Nootropics are called funds. Nootropics: drugs that help you think. Indications for the use of nootropics

For many years, specialists from various fields related to medicine have been trying to create a remedy that relieves the effects of nervous overexcitation and exhaustion. Modern life exposes the human nervous system to endless overloads. The most susceptible organs are the first to suffer: the brain and nervous system. The consequences of such an impact on a person are manifested in the deterioration of memory, the development of cardiovascular diseases, and the decrease in the cognitive capabilities of the individual. The way out of the situation was the emergence of nootropic drugs.

Many patients ask, nootropic drugs - what is it? These are modern medicinal psychotropic drugs that improve the mental activity of the human body, making the brain more resistant to various influences on it, even as a result of traumatic brain injuries.

Description of the problem

The body cannot independently cope with constant adverse effects, such as the environmental situation worsening from year to year, stress, physical and mental overstrain, negative phenomena in political and economic life. Difficulties associated with poor brain function and disorders of the nervous system are characteristic of different age categories. In young children, these are the consequences of frequent birth injuries, oxygen starvation even in the womb or during childbirth.

During schooling, study loads increase, posture changes, and hormonal changes begin in adolescence. All this negatively affects cerebral circulation, the general condition of the child, and the psycho-emotional state. The unstable psyche of the child sometimes fails. The adult population has even more difficulties. Diseases, such as osteochondrosis, thrombosis, all kinds of injuries, tumors, are added to life's difficulties and troubles.

In older people, the body is very "worn out", so the resistance to external factors is minimal. The likelihood of strokes, atherosclerosis, neoplasms increases. To solve such problems, nootropic drugs have been created.

Nootropics

The modern term "nootropic" has, oddly enough, a very ancient origin. His homeland is Ancient Greece. Literally translated, "the desire to think." Among the Greeks, indeed, there were many unique thinkers-philosophers. They valued wisdom and willingly shared their knowledge with the youth.

In nature, there are substances that can be called the original nootropics - this is the substance choline, which is found in a lot in foods such as fish, eggs. After eating a meal rich in protein, serotonin is produced in the brain, which is responsible for a good mood, pleasure, and a sense of the joy of life. The brain starts to work better.

The first artificially created nootropic appeared in the 60s of the 20th century in Belgium and became a real discovery in medicine. It was well-known today in different countries under different names, the nootropic drug Piracetam. Having received positive results after using a nootropic drug, scientists did not stop at this remedy alone. Developments have continued in many countries and are ongoing. Currently, in the group of nootropic drugs, there are several dozen drugs that have passed clinical trials and a dozen being tested.

The action of drugs

The main task of nootropics is to influence the elements by which nerve cells communicate with each other. All these neurotransmitters must be actively working, which is not always the case. Sometimes there are situations that interfere with the movement of cells. Nootropic drugs give them activity, making it easier for the brain to work. The most rapidly destroyed and slowly restored cells are nerve cells. Nootropic drugs help protect them, provide oxygen and increase blood flow to the tissues.

Nootropic drugs contain substances that activate the process of biosynthesis of RNA and protein compounds in the human central nervous system. They are accelerators of energy processes in the cellular processes of the nervous system, help reduce the number of free radicals, as a result of which they neutralize the negative effect of oxidants. Nootropic drugs help optimize the removal of polysaccharides, which means they improve metabolic processes in the body. They are responsible for the formation of phospholipids and proteins in neurocytes, strengthening their membranes.

Important! By improving blood microcirculation and metabolic processes in brain cells, nootropic drugs work only in tissues with pathologies and do not affect healthy ones. In a word, nootropic drugs are suitable for both sick people for treatment and healthy people for health promotion.

Among this type of nootropic drugs, there are those whose effectiveness is still doubtful. Research on them is ongoing, but drugs are actively used. For example, the nootropic drug Phenotropil. Found application in sports as a stimulant of strength for athletes. Given that doping is banned in the sports world, some pharmaceutical companies are releasing a nootropic drug under other names.

Expected effect

Based on the action of nootropic drugs, the expected effect is primarily associated with an increase in the cognitive capabilities of the body. It is not for nothing that nootropic drugs are called “cognition stimulants”. The human brain under the influence of nootropic drugs becomes more active and receptive to learning new things, memory improves, speech capabilities develop. In addition, the body receives additional sources to strengthen the immune and nervous systems.

Moreover, nootropics help burn fat. It has a particularly positive effect on children and the elderly. In children, creativity, intellectual activity are increased, and learning opportunities are enhanced. In older people, nootropic drugs restore mental impairment.

Human life is very important these days. The world does not stand still and requires the same from a person: mobility, endless movement. If the body is exhausted, a person feels constant weakness and lethargy, he cannot lead an active lifestyle, falls out of the general flow. This further depresses the psyche of the individual. Nootropic drugs have such a necessary anti-asthenic effect, making a person an active participant in the hectic modern life. They have a neuroprotective effect, i.e. they regulate metabolic processes.

In modern science, there is no single established opinion regarding the effects of nootropics on the body. There are many positive opinions and many negative opinions. No medicine can be a complete panacea.

Nootropics won't make anyone smarter or save them from exams. It would be amazing if a pill could modify an intellect that doesn't exist. In addition to treatment, there must also be diligence. The effect of each nootropic drug is very individual. Someone says that the new remedy helped a lot, while another claims that the nootropic drug was pointless. Much depends on the organism, the type of human activity, his attitude to life and many more factors. You can argue endlessly about what nootropics can do. Time will show the truth. One thing is certain, nootropic drugs will help overcome certain difficulties. To accept them or not, to believe or doubt, depends on the patient.

In the United States and some Western European countries, nootropics are not treated as medicines. In the scientific literature in the West, nootropics are called "cognitive enhancers" and are classified as dietary supplements. Although, they are used very actively.

Classification

There are many types of nootropic drug classifications. Each is based on a specific criterion. Let's look at two main ones.

Among nootropic drugs, drugs of the old and new generations can be distinguished (according to the time of study and production). The nootropic drugs of the old generation include the previously mentioned Pirocetam derivatives. They are called "racetams". Here you can call "Etiracetam", "Isacetam", "Oxiracetam" and many others. They have a wider scope.

In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, many new, more effective nootropic drugs were created. The most popular of them are Phezam, Noopept, Selank, Phenylpiracetam. These nootropics, unlike the previous ones, have a narrower effect and do not solve all problems at once. They contain 2 or more complementary substances. Plant extracts and plant extracts are added to them.

Nootropic drug " Phezam"expands blood vessels, improving cerebral circulation, stimulates the activity of the brain departments responsible for hearing and vision. Helps to quickly restore the vital functions of the brain after a stroke.

Nootropic drug " Noopept» restores memory and enhances cognitive abilities. Normalizes the activity of the autonomic nervous system. The nootropic drug has a withdrawal syndrome.

Nootropic drug Selank» improves mood, raises vitality, relieves anxiety and stress.

« Phenylpiracetam» is perfect for stroke survivors.

Nootropic drug vitrum memory”is a vitamin complex designed for older people with mental disabilities. Available in capsules.

Nootropic drug "Etiracetam"

Since the late 90s of the last century, US medical institutions have begun to use a completely new nootropic drug with antiepileptic effects. In the early 2000s, the drug appeared in Russia. According to Wikipedia, this remedy has nootropic activity.

There is another classification of funds, according to which they can also be divided into 2 groups: “true” nootropic drugs that have one, classic effect, improving memory and speech. And "neuroprotectors" with a whole range of effects.

Indications for use

Initially, nootropic drugs were used only to treat senile problems, since it was believed that the brain does not work as it should only in mature years. Over time, having studied their impact in more detail, the scope has expanded significantly.

Nootropic drugs are prescribed for the following pathologies:

• decline in mental and physical capabilities;
• weakening of the ability to think;
• memory impairment and decreased concentration;
• infections affecting the nervous system;
• aging processes;
• violation of speech functions;
• ischemic stroke;
• traumatic brain injury;
• enuresis;
• effects of toxic substances on the brain;
• ophthalmic diseases (glaucoma, retinal pathology);
• dizziness, migraine;
• epileptic disorders;
• chronic alcoholism.

Interesting! Nootropic drugs were part of the mandatory neurostimulants for preparing Soviet cosmonauts for flights.

Nootropic drugs are actively and effectively used in pediatrics to treat the following disorders in children:

• delayed speech development;
• mental retardation;
• birth lesions of the central nervous system;
• deviations in the development of the psyche;
• increased level of anxiety;
• attention deficit disorder.

Contraindications for use

Speaking about the use of nootropic drugs, as well as other drugs, one cannot but answer the question of how dangerous these drugs are and whether they are harmful.

The negative impact of nootropics has not been recorded. Although, like any medication, nootropic drugs can have side effects. In some patients, an individual reaction to the drug was noted, expressed in sleep disturbance at night, daytime sleepiness, allergic reactions, reactions from the gastrointestinal tract, and jumps in blood pressure. Some nootropic drugs can cause a state close to alcohol intoxication. Most side effects occur with long-term use of drugs or overdose. To eliminate such effects, it is enough to stop taking the nootropic drug.

Do not prescribe nootropic drugs to patients with the following developmental features:

• individual intolerance to individual components of the nootropic drug;
• serious violations of kidney function;
• hemorrhagic stroke in the acute period;
• hereditary degenerative diseases of the central nervous system;
• pregnancy and lactation period.

Release form

Nootropic drugs can be produced in tablets and capsules for taking with liquid, sublingual tablets (glycine), injection solutions, syrups (pantogam), oral solutions. Most of them have a dual option: tablets and injections. What to choose depends on the characteristics of the body, the course of the disease, the patient's personal predilection and the doctor's prescriptions.

Admission rules

Taking nootropic drugs should not be uncontrolled. Any medicine can become poison. This must be remembered. Before taking a nootropic drug by mouth or injecting with a nootropic drug, a consultation with a doctor is required. Since the scope of nootropic drugs is wide, you can consult with specialists from a wide variety of medical professions: therapist, cardiologist, neurologist, pediatrician.

More often than others, psychiatrists and narcologists work with nootropic drugs. Appointment made, further on sensations. The medicine has gone, we continue treatment with nootropic drugs. Not accepted by the body, stop taking.

Important! The therapeutic effect of the use of most nootropic drugs does not occur immediately. They have a cumulative effect.

Piracetam

Nootropic drug Piracetam. Until now, it is one of the most popular means. The nootropic drug is produced in two dosage forms: tablets and injection solution. Well normalizes metabolic processes in the brain, which means it helps to improve memory. This is one of the cheapest nootropic drugs in this group. Piracetam can be called "ambulance" for the removal of alcohol syndrome.

Pros of a nootropic drug:

• protects the brain from oxygen starvation and stress;
• helps with increased mental stress.

Minuses: Cannot be used for cerebral hemorrhage and renal failure.

Cavinton (Vinpocetine, Neurovin)

Nootropic drug can be in the form of tablets and injections. It is actively used in ophthalmology and neurology. The nootropic drug improves hearing acuity well.

Pros:

• universal means of a wide spectrum of action;
• well tolerated by persons of any age.

Minus the nootropic drug: when administered intravenously, it is administered very slowly.

Pantogam

The main active ingredient of the nootropic drug is hopantenic acid. Available in the form of syrup with cherry flavor. It has been successfully used in the treatment of many disorders in children.

Pros: It combines a light stimulating effect and a mild sedative effect. Minus one, not recommended for violations of kidney function.

Semax

Is it easy to guess that simple nasal drops can improve the mind. But in this case it is. The nootropic drug Semax is administered intranasally, due to which it quickly overcomes the blood-brain barrier and acts for 24 hours. Virtually no side effects.

Phenibut (Noobut, Bifren)

A nootropic drug can be in the form of tablets, powder, capsules. Fights memory impairment, normalizes sleep, relieves anxiety. Indispensable during travel suffering from "seasickness".

The negative side of the nootropic drug: enhances the effect of alcohol

Glycine

The nootropic drug comes in the form of sublingual tablets. Especially popular with young students. The main "folk" assistant, which has a very low price, but is able to compete with the most expensive nootropic drugs. It is a purified amino acid, a building material for protein. It is well tolerated by everyone and in any situation when the brain is “tired”. It has no side effects and there is no overdose.

The downside of a nootropic is that it's not strong enough.

encephabol

Tablets for adults, suspension for children. The nootropic drug improves learning abilities, corrects behavioral functions.

Phenotropil

The nootropic drug has an anti-amnestic character, improves mood. It does not have a cumulative effect, it begins to act after the first dose. Beneficial effect on vision.

Minuses: May increase blood pressure. Nootropics are expensive. It is released in pharmacies by prescription. Not suitable for treating children.

There is one effect of a nootropic drug that is difficult to define as negative or positive. Phenotropil suppresses appetite. On the one hand, it's good. You can fight overweight and obesity. But, on the other hand, the desire not to gain extra pounds can end in anorexia.

Azafen

The nootropic drug eliminates depressive manifestations, helps to cope with negative environmental factors.

disadvantages: dispensed by prescription. May cause side effects: insomnia, increased appetite.

The release form of the nootropic drug is capsules. The main property is to increase the ability to learn. The price is quite high.

Thiocetam

A big plus of the nootropic drug is that it helps to get rid of alcohol intoxication. It helps to overcome speech disorders. The nootropic drug has an average price, it is quite affordable for consumption.

"Orocetam"

The nootropic drug is administered intravenously. Helps to fight severe intoxication of the brain. The price is not great.

The nootropic drug is a combination of the well-known "Pirocetam" and "Thiotriosalin".

Properties of drugs

These are the main medicines presented on the Russian medical market.

How not to get confused in such a variety and get exactly what is right for a particular person? First, a mandatory consultation with a doctor. Secondly, there is no absolutely universal nootropic drug. It is important to understand what exactly needs to be done. You need an antidepressant, so Acephen will do. Interested in the cumulative effect, buy the nootropic drug Nootropil, aka Piracetam. For children, Glycine is safe with a good sedative effect. It will be best of all to contribute to the elimination of memory gaps "Phenotropil". Several actions are combined by the nootropic drug "Semax".

Prospects for Nootropics

Scientists believe that nootropics have a great future. They will be able to influence the most complex object of study, the human brain. Its possibilities are huge and beyond. Humanity, even now, does not yet know everything about the possibilities of the brain. If you expand his abilities, maintain efficiency throughout his life, then you can create a person of the future with opportunities that we can only dream of and read about in fantastic works.

The body and brain will be able to do what is not yet possible. The gray matter is formed within 18 years and only then begins to work with full dedication. The time of its active activity is very short. When scientists understand why this happens and can control these processes, then the superman will appear. Whether this is a fantasy or really feasible, time will tell.

Currently, many people, especially those living in megacities, regularly experience mental stress. The bad ecological situation also has a negative impact on the organism of the inhabitants of large cities. Stress is far from harmless. Frequent overexertion of the nervous system over time leads to its exhaustion, resulting in more or less pronounced nervous disorders and even mental illness. Exposure to stress factors greatly increases the likelihood of pathologies of the cardiovascular system. On "nervous soil" and often develop.

In a person subject to regular stress, the ability to memorize decreases and cognitive activity worsens. He becomes more irritable and susceptible. For many decades, experts have been trying to find means to prevent and minimize the adverse effects of stress on the human body.

Nootropics are medicines that improve the ability to remember, stimulate mental activity and make the human brain more resistant to factors such as oxygen starvation, the effects of toxic substances, and even injury.

Note:the first effective nootropic - Piracetam was obtained over half a century ago. It was created by pharmacologists from Belgium. The drug passed extensive clinical trials in 1963.

Work on the creation of new drugs-nootropics is actively underway today. Currently, there are a number of very effective means that increase the functional activity of the brain. They help people cope with psycho-emotional overstrain and stabilize the nervous system.

The nootropic effect is a positive effect on the higher functions of the cortex.

Other positive effects of modern nootropics include:

Note:antiasthenic action is to reduce the feeling of general weakness and lethargy, as well as to minimize the manifestations of mental asthenia. The mnemotropic effect implies an improvement in the ability to remember and learn in general. Under the vasovegetative action is understood the stimulation of blood circulation in the so-called. "brain pool". Nootropic drugs are strong adaptogens that allow the body to adapt to the effects of various (mostly unfavorable) environmental factors.

The latest generation nootropics are able to increase the clarity of consciousness. Modern drugs of this class do not provoke psychomotor agitation. They do not cause drug dependence (addiction) and even with prolonged use do not deplete the body's own resources.

Nootropics are able to activate the process of biosynthesis of ribonucleic acid and protein compounds in the central nervous system. They accelerate energy processes in the processes of cells of the nervous system and improve the transmission of nerve impulses. Preparations at the cellular level significantly reduce the formation of free radicals, i.e., have an antioxidant effect. They optimize the utilization of glucose and other polysaccharide compounds. Nootropics are responsible for the formation of proteins and phospholipids in neurocytes, due to which their membranes are stabilized. The drugs of this group increase the concentration of adenylate cyclase in the cells of the nervous system, due to which the ATP process, the main energy base of cells, is normalized. Adenosine triphosphoric acid in conditions of insufficient oxygen supply stabilizes metabolism in the brain.

Important:nootropic drugs increase the level of formation and release of neurotransmitters - serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine and acetylcholine.

Classification of nootropic drugs

Nootropics include the means of several clinical and pharmacological groups.

1. Metabolic stimulants in nerve cells:
   • GABA derivatives:

• Phenibut;
• Aminalon;
• Hopantenic acid.
  • Pyrrolidone derivatives:
• Piracetam;
• Phenylpiracetam;
• Pramiracetam.

Note:pantothenic acid compounds include the common nootropic Pantogam, and Pyritinol is produced on the basis of vitamin B6.

• Products containing dimethylaminoethanol include:

• Centrophenoxin;
• Acephen.
  • Among the drugs with peptides and amino acids are the following drugs:
• Actovegin;
• Glycine;
• Cerebrolysin.

1. Nootropics that reduce the negative effects of oxygen deficiency include, in particular, Oxymethylethylpyridine succinate.
2. Vitamin-like preparations and nootropic adaptogens include succinic acid, vitamins E and B15, and an extract from ginseng root.
3. Vasotropic, i.e., drugs that positively affect cerebral blood vessels, are Vinpocetine, Cinnarizine and Instenon.
4. To improve memory, tools with a different mechanism of action are used:
   • Anticholesterase agents and cholinomimetics:

• Choline;
• Galantamine;
• Amiridin.
  • Hormonal preparations:
• endorphins;
• enkephalins;
• ACTH;
• Corticotropin.

Indications for the use of nootropic drugs

Drugs of this clinical and pharmacological group are prescribed for such diseases and pathological conditions:

• decreased mental and physical activity;
• deterioration of mental abilities;
• problems with memory and concentration;
• neuroinfections (for example, encephalitis or poliomyelitis);
• effects on the brain of toxic substances;
• consequences of impaired cerebral blood flow;
• senile dementia;
• encephalopathy and abstinence against the background of regular alcohol abuse;
• stuttering;
• consequences of TBI (brain damage);
• ischemic stroke;
• enuresis;
• hyperkinesis.

Note:nootropic drugs are used in the treatment of ophthalmic diseases such as diabetic retinopathy, retinal pathology of vascular origin and open-angle glaucoma

Nootropics in Pediatrics

Pediatricians can prescribe nootropics to children suffering from the following pathologies:

• delayed speech development;
• deviations in general mental development;
• mental retardation of varying severity;
• defeat at the time of birth (for example, with hypoxia).

Contraindications to the use of nootropics

Nootropics are not prescribed to patients when diagnosing:

• hypersensitivity to the active ingredient or intolerance to auxiliary ingredients;
• pronounced decrease in the functional activity of the kidneys (acute or chronic renal failure);
• hemorrhagic stroke (acute period);
• chorea of ​​Hettington (hereditary degenerative disease of the central nervous system).

Important:Nootropics are not prescribed for pregnant and lactating women!

Side effects

The vast majority of patients tolerate nootropic therapy well.

In some cases, the following side effects may develop:

• unmotivated feeling of anxiety;
• night sleep disturbances;
• daytime sleepiness;
• increased irritability;
• instability of blood pressure;
• dyspeptic disorders;
• allergy.

Note:in elderly and senile patients, nootropics in rare cases can provoke an increase in the severity of the clinical manifestations of coronary insufficiency.

Drugs that are currently most widely used in clinical practice

1. Piracetam (analogues - Nootropil and Lucetam) It is produced in tablet form for per os administration, as well as in the form of a solution for intramuscular injections and intravenous infusions. The tool improves metabolism in the central nervous system and stimulates cerebral circulation. Piracetam has a negative effect on platelet aggregation, and therefore, in cases of blood clotting disorders, it should be used with caution.

1. Pramiracetam, which is available in the form of tablets, is characterized by a high degree of affinity for choline. The drug increases cognitive abilities and improves memory. It does not have a sedative (sedative) property. The tool is recommended for long-term course treatment; The effect fully develops after 1-2 months from the start of the intake. Use with caution in patients with renal insufficiency!
2. Cavinton (analogues - Vinpocetine and Neurovin). The drug is produced by pharmaceutical companies both in the form of tablets and in an injection solution. It improves blood flow in the cerebral vessels. The tool is widely used in neurology, as well as in ophthalmic practice in the complex treatment of retinal pathologies. It is also effective in improving hearing acuity. Course treatment is recommended for 1-8 months, depending on the nosological form and dynamics. The drug should be canceled by gradually reducing the dose within 4-5 days. In the acute period of the disease, parenteral administration of the solution is indicated; as the condition improves, the injection form is replaced with tablets.

1. Phenibut (analogues - Noobut ​​and Bifren)- Produced in the form of powder, capsules and tablets. The drug allows you to deal with memory impairment and oxygen starvation of nerve cells. It increases not only mental, but also physical performance, allows you to reduce nervous tension, get rid of anxiety and normalize sleep. Phenibut should be prescribed with caution in parallel with hypnotics and antipsychotics, since the nootropic potentiates their effect. The drug is indicated for a decrease in intelligence and neurosis-like disorders. It is recommended to travelers as a remedy for seasickness and motion sickness. Shown course reception for 1-1.5 months.

1. Cerebrolysin- has a positive effect in the treatment of serious organic lesions and neurodegenerative pathologies of the central nervous system, including even Alzheimer's disease. The drug is widely used in the complex therapy of the consequences of head injuries and strokes. The tool is produced in the form of an injection solution.

1. encephabol- for adults it is available in tablets, and for children - in the form of a suspension with a pleasant taste and smell. The drug is a powerful neuroprotector and antioxidant. The tool normalizes behavioral functions and improves cognitive abilities.

H ootropics are pharmaceuticals designed to normalize the metabolism in the brain, stimulating adequate metabolic processes in nerve fibers and tissues.

This group is represented by a huge list of drugs of very different effects. They have one thing in common: the ability to restore metabolism, promote tissue regeneration.

Nootropics are used as part of the correction of the normal state in chronic diseases of cerebral structures, as a measure of rehabilitation after a stroke, also against the background of long-term forms of encephalopathy.

The scope of these drugs is extensive, but unauthorized use is unacceptable because of the likelihood of allergies, the development of unforeseen phenomena.

Positive action is based on a group of key points. The vastness of these directly proves the versatility of nootropic pharmaceuticals in the treatment and prevention of pathological processes.

Restoration of normal metabolism of brain structures

Normalization of metabolism in the brain is the main effect of nootropics. The use of medications involves the participation of at least a neurologist.

The ability to stabilize metabolic processes can significantly increase the efficiency of local energy exchange without harm to tissues and structures, quickly enough to gain weight as part of rehabilitation after a stroke, injuries of nerve tissues.

Attention:

In some cases, for example, with pathologies of the tumor type, neoplasms of the brain, it is impossible to take nootropics. Accelerated growth of neoplasia and a rapid mass effect are possible.

Correction of mnestic functions

The ability to perform basic mental actions, memorize large amounts of information, also perform operations on them, the ability to learn, learn new things, assimilate data.

With many diseases, up to, encephalopathy and other functions of the mnestic series weaken. Then they progressively fade away. Recovery plays a big role in the correction of working capacity.

Stabilization of the state of consciousness

Antiasthenic action is based on the ability to accelerate metabolic processes. It should be considered as part of the nootropic effect that was mentioned earlier.

After taking a short course of drugs of the group in question, a person becomes more active, able to work more, feels cheerful.

Attention:

Such stimulation is ineffective if the factor provocateur of the negative state does not disappear and is not corrected.

Increasing the adaptive capabilities of the patient's body

Resistance to stressful situations, the consequences of psychotraumatic events. Recovery is carried out according to indications. However, drugs can be used, including as a prevention of pathological processes.

Stimulation of mental functions, higher nervous activity

The ability to eliminate manifestations of depression. Nootropics should not be used as drugs for the correction of mental disorders, if we are talking about the main method of treatment. But within the framework of supporting basic therapy with the use of specific antidepressants, it is quite acceptable.

However, it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of pharmacological interaction. Some types of drugs against dysthymia, to normalize mood, enhance the effect of the parallel use of nootropics.

Partial sedative effect

In terms of the degree and severity of this, the medicines of the group of correctors of metabolic processes are not able to compare with specialized names, tranquilizers.

However, it is quite possible to use them as an aid to the main therapy. Some drugs to eliminate the manifestations of stress last longer against the background of the parallel use of nootropics.

Relief of autonomic symptoms

Dizziness, nausea, other manifestations. Such an effect is necessary, for example, in patients suffering from meteosensitivity. As part of the correction of dysfunction of the central nervous system due to diseases in the structure of which vegetovascular dystonia can be detected. In this case, we are talking about a symptomatic measure.

Correction of signs of parkinsonism

Rigidity (tension) of the muscles, disorders of the central nervous system. A beneficial effect is observed as a result of the ability to influence extrapyramidal structures, the cerebellum, and biochemical processes in the brain.

Improving overall energy metabolism

in muscle and heart muscle. Due to this, the means of the named type can be used as a measure of stabilizing the work of the whole body, this is especially useful during intense physical exertion.

In addition to the main effects, nootropics can affect glucose levels, restore immunity, etc. Such actions are expressed to a much lesser extent. Therefore, they cannot be considered as grounds for the appointment of names in the framework of therapy or prevention.

Classification

Nootropics can be subdivided according to the main active ingredient. Accordingly, such groups of pharmaceuticals are called.

Medications based on pyrrolidone

• Piracetam. It has a complex effect. It is used to treat disorders of cerebral blood flow. The appointment is carried out within the framework of systemic processes: encephalopathy, after a stroke, etc.

Well tolerated by patients, rarely provokes side effects. It is used in courses of 10-15 injections. Long-term oral administration is acceptable according to indications.

• Aniracetam. There are no fundamental differences, but it is more difficult to meet it on the shelves of pharmacies.

Mostly these are nootropic drugs that improve the nutrition and blood circulation of the brain in the system.

Polypeptides

• Cerebrolysin. A new generation nootropic is used as a universal remedy in the treatment of metabolic disorders in the brain and. It has a combined effect and high safety, therefore it rarely provokes side effects.

• Cortexin. Similar remedy.

Both are produced on the basis of fractions obtained from the brain of cattle.

Phenotropil and analogues

Powerful medicine. It is considered the most active drug in the list of nootropics. It is prescribed strictly according to indications, while being universal in terms of beneficial effect.

Can be used in patients with encephalopathy. vascular dementia. Also after a stroke, in the acute phase.

Attention:

As a preventive measure, it is prescribed only if there are real risks of dangerous pathological phenomena.

Means similar in structure to vitamins

Idebenone as the main Used strictly according to indications. It is mainly prescribed for patients with Alzheimer's disease, advanced mental disorders in vascular dementia.

It has an activating, stimulating and disinhibitory effect. Slows down progression of cognitive deviations.

Acetylcholine precursors

Meclofenoxate and its analogues: Centrophenoxin, Cerutil, Acefen. They differ significantly from the drugs under consideration, but are included in the list of nootropic drugs due to the ability to accelerate metabolic processes.

An objectively beneficial effect is manifested by the elimination of asthenia, fatigue, and the correction of basic neurological functions.

Such medicines are used mainly for chronic deviations from the cerebral structures (for example, encephalopathy). It has an average degree of activity when compared with Phenotropil.

Bemitil and analogues

GABA analogs

The main name is Phenibut. A powerful pharmaceutical agent, not used without a doctor's prescription. It is used in difficult clinical cases, with the ineffectiveness of other medicines.

Prolonged uncontrolled intake can provoke a withdrawal syndrome, dependence.

Amino acids

Glycine. Widely used due to its safety. Corrects behavior, eliminates the main symptoms of pathological processes of the ischemic plan.

It is considered a relatively weak drug, and therefore is used more as a prophylactic medication.

Neuropeptides

• Semax. Stimulates the work of the brain, protects tissues from destruction.

• Noopept. An additional effect is the relief of anxiety.

These drugs are similar in nature and activity to GABA analogues, but they act softer.

New generation nootropics

The list of such can be defined by three means:

• Vinpocetine. The main trade name is Cavinton. Quickly and effectively relieves drowsiness, affects vegetative manifestations. It acts selectively, stopping the main symptoms. Used for long courses.
• . Described above.
• Modafinil. Strictly speaking, it is not considered a pure nootropic. It has an analeptic, disinhibitory effect. The result is rapid, which causes a large number of side effects and dangers from the use. At the same time, it will not be possible to find it in Russia and some countries of the former Union. The drug is prohibited. Acquisition is possible in Ukraine.

The list of new generation nootropics is not so wide. In recent years, the development of drugs of this type is not active.

The needs of therapy are covered by those means that are already present in the pharmaceutical markets. They are well tolerated and rarely cause side effects.

Indications for use

Reasons for the use of pharmaceuticals:

• Intense stress. As mentioned earlier, medications can be used as condition correctors with excessive effects on the central nervous system. Nootropics help to reduce the recovery period, better adaptation of structures and nerve fibers to negative effects.
• Psycho-emotional stress. More intense. To the point of being traumatizing. Preparations of this type accelerate adaptation, shorten the period of rehabilitation and recovery from negative affect.
• Decreased performance. Nootropic drugs increase the level of energy, vigor, because a person works faster and more productively throughout the day. If the cause of increased fatigue is not eliminated, the effect will persist as long as the person takes the funds.
• behavioral disorders. In children and adolescents. Hyperexcitability, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, aggressiveness. Nootropics cannot be used as a corrector for a long time. This is fraught with side effects.
• Consequences of binge drinking. Recovery after heavy drinking. Abstinence included. Of course, psychostimulants cannot be used as the main medicines. It won't have the desired effect. Complex therapy is required using a group of items, including detoxification, saline solutions, and other drugs.
• Organic abnormalities in the work of the central nervous system. different types.
• Sleep disorders.
• encephalopathy. . Accompanied by focal neurological symptoms, inability to normally perform basic functions in everyday life. With a long existence, the deficit becomes permanent. Progress at different speeds.

• Problems in the work of the central nervous system as a result of functional factors.
• temporary phenomena. Meteosensitivity, episodes of vegetovascular dystonia, crisis states.
• Ischemic stroke in the acute phase. Critical violation of the trophism of nerve tissues. Accompanied by decay, necrosis of fibers, cells, gross neurological defects. Recovery requires the use of a group of drugs. Nootropics alone will not be enough. Read a detailed description of the symptoms of a pre-stroke condition.

• The period of deviation of the brain after an acute circulatory disorder. Rehabilitation.
• vascular dementia.

Contraindications

Medicines also have a group of contraindications:

• Intolerance to the active ingredients of the drug. Allergic reactions. Especially carefully you need to take medicines of the polypeptide series, amino acids. They are more likely to cause problems.
• A history of brain tumors. Because nootropic drugs can accelerate the growth of neoplasia. It must be borne in mind that we are talking not only about malignant neoplasms. Accelerated development is possible in all cases, cysts are not taken into account. They are not capable of proliferation and increase.
• Polyvalent allergic reaction. Intolerance to a large group of drugs. In this case, you need to be careful when choosing, prescribing and taking.

These are sample lists. More specifically, you can clarify by looking at the annotation to a particular name.

Features of the use of drugs

There are several basic principles for the use of neurometabolic drugs:

• Expediency. A nootropic effect is not always required, therefore, before use, you need to evaluate the indications and the expected result from use. Predict possible side effects, long-term risks. It is quite difficult to do this even for an experienced doctor.
• The need for specialist involvement. The appointment of nootropic drugs is the prerogative of a neurologist.
• Systematic. It does not make sense to take medicines occasionally. For a sufficient result, use for a long time is required, the effect is cumulative, it is observed as it is further taken. Application course, long. But usually not permanent. Breaks are needed.
• Complexity. Nootropics, despite their effectiveness, are not able to solve all therapeutic issues. In some situations, it is necessary to use a group of medicines for a greater result. For example, neurometabolic drugs are used in a system with cerebrovascular, antihypertensive, vitamins, etc. The issue is decided by the doctor.
• The need for constant monitoring. As needed, the course is reviewed or the drugs are canceled altogether.

Side effects

Negative phenomena develop as a result of exceeding the dosage or as an individual response to the use of the drug. Among the most common adverse events:

• Allergic reactions. Of a different nature. From a slight skin rash, urticaria and to severe swelling of the respiratory tract, an attack of bronchial asthma, anaphylactic shock.
• Headache. Usually insignificant. It passes quickly on its own. Localized in the occipital, frontal region.
• Nausea. Characterized by episodic, unstable. Vomiting rarely ends. Appears once. Manifestations are unstable.
• Dizziness.

Fortunately, side effects are relatively rare. Therefore, nootropics can be called safe drugs. Well tolerated by all categories of patients.

It is necessary to take into account the individual reactions of the body. Controversial conditions, suspicious signs and symptoms should be reported to the treating specialist immediately.

Finally

The considered nootropics have proven effectiveness and are used for disorders of the brain and central nervous system. They can only be used with the permission of a doctor and as directed.

The neurologist determines the dosage and the scheme of application. With uncontrolled use, it will be extremely difficult to achieve a positive effect.

Nootropics are a group of psychotropic drugs that affect the higher functions of the brain and increase its resistance to negative exogenous factors: excessive stress, intoxication, trauma or hypoxia. Nootropics improve memory, increase intelligence, stimulate cognitive activity.

From the ancient Greek language, the term "nootropics" means "the desire for thinking." For the first time this concept was introduced in the last century by pharmacologists from Belgium. Cerebroprotectors activate neurometabolic processes in the brain and increase the overall resistance of the body to the action of extreme factors.

Nootropics were not singled out as an independent pharmacological group, they were combined with psychostimulants. Unlike the latter, nootropics are antihypoxants, but they do not have a negative effect on the body, do not disrupt brain activity, do not affect motor reactions, and do not have a hypnotic and analgesic effect. Nootropics do not increase psychophysical activity and do not cause pharmacological dependence.

All nootropics are divided into 2 large groups:

• "True" nootropics that have the only effect - improving memory and speech;
• with antihypoxic, sedative, anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant effects.

Nootropics have a primary effect, which is a direct effect on the structures of the nervous system, and a secondary effect, aimed at improving microcirculation in the brain, prevention and hypoxia. Nootropics stimulate metabolic processes in the nervous tissue and normalize them in case of poisoning and traumatic injury.

Currently, pharmacologists are developing and synthesizing the latest nootropic drugs that have fewer side effects and are more effective. They are characterized by low toxicity and practically do not cause complications. The therapeutic effect of nootropics develops gradually. They should be taken continuously and for a long time.

New generation nootropics are used in various medical fields: pediatrics, obstetrics, neurology, psychiatry and narcology.

Mechanism of action

Nootropics have a direct impact on a number of brain functions, activate them, stimulate mental activity and memory processes. They facilitate the interaction of the right and left hemispheres, as well as the main centers located in the cerebral cortex. Nootropics rejuvenate the body and prolong life.

Neurometabolic cerebroprotectors are nootropic drugs that received a second name due to their biogenic origin and effect on cellular metabolism. These medicines increase the utilization of glucose and the formation of ATP, stimulate the biosynthesis of proteins and RNA, inhibit the process of oxidative phosphorylation, and stabilize cell membranes.

Mechanisms of action of nootropics:

• Membrane stabilizing;
• Antioxidant;
• Antihypoxic;
• Neuroprotective.

As a result of the course use of nootropic drugs, mental and cognitive processes improve, intelligence increases, metabolism in the nervous tissue is activated, and the resistance of the brain to the negative effects of endogenous and exogenous factors increases. Cerebrovasoactive drugs also have a special mechanism of vasodilating action.

The effectiveness of nootropics increases when combined with angioprotectors and psychostimulants, especially in debilitated individuals.

Nootropic drugs are most often prescribed for the elderly and children. In old age, it is necessary to correct impaired functions of the intellect: attention and memory, as well as increase creative activity. For children, neurometabolic stimulants will help in the fight against mental retardation.

Main Effects

Nootropics have the following effects on the human body:

spectrum of action of nootropics

1. Psychostimulating - stimulation of brain functions in mentally inert persons suffering from hypobulia, apathy, psychomotor retardation.
2. Antihypoxic - formation of resistance of brain cells to oxygen deficiency.
3. Sedative - soothing, inhibiting effect on the body.
4. Antiasthenic - elimination of symptoms of asthenic syndrome.
5. Antidepressant - the fight against depression.
6. Antiepileptic - prevention of convulsions, loss and confusion of consciousness, behavioral and autonomic disorders.
7. Nootropic - stimulation of cognitive activity.
8. Adaptogenic - the development of the body's resistance to the effects of negative factors.
9. Vasovegetative - acceleration of cerebral blood flow and elimination of the main symptoms.
10. Lipolytic - the use of fatty acids as an energy source.
11. Antitoxic - neutralization or excretion of various toxic substances from the body.
12. Immunostimulating - strengthening the immune system and increasing the overall resistance of the body.

Indications and contraindications

Indications for the use of nootropics:

Nootropics are contraindicated in individuals with individual hypersensitivity to the main active ingredient of the drug, severe psychomotor agitation, hepatic-renal insufficiency or bulimia, as well as those who have had acute, suffering from Hettington's chorea, who have severe renal dysfunction, pregnant and lactating women.

Side effects

Side effects that occur during treatment with nootropic drugs:

1. hyperexcitability,
2. Weakness,
3. Insomnia,
4. Anxiety, anxiety,
5. dyspeptic symptoms,
6. Hepato- or nephrotoxicity,
7. eosinophilia,
8. Frequent attacks of angina pectoris
9. Convulsions, epileptic seizures,
10. imbalance,
11. hallucinations,
12. Ataxia,
13. confusion,
14. Fever,
15. Thrombophlebitis and pain at the injection site,
16. motor disinhibition,
17. Feeling of heat and flushing of the face,
18. Eruptions on the face and body like urticaria.

Description of drugs

List of the best nootropic drugs that have become widespread in medical practice:

• "Piracetam" has a positive effect on metabolic processes in the brain. The drug is prescribed for the treatment, memory improvement, correction of dyslexia, cerebrosthenia and in children. "Piracetam" is an emergency remedy for withdrawal symptoms and delirium in alcoholics. It is used for viral neuroinfections and in the complex therapy of myocardial infarction.
• "Vinpocetine"- a neurometabolic agent that dilates the vessels of the brain and improves microcirculation. The drug supplies the brain tissue with oxygen and nutrients, reduces systemic blood pressure. Vinpocetine tablets thin the blood and improve its rheological properties. The drug has an antioxidant and neuroprotective effect. First, the drug is administered intravenously by drip for 14 days, and then proceed to oral administration of tablets.
• "Fenibut" appoint patients with asthenia, neurosis, insomnia, dysfunction of the vestibular apparatus. Children "Fenibut" helps to cope with stuttering and tics. The drug normalizes metabolism in tissues, has a psychostimulating, antiplatelet and antioxidant effect. Phenibut is low toxic and non-allergic.
• "Pantogam"- an effective nootropic agent, widely used for the treatment of children. The main active ingredient of the drug is vitamin B 15. This is a physiologically active substance found in almost all plants and products.
• Phenotropil- a drug of the latest generation, which is popular with both patients and doctors. It has a pronounced adaptogenic effect and increases the body's resistance to stress. The drug does not cause dependence. It is often recommended to students during preparation for a session.
• Phezam is a nootropic drug intended for the complex treatment of cerebrovascular disorders. It has an effective effect on the nervous system, dilates blood vessels, stimulates the functioning of the organ of hearing and vision. "Fezam" eliminates the effects of hypoxia, relieves headaches, fights against dizziness and amnesia. Persons who have had a stroke, or TBI, take Phezam for a long time. It helps patients recover quickly and eliminates the negative consequences of pathologies. "Piracetam" and "Cinnarizine", which are part of the drug, dilate the vessels of the brain, improve brain nutrition, protein and carbohydrate metabolism, stimulate local blood flow, and reduce blood viscosity. Thanks to both components, the antihypoxic effect and antiplatelet activity are enhanced, the metabolism in the cells of the nervous system improves.
• "Cinnarizine"- a nootropic drug that strengthens the walls of cerebral vessels and causes them to dilate without changing blood pressure indicators. "Cinnarizine" has a sensitizing effect, suppresses nystagmus and is an effective prophylactic against motion sickness. It dilates small arteries and peripheral capillaries. The drug is released in a single dosage form - in the form of tablets for oral administration. "Cinnarizine" is prescribed not only for the treatment of cerebrovascular insufficiency, but also for the prevention of migraine attacks and kinetosis. The medicine stops the symptoms of vegetovascular dystonia and: weakness, headache, dizziness. "Cinnarizine" is used to alleviate the condition in menopause. The drug normalizes sleep, relieves irritability, eliminates.
• "Cerebrolysin"- a complex nootropic drug that has passed clinical trials that confirmed its effectiveness and safety. The drug is produced in the form of tablets and solution for injection. "Cerebrolysin" is prescribed for the treatment of patients with various forms of mental and neurological diseases. According to reviews, "Cerebrolysin" activates the processes of mental activity and improves mood. Long-term use of the drug improves memory processes, increases concentration and learning ability.
• "Actovegin"- antihypoxant, intended for the treatment of metabolic and vascular disorders of the brain and promotes rapid healing of wounds. The drug is used for the prevention and treatment of radiation skin lesions, peripheral vascular disorders, diabetic polyneuropathy. "Actovegin" is produced in tablets for oral administration, as well as in the form of a solution for intramuscular, intravenous and intra-arterial injections. Gel, ointment and cream "Actovegin" is used topically.

Nootropics, the list of drugs of which today is represented by a wide range of products, originate from 1963. At that time, Belgian clinicians and pharmacologists managed to synthesize and apply in medical practice the first drug from the group of nootropics - Piracetam.

Numerous studies have proven clinical improvements in patients of various groups against the background of continuous use of Piracetam, including memory enhancement, facilitating learning processes.

In 1972, the term "nootropics" was proposed, denoting a class of drugs for improving the integrative functionality of the brain. In modern neurology, nootropic drugs are an integral part of the treatment of various disorders in children and adults.

Characteristics of the pharmaceutical group

Nootropics(from the Greek noos - mind, thoughts and tropos - vector, direction) are widely used in neurological practice for a positive impact on the higher integrative functions of the brain. With the help of drugs, they correct some behavioral reactions in people and adults, increase resistance to stressful situations, the ability to learn, and chronic hypoxia. Other functions of drugs are:

maintaining the energy structure of a neuron (nerve cell);

improving the functionality of the central nervous system;

activation of the plastic functionality of the central nervous system;

providing a pronounced neuroprotective effect;

normalization and stabilization of the cell membrane;

minimizes the need for nerve cells in oxygen.

The nootropic effect can be primary with a direct effect on neurons and secondary with an improvement in general cerebral circulation. There are two main groups of nootropics:

true (improvement of mnestic functions of the brain and nervous system);

combined action (a combination of several functions at the same time).

Synonyms of the pharmacological group of nootropics are cerebroprotectors, neuroregulators, neuroanabolics, eutotrophic, neurometabolic drugs. All terms reflect the general effect of drugs - the ability to stimulate metabolic processes in the nervous structures of the human body.

Mechanism of action

Nootropic drugs directly affect a whole range of functional abilities of the brain, contributing to their vigorous activity. Thanks to adequate therapy, concentration of attention improves, interactions between the right and left hemispheres are facilitated. It has been proven that the drugs rejuvenate the body and prolong the life of patients with a burdened clinical neurological history.

The biogenic origin of the drug largely affects all processes of intracellular metabolism, stimulating the synthesis of proteins, the excretion of excess glucose, and the formation of ATP. The following mechanisms and effects of exposure are distinguished:

membrane stabilizing effect;

antioxidant;

antihypoxic;

neuroprotective.

There is a significant increase in the resistance of the brain to the negative effects of exogenous and endogenous factors. The effectiveness of drugs is enhanced with the simultaneous use of angioprotectors, psychostimulants. The main category of patients who are prescribed nootropics are children and the elderly.

Main indications for use

Typical indications for the appointment of nootropic drugs are the following conditions:

psychoorganic syndrome (dystrophic changes in the nervous tissue of any origin);

alcoholism with withdrawal syndrome;

drug addiction;

neuroleptic syndrome (as a combination therapy);

neurotic or organic asthenia;

cerebrovascular insufficiency;

sickle cell anemia;

ophthalmic pathologies (complex therapy).

With the help of nootropics, urinary disorders of a neurogenic nature are treated. Nootropic drugs are a necessary measure for Parkinson's disease, ischemia, cerebral palsy, epileptic seizures.

Contraindications and side effects

Nootropics may be prescribed for relative contraindications at the discretion of the attending physician. Among the absolute contraindications are acute or chronic renal failure, pregnancy and lactation, hepatic diseases with aggravated course, acute hemorrhagic stroke, hypersensitivity, severe psychomotor agitation. Side effects of the drug are the following conditions:

sleep disturbance, insomnia;

dyspeptic disorders;

hyperexcitability:

anxiety syndrome, panic attacks;

hypotension;

increased effect on hepatic or renal functions;

convulsive syndrome, epileptic seizures;

impaired coordination, unsteady gait;

redness of the face, feeling of heat;

pronounced iosinophilia;

hallucinations and confusion;

thrombophlebitis, febrile syndrome.

Against the background of taking the drug, allergic rashes on the body like urticaria, itching, burning on the skin, mainly in the neck, face, back, are possible. If any discomfort occurs, it is recommended to stop treatment or adjust the daily dosage. Cases of drug overdose are not registered.

Basic nootropics

Which is better in the treatment of neurological diseases? The use of nootropic drugs can be combined and independent. Usually, nootropics as a stand-alone therapy are used for minor disorders. The following drugs with proven efficacy are widely used in neurological practice:

Piracetam.

Probably the most popular nootropic. The drug enhances metabolic processes in the brain. It is used to treat systematic dizziness, correction of dyslexic syndrome. In adult patients, the drug is used as a complex therapy for myocardial infarction, withdrawal syndrome with addictions of any origin. Doctors prescribe a remedy for the treatment of neuroinfections caused by viral agents.

Memoplant

One of the best herbal nootropics. The German drug Memoplant contains a highly purified extract of ginkgo biloba EGb 761®. Many preparations of ginkgo biloba contain a significant amount of harmful impurities - ginkgolic acids. Memoplant is devoid of this drawback, as it is cleaned during 27 stages of production.
The drug increases the resistance of the nervous tissue to a lack of oxygen, improves cerebral circulation. It is effective for dizziness, noise in the ears or head, as well as for memory and performance problems.

Vinpocetine.


Against the background of constant intake, the vessels of the brain expand, microcirculation increases. The active substance of the drug provides a full transport of oxygen to the brain tissues, increases the absorption of nutrients. Vinpocetine has a pronounced neuroprotective and antioxidant effect. The treatment regimen changes from the introduction of intravenous solutions first with the transition after to the tablet form of the drug. It is used as an adjuvant in antihypertensive therapy.

Phenibut.


There is a high efficiency in functional disorders of the vestibular apparatus, sleep disorders, neurosthenia, asthenic syndrome. Against the background of long-term use, metabolic processes in the brain tissues at the cellular level are normalized. The strengths of the drug are psychostimulating ability and antioxidant effect. The drug is characterized by low toxicity, low side effects.

Phenotropil.


The drug belongs to a new generation of nootropics with a pronounced adaptogenic effect. Patients have resistance to stressful situations, without causing, at the same time, drug dependence. Phenotropil is prescribed to patients with severe emotional and mental stress.

Phezam.


Nootropic, directly intended for the treatment of impaired blood circulation in the brain. It is effective for serious diseases of the nervous system, circulation disorders in the vascular system of the brain. In complex therapy, headaches are stopped with increased intracranial pressure, improves the functioning of the organs of hearing and vision. Phezam is prescribed for amnesia, it is highly effective in hypoxic syndrome.

Cinnarizine.


A drug designed to strengthen the vascular walls of the brain during their dilatation (stretching). At the same time, blood pressure indicators remain in the usual norm. Effective as a prevention of motion sickness, disorders of the vestibular apparatus. It is prescribed for chronic migraines, with increased hypertension, accompanied by dizziness, tinnitus, headache. Cinnarizine is used in adult women to reduce symptoms of menopause.

Cerebrolysin.


The safety and efficacy of the drug has been proven by numerous studies. Used as adjuvant therapy against serious psychiatric and neurological disorders. With the correct dosage, mental processes are activated, concentration of attention and mood increase. Long-term use improves memory, increases the ability to learn.

Actovegin.


A drug related to nootropics-antihypoxants. Used to treat metabolic disorders in the brain, promotes rapid healing of wounds. The drug is used as a complex therapy for radiation skin lesions, with diabetic polyneuropathy. Actovegin is available in the form of tablets, intramuscular, intravenous solutions and intra-arterial injections. There is a form of the drug for topical use.

Nootropic drugs for the treatment of serious neurological disorders are used in adult neurological practice. When used as a complex therapy, the probability of a decrease or increase in the activity of other drugs is taken into account.

Best nootropics for kids

In pediatric practice, nootropics are used to treat mental retardation, to improve attention, speech development, and poor school performance. Children's nootropics have been widely used since 1952. The main reasons for the appointment are the following conditions in children of different ages:

cerebrosthenia;

hypoxic syndrome in cerebral palsy:

poor development of speech;

intellectual insufficiency;

encephalopathy.

It has been proven that in childhood the tolerability of nootropic drugs is much better than in adults. The following are considered essential medicines for children:

Piracetam(Nootropil, Cerebril, Lucetam, Oykamid).


They are used in children from 1 year old, available in tablets, ampoules, capsules. It is not prescribed for children with increased emotional excitability. The active substance has a beneficial effect on the brain, enhances susceptibility to intellectual stress, stabilizes concentration, and promotes learning.

Pantogam.


An anticonvulsant drug suitable for children from the first days of life. From pharmacies it is released in the form of syrups and tablets. It is used to treat cerebral palsy, improve the condition in autism, schizophrenia. Pantogam is used for children with neurogenic or stress urinary incontinence. Also, against the background of constant use, the emotional background of the child is normalized, especially with a delay in mental and speech development. Reduced and the likelihood of side effects: drowsiness, allergic reactions, dyspeptic disorders.

Picamilon.

The drug, designed to expand the vessels of the brain, is an analogue of Piracetam in terms of active substance and effectiveness. It has a slight tranquilizing effect. From pharmacies it is released in the form of injections for intravenous and intramuscular administration, in tablets. In pediatrics, it is prescribed for children from 3 years old. The nootropic agent is especially effective at high emotional stress, with increased physical and mental activity.

Phenibut.


The tool belongs to the latest generation of drugs. It is prescribed for children to stimulate the normal functioning of the nervous system, increase mental and intellectual activity, at the same time helping to cope with overload. The drug has a low degree of toxicity, suitable for children over 2 years old. The main side effects include nausea, increased drowsiness, dizziness. From pharmacy chains it is released in the form of powder and tablets.

Pyritinol.


The drug is intended for the effect of mild sedation. Necessary in the treatment of depressive syndrome in adolescents, with vegetative-vascular dystonia, excessive fatigue. It is a complex drug for mental retardation and mental development. Not recommended for use in children under 12 months of age. Despite the high activity, the remedy has a number of side effects: loss of taste, dyspnea, polymyositis, nausea and dizziness.

Cinnarizine(Vertizin, Diziron, Tsirizin, Baltsinnarzin, Cinnaron).


It is used in pediatrics for the treatment of children over 12 years old, but recently it has been practiced to use the remedy in children from 1 year of age. The drug has many side effects from typical nausea to epileptic seizures, impaired renal and hepatic function, arterial hypotension. The effectiveness of the drug has not been proven. The drug is released in the form of capsules and tablets.

Semax.


The drug is widely used in pediatric practice due to its high efficiency and convenient pharmacological form. The drug eliminates excessive capriciousness, emotional excitability. Side effects are expressed in dizziness, nausea, irritation of the nasal mucosa. It is used in children with delayed speech development, with sleep disorders.

Glycine.


The active ingredient is aminoacetic acid. The drug is well tolerated by young children, effective in case of excessive emotional arousal. Against the background of long-term use, working capacity, learning ability are activated, night sleep is regulated, concentration of attention increases. Glycine is suitable for the treatment of children at any age.

Gammalon.


New from Japan, is a follower of Piracetam. A similar composition of Gammalon is contained in Aminalon, but the price of the drug is much lower. If the cost of a Japanese nootropic reaches 2500 rubles. per package, then Aminalon costs 100-150 rubles. for packing. The effectiveness of both drugs has not been studied and proven. The price and quality of the Japanese product is more of a marketing ploy.

The opinions of experts about the effectiveness of nootropics in children differ. Some consider drugs indispensable in the treatment of any neurogenic disorders, psycho-emotional disorders. Others doubt the effectiveness of nootropic drugs due to the lack of clinical data for use in childhood. Basically, nootropics are used for "sedation" as an adjunct treatment to the base treatment. All drugs are dispensed from pharmacy chains without a prescription.

List of the best nootropics

What is better to take drugs in a particular clinical situation should be decided by the attending physician. To date, there are several of the most effective drugs that have found the widest application both in pediatrics and in adult practice in the treatment of diseases of a neurogenic nature:

Piracetam;

Nootropil;

• Cerebrolysin;

  Vinpocetine;

  Biotredin;

  Aminalon;

  Biotredin.

The effect of the constant intake of modern nootropic drugs begins only after a few months. As an independent drug, nootropics are used as a prevention of neurological diseases, decreased performance in adults, and impaired concentration.

Combined funds

Among nootropics, there are preparations with a combined composition. Such funds include two or more active components, which, to one degree or another, enhance or reduce the effect of each other. The main drugs of the series are:

Gamalate B6 (as part of Pyridoxine hydrochloride, magnesium glutamate hydrobromide);

Omaron, Phezam, Evryza, Noozom (Piracetam and Cinnarizine, auxiliary components);

Neuronorm (active substances Piracetam and Cinnarizine);

Olatropil (Piracetam and GABA);

(Piracetam and Thiotriazolin).

All funds are similar in effectiveness to Piracetam. Combined drugs are used for severe problems, similarly to popular drugs, they are used in monotherapy and in combination with other drugs.

All drugs, despite the absence of side effects, require a prescription from a doctor. Only on the basis of medical research data can an accurate diagnosis be established, which will determine further adequate treatment.

• Piracetam (Nootropil)