The jointer is an electric stationary table lifting mechanism. Making a planer with your own hands - drawings of a homemade planer. Self-production of a jointer

Domestic and industrial planers are widely used for woodworking. As well as turning, circular and milling, planing are compulsory equipment of carpentry shops. They are easy to use and reliable. Working with homemade jointers requires accuracy and some skill.

Scope and purpose

Industrial and homemade planing equipment is used for one-sided processing of flat surfaces of wood products. The main field of application of the machines is furniture and woodworking production. Perpendicular surfaces are planed on them, chamfers are selected at the desired slope from the sidewalls. Precision processing is important when assembling furniture, jointing equipment allows you to get a part of a given size. Planers are often used at home in household workshops.

The planer does not allow planing in thickness to size, as well as making parts with parallel surfaces!

Classification of planing machines

According to the number of devices for planing, planing machines can be double-sided or one-sided. All planers are categorized according to the width of the planer, the length of the worktable and the rotational speed of the cutterblock.

Mechanisms are distinguished according to the processed workpiece width:

• 40 cm;
• 50 - 52 cm;
• 60 - 63 cm.

Compact homemade units for the home have a smaller processing width.

According to the length of the working surface, two groups of devices are distinguished:

• with a length less than 250 cm;
• with a length of 250 to 300 cm.

Longer tables can handle larger workpieces. The quality of the planing is also improved.

According to the frequency of torsion of the working shaft, the machines are divided into two categories:

• 4700 - 4800 rpm;
• 5000 rpm.

Industrial motors can run at speeds up to 12,000 rpm.

Jointing machine device

The structure consists of the main elements:

• working surface;
• bed;
• guide;
• shaft of knives;
• circular fence.

The work surface consists of two plates: back and front. The back plate is level with the top of the cutter blades. The level of the front is set lower as much as the material is removed during processing. Typically, the level difference is no more than 1.5 millimeters. This is enough to properly process the surface of the part in two steps.

Plates are made of cast iron, and stiffeners are provided to make the table more stable. The edges of the slabs are covered with steel plates to protect them from destruction. They are also chip breakers.

The knife shaft is located between the two plates, the cutters are attached to the shaft. For high-quality processing, it is necessary to select the same cutters. As a rule, single-edged knives are used, which can be sharpened. Double-edged cutters are thrown away after severe bluntness and replaced with new ones, it is impossible to sharpen them. Typically, household workshop machines are equipped with HSS cutters. Carbide cutters are used to cut dense woods or pressed panels.

The guide is fixed with bolts in the holes provided. The ruler can move laterally depending on the size of the part.

The circular fence is installed on the front of the slab; it fits tightly to the guide due to the spring. The guard covers the cutterblock. The movement from the motor to the knife shaft is transmitted by means of a belt drive.

The optimal size of wood parts for processing on a planer machine is from 100 to 150 cm. Too long parts hang down and create inconvenience when working at home, and short ones are dangerous.

Setting and selecting a mode

Before starting work, you need to calculate the thickness of the material to be cut and the speed of movement of the workpiece (for equipment with an automatic feeder). The size of the layer depends on the initial state of the tree and is determined empirically. For this, several (no more than five) workpieces are processed. If unworked areas remain on the surface, the slab is lowered slightly. If the workpiece is warped by more than 2.5 mm, machining is carried out in two stages.

When the height of the slabs is set, measure the gap between the edge of the cutters and the jaws of the slabs, which should be 2 to 3 millimeters. To determine the gap, a calibrated plate is used, which should be inserted into the slot easily, but without slots. If the gap exceeds 3 mm, the part is covered with tears; if the gap is less than 2 mm, the cutter is destroyed.

In addition to setting the slabs in height, it is also necessary to determine the location of the guide. When cutting wood blocks, the gap between the ruler and the left edge of the knife shaft should be slightly larger than the width of the block. Gradually, the knives become dull and the guide moves to the right, involving other parts of the cutters in the work. The ruler moves across the tabletop on a rack and pinion operated by a flywheel. To make a corner chamfer at the edge, the guide is set using a template or square and secured with a screw.

Automatic feeders regulate the supply of parts without stoppers, with low pressure. When processing the edges, they are placed parallel to the ruler.

The correctness of the planing equipment settings is determined empirically. Permitted errors are:

• along the plane, no more than 0.15 millimeters per meter;
• perpendicular - no more than 0.1 millimeter per 10 cm.

The principle of work on a planer machine

One person is enough to work on the one-sided planer equipment at home. He examines the state of the workpiece, places it with a convex plane up on the front plate. With two hands, presses against the ruler and guides it to the cutters. Further, the already planted side with his left hand presses against the surface of the back plate. The master examines the processed workpiece: if it is not sufficiently planed, it is sent to the knives. It is advisable to avoid machining very warped workpieces, as too thick layers of chips are removed. The remaining workpiece may be unacceptably thin.

When processing two perpendicular planes, the first one is large in area. Then it is applied to the guide and the second is planed. The double-sided machine allows processing both sides at the same time.

• If during processing on the plane there are "arson" or "mossiness" - it's time to sharpen the cutters;
• When working with parts shorter than 40 cm and already 3 cm, they are held only by special pushers, and parts of complex shape with templates;
• If the planed plane is curved or impeller-shaped, check the level of the worktop plates and the knife shaft.

Do-it-yourself planer

homemade machine - side view

The frame of a small desktop machine for the home can be made from a metal rectangular pipe. A more powerful homemade design will turn out from a 40 mm corner. The bed width depends on the size of the knives and the planned planing width.

From one end, two guides are welded to the frame, the upper edges of which coincide with the surface of the bed. In the middle of the bed, a knife shaft mounted on a pair of ball bearings is attached to bolts screwed into the holes prepared in advance.

Work surfaces for a desktop machine for a home are made of thick plywood laid on bars. And to regulate their level, self-made overhead bolted connections are provided. Four connections for each plate: a pair in the front and a pair in the back. From below, a vertical bar with a hole is attached to each part of the tabletop. A long threaded pin is threaded through the bar and the upper horizontal of the bed, with the help of which the position of the tabletop changes relative to the knife shaft.

There is another option for homemade fastening of the working surface: grooves (4 pcs.) Are made in the bed, the same number of holes in the movable tabletop, into which the heads of the threaded studs are inserted. By tightening the nuts and moving the pins in the grooves, the distance between the knife shaft and the edge of the tabletop is changed.

The back plate is fixed and adjusted in height to the knife shaft. A board or chipboard of a suitable size can serve as a ruler.

When choosing a motor, one should proceed from the nature of the use of the future machine. For domestic needs, a power of 750 W is enough, but a motor with a power of at least 1.5 kilowatts will cope with more serious tasks.

A few more options for homemade jointers:

Factory model overview

W0108


W0100

 13.02.2017

 Administrator Chief

Design of planing machines

On one-sided planing machines, one of the workpiece planes (usually a face) is aligned or, in two transitions, two workpiece planes are aligned. The working body is a horizontal knife shaft, on which two, less often four legs are installed. The machines are designed for processing workpieces and panels up to 600 mm wide.

A diagram of a one-sided planer machine is shown in Fig. 130 The machine bed is cast, box-type. The machine has front and back tables, a guide fence. The guide fence is cast, with well-machined support and vertical planes. Fix it to the machine with a bracket.

A knife shaft is mounted horizontally on the bed in ball bearings. The shaft is closed by a fan-shaped guard hinged on the machine. Thanks to the spiral spring, the guard is pressed against the guide fence, completely covering the knife shaft.

Each table is mounted on two eccentric rollers movably fixed in a slide, separate for each table. The slide is bolted to the frame. Eccentric rollers allow to move the tables in height, slide-to bring the tables closer or away from the knife shaft.

Rice. 1. Schematic diagram of a one-sided planer machine: 1 - rear table, 2, 15 - eccentric rollers, 3 - thrust. 4 - bracket, 6 - nut, 6 - knife shaft, 7 - fan guard, 8 - bracket for fastening the guide fence, 9, 11 - screws, 10 - rod, 12 - guide fence, 13 - front table, 14 - mechanism handle lifting and lowering the front table, 16 - slide, 17 - place of installation of the push-button station, 18 - hand brake levers, 19 - cutter shaft lock, 20 - bed, 21 - electric motor, 22 - hand brake cover

The horizontal position of the tables during lifting and lowering is maintained due to the pairwise connection of the eccentric rollers in the rods-screws 3. The front table is lowered and raised by moving the handle in the plane of the sector with divisions; the position of the rear table in height is adjusted by changing the position of the screw rod with nuts.

The starting equipment of the electric drive is mounted in the bed. A special device can be provided for sharpening and planing knives directly on the knife shaft.

Double-sided planing machines have a second working body - a vertical spindle, which allows you to simultaneously process two surfaces of workpieces (face and edge) on them with the formation of a right angle between them.

In addition, they differ from single-sided planer machines by the presence of an integral guide fence. The machines are equipped with automatic feeders, depending on the design of which, for height change, they are adjusted with a handwheel.

Rice. 2. Double sided planer S2F4-1: 1 - bed, 2 - rear table, 3 - handwheel of the mechanism for raising and lowering the auto-lifter, 4 - automatic feeder, 5 - guide fence, 6 - front table, 7 - handle of the table height adjustment mechanism, 8 - control panel

Rice. 3. Diagram of the vertical spindle and the integral guide of the ruler of the double-sided planer machine: 1 - fixed part of the ruler, 2 - fixing screw, 3 - bracket, 4 - stand, 5 - V-belt transmission, 6 - electric motor, 7 - screw for tensioning the belt, 8 - plate for fixing the electric motor, 9 - handle for installing the bracket, 10 - eccentric for installing the movable part of the ruler, 11 - movable part of the ruler, 12 - knife head, 13 - spindle When changing the cutting tool, the automatic feeder is retracted to the side. An electromechanical brake interlocked with the "Stop" button of the machine is provided for braking the knife shaft. The spindle (fig. 3) is fixed with a bracket on a fixed post. The electric motor is connected to the spindle through a V-belt transmission. The spindle rotates at a frequency of up to 7000 rpm, the cutting circle diameter is 104 mm. A knife head is located on the spindle. The guide fence is composite: its main part is stationary, the movable part is moved in the horizontal plane by turning the eccentric. With a full turn of the eccentric, the movable part of the ruler moves relative to the fixed part by 2 mm. Selecting the operating mode First of all, it is necessary to determine the thickness of the removed layer of wood, and if the machine is equipped with an automatic feeder, then the feed rate. The thickness of the removed layer depends on the warping of the workpieces, the value of which is determined by trial processing of 3-5 workpieces. If the processed workpieces have rough spots, the front table is lowered to the required amount. If the amount of warping is more than 2-3 mm, the jointing is carried out in two passes.

Rice. 14. Surface machined by milling: a - general view, b - surface with the trajectory of the cutting edge of the cutter Knowing the amount of feed per knife, the cutting radius, the number of knives and the frequency of rotation of the knife shaft, it is possible to calculate the numerical value of the size of irregularities and this is the class of roughness processing and, conversely, for a given class of surface roughness, determine the permissible feed rate. Setting up machines Setting up one-sided planing machines consists in setting the rear and front tables in height, as well as a guide fence. The working surface of the back table should coincide with the horizontal tangent to the cylindrical cutting surface or be 0.02-0.03 mm below it. In this position, the kinematic irregularities do not rest against the table jaw. To set the table to the desired position, take a properly processed hardwood block, place it firmly on the table and turn the knife shaft by hand. If at the same time the knives lightly touch the bar, then the table is installed correctly, the bar lies on the knife - the table must be raised. Raise the table by moving the nut with a wrench along the pull screw connecting the eccentric rollers of the rear table. Set up the back table after each change of knives and their regrinding and planing directly on the shaft. The position of the front table relative to the back one depends on the thickness of the removed layer of wood, which should not exceed 2 mm. It is determined by the distance from the working plane of the front table to the horizontal tangent to the cylindrical cutting circle. The table is moved in height with a handle, setting it against the corresponding division marked on the sector. The design of the table movement mechanism allows you to quickly raise and lower the table by moving the handle, which is used for longitudinal milling of warped workpieces. Having adjusted the tables in height, check the distance between the jaws of the tables and the cutting edges of the knives. It should be within 2-3 mm. Measure it with a calibrated plate of appropriate thickness. The plate should easily, but without play, enter the gap between the sponge and the knife blade. At a distance of more than 3 mm, tears are obtained on the workpiece, less than 2 mm - the cutting edge of the knife crumbles. Adjust the amount of clearance by turning the shaft until the knife is against the sponge. By unscrewing the screws, the slide with the eccentric rollers is moved until a gap of 2-3 mm is obtained along the entire length of the knife shaft. After that, the slide is securely fixed. When planing slabs, the distance between the guide fence and the left end of the cutterblock should be slightly larger than the width of the workpiece to be machined. As the knives become dull, the ruler is gradually moved to the right in order to ensure that the non-dull sections of the knives participate in the work. The guide fence is moved across the table by a rack and pinion mechanism driven by a handwheel. For longitudinal milling of the edge of the part at an angle to the face (usually 90 °), the guide fence is installed using a metal square or (at an angle other than a straight line) an appropriate template. For this, the control square (template) is installed on the rear table of the machine. The gap between the flange of the template square and the surface of the guide fence should not exceed 0.05 mm over a length of 1001 mm. The guide fence, set at a certain angle, is fixed with a screw. When setting up double-sided planers, the tables and the fixed part of the guide fence (above the rear table) are set in the same way as in single-sided planers. The plane of the movable part of the guide fence (above the front table) should be spaced from the plane of the fixed part of the guide fence by the thickness of the wood layer removed from the edge of the workpiece. It is set to the desired position by turning the eccentric handle, which moves along the hob, which has the shape of a semicircle. If the handle is in the middle of a semicircle, will the ruler take a position at which the thickness of the cut off layer of wood will be equal to 1 mm? if the handle is at 1/4 of the semicircle - 0.5 mm, etc. The tangent to the cylindrical cutting surface of the knives of the head installed on the vertical spindle must coincide with the plane of the fixed part of the guide fence or be 0.01-0 away from it , 02 mm. To install the head, a block with adjusted planes is pressed against the fixed part of the ruler and the bracket that carries the head is rotated until the knife head takes a position in which the cutting edges of the knives will lightly touch the bar. In this position, the head is fixed by tightening the bracket retaining screw. Both automatic feeders and conveyor feeders are set to feed workpieces of a certain thickness. The workpieces should be fed without "slipping" and with little pressure on them from spring-loaded rollers, chains or claws. The supply of workpieces also depends on the location of the ADFs. When processing layers, it is better to install the automatic feeder behind the knife shaft (at a distance of 30-40 mm), when processing thick workpieces, the feeding organs can be located above the front table. The automatic feeder is installed at a slight angle to the guide fence, which ensures that the workpiece is pressed against it. Automatic feeders are also used on single-sided planing machines. To plan the edges of the workpieces, they are installed parallel to the guide fence, in this position, the organs of the automatic feeder press the workpiece against the guide fence and the machine table. The setting is checked by trial jointing. The deviation from the plane should not exceed 0.15 mm at a length of 1000 mm and from perpendicularity - 0.1 mm at a length of 100 mm. Work on machines One worker works on a one-sided planer and two on a two-sided planer. The machine operator takes the workpiece from the stack, inspects it and places it concave side down on the front table. Pressing the workpiece against the guide fence with both hands, feeds it onto the knives. Further, when moving the workpiece with his left hand, he presses the machined part of the workpiece to the plane of the back table. After the next pass, the machine operator inspects the workpiece again and either puts it in a pile, or, in case of a problem, sends it back to the machine. Workpieces with a strongly warped surface should not be planed, since the chips have to be removed in several passes and the thickness of the workpieces as a result of such processing is reduced to a size at which they are rejected.

Rice. 5. A device for feeding short workpieces to the cutting tool: 1 - workpiece, 2 - pusher. second surface (edge). On a double-sided planer, this operation is performed in one pass. On a planer machine, you cannot mill to size in thickness or get workpieces with parallel planes. This is done on other machines, for example thicknessing machines. The optimum length of parts processed on planing machines is 1-1.5 m; shorter workpieces should be milled using a special tool (Fig. 5); longer planes are inconvenient and difficult because of the large mass. If the machined surface will have curvature or wing-ness, it is necessary to align the tables with the knife shaft. When "beating" the workpiece with knives, the appearance of mossiness and arson on the treated surface, the knives should be sharpened; if two adjacent planes are not at right angles, you need to adjust the guide ruler. Workpieces shorter than 400 mm, 50 mm and thinner than 30 mm with manual feed can only be guided to the cutting tool by pushers, and curved workpieces - with templates. It is forbidden to perform profile longitudinal milling and quarter cut on planing machines. - Design of jointing machines. Jointing machines are distinguished by the largest width of the workpiece being processed: 250 mm (SFZ-Z, SFAZ-1, S2FZ-E), 400 mm (SF4-1, SF4, S2F4-1) and 630 mm (SF6-1, SF6). According to the number of cutting mechanisms, there are single-sided and double-sided machines. On double-sided machines (S2FZ-E, S2F4-1), two surfaces of the workpiece are milled simultaneously: the face and the edge. According to the type of feed of the processed material, planing machines with manual and mechanized feed are distinguished. Mechanized feeding is carried out by attached automatic feeders (SFAZ-1, SFA4-1) or a conveyor feed mechanism built into the machine (SFK6-1). To collect and remove chips and dust, the machines are equipped with chip receivers connected to the factory exhaust network. Single-spindle planer SF6 is shown in Fig. 1. A knife shaft, front and rear tables and a guide fence are mounted on a box-shaped bed. The knife shaft is mounted on ball bearings and is driven by an electric motor through a V-belt transmission. The electric motor is located on a sub-motor plate inside the bed. For a quick stop of the cutterblock, there is an electromagnetically operated brake.

Rice. 1. Single-spindle planer SF6: 1 - bed, 2.8 - tables, 3 - guard, 4 - guide fence, 5 - knife shaft, 6 - clamps, guide fence fasteners, 7 - bracket, 9 - scale, 10 - handle table height adjustment To change the thickness of the removed layer, the front table can be moved in height relative to the cutter shaft. The back table is designed to accurately locate the machined surface of the part. It is made unregulated, i.e. rigidly attached to the bed, or adjustable in height. In the presence of an adjustment mechanism, it is easier to set up the machine. The guide fence is designed for precise lateral positioning of the workpiece. It is designed as a narrow slab and is mounted on a bracket. It can be tilted to the working surface of the table and moved across the width of the machine. The working area of ​​the cutterblock is closed with a fan guard. The double-sided planer with horizontal and vertical spindles S2FZ-2 is designed for simultaneous milling of the face and edge of the workpiece. In contrast to the single-sided planer, it is additionally equipped with a vertical planer head, front and rear guide rails. The front ruler can be adjusted relative to the head for the thickness of the removed layer. The edge-cutting head is driven in rotation by an individual electric motor mounted on a bracket at the back of the bed. The processed material is fed by rotating rollers of the automatic feeder. The planer with built-in conveyor СФК6-1 has a conveyor feed mechanism. It is made in the form of an endless chain, put on sprockets, one of which is drive. Spring-loaded pointed metal grips are attached to the chain links for a secure grip on the workpiece. The feed mechanism is installed on two racks and can be moved in height from a separate electric motor through a helical and worm gear. Adjustment of machine tools. The adjustment includes the installation of knives in the knife shaft, adjustment of the position of the tables, the guide fence and the feed mechanism. Properly prepared knives must be installed in the cutterblock. They need to be sharpened, balanced and balanced. Before installing the knives in the knife shaft, you must: turn off the input switch; turn the automatic feeder to the inoperative position or raise the support of the conveyor feed mechanism; move the guide ruler to the extreme right position; lower the front table to the extreme position; fix the cutter shaft with a locking device; loosen the screws securing the knives and remove the dull knives; clean the grooves in the housing and wedges from shavings, dust and resin; install prepared knives. The knife is installed in the knife shaft so that its cutting edge protrudes beyond the edge of the clamping wedge (chip breaker) by 1.5 ... 2 mm with a thickness of the cut layer (chips) of more than 0.2 mm and 0.5 ... 1 mm - with a chip thickness less 0.2 mm. The non-parallelism of the cutting edge of the installed knife of the working surface of the back table should be no more than 0.1 mm over a length of 1000 mm. To achieve the required accuracy of the installation, control and installation devices are used (Fig. 2). The accuracy of the installation is controlled with a ruler or a wooden block with a section of 30 X 50 mm and a length of 400 mm. The bar is placed on the rear table of the machine to the end of the knife shaft (Fig. 2, a). The shaft is turned by hand and, by loosening the mounting screws, the position of the knife is changed so that the cutting edge touches the bar. The fastening screw closest to the bar is slightly tightened. Relocating the bar, check the position of the other end of the knife. Adjust the position of the knife so that its edge along the entire length is located equally relative to the bar. The following knives are also adjusted. The adjusted knives are finally fixed with screws. No gap between knives and body jaws is allowed. The quality of the installation of the knives is controlled by the force of turning the knife shaft manually and by the sound that occurs when the knife comes into contact with the working surface of the template. In some cases, to achieve installation accuracy, a template made in the form of a C-shaped bracket is used (Fig. 79.6). The bracket is equipped with locating supports, with which it is installed on the cutter shaft housing. The template is pre-configured. Using the screw, adjust the base stop to ensure the optimal protrusion of the knife relative to the body. When setting up, the cutting edge of each knife is brought in until it touches the base stop. Moving the bracket along the cutter shaft, the blades are parallelized to the shaft body. A device with an indicator (Fig. 2, c) has a body with precisely ground plates, in which a dial indicator is fixed. The device is installed on the back table so that the stop touches the cutting edge of the knife. The position of the knife in the body is adjusted using the indicator scale. The device allows you to achieve the installation of knives on one cutting circle with an error of up to 0.02 mm while ensuring parallelism and the necessary release of knives relative to the working surface of the rear table. After the final tightening of the spacer bolts, the knives may misalign. Therefore, you should once again check the correctness of their installation, turn the shaft idle and make sure that the knives are securely fastened. The rear table is installed so that its working surface is tangent to the circle described by the cutting edges of the knives, or 0.02 ... 0.03 mm below it (Fig. 3, a). If, when adjusting the knife shaft, a verified template (control ruler) is used, then the knives will be installed tangentially. If, during adjustment, a control and installation device is used, basing it on the cylindrical surface of the knife shaft body, it is necessary to adjust the position of the rear table in height. The table is adjusted by turning the eccentric rollers through the thrust screws 2 with the nut 3, and the accuracy of the installation is controlled with a verified template or an indicator device.

Rice. 2. Alignment of knives in the knife shaft of a planer machine: a - a control ruler or a wooden block, b - a template, c - a device with an indicator; 1 - bar, 2 - table, 3 - knife shaft, 4 - stop, 5 - bracket, 6 - locknut, 7 - screw, 8 - body, 9 - indicator the cutterblock was slightly wider than the workpiece width. As the knives become dull, the ruler is moved to the right and the parts are processed with that part of the knife shaft on which the knives have not yet become dull. When processing parts with non-perpendicular adjacent surfaces, the guide fence is positioned so that the angle between its working surface and the knife shaft is obtuse. The ruler guides of the double-sided planer have the same function as the front and rear tables. The rulers are adjusted relative to the edge-forming head with a handle, and the size of the layer to be removed is set according to a scale fixed on the bed. The automatic feeder or conveyor feed mechanism is adjusted in height (Fig. 3, b) with a handwheel, depending on the thickness of the workpieces being processed. The distance from the working surface of the front table to the feed rollers (conveyor fingers) should be 2 ... 3 mm less than the thickness of the workpiece. The automatic feeder is positioned above the cutter shaft so that the first feed roller is above the front table at a distance of 50 ... 60 mm from the cutter shaft, and the other rollers are above the rear table. The automatic feeder is oriented relative to the guide bar so that the rollers are not parallel to the axis of the cutter shaft (angle 1 ... 30), for which the automatic feeder is rotated about the vertical axis. This arrangement of the feed rollers allows the workpiece to be pressed against the guide fence and improves the conditions for its positioning. The pressure of the feeding elements on the workpiece must be sufficient for feeding without slipping. Excessive pressure causes increased wear on the ADF mechanisms and deformation of the part in the area of ​​the cutter shaft.

Rice. 3. Adjustment of the jointing machine: a - setting up tables, b - installing an automatic feeder; 1 - rear table, 2 - thrust screws, 3 - nut, 4 - knife shaft, 5 - front table, 6 - knob for adjusting the thickness of the removed layer, 7 - scale, 8 - eccentric roller, 9 - rods The front table is set so, so that its working surface is below the upper generatrix of the circle described by the cutting edges of the knives. The amount of knives protrusion relative to the front table determines the thickness of the layer to be removed. Since the thickness of the largest layer depends on the degree of warping of the workpiece, the table is adjusted in height before starting the processing of each workpiece. Rotating the eccentric rollers through the rods, the handle 6 raises or lowers the table. The amount of lift is controlled on a scale. Work on jointing machines (jointers). A hand-fed planer for small workpieces is served by one worker. The machine operator takes a workpiece from a stack, visually evaluates the convex and concave edges of the workpiece and places it with a concave surface on the front table. Severely warped and defective workpieces should be discarded.Pressing the workpiece to the side of the table and the guide fence with your left hand, right hand feed it onto the knife shaft. When moving, the front end of the workpiece pushes back the fan guard and thus provides access to the rotating knives. After machining the front end of the workpiece, press the machined part tightly against the plane of the back table with your left hand and continue feeding. When feeding, carefully monitor the position of your hands in relation to the cutter shaft and keep them at a safe distance. When processing small parts, there is an increased risk of injury, therefore, workpieces shorter than 400, already 50 and thinner than 30 mm are fed into the machine only with a special pusher (Fig. 81). After each pass, the machine operator evaluates the quality of the machining and, if the surface is not smooth, re-joins it. If the part needs to align two surfaces, then first the face is milled, and then the edge, pressing the part with the previously processed surface to the guide ruler. On double-sided machines, these operations are performed in one pass. When processing massive and large-sized parts, the machine is serviced by two workers. The machine operator bases and feeds the workpiece, and the second worker, being behind the machine, helps in the final stage of processing, accepts the finished part and puts it in a stack. If necessary, additional roller tables are installed in front and behind the machine. The manual feed rate on the machine is selected individually for each workpiece, depending on defects and the required milling depth. Reduce the speed for counter-beveling and milling against grain. The milling depth depends on the machining allowance and the size of the defects.

Rice. 4. Scheme of processing small parts using a pusher

Stock removal in one pass usually does not allow obtaining the required machining quality. The best effect is achieved in two or more passes at a shallow milling depth, since in this case the deformation of the part is reduced under the action of pressing forces and internal stresses in the workpiece material.

In machine tools with a mechanized feed, the feed rate is selected according to the schedule from the condition of the maximum load of the cutting electric motor and ensuring the specified surface roughness.

The resulting parts must be checked for accuracy. Applying the processed surfaces one part to another, visually, by the size of the gap between them, the value of the processing error is judged. In addition, the flatness of the machined surface can be checked with a straight edge and a feeler gauge. The deviation from the plane should not exceed 0.15 mm over a length of 1000 mm. Adjacent machined surfaces must be mutually perpendicular. The allowed deviation is 0.1 mm at a height of 100 mm. The perpendicularity is checked with a checking square and a probe. The roughness of the treated surface should be 60 ... 100 microns. If the parts do not meet the specified requirements, the machine should be adjusted.

Video of work of the second-hand SF4-1 jointing machine after repair in LLC "NEVASTANKOMASH"

Video of the second-hand planer S2F4-1 after repair in LLC "NEVASTANKOMASH"

Video of work of a second-hand SF4 jointing machine with an automatic feeder after repair in LLC "NEVASTANKOMASH"

Making a jointer with your own hands, if you have at least basic knowledge about the structure of this tool, is not difficult at all. The task is greatly simplified if you have an old electric planer in your arsenal - it will become the main component of a home planer machine.

The jointer is widely used in wood processing - with its help it is easy to make the surface smooth, get rid of irregularities and roughness, and give the lumber a neat look. With such a multifunctional tool at hand, you will significantly expand your possibilities in the field of woodworking. With a jointer, it is easy to collect furniture with your own hands, to make lining or parquet.

The purpose of the jointer

Working with wood can be not only a pleasant hobby, but also an opportunity to provide all the necessary interior items. In the presence of specialized tools, homemade furniture in quality and appearance will not differ much from analogs of factory production. The planer is one of such tools, it makes it possible to make the surface of the wood perfectly flat, to prepare it for gluing, varnishing or applying a decorative pattern.

A jointer, or planer, is a tool for finishing sawn timber of great length and width. Processing is carried out by removing a small (1-2 mm) layer of material using a rotating shaft, in which sharp blades of hardened metal are mounted.

The principle of operation of the jointer is identical to that of the planer, with the difference that the jointer is fixed in place, and the material being processed itself moves. The extended length of the fixture allows it to be used to give a beautiful look to wide flat surfaces

Selection of components for the jointer

In order to assemble a planer from an electric plane, it is not at all necessary to disassemble new instrument... A plane that was previously used for its intended purpose is quite suitable. The disadvantage of some modern models of such devices is that their plastic case looses over time, cracks and chips appear on it. It becomes unsafe to work with such a plane, but it fully meets the requirements for creating a planer machine. All you need to do is turn the plane over and, in this form, fix it in a previously prepared workbench.

The choice of an electric plane model is one of the important points when assembling a machine. Most of the models have a planing width of 82 mm, which is quite suitable for home use. More expensive and powerful planers are equipped with a 100 or 110 mm shaft. In the latter case, such parameters allow you to drive boards and beams 10 cm wide through the tool, without leaving untreated areas.

It is worth paying attention to the additional functions of the electric planer: some models are already equipped from the factory with special devices that allow you to turn the tool into a full-fledged planer machine. Such a plane can be fixed with the sole upwards, while the safety of work is ensured by a spring-loaded protective casing.

If there is a need to process materials whose width exceeds 110 mm, then it will be very inconvenient to do this with an electric planer, since the board will have to be driven several times, which increases the time required and reduces the accuracy of the work. In this case, it is worth considering the possibility of assembling a powerful jointer, the main components of which will be a separate shaft and a powerful electric motor. Although the cost of a shaft is often more than half the price of all materials, having such a tool in your arsenal, you will no longer be limited in your possibilities regarding woodworking.

The planing width of a full-fledged jointer equipped with a shaft is in the range from 25 to 85 cm and more, but at the same time it is necessary to take into account the fact that an increase in this parameter entails an increase in the energy consumption of the engine.

The optimum engine power depends on several parameters:

• shaft width;
• number of knives;
• the width of the processed timber.

The dependence is direct: the more important the listed parameters are, the higher the engine power should be. For home machines, motors for 1.5-2 kW have proven themselves well. The shaft rotation speed of such machines is 4-4.5 thousand revolutions per minute, the width of the processed material is 25-40 cm.

Assembling the jointer

The jointer assembly is carried out in several stages. First, you need to assemble the body of the workbench, into which the electric plane will subsequently be mounted. The body looks like an ordinary wooden box without a bottom. From above it is covered with a thick sheet of plywood, in which a hole is cut to install the planer. Plywood will bear the weight of the tool, and to work with the material, it must be covered with two more sheets, the thickness of which will differ by 1-2 mm. They are installed on the right and left sides of the planer. In this case, thin plywood plays the role of the feeding table, and thick plywood - the receiving table.

The principle of interaction between the feeding and receiving tables is extremely simple: the lumber, moving along one half of the workbench, reaches the plane, while a layer of shavings with a thickness of 1-2 mm is removed from it. Already processed wood with one end falls on the receiving part of the table, where it takes a stable position, thereby allowing the rest of the board to pass over the plane. In addition to the support function, this ensures a reduction in vibration and makes it possible to provide a reliable stop during operation.

It is a little more difficult to assemble a planer with a shaft, but with experience it will also not take much time. Such a machine consists of similar parts - a body, a feeding and receiving table, a compartment for collecting chips. Not superfluous in such a model of a home-made device would be a speed reducer, which will reduce the speed of rotation of the shaft to pass problem areas - significant irregularities, knots, etc. Great importance has the calculation and exact fit of all elements of the body to each other, ensuring reliable engine attachment and perfect alignment of the work tables.

Safety measures at work

The jointer, due to a combination of dangerous factors - high shaft rotation speed and the presence of sharp blades, refers to potentially traumatic equipment. Working with it involves strict adherence to a number of safety rules. This is especially true of self-made tools: incorrect calculation of the elements that make up them often leads to fatal consequences. To avoid problems in working with a planer machine, you need to adhere to the following requirements:

1. Wait until the shaft reaches maximum speed before starting work.
2. Under no circumstances should the working tool be inspected, lubricated or cleaned from chips during operation. To do this, you need to stop the machine, de-energize it and only then proceed with maintenance.
3. When processing small parts, the length of which does not exceed 40 cm, and the width is 5 cm, a special vertical stop should be used. It looks like a thick board that is fixedly attached to the feed work table.
4. To increase the safety of work, the jointer shaft can be equipped with a special protective flap. With the forward movement of the material, it moves away, and after the end of processing it returns to the starting position using a system of springs. In this case, the blades of the shaft remain closed from accidental contact.
5. Lighting is of great importance - all work must be carried out under the light of a powerful lamp, or on the street.

What do you need to make a homemade jointer with your own hands? First you need to decide on the varieties of this tool.

The jointer is of three types.

1. The first is a manual one, reminiscent of an elongated plane.
2. The second is an electric planer, which looks like a circular saw with a horizontal knife.
3. And the third is a planer.

Its main parts are statin and jointing shaft.

How to make a jointer with your own hands?

The proposed jointer option will allow you to easily process workpieces with a length of more than 60 cm. The basis of this woodworking machine is manual electric planer Russian-made - Interskol.

The power tool has been slightly modified. For example, native soles were removed. And in addition, holes are cut in the plastic case for an easier exit of the shavings from the planer.

To create a jointer, you need a table to which an electric plane will be attached from below. The base of the machine tabletop is made of two corners soldered to each other. The total length of the working surface is 130 cm.

The photo shows the holes through which the plane will subsequently be attached.

1) For accurate and high-quality wood processing, an emphasis is required. It should be welded perpendicularly to the work surface. The same stop is welded on the other side.

2) Then the guide can be screwed onto the welded stops. Planks can be used as a guide. In our case, this is a piece of chipboard.

A very important point is that the serving and receiving parts of the table are at different levels. Or rather, the entire feeding part is 1 mm lower. This difference allows you to cut a 1 mm layer from the workpiece. The feeding and receiving parts are interconnected by two parts on the sides. The connecting parts in our case are a cut channel.

The table is assembled together by welding with electrodes. The electrodes were used 2.5 mm so as not to burn through the metal. Welding was carried out by spot, tacks.

The machine stands on 3 legs. On the one hand, there are two thin legs made of metal pipes, and on the other side, the leg is thicker. To answer the question why exactly 3 legs, you need to remember the geometry. After all, a plane can be drawn through any three points. The three-legged machine will stand firmly even on uneven floors, while the four-legged machine will wobble in this case.

And so that the entire machine does not fall apart, two diagonals were welded metal pipes... This increased the strength of the structure.

After the table is assembled and ready, you can start attaching the power tool. Standard mounting screws are used as connecting elements. They attached their own sole, and the ribbed is attached at the bottom. For a tighter fit, an expansion pad can be used. The photo clearly shows that the spacer adds thickness.

Leaning the plane against the bottom and aligning the bolts with the holes, you can tighten the mounting bolts. They should be wrapped securely. So that the plane does not fall off later. Now you can turn on the assembled homemade jointer and feel free to work on it.

Video: homemade jointer.

Video: second part.

Video: third part.

1. Machine design
2. Step-by-step instruction
3. Alternative option

Jointing is one of the methods of finishing wood. Boards, beams acquire a smooth, polished surface. The jointer has a simpler design than the thicknessing counterpart. The installation is easy to assemble on your own from the improvised devices.

Machine design

The jointer is equipped with a table. The table has a technological hole, a knife shaft is placed in it, which functions from an electric drive. During the planing process, the lumber is fed onto the shaft using a roller mechanism. Support elements for the workpiece can be tilted at the required angle. The thickness of the board is adjusted by the table top by feeding it up and down.

The cutter shaft can be single-sided or double-sided design... In the first case, one plane of the board is processed. A double-sided shaft allows you to plan a tree from both sides at the same time. There is equipment with four knives providing four-sided grinding. These samples are most often installed in large woodworking enterprises. The finish depends on the diameter of the cutterblock. The larger it is, the higher the quality of the grinding.

Two types of knives can be installed on a homemade planer machine:

• Single-edged. Subject to periodic sharpening.
• Double-edged, disposable. When abraded, they are replaced with new ones.

Jointers differ in the frequency of rotation of the shaft, the length of the table top, and the width of the planing of sawn timber. The surface of the tabletop is divided into two transverse segments, with the front part being positioned below the rear to regulate the thickness of the removed layer of wood. The optimum cutting thickness is 0.5 cm. If more removal is required, several cycles must be carried out.

For stability, improving the bearing characteristics, the jointer frame is made of cast iron, the frame is supplemented with steel plates. The knife shaft is fixed between the two halves of the table top. For convenience, the table is supplied with guide rulers.

How to make a jointer tool

The jointer has a simple design, it can be made in a few hours: the process does not require special skills and knowledge. An electric planer is useful in joinery, but in terms of the quality of wood processing, it is worse than a planer. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the existing sample to achieve a better result.

As the main element of the future equipment, an electric planer with a movable knife protection, which is retractable during jointing, is well suited. It is better if the planer is equipped with knives up.

During the assembly process you will need:

• boards,
• plywood sheet,
• fasteners.

Step-by-step instruction

First you need to make a base from the boards. It should be in the form of a box without a bottom and a lid. The length of the frame will correspond to the length of the work surface.

At the next stage, a sheet of plywood must be laid on top of the box, a technological hole should be formed, a planer platform will be installed in it.

On top of the plywood, two more of the same sheets are laid, serving as the back and front plate. The leaf that the tree will accept when planing must be 2 mm thicker. It is necessary to maintain parallel placement of plywood sheets. This can be verified with a dipstick. Before fixing the panel to the frame, the edge of the material is processed.

The handheld electric planer is slid onto a mount installed with the blades facing up on the bottom plywood.

You will need wood to cut out the mounting lugs. Adjusting bolts will be threaded through these elements, setting the machine knife to a given height relative to its base.

On planer from the electric planer, you need to install a side stop from the remaining plywood... After that, you can start processing lumber.

Alternative option

If you do not plan to work with long workpieces, you can make a compact household device. This circular can be easily completed with special props and turns into a full-fledged machine.

First you need to form a box of thick plywood, wood or MDF. The structure is fixed with wood glue or reinforced with self-tapping screws. The role of the tabletop is played by the platform of the electric plane.

The most complex element with which planer , - side stop... It will move on special grooves. Its fixation is provided by two screws and wing nuts. Side fasteners hold the cutting tool in the box. For convenience, a home electrofuge can be improved by forming an outlet in its design for supplying an industrial vacuum cleaner.

Professional homemade jointer

The figure shows drawings with detailed explanations. An electric motor of 1.5 kW is required, connected to the shaft using a drive belt. The knife shaft can be made by yourself or ordered from a turner.

In the course of work, it is necessary to weld the bed from a metal profile or corner. Then the base plate and the base for the screw are welded to the frame. The side strips are attached with the condition of ensuring free movement of the guides. To do this, you need to form technological gaps.

The lead screw is welded to the machine after it is installed on the support... The equipment must be provided with a front plate consisting of an upper part and a guide rail. They are combined with side elements. The end parts of the surfaces must be made parallel, after which they are carefully sanded.

So that the dimensions of the sidewalls installed on a homemade jointer are the same, they are processed, equipped with holes for studs. After welding the sidewalls and guide elements, the temporary studs are dismantled.

At the last stage, the knife shaft is installed. At the same time, raise the front tabletop to its level so that the edge of the panel is parallel to the axis of the shaft. Rear part the table top must be fixed in a stationary position. The center of gravity of this woodworking machine is high. To reduce the vibration of the jointer, it is recommended to reinforce it additionally.