Where is fresh water used? Sources of fresh water and its use Pollution of surface and groundwater
Instructions
First of all, a person uses water for food: he quenches his thirst with it, and prepares dishes with it. Scientists have found that for the normal physical condition of all human organs, it is necessary to drink 1.5-2 liters of water per day, not counting the juices and other liquids drunk during the day.
Personal hygiene cannot be accomplished without water. Washing requires up to 10 liters of water per person, when using a toilet in a house with forced sewerage - up to 45 liters daily, on average up to 190 liters are allocated.
Owners use water to clean their premises. It is estimated that on average, up to 180-200 liters of water per day are spent on washing dishes, floors, windows, laundry, and watering indoor flowers.
Water is used widely in rural areas and in agriculture. Also, every year during the season, summer residents use large quantities of water to water their gardens.
When extinguishing fires, it is impossible to do without large volumes of water, since water in such cases is used both as a coolant and as an insulating liquid in the foam composition (it does not allow air flow to the open fire).
Water is also used as the main coolant. For this purpose, it is used in heating networks and heating mains. Water is used as ice to cool various catering systems and for medical purposes.
It is difficult to imagine many sports without water, such as swimming, water polo, rowing, hockey, curling, and others. Healthy relaxation also includes the opportunity to visit a bathhouse, sauna, water park, swimming pool, where you can’t do without water.
note
Fresh water occupies only 3% of the total volume of water resources in the world. The largest portion of all fresh water on earth is contained in glaciers in the polar regions.
Within the boundaries of the earth's biosphere, water is the most common substance. It is found in both free and bound states. This liquid is the basis of life on the planet. The remarkable properties of water have become the reason for its widespread use in everyday life, production and many other areas of human activity.
Instructions
Water is not only the source of existence for most living organisms; since ancient times it has been one of those substances without which economic processes cannot operate. Rarely does any technical system operate without the participation of this universal liquid. Water is one of those substances that naturally exists on the planet in all three states of aggregation: liquid, gaseous and solid.
Experts know that the main feature of water is the uniqueness of its properties. Almost all of these characteristics are anomalous from a scientific point of view. Water easily changes its state, for example, moving from the liquid phase to the solid or gaseous phase. This liquid is sensitive to magnetic fields and is capable of conducting electricity.
One of the main properties of water is that it increases its volume by about 9%. If this process takes place in a confined space, colossal forces develop, which are successfully used in technical devices, for example, in ice jacks or cold welding machines. This property allows you to develop significant pressure in a small space.
The most common liquid on the planet also has high thermal conductivity, becoming a kind of thermal energy accumulator. There are original heating systems that use this property. In summer, the water in such installations is heated by interaction with the exhaust gases of diesel engines, after which the liquid is pumped into underground storage. In winter, the remaining warm water is supplied to the heating system of the houses.
Water absorbs gases very well. At the same time, up to several tens and even hundreds of volumes of various gases can be dissolved in one conventional unit. If gas is present in the water, a cavitation effect may occur. In places where liquid moves at high speed in a narrow space, water boils and gas bubbles form.
It is difficult to find a solvent better than water. Almost all elements of the periodic table are found in the waters of the planet in a dissolved state. This quality is explained by the high dielectric constant of this liquid. Absolutely pure water is extremely difficult to obtain; it will almost always contain impurities of other substances.
Water has a truly magical property. It has been established that under the influence of a magnetic field, water can change its characteristics. At the same time, the rate of chemical reactions accelerates, salts dissolve faster, and crystals precipitate more rapidly from supersaturated aqueous solutions. Engineers know: to make the technological process in which water is involved more intensive, it is necessary to introduce a magnetic field into the system.
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Water is the basis of all life on planet Earth. It occupies 2/3 of the surface of the entire planet and is involved in many processes and reactions. It’s not for nothing that water is called the source of life.
Instructions
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Water as a substance is used in many areas of human life. It is used in utilities, manufacturing, industry, air conditioning systems, etc.
Instructions
Water is the most valuable natural resource of great importance in the life of mankind. It is the only substance in nature that can exist in three physical states: ice, liquid and gas. Water is capable of absorbing large amounts of thermal energy without significantly increasing its own temperature, which ultimately determines the planet's climate. Ordinary clean water contains hydrogen and oxygen. It has a bluish tint and is very difficult to compress.
Water has many uses, each of which has a major impact on the physical and economic well-being of humanity. The largest amount of water is used by public utilities. In particular, the air humidity necessary for the normal functioning of mankind is maintained, air conditioning is provided, and water is required for the operation of such equipment. It cools the heat exchangers of air conditioners and creates the necessary indoor climate in hot weather. It heats houses and public buildings. The maintenance of plant life is based on water, which is provided to them by nature itself.
Man cannot live without water. It cleanses the blood and removes waste products from the kidneys. It is used for preparing food and drinks, during bathing, washing, washing dishes and food. Plumbing equipment requires the use of water as a carrier for waste from sewer systems. There is nothing to replace it when irrigating lawns, bushes and trees in the summer months. Water is used in fire protection. It is important to ensure uninterrupted supply, sufficient capacity and appropriate power of water mains for its unhindered delivery to all places of human settlement and protection from fire.
A fairly large number of outdoor activities involve the use of water. Examples include rowing, swimming, fishing and other water sports. Water is widely used in production and industry, as well as in medicine. There is a whole area called hydrotherapy. It involves the external use of water at different temperatures for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes. The physiology of the action of hydrotherapy procedures is determined by the nature of the irritations that they exert on the skin, and through it on the entire body of the patient.
Scientists have proven that water is capable of carrying information. She has a memory, so water is often used in magical rituals and conspiracies. It is believed that “living” water, found naturally in Tibet, can improve a person’s aura. And “dead” - poison the body and contribute to its early aging.
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“Water pollution and protection” - Article 77. Article 76. 1 geography textbook – 0.5 cubic meters. Water pollution. Antoine de Saint-Exupery. Water, you have no taste, no color, no smell. Untreated wastewater from populated areas threatens the spread of dangerous infectious diseases. Water protection. You are the greatest wealth in the world. Article 78. Water needs purification.
"Baltic Sea" - Oil pollution. Problems of the Baltic Sea. Action plan for the protection of BM. Death of natural fauna. Location of the Baltic Sea. Pollution is distributed fairly evenly. The concentration of pollution almost everywhere remains within 200 grams per 1 square meter. meter. High degree of toxic pollution.
“Ocean Pollution” - Construction of wastewater treatment plants at enterprises. Ocean pollution is the result of human activity. People, don't hurt Nature! Causes of pollution of the World Ocean. The topic of our research is “Pollution of the World Ocean.” The work was carried out by 4th grade students of Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 6. Effective chemicals are used to destroy traces of petroleum products.
"Water and Pollution" - Pollutants can be divided into several different classes. The fourth class is infectious organisms and pathogenic microorganisms. Water pollution. Many petroleum products are poisonous to animals. Nitrates can cause death from anemia in infants. And the last class (fifth) is thermal pollution.
“Water pollution by humans” - In this way, surface, underground, and groundwater are polluted. Water in human life. Causes and sources of pollution. Water pollution has many causes. The origin of pollution can be: municipal (sewage), industrial, agricultural, natural. Types of water pollution and diseases caused.
“Water pollution” - 1) biological. (when polluted by surface wastewater). Thirdly, water from the thermal power plant, entering the reservoir, leads to an increase in t 0 C of the water in it. No. 3. discharge of undissolved materials – clays, as industrial waste – into water bodies. Thermal pollution. Secondly, the fine clay fraction settling to the bottom will destroy the spawned fish eggs.
There are 11 presentations in total
Of the 1018 tons of water on Earth, only 3% is fresh water, of which 80% is unusable because it is ice that forms the polar caps. Fresh water becomes available to humans as a result of participation in the hydrological cycle, or the water cycle in nature, which is schematically depicted in Fig. 12.3. Every year, approximately 500,000 km3 of water is involved in the water cycle as a result of its evaporation and precipitation in the form of rain or snow. Theoretically, the maximum amount of fresh water available for use is approximately 40,000 km3 per year. We are talking about the water that flows from the surface of the earth into the seas and oceans (the so-called runoff).
The water cycle in nature has been known since Old Testament biblical times:
“All the rivers flow into the sea, but the sea does not overflow,
To the place where the rivers flow -
They keep running there."
Book of Ecclesiastes, 1:7.
Rice. 12.3. The water cycle in nature.
The use of fresh water is usually divided into repeated use and irreversible consumption. In accordance with this, fresh water is also sometimes divided into reusable and irretrievably consumed.
Reuse of water can be illustrated through examples such as navigation, fish farming and hydroelectricity.
Irretrievably consumed fresh water becomes no longer available for reuse. This includes fresh water, which, after consumption, was lost as a result of evaporation (including by plant leaves); water included in the products, as well as runoff water that reached the sea (ocean) and mixed with salt water. The consumptive consumption of fresh water worldwide ranges from 2,500 to 3,000 km3 per year, of which approximately 10% is used for domestic purposes, 8% for industry, and the vast majority - 82% - for irrigation in agriculture.
Water consumption
Water consumption for domestic purposes. For domestic purposes, water is used for drinking, cooking, washing, washing, flushing sewage into sewers and watering gardens and streets.
In Europe, the average domestic water consumption per capita is approximately 230 liters per day. This is approximately the same as during the Roman Empire. Approximately 10% of all water consumed by humanity is consumed for domestic purposes.
Water consumption for industrial purposes. Over 85% of water used for industrial purposes is consumed in cooling processes. The rest is consumed in washing processes, gas scrubbing, for hydraulic transport and as a solvent. Approximately half a million liters of water are used to produce each passenger car; this amount includes both wasted water and reused water.
Approximately 8% of all water used in the world is consumed for industrial purposes.
Water consumption and agriculture. Agriculture accounts for 82% of the world's water use. This water is used for irrigation. Growing one ton of cotton requires 11,000 million liters of water. Growing a ripe pumpkin requires 150 liters of water.
Water consumption to generate hydropower. Over 50% of the UK's total water supply is used in power stations. Water is used in hydroelectric power plants, as well as in thermal power plants - to create steam that rotates turbines and for cooling purposes. Although power plants consume huge amounts of water, it is used with virtually no losses, in a closed cycle.
It is estimated that by the twenty-first century, water consumption throughout the world is expected to exceed natural supply. To solve this problem, various methods of obtaining fresh water are being developed, which are described below.
Increased freshwater inflow. Most of the water flowing from the surface of the earth into the oceans is wasted, useless for human needs. Building reservoirs and drilling wells to extract groundwater increases the amount of water used by humans before it ends up in the oceans.
During hot weather, large quantities of water are lost from lakes and reservoirs through evaporation. This can be prevented by covering the surface of the water with a thin film of 1-hexadecanol alcohol.
Use of sea water and brackish waters. Fresh water can be obtained from sea water by desalting as a result of vacuum distillation in evaporators.
The distillation of water in them is carried out under reduced pressure. However, this method requires a lot of energy and is only economical in countries such as Kuwait, where energy is available at relatively low prices and rainwater is extremely scarce.
Fresh water can also be obtained using electrodialysis (see Section 10.3) from brackish water. Such water is found in river mouths; it has a salinity intermediate between fresh river water and salt sea water.
There are currently over 2,000 desalination plants operating worldwide. To desalt water, not only vacuum distillation and electrodialysis methods are used, but also freezing methods, ion exchange and reverse osmosis.
(Vodyasha’s answer to journalists’ questions at a press conference)
Everyone needs water - humans, animals, and plants. Industrial enterprises consume a lot of water: factories, factories. Agriculture needs water. Water is used to irrigate fields in arid areas and deserts. Water is a huge force. People made this power serve them. They build dams on rivers. Artificial waterfalls created by human hands turn mills and power plant turbines.
Problems for calculating water flow
In 5 minutes, 5 liters of water flows out of the tap. How many liters of water will flow out of the tap in 1 hour?
In 1 hour, 300 liters of water flows out of the tap. How many liters of water will flow from the tap in 1 day?
In 5 minutes, 5 liters of water will flow out of the tap. How many liters of water will flow out of the tap in 1 minute?
Misha spends 5 liters of water to wash the same amount of dishes, and Sasha spends 2 liters of water. How many liters of water does Sasha save? What type of dishwashing method makes such savings possible?
One person needs 50 liters of water to take a shower, and 200 liters of water to take a bath. How much water can you save by taking a shower instead of a bath?
Each member of a family of four spends 50 liters of water on a shower every day. How many liters of water does the whole family spend per day when taking a shower?
A family of four spends 800 liters of water every week on bathing. How many liters of water does each family member use weekly?
Mom does laundry twice a week, spending 30 liters of water on washing. How many liters of water will mom use in one week?
Mom does laundry once a week, spending 30 liters of water on washing. How many liters of water will mom use in one month?
Mom spends 3 liters of water on preparing soup, and 4 liters of water on preparing the second dish of potatoes and meat. How many liters of water did mom use in total?
Practical work
Experience 1. Place sand, clay, table salt in two glasses, add water and stir with a glass rod. We received a solution. Leave one glass to settle the mixture particles. Filter the solution from the second glass. Clay and sand remained on the paper filter, and a clear solution remained in the glass. We take a clear solution from a glass (this is our drinking water) with a pipette and drop a few drops onto a glass slide, bring the glass to the hottest part of the alcohol lamp flame and let the water evaporate. A white crystalline substance remains on the slide - salt.
Students conclude: drinking water is a mixture of substances. (Write the conclusion in a notebook). Tap water contains not only soluble salts that are beneficial to humans, but in some cases also substances that are harmful to the body. That is why household filters are now widespread (a household filter is demonstrated - Fig. 36). What do you know about distilled water and how is it obtained?
We pour filtered water into a test tube, heat the water and boil it on an alcohol lamp until steam appears, carefully bring the glass slide to the opening of the test tube, droplets of water appear on the glass slide. The steam cooled and turned into water. We bring the glass slide to the flame of the alcohol lamp, the water droplets evaporate, but in this case there are no salt crystals. Why?
During the experiment, children talk about the use of distilled water, the water cycle in nature - the natural process of water purification. You guys have already learned that water is a universal solvent. It dissolves many gaseous (carbonated water), liquid (acetic acid solution) and solid (sugar solution) substances. You also know that not all aqueous solutions are beneficial for humans. Thus, rainwater, dissolving the oxides of sulfur and nitrogen contained in the air, falls on the ground as acid rain, causing harm to all living things.
Experience 2. Explosions and accidents on tankers are, unfortunately, a common occurrence. The disaster of one supertanker pollutes the water to such an extent that the entire maritime fleet could have done just half a century ago. Now, guys, you will try to carry out work to eliminate the consequences of the accident.
1. Place a bowl of water - this is our “ocean”.
2. We populate the “ocean” - (we lower toys into it).
3. We lower the “tanker” with oil into the water (we cut off the bottom of a plastic bottle and fill it with vegetable oil).
4. Simulate an oil accident (create storm conditions, rock the tank).
5. We begin to eliminate the accident:
a) we try to collect oil using spoons, sawdust, cotton swabs;
b) we clean natural objects (birds, fish) from oil using washing powder, shampoo, baking soda (for this we use plates with cotton swabs).
To eliminate the consequences of an oil spill, it is best to use a natural material that has the ability to hold on its surface, for example, coal or the mineral vermiculite, the deposits of which are large on the Kola Peninsula. It is applied to the oil film in crushed form. After adsorption (absorption), it is collected, fired in boiler room ovens, and unlike coal, vermiculite can be used again.
The use of oil-oxidizing bacteria is considered promising. If a bacterial culture is placed on an oil film, it will disappear after a few days due to the rapid proliferation of bacteria.
Conclusion. The task of each of us is to ensure that the water does not become polluted.
Topic 6. Lessons from Ekoshi (5 hours)
Target: learn ways to protect the environment and be able to apply them in everyday life
Due to the fact that 3rd grade students, under the guidance of their teacher, are able to plan, organize, carry out, analyze and reflect on joint activities together, “Ekoshi Lessons” can be conducted using methods of collective creative work (CTD). The founder of this technique I.P. Ivanov offers several schemes and structures for building a case:
- « the battle “: several teams offer each other tasks, pose questions, “attack” with these questions, and “defend” with answers to them. Examples of KTD, which are based on the “battle” scheme - KVN, discord, press battle, etc.
- « protection ": each of the creative groups shows a program that defends something (country, profession, plant, science, etc.). Examples of CTD, which are based on a “protection” scheme - protection of fantastic projects, seasons, zodiac signs, etc.
- « relay race ": commands in strict sequence, taking care of the relationship of any components, present the content of the case. Examples of KTD, which are based on the “relay race” scheme - oral journal, tournament, ring, etc.
- « journey ": teams (crews), creative groups "travel" from station to station (from stage to stage), completing tasks and answering questions. An example of CTD, which is based on the “travel” scheme - the game journey.
- « role-playing game ": reproduction by creative groups of activities and a system of relationships in a specially created conditional situation. An example of a CTD, which is based on a “role-playing game” scheme - a press conference.
It is well known that life on planet Earth arose due to the presence of water. It is water or signs of its presence in the past that Americans are looking for on the planet Mars in order to answer the question of whether there was life on Mars.
Water is the most common, accessible and cheap substance. Life arose in water, came out of it, gradually populating land and air. Without water, life on planet Earth is unthinkable, human life is unthinkable. It is the availability and irreplaceability of water that has led to its widespread use in everyday life, industry and agriculture, medicine - in all spheres of human activity. It's hard to remember where water isn't used. But this is precisely what creates problems associated with its preparation for use, with its cleaning .
Water in nature
Water is an odorless, tasteless, colorless liquid (bluish in thick layers); density p = 1.000 g/cm3 (at 3.98°C), Tmelt. = 0°C, Bp = 100°C. One of the most common substances in nature. The hydrosphere occupies 71% of the biosphere. The biosphere, which includes the entire totality of living organisms and that part of the planet’s matter that is in continuous exchange with these organisms, is negligibly thin - from the depths of the ocean basins to the heights of the snowy peaks, the biosphere layer reaches a thickness of only 20 km, which is only 0.3% of the radius of the Earth . In addition, this promised film on the surface of the Earth is mainly water, and in this sense, our planet is the planet of Water.
Let's look at the "Dictionary" of Brockhaus and Efron: "mineral" (from mina - underground passage, adit) - this name is given to homogeneous solid or liquid inorganic products of nature, of a certain chemical composition, which are part of the solid shell of the earth, as well as other celestial bodies .
Thus, liquid water is a liquid mineral, solid water (ice) is a solid mineral. In recent decades, large reserves of fuel have been discovered in the form of solid crystalline hydrates of natural hydrocarbons. Water is an excellent solvent and therefore it is impossible to find liquid “pure” water in nature, that is, water in which inorganic and organic substances are not dissolved. Water is an excellent habitat for living organisms and therefore it is impossible to find “clean” water in nature, i.e. water that does not contain microbes, bacteria, shellfish, fish, etc.
Water and man
A mineral so universal in its properties and breadth of distribution has found extremely wide use in human life. Water is used in everyday life, in industry, in agriculture - anywhere. I will give examples of the volumes in which water is used.
In thermal power engineering, water is a coolant and a working fluid. Thermal power plants use 32-42 m3 per second of water to produce one gigawatt of electricity. In particular, from 6 to 10 thousand m3/h are used to cool the turbine condenser of only one power unit. If we consider that in 1990 the USSR produced 1.726 billion GWh of electricity, and by 2010 it planned to increase electricity production only at thermal power plants by 50-55%, then we can assume that the collapse of the USSR, a sharp drop in production and a significant decrease in volumes produced electricity saved the republics of the former USSR from environmental disaster. In metallurgy, water is used to cool equipment, as a coolant and as a working fluid for thermal power plants, which are available at every metallurgical plant, but do not belong to the Ministry of Energy. That is, they are not taken into account in the above figures. Up to 10 thousand m3/h is used for cooling one blast furnace alone.
In chemistry, water is a solvent; one of the reagents of some chemical reactions; “vehicle”, that is, a medium that allows the movement of reagents and reaction products from one technological apparatus to another; coolant and refrigerant in thermal processes. Ultimately, liquid production waste is also released into the environment in the form of aqueous solutions and suspensions. It is not possible to indicate the total volumes of water used by the chemical industry. To have at least some idea about the volumes of water and aqueous solutions used, I will point out that the soda factories of the USSR alone produced over 1 million tons of soda ash per year, and 1 ton of soda ash (only in the form of a solution of sodium chloride - brine) was spent on 5.5 m3 of brine. Then, in the technological process, this volume increased approximately twofold and was discharged as liquid waste. The reader himself can multiply these numbers together.
In medicine, water is a solvent, a medicine, a means of sanitation and hygiene, and a “vehicle”. Increasing levels of medical care and population growth on planet Earth naturally lead to an increase in water consumption for medical purposes.
In agriculture, water is a vehicle of nutrients to the cells of plants and animals, a participant in metabolic reactions, a participant in the process of photosynthesis, hydrolysis reactions, and a temperature regulator of living organisms. The volumes of water used for watering agricultural plants and feeding animals and poultry are not inferior to the volumes used by industry.
In everyday life, water is a means of sanitation and hygiene, a participant in chemical reactions that occur during cooking, a coolant, a vehicle that removes human waste products into the sewer system. The rate of water consumption per person varies significantly among individual cities. So, for example, in St. Petersburg it is 0.70 m3/month, on average in Ukraine it is 0.32 m3/month, and in Europe it is 0.11 m3/month. Think about approximately 6 billion. people inhabiting planet Earth and it will become clear to you why from time to time there is talk about ever-increasing problems with drinking water even in the “wet” regions of the planet.
What is "clean" water?
It is clear that for a mineral that comes from different deposits, has different composition and such a wide range of applications, uniform “quality” requirements cannot be formulated. The requirements for raw water, that is, water from a water source, are the same. The requirements for “purified” water, that is, water prepared for further use, are completely different.
Moreover, perceptions of the quality of water used have changed over the years, reflecting:
- knowledge about the effect on a living organism or technological process of individual components of a solution called water;
- developed and mastered analysis methods;
- level of development of science and technology;
- “feedback” between the water consumed by humans and the set of dissolved substances, solid inclusions and microorganisms that are discharged in the form of wastewater, liquid waste from industrial and agricultural production.
For example, about 200 years ago, only organoleptic methods were used to assess the quality of drinking water: assessment of color, taste, smell. Nowadays, the list of tests performed by the sanitary laboratory of a food industry enterprise is placed on two pages filled with small print. By tradition, organoleptic quality indicators also remain on this list. Knowledge obtained in the form of analysis about the composition of water from a water supply source should lead to technological methods cleaning from any kind of contamination. So we naturally move on to discussing methods water treatment And water treatment.
What is water treatment and water purification?
Let's turn to reference literature.
The Encyclopedic Dictionary of Medical Terms reports:“Water purification (syn. natural water purification) is a set of sanitary and technical measures aimed at removing impurities that pose a danger to humans.”
Small medical encyclopedia:“Water purification is the treatment of water using various technological methods (coagulation, filtration, etc.) in order to improve its organoleptic and physicochemical properties in accordance with the requirements of GOST - see “water”.
Agricultural Dictionary:"Water purification - bringing the quality of source water in accordance with consumer requirements. Methods of water purification: clarification (removal of turbidity), decolorization (removal of organic substances), disinfection, deodorization, desalination, softening."
Great Soviet Encyclopedia:“Water treatment is the treatment of water coming from a natural water source to power steam and hot water boilers or for various technological purposes. Water treatment is carried out at thermal power plants, transport, public utilities, and industrial enterprises.
Summarize.
Water treatment is the name given to bringing water quality into compliance with the requirements of industrial enterprises. Purification of water used for the needs of humans and animals is called bringing the quality of water to the standards determined by the relevant GOSTs.
Purification of wastewater discharged by industrial and municipal enterprises, by analogy, will be called bringing the composition of liquid wastewater into compliance with MPC standards (maximum permissible concentrations).
As noted above, due to the growth of knowledge and the deterioration of the environmental situation as a consequence of human activity, standards for consumed water are constantly being revised. To meet them, water purification technologies and equipment are being improved.
For example, the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) defines several types of water: purified water, water for injection, sterilized water, sterile water for injection, sterile bacteriostatic water for injection, sterile water for inhalation, and sterile water for irrigation. USP sets standards for sterilization and packaging methods for specific types of water used.
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