result of the action of phonetic processes, an external transformation of the same phoneme occurs. That's what it is phonetic changes or phonetic exchange of sounds. When phonetic changes occur phonetic alternations, which should be distinguished from historical alternations.

Phonetic alternations of the same phoneme create a special phonological unit - phoneme series.

Sounds in the process of speech are not used in isolation, but in close connection with other sounds, forming together with them sound complexes of different volume, characteristics and purpose. segments.

The next level after sound such a complex is syllable- a special sound unit formed either by one sound or a combination of several sounds. A syllable is the minimum pronunciation unit. Even at the slowest rate of speech, we can only speak in syllables and not in sounds. This is what teaching reading is built on.

Syllables act as constituent elements of a more complex phonetic unit - phonetic word. A phonetic word is several syllables united by one word stress.

Phonetic words combine to form speech beats, which make up the largest sound elements - phonetic phrases. A phrase is a statement complete in meaning. This is a syntactic unit and is equal to simple sentence. A speech beat is a part of a phrase that is pronounced in one breath. This is an intonationally complete unit. It is separated from the next measure by a pause. Typically consists of 3 words or less. A speech beat represents a certain “grouping” of sentence members.

For example: He didn’t understand / why Zhenya was laughing //.

All sound elements - sounds, syllables, phonetic words, speech beats, phonetic phrases - are the subject of the study of phonetics, which studies their structure, formation, characteristics, purpose and function in the speech stream.

The subject of phonetics is also verbal, phrasal, tact, logical stress and intonation as special properties of sound speech, understood as unique sound elements.

All phonetic elements are usually divided into: 1) linear or segmental units of language; 2) nonlinear or supersegmental units of language.

TO linear include material sound units: sounds, syllables, phonetic words, speech beats, phonetic phrases. Their essence lies in their materiality, and in the fact that in the speech stream they are consistently located one after another. Two segments cannot be spoken at the same time.

Nonlinear (supersegmental) Phonetic elements are all types of stress and intonation. Their signs: - intangibility; -lack of independence. As a property of linear elements, supersegment elements are superimposed on linear segments and exist together with them.

Abstract on Russian language

"Phonetic system of the Russian language"

Phonetics- the science of the sound side of human speech. The word "phonetics" comes from the Greek. phonetikos "sound, voice" (phone sound).

Therefore, in the phonetic system of a language, means are needed that serve to convey and distinguish significant units of speech - words, their forms, phrases and sentences.

1.Phonet ical means of the Russian language

Phonetic means of the Russian language include:

Stress (verbal and phrasal)

Intonation.

1.1 The shortest, minimal, indivisible sound unit that stands out during the sequential sound division of a word is called the sound of speech.

For example: jackdaw - pebble,

fight - howl,

mouth is a mole,

nose - dream.

The traditional classification of speech sounds is to divide them into consonants and vowels.

v Consonants differ from vowels in the presence of noises that are formed in the oral cavity during pronunciation.

The consonants differ:

2) at the place of noise generation,

3) according to the method of noise generation,

4) by the absence or presence of softness.

Involvement of noise and voice. Based on the participation of noise and voice, consonants are divided into noisy and sonorant. Sonorant consonants are those formed with the help of voice and slight noise: [m], [m"], [n], [n"], [l], [l"], [r], [r"]. Noisy consonants are divided into voiced and voiceless. Noisy voiced consonants are [b], [b"], [v], [v"], [g], [g"], [d], [d"], [zh], ["], [z ], [z"], , , formed by noise with the participation of a voice. Noisy voiceless consonants include: [p], [p"], [f], [f"], [k], [k"], [t], [t"], [s], [s"] , [w], ["], [x], [x"], [ts], [h"], formed only with the help of noise alone, without the participation of the voice.

A characteristic feature of the consonant system is the presence in it of pairs of sounds that are correlated in deafness-voicedness and in hardness-softness. The correlation of paired sounds lies in the fact that in some phonetic conditions (before vowels) they are distinguished as two different sounds, and in other conditions (at the end of a word) they do not differ and coincide in their sound.

For example: rose - dew and roses - grew [ros - grew].

The classification of Russian consonants is presented in the table:

By method	Local	labial	dental labial	dental	medium- palatal	posterior palatal
	Explosive

	Fricatives

	Affricants
Sonorous
	explosive

The composition of consonant sounds, taking into account the correlation between deafness and voicedness, is shown in the following table

(["], ["] - long hissing, paired in deafness and voicedness; cf. [dro"and], ["and]).

The hardness and softness of consonants, like deafness and voicedness, differ in some positions, but do not differ in others, which leads to the presence in the system of consonants of a correlative series of hard and soft sounds. So, before the vowel [o] there is a difference between [l] - [l"] (cf.: lot - ice [lot - l "ot], but before the sound [e] not only [l] - [l"], but also other paired hard-soft sounds (cf.: [l "es", [v"es], [b"es], etc.).

Long and double consonants. In the phonetic system of the modern Russian literary language there are two long consonant sounds - soft hissing ["] and ["] (yeast, cabbage soup). These long hissing sounds are not opposed to the sounds [ш], [ж], which are unpaired hard sounds. As a rule, long consonants in the Russian language are formed only at the junctions of morphemes and are a combination of sounds. For example, in the word razudok [rL udak], a long sound arose at the junction of the prefix raz- and the root sud-, cf.: [пЛ "елкъ", [ыл], [л "ц"ik] (fake, sewed, pilot). The sounds that arise in these cases cannot be defined as long, since they lack a distinctive function and are not opposed to short sounds.In essence, such “long” sounds are not long, but double.

Sound laws in the field of consonants:

The devoicing of a final voiced occurs under the following conditions:

Before sonorants, as well as before [j] and [v], the deaf remain unchanged: tinder, rogue, [Ltjest] (departure), yours, yours.

Voiced and voiceless consonants are assimilated under the following conditions: 1) at the junction of morphemes: [pLhotkъ] (gait), [zbor] (gathering); 2) at the junction of prepositions with the word: [gd "elu] (to the point), [zd"el'm] (to the point); 3) at the junction of a word with a particle: [got] (year), [do] (daughter); 4) at the junction of significant words pronounced without pause: [rock-kLzy] (goat horn), [ras-p "at"] (five times).

3. Assimilation of consonants by softness. Hard and soft consonants are represented by 12 pairs of sounds. By education, they differ in the absence or presence of palatalization, which consists of additional articulation (the middle part of the back of the tongue rises high to the corresponding part of the palate).

The composition of consonants, taking into account the correlative series of hard and soft sounds, is presented in the following table:

Assimilation in terms of softness is regressive in nature: the consonant softens, becoming similar to the subsequent soft consonant. In this position, not all consonants paired in hardness-softness are softened, and not all soft consonants cause a softening of the previous sound.

All consonants, paired in hardness-softness, are softened in the following weak positions: 1) before the vowel sound [e]; [b"ate", [v"es", [m"ate", [s"ate] (white, weight, chalk, sat), etc.; 2) before [i]: [m"il", [p"il"i] (mil, drank).

Before unpaired [zh], [sh], [ts], soft consonants are impossible with the exception of [l], [l "] (cf. end - ring).

The most susceptible to softening are the dental [z], [s], [n], [p], [d], [t] and labial [b], [p], [m], [v], [f]. They do not soften in front of soft consonants [g], [k], [x], and also [l]: glucose, key, bread, fill, keep quiet, etc. Softening occurs within the word, but is absent before the soft consonant of the next word ([here - l "es]; cf. [L"or]) and before the particle ([ros - l"i]; cf. [rLsl"i]) ( Here is the forest, it has been wiped away, it has grown, it has grown).

Consonants [z] and [s] are softened before soft [t"], [d"], [s"], [n"], [l"]: [m"ks"t"], [v"and e z"d"e], [f-ka "b", [kaz"n"] (revenge, everywhere, at the box office, execution). Softening [з], [с] also occurs at the end of prefixes and prepositions consonant with them before soft labials: [ръз "д" и ел" it"], [ръс "т" и е nut"], [b "ез "-n"i evo), [b"i e s"-s"il] (divide, stretch, without it, without force). Before soft labial softening [h], [s], [d], [ t] is possible inside the root and at the end of prefixes with -z, as well as in the prefix s- and in a preposition consonant with it: [s"m"ex], [z"v"kr"], [d"v"kr" ], [t"v"kr"], [s"p"kt"], [s"-n"im], [is"-pkch"], [rLz"d"kt"] (laughter, beast, door, Tver, sing, with him, bake, undress).

Labials do not soften before soft dental ones: [pt"kn"ch"k", [n"eft"], [vz"at"] (chick, oil, take).

These cases of assimilative softness of consonants show that the effect of assimilation in the modern Russian literary language is not always distinguished by strict consistency.

4. Assimilation of consonants by hardness. Assimilation of consonants by hardness is carried out at the junction of a root and a suffix beginning with a hard consonant: mechanic - metalworker, secretary - secretarial, etc. Before the labial [b], assimilation in terms of hardness does not occur: [prLs "it"] - [proz "bъ", [мълЛт"т"] - [мълЛд"ba] (ask - request, thresh - threshing), etc. [l"] is not subject to assimilation: [pol"b] - [zLpol"nyj] (field, field).

5. Assimilation of dentaries before sibilants. This type of assimilation extends to the dental [z], [s] in the position before the sibilants (anteropalatal) [w], [zh], [h], [sh] and consists in the complete assimilation of the dental [z], [s] to the subsequent sibilant .

Complete assimilation of [z], [s] occurs: 1) at the junction of morphemes: [at"], [rLat"] (compress, decompress); [yt"], [rLyt"] (sew, embroider); ["from", [rL"from] (account, calculation); [rLzno "ik", [izvo "ik] (peddler, cab driver);

2) at the junction of a preposition and a word: [ar'm], [ar'm] (with heat, with a ball); [b "i e ar", [bi e ar] (without heat, without a ball).

A variation of this assimilation is the assimilation of dental [d], [t] followed by [ch], [ts], resulting in long ["], : [L"ot] (report), (fkra ъ] (in brief) .

v Vowel sounds differ from consonants in the presence of a voice - a musical tone and the absence of noise.

The existing classification of vowels takes into account the following conditions for the formation of vowels:

1) degree of tongue elevation

2) place of tongue elevation

3) participation or non-participation of the lips.

The most significant of these conditions is the position of the tongue, which changes the shape and volume of the oral cavity, the state of which determines the quality of the vowel.

According to the degree of vertical rise of the tongue, vowels of three degrees of rise are distinguished: vowels of the upper rise [i], [s], [y]; mid-rise vowels e [e], [o]; low vowel [a].

The horizontal movement of the tongue leads to the formation of three rows of vowels: front vowels [i], e [e]; middle vowels [ы], [а] and back vowels [у], [о].

The participation or non-participation of the lips in the formation of vowels is the basis for dividing vowels into labialized (rounded) [o], [u] and non-labialized (unrounded) [a], e [e], [i], [s].

Table of vowel sounds of the modern Russian literary language

Sound law in the field of vowel sounds.

Vowels in the weak position of the first degree: [vLly] (shafts); [shafts] (oxen); [b "and e yes] (trouble), etc.

Vowels in the weak position of the second degree: [рърлвоз] (locomotive); [kargLnda] (Karaganda); [kalkLla] (bells); [p"l"i e na] (veil); [voice] (voice), [vocal] (exclamation), etc.

1.2 It varies in the speech stream emphasis phrasal, rhythmic and verbal.

Verbal stress is the emphasis when pronouncing one of the syllables of a disyllabic or polysyllabic word. Word stress is one of the main external signs independent word. Verbal stress distinguishes words and word forms that are identical in sound composition (cf.: clubs - clubs, holes - holes, hands - hands). Function words and particles usually do not have stress and are adjacent to independent words, forming one phonetic word with them: [under-the-mountain], [on-the-side], [here-the-time].

The Russian language is characterized by forceful (dynamic) stress, in which a stressed syllable stands out compared to unstressed syllables with greater tension in articulation, especially the vowel sound. A stressed vowel is always longer than its corresponding vowel unstressed sound. Russian stress is varied: it can fall on any syllable (exit, exit, exit).

Variation of stress is used in the Russian language to distinguish homographs and their grammatical forms (organ - organ) and individual forms of various words (moyu - moi), and in some cases serves as a means of lexical differentiation of a word (chaos - chaos) or gives the word a stylistic coloring (well done - Well done). The mobility and immobility of stress serves as an additional means in the formation of forms of the same word: the stress or remains in the same place of the word (garden, -a, -u, -om, -e, -y, -ov, etc. .), or moves from one part of the word to another (city, -a, -u, -om, -e; -a, -ov, etc.). The mobility of stress ensures the distinction of grammatical forms (buy - buy, legs - legs, etc.).

In some cases, the difference in the place of verbal stress loses all meaning

For example: cottage cheese and cottage cheese, otherwise and otherwise, butt and butt, etc.

Words can be unstressed or lightly stressed. Usually, function words and particles are deprived of stress, but they sometimes take on stress, so that a preposition with an independent word following it has the same stress: [for-winter], [out-of-town], [in the evening].

Two- and three-syllable prepositions and conjunctions, simple numerals in combination with nouns, connectives be and become, and some of the introductory words can be weakly stressed.

Some categories of words have, in addition to the main one, an additional, side stress, which is usually in the first place, and the main one in the second, for example: ancient Russian. These words include:

1) polysyllabic, as well as complex in composition (aircraft construction),

2) compound abbreviations (gfstelecenter),

3) words with prefixes after-, super-, arch-, trans-, anti-, etc. (trvnatlantichesky, post-October),

4) some foreign words (pfstscriptum, pfstfactum).

Clockwise stress is the emphasis in pronunciation of a more semantically important word within a speech beat.

Bar and phrasal stress is also called logical.

1.3 Intonation distinguishes sentences with the same composition of words (with the same place of phrasal stress) (cf.: Is the snow melting and Is the snow melting?). The intonation of the message, question, motivation, etc. differs.

Intonation is closely related to other levels of language, and, above all, to phonology and syntax.

Different syntactic structures can be framed with the same intonation, and the same syntactic structure can be framed with different intonations. The statements change accordingly. This indicates a certain autonomy of intonation in relation to syntax.

2. Phonetic units of the Russian language

From the rhythmic-intonation side, our speech represents a speech flow, or a chain of sounds. This chain is divided into links, or phonetic units of speech: phrases, bars, phonetic words, syllables and sounds.

· Phrase- this is the largest phonetic unit, a complete statement in meaning, united by a special intonation and separated from other phrases by a pause.

· Speech tact(or syntagma) most often consists of several words united by one stress.

· The speech beat is divided into fonetic words, i.e. independent words together with adjacent unstressed function words and particles.

· Words are divided into proper phonetic units - syllables, and the latter - on sounds.

2.1 Syllables

From the point of view of education, from the physiological side, a syllable is a sound or several sounds pronounced with one expiratory impulse.

From the point of view of sonority, from the acoustic side, a syllable is a sound segment of speech in which one sound stands out with the greatest sonority in comparison with its neighbors - the preceding and following ones. Vowels, as the most sonorous, are usually syllabic, and consonants are non-syllabic, but sonorants (r, l, m, n), as the most sonorous of the consonants, can form a syllable. Syllables are divided into open and closed depending on the position of the syllabic sound in them.

An open syllable is one that ends with a syllabic sound: wa-ta. A closed syllable is a syllable that ends with a non-syllable sound: there, bark.

An open syllable is a syllable that begins with a vowel sound: a-orta. A covered syllable is a syllable that begins with a consonant sound: ba-tone.

The basic law of syllable division in Russian.

The structure of a syllable in the Russian language obeys the law of ascending sonority. This means that the sounds in a syllable are arranged from least sonorous to most sonorous.

The law of ascending sonority can be illustrated in the words below, if sonority is conventionally designated by numbers: 3 - vowels, 2 - sonorant consonants, 7 - noisy consonants. Water: 1-3/1-3; boat: 2-3/1-1-3; ma-slo: 2-3/1-2-3; wave: 1-3-2/2-3. In the examples given, the basic law of syllable division is implemented at the beginning of a non-initial syllable.

The initial and final syllables in the Russian language are built according to the same principle of increasing sonority. For example: summer: 2-3/1-3; glass: 1-3/1-2-3.

When combining significant words, the syllable division is usually preserved in the form that is characteristic of each word included in the phrase: us Turkey - us-Tur-tsi-i; nasturtiums (flowers) - na-stur-tsi-i.

A particular pattern of syllable separation at the junction of morphemes is the impossibility of pronouncing, firstly, more than two identical consonants between vowels and, secondly, identical consonants before the third (other) consonant within one syllable. This is more often observed at the junction of a root and a suffix and less often at the junction of a prefix and a root or a preposition and a word. For example: odessite [o/de/sit]; art [i/sku/stvo]; part [ra/become/xia]; from the wall [ste/ny], therefore more often - [so/ste/ny].

2.2 Sounds

Speech sounds, without having their own meaning, are a means of distinguishing words. The study of the distinctive ability of speech sounds is a special aspect of phonetic research and is called phonology.

The phonological, or functional, approach to speech sounds occupies a leading position in the study of language; the study of the acoustic properties of speech sounds (the physical aspect) is closely related to phonology.

To denote sound, when it is considered from the phonological side, the term is used phoneme.

As a rule, the sound shells of words and their forms are different, if you exclude homonyms. Words that have the same sound composition may differ in the place of stress (flour - flour, flour - flour) or the order of occurrence of the same sounds (cat - current). Words can also contain the smallest, further indivisible units of speech sound that independently delimit the sound shells of words and their forms, for example: tank, side, beech; in these words, the sounds [a], [o], [u] distinguish the sound shells of these words and act as phonemes. The words tank and barrel differ in writing, but are pronounced the same [bLchok]: the sound shells of these words do not differ, because the sounds [a] and [o] in the given words appear in the first pre-stressed syllable and are deprived of the distinctive role that they play in in words tank - side. Consequently, the phoneme serves to distinguish the sound envelope of words and their forms. Phonemes do not differentiate the meaning of words and forms, but only their sound shells, indicate differences in meaning, but do not reveal their nature.

The different quality of the sounds [a] and [o] in the words tank - bok and tank - barrel is explained by the different place that these sounds occupy in words in relation to verbal stress. In addition, when pronouncing words, it is possible for one sound to influence the quality of another, and as a result, the qualitative nature of the sound turns out to be determined by the position of the sound - the position after or in front of another sound, between other sounds. In particular, the position in relation to the stressed syllable turns out to be important for the quality of vowel sounds, and the position at the end of the word for consonants. So, in the words rog - roga [rock] - [rLga] the consonant sound [g] (at the end of the word) is deafened and pronounced as [k], and the vowel sound [o] (in the first pre-stressed syllable) sounds like a [L] . Consequently, the quality of the sounds [o] and [g] in these words turns out to be, to one degree or another, dependent on the position of these sounds in the word.

The concept of phoneme presupposes the distinction between independent and dependent features of speech sounds. Independent and dependent features of sounds correlate differently for different sounds and under different phonetic conditions. So, for example, the sound [z] in words created and the section is characterized by two independent characteristics: the method of formation (frictional sound) and the place of formation (dental sound). In addition to independent features, the sound [z] in the word created [created] has one dependent feature - voicing (before the voiced [d]), and in the word section [рЛз"д"ел] - two dependent features, conditioned by the position of the sound: voicing ( before voiced [d]) and softness (before soft dental [d "]). It follows that in some phonetic conditions independent features predominate in sounds, and in others - dependent ones.

Taking into account independent and dependent features clarifies the concept of phoneme. Independent qualities form independent phonemes, which are used in the same (identical) position and distinguish the sound shells of words. Dependent qualities of sound exclude the possibility of using a sound in an identical position and deprive the sound of a distinctive role and therefore do not form independent phonemes, but only varieties of the same phoneme. Consequently, a phoneme is the shortest sound unit, independent in its quality and therefore serving to distinguish the sound shells of words and their forms.

The quality of the vowel sounds [a], [o], [u] in the words bak, bok, beech is not phonetically determined, does not depend on position, and the use of these sounds is identical (between identical consonants, under stress). Therefore, the isolated sounds have a distinctive function and, therefore, are phonemes.

In the words mother, mint, mint [ma*t], m"*at, m"dt"], the stressed sound [a] differs in quality, since it is used not identically, but in various positions(before soft, after soft, between soft consonants). Therefore, the sound [a] in the words mother, mint, mint does not have a direct distinctive function and does not form independent phonemes, but only varieties of the same phoneme<а>.

Degree various functions phonemes are expressed in concepts strong phoneme And weak phoneme.

Strong phonemes appear in the phonetic position in which the largest number of sound units is distinguished, for example, vowels in a position under stress. This phonetic position is called a strong position; stressed vowels are strong phonemes, and their phonetic position is a strong position.

Weak phonemes appear in those positions in which fewer sound units are distinguished. This phonetic position is called a weak position. Thus, in an unstressed position, vowels appear in a smaller number of sound units (cf. the coincidence in the first pre-stressed syllable of the sounds [o] and [a]: val - [vLly], vol - [vLly]). Unstressed vowels are weak phonemes, and their phonetic position is a weak position.

Strong and weak phonemes have different distinctive powers: the distinctive function of phonemes in strong positions has the greatest degree, in weak positions it has a lower degree.

The main type of strong vowel phonemes. The main type of strong vowel phoneme is the variety of this phoneme that is least dependent on phonetic conditions, i.e. being stressed at the beginning of a word before a hard consonant sound (arch, smallpox, ride, from afar, urn).

Varieties of strong vowel phonemes. Strong vowel phonemes, differing under stress, change their quality depending on the position before the consonant and after the consonant of one or another quality, at the absolute beginning and at the absolute end of the word and appear in their different varieties - more anterior or posterior, which are presented in the following table variations of vowel phonemes:

At the beginning of the word	After hard consonants	After soft consonants
(I) not in front of soft ones	(II) before soft	(III) not in front of soft ones	(IV) before soft	(V) not in front of soft ones	(VI) before soft
[A] Oh	[A*] ah	[A] yes, yes	[A] mother*	[A] although they want*	[A] crush
[O] Oh	[O] axis*	[O] then, current	[O] salt*	[O] everything, with everything*	[O] aunt
[e] er	[e] er			[e] not no	[e] stranded
[And] their	[u] Name	[s] we washed	[s] dust*	[And] sleep, sleeping	[u] miles
[y] wow	[y] hive*	[y] that, here	[y] path*	[у] drink, drink*	[y] trousers

A comparison of the variations of strong vowel phonemes (see table) shows that they differ only in the place of formation and that the place of formation of vowel phonemes (a number of vowels) is not a defining feature of the vowel phoneme.

The given diagram of variations of strong vowel phonemes should be supplemented with instructions on the pronunciation of stressed strong phonemes after back-lingual and hard sibilants.

1. After the back linguals (g, k, x), not before soft consonants, the same vowels are pronounced as in position I; Moreover, before [e] and [i] the back-lingual ones appear in their soft varieties: [kak], [kom], [kum], [k"em], [k"it].

2. After the back linguals, before soft consonants, the same vowels are pronounced as in position II, and the back linguals before [e] and [i] appear in their soft variations: [ka*m"n"], [ko*s" t"], [ku*s"t"ik], [k"kp"i], [k"ys"t"].

3. After hard sibilants (zh, sh), before hard and soft consonants, all vowel phonemes, except<е>, change in the same way as in positions III and IV, and the phoneme<е>appears in variation<э>.

Weak vowel phonemes (reduced vowels) of the first prestressed syllable. The quality of weak vowel phonemes turns out to depend, on the one hand, on the position in the unstressed syllable and, on the other hand, on the quality of neighboring consonants. When determining phonetic positions for vowel phonemes of the first pre-stressed syllable, only the quality of the preceding consonant is practically taken into account, which makes it possible to distinguish the following phonetic positions:

I - at the beginning of a word, II - after a paired hard consonant. III - after a soft consonant, IV - after a hard hissing (variants of vowel phonemes).

The system of weak vowel phonemes of the first pre-stressed syllable (varieties of weak phonemes) in comparison with the system of strong vowel phonemes is shown in the following table:

At the beginning of a word (I)	After a paired hard consonant (II)	After a soft consonant (III)	After a hard sizzling (IV)
[? ] [?rba]	[?] [br?la]	[and e] [p "and e so]	[?] [f?ra]
[?] [?button]	[?] [d?bro]	[and e] [m "i e doc]	[?] [sh?f"or]
[s e] [y e tash]	[s e] [shy e hundred*]	[and e] [l "and e juice]	[s e] [shy e stock]
[And] [So]	[s] [pl "it]	[u] [p"ul"it"]	[s] [fat]
[y] [lesson]	[y] [there]	[y] [s"*ud]	[y] [noise "et"]

Variants of vowel phonemes of the second prestressed syllable. In all pre-stressed syllables, except the first, weak vowel phonemes are in a weak position of the second degree. This position has two varieties: I - after a paired hard consonant and II - after a soft consonant. After a hard consonant, vowel phonemes are realized by the sounds [ъ], [ы], [у]; after the soft one - with the sounds [b], [i], [u]. For example: [b] - [burLban], [kalkLla], [y] - [help out"], [y] - [murLv"k], [b] - [ptLchok], [i] - [k "isLta] , [*у] - [l"*experienced].

The system of variants of vowel phonemes of overstressed syllables is presented in the table.

After hard consonants	After soft consonants
In a non-final syllable	In the final syllable	In a non-final syllable	In the final syllable
[s] - [i] [vyzhyt] - (survived) [squeeze] - (squeezed out)	[ы] - [ъ] [naked] - (naked) [golm] - (naked)	[i] - [ъ] [will be] - (wake up) [to be] - (you will)	[i] - [b] [s"yn"im] - (blue) [s"yn"m] - (blue)
		[b] - [b] [kl"dch"m"i] - (nags) [kl"dch"am"i] - (nags)	[b] - [b] [kl"dch"m] - (to the nags) [kl"dch"ъм] - (to the nags)
[y] [body] - (to the body)	[y] [frame] - (frame)	[у] [pLpol"ear] - (pole pole)	[у] [pop"у] - (on the field)

As the table shows, after hard consonants the vowels [ы], [ъ], [у] are distinguished; Moreover, the sounds [ы] and [ъ] are weakly opposed. After soft consonants, the vowels [i], [ъ], [ь], [*у] are distinguished; Moreover, the sounds [i] - [b], [b] - [b] are distinguished by weak demarcation.

The exchange of phonemes, strong and weak, occupying the same position in the morpheme, forms phoneme series. Thus, vowel phonemes identical in place in the morpheme kos- form a phoneme series<о> - <Л> - <ъ>: [braids] - [kLsa] - [kasLr "i], and the consonant phoneme<в>morphemes become - begins the phoneme series<в> - <в"> - <ф> - <ф">: [charters] - [charter "it"] - [charter] - [charter"].

The phoneme series is an essential element of the structure of the language, since the identity of the morpheme is based on it. The composition of phonemes of the same morpheme always corresponds to a certain phoneme series. Inflections of the instrumental case in the words okn-om and garden-om [Lknom] - [sad'm], water-oh and mod-oh [vLdo] - [mod] are pronounced differently. However, these inflections ([-ом] - [-ъм], [-o] - [ъ]) are one and the same morpheme, since phonemes change in their composition<о>And<ъ>, included in one phoneme row.

Conclusion

Thus, the phonetic system of the Russian language consists of significant units of speech:

§ word forms

§ phrases and sentences

for transmission and differentiation, which are served by phonetic means of language:

Ш emphasis

Sh intonation.

Characteristics of the phonetic system of the Russian language. Characteristics of the phonetic system. Articulatory aspect of studying sound units

Table of vowel sounds taking into account reduced ones

Tutoring

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