What is a nootropic effect. Nootropics - features of the pharmaceutical group and a list of the best drugs for effective treatment. Instructions for use

Nootropics are a group of psychotropic drugs that affect the higher functions of the brain and increase its resistance to negative exogenous factors: excessive stress, intoxication, trauma or hypoxia. Nootropics improve memory, increase intelligence, stimulate cognitive activity.

From the ancient Greek language, the term "nootropics" means "the desire for thinking." For the first time this concept was introduced in the last century by pharmacologists from Belgium. Cerebroprotectors activate neurometabolic processes in the brain and increase the overall resistance of the body to the action of extreme factors.

Nootropics were not singled out as an independent pharmacological group, they were combined with psychostimulants. Unlike the latter, nootropics are antihypoxants, but they do not have a negative effect on the body, do not disrupt brain activity, do not affect motor reactions, and do not have a hypnotic and analgesic effect. Nootropics do not increase psychophysical activity and do not cause pharmacological dependence.

All nootropics are divided into 2 large groups:

"True" nootropics that have the only effect - improving memory and speech;
with antihypoxic, sedative, anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant effects.

Nootropics have a primary effect, which is a direct effect on the structures of the nervous system, and a secondary effect, aimed at improving microcirculation in the brain, prevention and hypoxia. Nootropics stimulate metabolic processes in the nervous tissue and normalize them in case of poisoning and traumatic injury.

Currently, pharmacologists are developing and synthesizing the latest nootropic drugs that have fewer side effects and are more effective. They are characterized by low toxicity and practically do not cause complications. The therapeutic effect of nootropics develops gradually. They should be taken continuously and for a long time.

New generation nootropics are used in various medical fields: pediatrics, obstetrics, neurology, psychiatry and narcology.

Mechanism of action

Nootropics have a direct impact on a number of brain functions, activate them, stimulate mental activity and memory processes. They facilitate the interaction of the right and left hemispheres, as well as the main centers located in the cerebral cortex. Nootropics rejuvenate the body and prolong life.

Neurometabolic cerebroprotectors are nootropic drugs that received a second name due to their biogenic origin and effect on cellular metabolism. These medicines increase the utilization of glucose and the formation of ATP, stimulate the biosynthesis of proteins and RNA, inhibit the process of oxidative phosphorylation, and stabilize cell membranes.

Mechanisms of action of nootropics:

Membrane stabilizing;
Antioxidant;
Antihypoxic;
Neuroprotective.

As a result of the course use of nootropic drugs, mental and cognitive processes improve, intelligence increases, metabolism in the nervous tissue is activated, and the resistance of the brain to the negative effects of endogenous and exogenous factors increases. Cerebrovasoactive drugs also have a special mechanism of vasodilating action.

The effectiveness of nootropics increases when combined with angioprotectors and psychostimulants, especially in debilitated individuals.

Nootropic drugs are most often prescribed for the elderly and children. In old age, it is necessary to correct impaired functions of the intellect: attention and memory, as well as increase creative activity. For children, neurometabolic stimulants will help in the fight against mental retardation.

Main Effects

Nootropics have the following effects on the human body:

spectrum of action of nootropics

Psychostimulating - stimulation of brain functions in mentally inert persons suffering from hypobulia, apathy, psychomotor retardation.
Antihypoxic - formation of resistance of brain cells to oxygen deficiency.
Sedative - soothing, inhibiting effect on the body.
Antiasthenic - elimination of symptoms of asthenic syndrome.
Antidepressant - the fight against depression.
Antiepileptic - prevention of convulsions, loss and confusion of consciousness, behavioral and autonomic disorders.
Nootropic - stimulation of cognitive activity.
Adaptogenic - the development of the body's resistance to the effects of negative factors.
Vasovegetative - acceleration of cerebral blood flow and elimination of the main symptoms.
Lipolytic - the use of fatty acids as an energy source.
Antitoxic - neutralization or excretion of various toxic substances from the body.
Immunostimulating - strengthening the immune system and increasing the overall resistance of the body.

Indications and contraindications

Indications for the use of nootropics:

Nootropics are contraindicated in individuals with individual hypersensitivity to the main active ingredient of the drug, severe psychomotor agitation, hepatic-renal insufficiency or bulimia, as well as those who have had acute, suffering from Hettington's chorea, who have severe renal dysfunction, pregnant and lactating women.

Side effects

Side effects that occur during treatment with nootropic drugs:

hyperexcitability,
Weakness,
Insomnia,
Anxiety, anxiety,
dyspeptic symptoms,
Hepato- or nephrotoxicity,
eosinophilia,
Frequent attacks of angina pectoris
Convulsions, epileptic seizures,
imbalance,
hallucinations,
Ataxia,
confusion,
Fever,
Thrombophlebitis and pain at the injection site,
motor disinhibition,
Feeling of heat and flushing of the face,
Eruptions on the face and body like urticaria.

Description of drugs

List of the best nootropic drugs that have become widespread in medical practice:

"Piracetam" has a positive effect on metabolic processes in the brain. The drug is prescribed for the treatment, memory improvement, correction of dyslexia, cerebrosthenia and in children. "Piracetam" is an emergency remedy for withdrawal symptoms and delirium in alcoholics. It is used for viral neuroinfections and in the complex therapy of myocardial infarction.
"Vinpocetine"- a neurometabolic agent that dilates the vessels of the brain and improves microcirculation. The drug supplies the brain tissue with oxygen and nutrients, reduces systemic blood pressure. Vinpocetine tablets thin the blood and improve its rheological properties. The drug has an antioxidant and neuroprotective effect. First, the drug is administered intravenously by drip for 14 days, and then proceed to oral administration of tablets.
"Fenibut" appoint patients with asthenia, neurosis, insomnia, dysfunction of the vestibular apparatus. Children "Fenibut" helps to cope with stuttering and tics. The drug normalizes metabolism in tissues, has a psychostimulating, antiplatelet and antioxidant effect. Phenibut is low toxic and non-allergic.
"Pantogam"- an effective nootropic agent, widely used for the treatment of children. The main active ingredient of the drug is vitamin B 15. This is a physiologically active substance found in almost all plants and products.
Phenotropil- a drug of the latest generation, which is popular with both patients and doctors. It has a pronounced adaptogenic effect and increases the body's resistance to stress. The drug does not cause dependence. It is often recommended to students during preparation for a session.
Phezam is a nootropic drug intended for the complex treatment of cerebrovascular disorders. It has an effective effect on the nervous system, dilates blood vessels, stimulates the functioning of the organ of hearing and vision. "Fezam" eliminates the effects of hypoxia, relieves headaches, fights against dizziness and amnesia. Persons who have had a stroke, or TBI, take Phezam for a long time. It helps patients recover quickly and eliminates the negative consequences of pathologies. "Piracetam" and "Cinnarizine", which are part of the drug, dilate the vessels of the brain, improve brain nutrition, protein and carbohydrate metabolism, stimulate local blood flow, and reduce blood viscosity. Thanks to both components, the antihypoxic effect and antiplatelet activity are enhanced, the metabolism in the cells of the nervous system improves.
"Cinnarizine"- a nootropic drug that strengthens the walls of cerebral vessels and causes them to dilate without changing blood pressure indicators. "Cinnarizine" has a sensitizing effect, suppresses nystagmus and is an effective prophylactic against motion sickness. It dilates small arteries and peripheral capillaries. The drug is released in a single dosage form - in the form of tablets for oral administration. "Cinnarizine" is prescribed not only for the treatment of cerebrovascular insufficiency, but also for the prevention of migraine attacks and kinetosis. The medicine stops the symptoms of vegetovascular dystonia and: weakness, headache, dizziness. "Cinnarizine" is used to alleviate the condition in menopause. The drug normalizes sleep, relieves irritability, eliminates.
"Cerebrolysin"- a complex nootropic drug that has passed clinical trials that confirmed its effectiveness and safety. The drug is produced in the form of tablets and solution for injection. "Cerebrolysin" is prescribed for the treatment of patients with various forms of mental and neurological diseases. According to reviews, "Cerebrolysin" activates the processes of mental activity and improves mood. Long-term use of the drug improves memory processes, increases concentration and learning ability.
"Actovegin"- antihypoxant, intended for the treatment of metabolic and vascular disorders of the brain and promotes rapid healing of wounds. The drug is used for the prevention and treatment of radiation skin lesions, peripheral vascular disorders, diabetic polyneuropathy. "Actovegin" is produced in tablets for oral administration, as well as in the form of a solution for intramuscular, intravenous and intra-arterial injections. Gel, ointment and cream "Actovegin" is used topically.

The majority of the population of our planet, especially residents of large cities, are forced to be in conditions of constant environmental and psycho-emotional stress. It has been proven that stress is not harmless to the human body, it is a risk factor for many, and also has a negative effect on the nervous system, as a result of which a person becomes irritable, his performance decreases, memory and thinking processes deteriorate. In this regard, scientists are constantly looking for ways to prevent and correct the negative effects of stress on the nervous system. About 50 years ago, the concept of nootropics arose, Piracetam was synthesized and tested. This gave a powerful impetus to the search and creation of other substances with a similar principle of action, these studies continue to this day.

From this article, the reader will get an idea of what nootropics are and what effects they have, get acquainted with the indications, contraindications, side effects of these drugs in general, and also learn the characteristics of individual representatives of drugs in this group, in particular new generation nootropics. Let's start.

What are nootropics

According to the definition of the World Health Organization, nootropic drugs are drugs that have an activating effect on learning, improve mental activity and memory, increase the resistance (resistance) of the brain to such aggressive influences as trauma, intoxication, hypoxia.

The first nootropic in history is Piracetam, which was synthesized and applied in the clinic by Belgian pharmacologists back in 1963. During the study, scientists found that this medicinal substance significantly increases mental performance, improves memory and promotes learning. Subsequently, other drugs with similar effects were synthesized, which we will discuss below.

Effects and mechanisms of action of nootropic drugs

The main effects of drugs in this group are:

psychostimulant;
sedative;
antiasthenic (decrease in feelings of weakness, lethargy, phenomena of mental and physical asthenia);
antidepressant;
antiepileptic;
proper nootropic (impact on disturbed higher cortical functions, which is manifested by an improvement in thinking, speech, attention, and so on);
mnemotropic (impact on learning and memory);
adaptogenic (increasing the body's ability to withstand the harmful effects of the environment);
vasovegetative (improvement of blood supply to the brain, which is manifested by a decrease in and, as well as the elimination of other autonomic disorders);
antidyskinetic;
increased clarity of consciousness and level of wakefulness.

These drugs do not cause pharmacological dependence and psychomotor agitation, their intake does not cause the depletion of the body's physical capabilities.

The action of drugs in this group is based on the following processes:

activation of plastic processes in the central nervous system by enhancing the synthesis of proteins and RNA;
activation of energy processes in neurons;
activation of the processes of transmission of nerve impulses in the central nervous system;
optimization of the processes of utilization of polysaccharides, in particular glucose;
inhibition of the formation of free radicals in cells;
decrease in the need of nerve cells for oxygen under conditions of hypoxia;
membrane-stabilizing effect (regulate the synthesis of proteins and phospholipids in nerve cells, stabilize the structure of cell membranes).

Nootropic drugs activate the enzyme adenylate cyclase, increasing its concentration in nerve cells. This substance is necessary to maintain the stability of the cell's production of the main source of energy for the implementation of biochemical and physiological processes - adenosine triphosphoric acid, or ATP, which, moreover, under hypoxic conditions, transfers the metabolism in the brain to an optimally maintained mode.

In addition, nootropics affect the neurotransmitter systems of the brain, in particular, on:

monoaminergic (increase the content of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain, as well as serotonin);
cholinergic (increase the content of acetylcholine in the nerve endings, which is necessary for adequate transmission of impulses from cell to cell);
glutamatergic (also improve signal conduction from neuron to neuron).

As a result of all the effects described above, the patient improves memory, attention, thought processes and perception processes, his ability to learn increases, intellectual functions are activated.

Classification of nootropics

The class of nootropic drugs includes substances of various pharmacological groups that have a positive effect on the functioning of nerve cells and improve their structure.

Substances that stimulate metabolic processes in nerve cells:

pyrrolidone derivatives: Piracetam, Pramiracetam, Phenylpiracetam and others;
derivatives of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA): Aminalon, Picamilon, Hopantenic acid, Phenibut;
pantothenic acid derivatives: Pantogam;
derivatives of vitamin B6 - pyridoxine: Pyritinol;
products containing dimethylaminoethanol: Acefen, Centrophenoxin;
preparations containing neuroamino acids and peptides: Glycine, Cerebrolysin, Actovegin;
antihypoxants: hydroxymethylethylpyridine succinate;
vitamins, vitamin-like, general tonic substances: vitamin B15, vitamin E, folic acid, succinic acid, ginseng extract and others.

Drugs that have a positive effect on blood vessels, or vasotropic drugs:

Xanthinol nicotinate;
Vinpocetine;
Pentoxifylline;
Cinnarizine;
Instenon.

Drugs that stimulate the processes of memory and learning:

cholinomimetics and anticholinesterases: Galantamine, Choline, Amiridin and others;
hormones: Corticotropin, adrenocorticotropic hormone;
endorphins, enkephalins.

Indications for the use of nootropics

Medicines of the nootropic class are used to treat the following diseases:

different nature (vascular, senile);
chronic insufficiency of cerebral vessels;
consequences of cerebrovascular accident;
neuroinfections;
intoxication;
psychoorganic syndrome with symptoms of memory impairment, decreased concentration and general activity;
cortical myoclonus;
dizziness, with the exception of dizziness of vasomotor and mental origin;
chronic alcoholism (for the treatment of encephalopathy, withdrawal and psychoorganic syndromes);
reduced mental performance;
astheno-depressive, depressive, astheno-neurotic syndromes;
neurosis-like disorders;
traumatic brain injury;
hyperkinesis;
sleep disorders;
migraine;
in the complex treatment of open-angle glaucoma, vascular diseases of the retina, diabetic retinopathy, as well as senile macular degeneration.

In pediatric practice, nootropics are used to treat the following conditions:

mental retardation;
mental retardation and speech development;
cerebral palsy;
consequences of damage to the central nervous system during childbirth;
attention deficit disorder.

Contraindications to taking nootropics

Medicines of this group should not be taken in the following cases:

with individual hypersensitivity of the patient's body to the active substance or other components of the drug;
in the case of an acute period of hemorrhagic stroke (hemorrhage in the brain tissue);
with chorea of Hettington;
in case of severe renal dysfunction (if creatinine clearance is less than 20 ml / min);
during pregnancy and lactation.

Side effects of nootropics

Medicines of this group rarely cause any side effects, however, in a number of patients, the following adverse reactions may occur while taking them:

headache, irritability, anxiety, sleep disturbances, drowsiness;
rarely, in elderly patients, increased symptoms of coronary insufficiency;
nausea, stomach discomfort, or;
increased psychopathological symptoms;

Brief description of drugs

Since there are actually quite a lot of medicines belonging to the class of drugs we are describing, we will not be able to consider all of them, but we will only talk about those that are most widely used in medical practice today.

Piracetam (Piracetam, Lucetam, Biotropil, Nootropil)

Available in the form of tablets for oral administration and solution for injection and infusion.

The drug has a positive effect on blood circulation and metabolic processes in the brain, resulting in increased resistance of brain tissues to hypoxia and the effects of toxic substances, as well as improved memory, integrative brain activity, and increased learning ability.

When taken orally, it is well absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, the maximum concentration in the blood is determined after 1 hour. Penetrates into many organs and tissues, including through the blood-brain and placental barriers. The half-life is 4 hours. Excreted by the kidneys.

Routes of administration of the drug: inside or parenterally (intramuscularly or intravenously). Tablets are recommended to be taken before meals. The dosage and duration of treatment are determined individually, depending on the disease and the characteristics of its clinical course.

In the treatment of patients suffering from, care should be taken and the dose adjusted depending on the level of creatinine clearance.

Side effects of the drug are standard, and they occur, as a rule, in elderly and senile patients, provided they receive a dosage of more than 2.4 g of piracetam per day.

It has an effect on platelet aggregation, therefore, it is used with caution in people suffering from hemostasis disorders and a tendency to hemorrhage.

During pregnancy and lactation is contraindicated.

In the event of the development of sleep disorders while taking piracetam, you should stop taking it in the evening and add this dose to the daytime.

Pramiracetam (Pramistar)

Chemical formula of Pramiracetam

Release form - tablets.

It has a high degree of affinity for choline. Improves the ability to learn, memorize and mental activity in general. Does not have a sedative effect, does not affect the autonomic nervous system.

Absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract quickly and almost completely, the maximum concentration of the active substance in the blood is determined after 2-3 hours. The half-life is 4-6 hours. Excreted by the kidneys.

During pregnancy and lactation, Pramistar is contraindicated.

When treating patients with impaired renal function, one should carefully monitor the development of side effects of the drug in them - this will be a sign of an excess of the active substance in the body and require a dose reduction.

Vinpocetine (Cavinton, Neurovin, Vinpocetine, Vicebrol)

Available in the form of tablets and solution for infusion.

Improves microcirculation in the brain, enhances cerebral blood flow, does not cause the "steal" phenomenon.

When taken orally, it is absorbed in the organs of the digestive tract by 70%. The maximum concentration in the blood is determined after 60 minutes. The half-life is almost 5 hours.

It is used both in neurology (for chronic disorders of cerebral circulation and other diseases described in the general part of the article), and in ophthalmology (for the treatment of chronic diseases of the retinal vessels) and in otiatry (to restore hearing acuity).

In the case of starting therapy in the acute period of the disease, vinpocetine should be administered parenterally, and then continued orally at a dose of 1-2 tablets three times a day after meals.

Phenibut (Bifren, Noofen, Noobut, Phenibut)

Release form - tablets, capsules, powder for oral solution.

The dominant effects of this medicinal substance are antihypoxic and antiamnestic. The drug improves memory, increases mental and physical performance, stimulates learning processes. In addition, it eliminates anxiety, fear, psycho-emotional stress, improves sleep. Enhances and prolongs the action of hypnotics, anticonvulsants and neuroleptics. Reduces the manifestations of asthenia.

After oral administration, it is well absorbed and penetrates into all organs and tissues of the body, in particular, through the blood-brain barrier.

It is used to reduce emotional and intellectual activity, concentration, memory impairment, asthenic, anxiety-neurotic and neurosis-like conditions, insomnia, Meniere's disease, as well as to prevent motion sickness. In the complex therapy of predelirious and delirious alcoholic conditions, osteochondrosis of the cervicothoracic spine, menopausal disorders.

It is recommended to take orally, before meals, 250-500 mg three times a day. The maximum daily dose is 2.5 g, the maximum single dose is 750 mg. The duration of therapy is from 4 to 6 weeks.
In various clinical situations, the dosing regimen may vary.

It has an irritating effect, therefore, it is used with caution in people suffering from.

Hopantenic acid (Pantogam)

Produced in the form of tablets.

Reduces motor excitability, normalizes behavioral reactions, increases efficiency, activates mental activity.

Rapidly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. The maximum concentration of the active substance in the blood is determined 60 minutes after administration. Creates high concentrations in the kidneys, liver, stomach wall and skin. Penetrates through the blood-brain barrier. It is excreted from the body after 2 days.

The indications are standard.

Take the drug inside, half an hour after eating. A single dose for adults is 250-1000 mg. The daily dose is 1.5-3 g. The course of treatment is 1-6 months. After 3-6 months, you can repeat the course. In the treatment of various diseases, the dose of the drug may vary.

Contraindications and side effects are described above.

Pyritinol (Encephabol)

Available in the form of tablets and suspension for oral use (this dosage form is intended for children).

It has a pronounced neuroprotective effect, stabilizes neuron membranes, reduces the amount of free radicals, and reduces erythrocyte aggregation. It has a positive effect on behavioral and cognitive functions.

If the dosage regimen of the drug is observed, the development of side effects is unlikely.

Glycine (Glycine, Glycised)

Release form - tablets.

Improves metabolism in muscles and brain tissues. Has a sedative effect.

Apply sublingually (dissolving under the tongue).

For the treatment of depression, anxiety and irritability, glycine is taken 0.1 g 2-4 times a day. In chronic alcoholism, it is prescribed according to the recommended treatment regimens.

Contraindications - hypersensitivity to glycine. Side effects are not described.

Cerebrolysin

Release form - solution for injection.

Improves the function of nerve cells, stimulates the processes of their differentiation, activates the mechanisms of protection and recovery.

Penetrates through the blood-brain barrier.

It is used for metabolic, organic and neurodegenerative diseases of the brain, in particular, with, it is also used in the complex therapy of strokes, traumatic brain injuries.

Daily doses of the drug vary widely depending on the pathology and range from 5 to 50 ml. Routes of administration - intramuscularly and intravenously.

Use with caution in the treatment of patients with allergic diathesis.

Actovegin

Release form - tablets, solution for injections and infusions.

Contains only physiological substances. Increases the resistance of the brain to hypoxia, accelerates the processes of glucose utilization.

It is used for ischemic and residual effects of hemorrhagic stroke, traumatic brain injury. It is widely used for the treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy, burns, peripheral circulatory disorders, as well as trophic disorders in order to accelerate wound healing processes.

Generally well tolerated. In some cases, the reactions described at the beginning of the article develop.

Approved for use during pregnancy and lactation.

Contraindicated in case of individual hypersensitivity to the components of the drug.

Contains sucrose, therefore, in patients with hereditary disorders of carbohydrate metabolism is not used.

Hexobendin (Instenon)

Available in the form of tablets for oral administration and solution for intramuscular and intravenous administration.

It has a stimulating effect on metabolic processes in the brain and myocardium, improves cerebral and coronary circulation. Antispasmodic.

Indications for the use of this drug are diseases of the brain of an age-related and vascular nature, the consequences of insufficient blood supply to the brain, and dizziness.

Contraindicated in case of individual sensitivity to the components of the drug, increased intracranial pressure, epileptiform syndromes. During pregnancy and lactation, it is used only according to indications.

Inside it is recommended to take during or after a meal, without chewing, drinking plenty of water. The dosage is 1-2 tablets three times a day. The maximum daily dose is 5 tablets. The duration of treatment is at least 6 weeks.

The solution for injection is administered intramuscularly, intravenously slowly or drip. The dosage depends on the characteristics of the clinical course of the disease.

During the period of treatment with this drug, tea and coffee should not be consumed in large quantities. If the drug is administered by intravenous drip, only slow infusion is allowed, and intravenous injection should last at least 3 minutes. Rapid administration of the drug can lead to a sharp decrease in blood pressure.

Combined drugs

There are many drugs that have in their composition 2 or more components that are similar in action or mutually reinforcing the effects of each other. The main ones are:

Gamalate B6 (contains pyridoxine hydrochloride, GABA, gamma-amino-beta-hydroxybutyric acid, magnesium glutamate hydrobromide; is prescribed for adults in the complex treatment of functional asthenia; it is recommended to take 2 tablets 2-3 times a day for 2-18 months);
Neuro-norm (contains piracetam and cinnarizine; standard indications for nootropics; dosage - 1 capsule three times a day for 1-3 months; take the tablet after meals, do not chew, drink plenty of water);
Noozom, Omaron, Phezam, Cinatropil, Evryza: drugs similar in chemical composition and other indicators to Neuro-norm;
Olatropil (contains GABA and piracetam; recommended to be taken before meals, 1 capsule 3-4, maximum - 6 times a day for 1-2 months; if necessary, after 1.5-2 months, the course can be repeated);
Thiocetam (includes piracetam and thiotriazolin; tablets are recommended to be taken 1-2 pieces three times a day; the course of treatment is up to 30 days; in some cases, it is used in the form of a solution for injection: administered intravenously, 20-30 ml of the drug in 100- 150 ml of saline or intramuscularly 5 ml once a day for 2 weeks).

So, above, you got acquainted with the most popular medicines of the nootropic group today. Some of them are the first drugs of this class, but many were developed much later and are much more effective, so they can safely be called new generation nootropics. Please note that the information provided in the article is not a guide to action: if you experience any unpleasant symptoms, you should not self-medicate, but you should seek help from a specialist.

Nootropics or neurometabolic stimulants are medicinal substances that improve the mental and mental activity of the brain. Nootropic drugs directly affect the higher state, and also protect the central nervous system from various negative factors and everyday phenomena. In this article, we will take a closer look at what nootropics are, how they affect processes in the human body, how this can affect.

Description and mechanism of action of the group

The first developments and scientific studies of nootropic substances that could improve the psycho-emotional component of the human began at the dawn of the 60s of the twentieth century.

Since then, many neurometabolic stimulants have been developed that can improve brain function by stimulating blood microcirculation. Moreover, such stimulants protect the brain from all kinds of harmful external influences, including.

Did you know?Corneliu Giurgea is a Romanian psychologist and chemist who is considered the inventor of nootropics. In 1964, he isolated neurotransmitter substances from the Piracetam cocktail.

To date, there are two main groups of nootropics: true and neuroprotective. The substances that make up the first group contribute to the activation of the mnestic function of the brain, and no longer affect the psycho-emotional component in any way.
While neuroprotectors are able to have a complex effect on the mental system. The effect of neurometabolic stimulants can be both primary (the substance binds directly to the neuron and interacts with it) and secondary (has antihypoxic and antiplatelet effects).

Physicians and scientists refer to nootropics with many different terms: neuroanabolic, neuroregulatory, neurodynamic, or eutotrophic.

The mechanism of action of such funds is complex, it is divided into several components.:

The components of neuroregulatory substances contribute to the acceleration of the synthesis of proteins and RNA, which activate the activity of the central, in particular, its plastic component.
Antioxidant and antihypoxic effects make it possible to enhance the processes of ATP synthesis, and this directly affects the energy component of the state of neurons.
Neuroprotectors are the main utilizers of glucose.
Synaptic transformation of impulses in the central nervous system increases significantly under the influence of nootropics.
Stabilization of the functionality of the CNS membranes.

To date, the most basic mechanism of action of nootropic substances on the central nervous system is the effect on bioenergetic and neurometabolic processes in neurons (brain cells).

Moreover, nootropics are able to interact with neurotransmitters, substances that are responsible for the frequency and speed of impulses that transmit information to the central nervous system. The direct effect of neurometabolic stimulants on adenylate cyclase promotes the release of seratonin from sensory neurons.

Also, this effect helps the production of ATP in brain cells without the participation of oxygen, and this contributes to the normal functioning of the central nervous system in conditions of hypoxia (lack of oxygen).

Nootropic compounds are able to correct the processes of neuron-neuron interactions and prevent mental and intellectual developmental delay in adolescence.

The main mechanism of action of neurometabolic substances is aimed at stimulating the metabolism of nucleic acids and improved synthesis of protein, ribonucleic acid and ATP under extreme conditions.

Classification by chemical composition

According to the chemical composition, nootropics are classified as follows::

derivatives of dimethylaminoethanol;
pyrrolidone derivatives;
pyridoxine derivatives;
derivatives of diaphenyllyrrolidone;
analogs of neuropeptides and the neuropeptide itself;
analogues and derivatives of gamma-aminobutyric acid;
2-mercantobenzimidazole derivatives;
amino acids and analogues that have a stimulating effect on the amino acid system of the central nervous system;
organic composites and polypeptides;
funds based on vitamin complexes;
other nootropic substances (psychostimulants, neuromodulators, adaptogens, antihypoxants, etc.).

Each of the above positions of nootropic substances has a different chemical composition, is produced by manufacturers under different names. Accordingly, the mechanism of action of each of the substances will differ.

Indications for use

At first, any classes of neurometabolic stimulants were used only in the fight against mental impairment in age.

A little later, when various world laboratories began to speak out about their supposedly proven effectiveness of nootropics, they began to be used in narcology, pediatrics, psychiatry, and neurology.
To date, a doctor can prescribe a therapeutic course of treatment with such chemicals in cases of the following diseases:

Alzheimer's disease and or senile dementia;
neuroinfection, intoxication;
neurosis-like or neurotic disorder;
psychoorganic syndrome;
vegetovascular dystonia;
craniocerebral and impaired blood circulation in the brain;
cerebrovascular insufficiency of a chronic type;
chronic (withdrawal, encephalopathy);
syndromes and intellectual-mnestic disorders.

Pediatricians also resort to the help of nootropics (at an early age, a frequent cause of a lack of protein synthesis is a lack of amino acids, which is associated with many psycho-emotional disorders).

Popular drugs

To date, there are many nootropic drugs, in particular the new generation, which are derivatives of various chemicals, they have different effects on the central nervous system.
We provide a list of nootropics that are best taken for various clinical indications below, but which ones will be most effective for you should be decided by your healthcare professional.

Piracetam (Nootropil)

This drug refers to chemically active substances, the effect on the human body of which has not been fully proven.
"Nootropil" is a prominent representative of the group of neurostimulating substances, which, according to manufacturers, is able to improve brain activity, promote the synthesis of ribonucleic acid, and improve cerebral microcirculation of red blood cells.

Piracetam is produced in the form of tablets and, when swallowed, is absorbed into the blood, and then enters all internal organs. The substance is excreted by the kidneys and is not metabolized.

On the territory of our country, this drug is often used for Alzheimer's disease and various diseases of the central nervous system.
Many medical professionals around the world believe that "Piracetam", except for the "Placebo effect", has no effect, but recent clinical studies have confirmed the fact that this drug helps to reduce platelet aggregation, thereby improving blood microcirculation in the brain.

Pramiracetam

Like the previous substance, it is a neurometabolic stimulant (a derivative of piracetam), but with a more pronounced effect, and therefore is used in lower dosages.
According to manufacturers, it stimulates and. The full effect of the drug has not been proven, therefore Pramiracetam considered to be a homeopathic remedy.

However, clinical studies have shown that there is still some effect from the use of Pramiracetam. When using this drug for 6 weeks, there is a significant improvement in memory. In addition, the active substance "Pramiracetam" significantly improves the psycho-emotional state during the period.

Cavinton (Vinpocetine)

It is a Hungarian neurodynamic drug that has a therapeutic effect on the affected areas of the brain. It improves blood microcirculation in ischemic areas by relaxing smooth muscles.
Since the mid-80s, it has been manufactured synthetically based on vincamine. It is used to treat cerebral (acute) with impaired cerebral blood flow. The effectiveness of "Cavinton" for many decades has often been questioned. At the beginning of the 19th century, the drug was included in the list of biologically active additives (BAA).

It is a pharmaceutical preparation, the main component of which is hopantenic acid, which is involved in many processes of brain activity. This tool shows its greatest effectiveness in the treatment of chronic intoxication, as well as during periods of increased risk of hypoxia.
"Pantogam" stimulates various functional actions in the system of neurons and helps to accelerate the transmission of neuron-neuron signals.

This sedative drug is included in the list of the best nootropics of the latest generation, the effect of which is to a large extent proven. Clinical studies have shown that Pantogam is able to improve the mental activity of adolescents who have speech and writing disorders.

Domestic tableted nootropic drug, which is used in the medical practice of Russia (in other countries of the world it has not found its application).

Included in the list of the most important medicines. Widely used as a neuroprotective, antihypoxic and psychostimulant agent.
Employees of medical institutions often prescribe "Semax" for recovery from ethanol intoxication, inflammation of the nerves in areas near the brain, and chronic disorders of cerebral blood flow.

In addition, this drug has been used in pediatrics for more than a dozen years, where its effectiveness and safety has been repeatedly proven.

"Semax" is not addictive and "withdrawal" syndrome. Moreover, it easily overcomes the blood-brain barrier and stabilizes all brain processes.

It is a neurometabolic stimulant that has a stimulating, anticonvulsant and antitoxic effect. In 2007, Phenotropil was recognized as an obsolete drug, the frequency of its use for therapeutic purposes has sharply decreased.
Moreover, this drug was recognized as one of those nootropics, the effectiveness of which has not been proven. However, "Phenotropil" has found its application in the world, where it is actively used as a doping, some global companies even produce the active substance "Phenotropil" under a different name.

Therefore, since recently, this tool has been banned for use by the anti-doping committee. According to many of the scientists, the components of "Phenotropil" are able to activate not only mental activity (which is largely unproven), but also (which is proven).

Nootropic agent, a derivative of gamma-aminobutyric acid. It is a domestic drug, which was included in the list of important medicines in the mid-70s.
The developers talked about what would lower the level of stress and stabilize too high levels of CNS activity. Almost all tablets based on gamma-aminobutyric acid are able to calm and improve sleep, in addition, they enhance the effect of sleeping pills and narcotic drugs.

Important!"Phenibut" with prolonged use can be addictive.

With stuttering, chronic stress, Meniere's disease. Phenibut can be shown as a medicine. The main substance of Phenibut directly affects neurons and reduces their activity, which helps to calm and.
In high doses, it exhibits an analgesic effect. For children under 10 years old and people who constantly use drugs and alcohol, Phenibut is contraindicated.

This pharmacy drug belongs to nootropic drugs, the derivatives of which are simple amino acids. developed on the basis of aminoacetic acid, it has a calming, sedative, anti-stress and hypnotic effect.
Moreover, according to the manufacturers, "Glycine" helps to improve memory and protect the central nervous system from various unpleasant external stimuli (the consequences of intoxication with drug addiction and alcoholism).

And "Glycine" is one of the few drugs that can reduce and stimulate the production of serotonin (which makes people happy).

Side effects and contraindications

Side effects from the use of neurometabolic stimulants may occur from the side of the psychological component. Often such effects occur with overdoses or prolonged use of drugs.
Patients may experience hyperactivity of the CNS processes, which manifests itself in the form of increased, impaired. in 5% of cases causes side effects with increasing dosages.

Cancellation of the drug entails the disappearance of any side effects. In addition, "Piracetam" and "Acephen" should not be used as sedatives and mild sleeping pills, as they stimulate the central nervous system.

Did you know?Every fourth Harvard student takes nootropics, although these substances are not medicinal substances in their country (medics say that they are practically ineffective).

From the side of the neuralgic component, tendon reflexes, tremor, dizziness may occur. From the side of the somatic system, there are also a number of unpleasant side effects.

Sometimes there may be a loss of taste, dry mouth. Elderly people complain of high blood pressure and dizziness with long-term use of nootropics.
In addition, improper and uncontrolled intake of neurometabolic stimulants can cause various types. "Pyriditol" can complicate the course of the disease in people suffering from rheumatoid arthritis.

There are not so many contraindications to the use of nootropics due to their homeopathic uses. However, it is better not to take nootropics for people who have hypersensitivity to the components of these substances, chronic or acute renal failure.

Also, nootropics are prohibited for use by people who have had a hemorrhagic stroke and those who suffer from a hereditary disease of the central nervous system - Hettington's chorea.

Who Prescribes Nootropics?

Nootropics have a wide range of applications in the medical practice of our country. In almost all other countries of the world, homeopathic medicines have long since faded into the background. However, our doctors prescribe nootropics for a variety of diseases, as we have already talked about.
For example, the drug "Fenibut" can be prescribed even by a cardiologist. The whole point is that patients with vegetovascular dystonia, for the most part, first of all turn to a cardiologist because of jumps in blood pressure and a constant “feeling” of rhythm.

And since VVD is not serious, which can lead to unpleasant consequences, the cardiologist often prescribes various homeopathic medicines, among which there are nootropics.

Important!Some nootropic substances in high dosages can cause drug intoxication.

But to a greater extent, nootropic drugs are prescribed by psychiatrists, neurologists and pediatricians. In addition, toxicologists and narcologists can also prescribe nootropics with caution.

It can be concluded that the safety of the use of nootropics is quite high, but the effectiveness has not been fully proven. Therefore, it is up to you to decide whether to take such drugs or not.

Nootropics have been developed to boost metabolism and improve the functioning of nervous system cells. To date, nootropics, the effectiveness of which has been proven in the course of research, are used mainly for the treatment of neurological diseases.

Nootropic drugs contain chemical compounds that enhance brain activity, stimulate the nervous system and metabolic processes in general. Increased stress on the nervous system slows down the activity of the brain and leads to impaired blood circulation.

These drugs can increase energy, speed of thinking and remembering information. No wonder they are also called "smart drugs".

Nootropics with proven effectiveness affect the activity of nerve impulses, speeding up the work of the brain. Piracetam (the first nootropic substance) was invented in 1964 in Belgium as a pyrrolidone derivative. From this stage, the synthesis and development of neurometabolic stimulants began.

Nootropics with proven effectiveness help with neuralgic diseases. The list of drugs will help you choose the best ones.

The most common nootropics are:

pyrrolidone derivatives;
derivatives of diaphenylpyrrolidone;
derivatives of amino acids;
neuropeptides.

Complex preparations containing a combination of stimulating substances have been developed.

Indications for admission

When the properties of nootropics were just beginning to be studied, they were used to treat senile dementia. Over time, the range of application of these drugs has expanded to the areas of pediatrics, neurology, narcology and psychiatry.

In the CIS countries, nootropics are prescribed for the treatment of:

pathological damage to the vessels of the brain;
degradation of the integrative function;
neurotic disorder;
infectious lesions of the nervous system;
complications of traumatic brain injury;
decrease in integrative functions of the brain;
alcohol addiction.

In the field of pediatrics, nootropics are prescribed for:

mental retardation;
damage to the nervous system at birth;
chronic anomalies of the brain;
delayed speech development.

In addition to these cases, nootropic drugs are used to treat private neurological pathologies and in the complex treatment of various diseases.

Contraindications

The effectiveness of nootropics has been proven in many cases, but do not forget about the contraindications to taking neurostimulants.

Depending on the type, nootropic drugs should not be taken by patients with:

severe diseases of blood vessels and heart;
pronounced psychomotor activity;
diabetes mellitus;
diseases of the urinary system;
hypotension;
individual intolerance to the components of the drug;
stomach ulcer.

Also, nootropics are not advisable to take during pregnancy and with muscle cramps.

Instructions for use

Nootropic drugs are available in the form of tablets, ampoules for injection, intranasal drops. The dosage depends on the reason for prescribing the drug. In the initial days of admission, the maximum dosage is prescribed to accelerate the achievement of results. In the following days, the dosage is gradually reduced. Nootropics have a cumulative effect in the body.

A sharp refusal to take neurostimulants is contraindicated. It is not recommended to take these drugs in the afternoon, as side effects in the form of sleep disturbance are possible. After intravenous injections, it is desirable to reduce physical activity for the next half hour.

The effect of taking some medications is not felt immediately, but after a while, mostly 1-2 weeks.

In certain cases, nootropics can be addictive and "withdrawal". These drugs should not be combined with the intake of alcoholic beverages. Nootropics can be prescribed to professional athletes to restore the body.

Possible side effects

Side effects from taking pyrrolidone derivatives are mainly manifested in people with mental disorders.

It is rare to observe such reactions:

dizziness;
irritability;
difficulty falling asleep;
malfunctions of the digestive tract.

Anticholinesterase drugs used to treat Alzheimer's disease can cause the following side effects:

salivation;
vomit;
diarrhea;
lack of coordination;
lack of appetite;
stomach colic.

Also, sometimes there may be an increase in temperature, pressure surges and motor overexcitation. In general, negative effects from taking nootropic drugs are very rare.

List of proven nootropics for children and adults. Overview of drugs, cost

Nootropics with proven effectiveness are presented on today's market in a large assortment.

The most popular of them are presented in the table:

Name	Effect	Is it for children	Average price, rub
Nootropil	Improving memory, increasing the stability of neural connections	Yes	240
Phenotropil	Improves the perception of information, improves mood	No	850
Biotredin	Brain booster, stress reliever	from 15 years old	140
Calcium hopantenate	Neuroprotective and sedative	Yes	260
Semax	Enhances attention and concentration	Yes	400
Glycine	Relieves stress, improves performance	Yes	50

Nootropil

Nootropil is one of the first and most common representatives of nootropics from the racetam group. This drug goes on sale in the form of tablets or ampoules for intravenous injection.

Under the action of Nootropil, the level of norepinephrine and dopamine in the blood increases, microcirculation and metabolic processes in tissues improve. There is an increase in the cognitive abilities of a person, which contributes to the improvement of memory and the rapid perception of information.

Nootropil acts cumulatively, so after taking one tablet or administering one injection of the drug, you should not expect a visible result. However, after the end of therapy with pyrrolidine derivatives, which include Nootropil, the agent continues to act for 2-4 weeks.

The drug Nootropil is prescribed for both children and adults, depending on the diagnosis. He has successfully established himself in the treatment of alcohol dependence and senile dementia.

The negative aspects of this remedy include insomnia and irritability, which are extremely rare. The drug should not be used by pregnant and lactating women, as well as patients with acute kidney disease.

Phenotropil

Nootropics with proven effectiveness occupy a strong place in the market of drugs that stimulate mental activity. These include the well-known remedy Phenotropil.

This modification of piracetam acts in many ways in the body:

stimulation of integrative functions;
production of hormones of joy and pleasure;
neuromodulatory effect;
increasing the protective properties of the body;
antidepressant action.

Phenotropil is characterized by a faster effect on the body, since its molecules are actively perceived through the blood-brain barrier. Phenotropil tablets are used to treat neurosis, depression and chronic alcoholism. The drug is not addictive, but may cause loss of appetite. This neurostimulator is prescribed only for adult patients.

Contraindications for admission:

pregnancy;
lactation;
diseases of the liver and kidneys.

The disadvantages of Phenotropil include the high cost and sale only with a doctor's prescription.

Biotredin

Biotredin tablets contain the active substances threonine and pyridoxine hydrochloride. The main direction of application of the drug is the treatment of alcohol dependence. Biotredin also relieves nervousness and tension, improves memory and concentration.

In addition to enhancing the cognitive functions of the brain, the drug has an antidepressant effect.

Biotredin is able to eliminate anxiety and irritability, restoring the resistance of the nervous system to heavy loads. A 10-day course is enough to feel the benefits of the drug. According to the instructions, Biotredin is prescribed only for adult patients who do not have hypersensitivity to vitamin B.

The active substance pyridoxine does not accumulate in the body, but is processed and excreted through the excretory system. Biotredin should not be taken in conjunction with other medications that stimulate the nervous system. The drug has practically no side effects.

Calcium hopantenate

Calcium hopantenate is one of the few neurotropic drugs used to treat young children.

Indications for taking hopantenic acid derivatives:

mental retardation;
dysfunction of the brain;
infections of the nervous system;
neurotic disorders;
cerebral paralysis;
perinatal damage to the nervous system.

In the treatment of childhood pathologies, calcium hopantenate improves motor skills, increases concentration and reduces hyperexcitability.

The tool has the following types of effects:

increasing the body's resistance to stressful situations;
stimulation of cognitive functions of the brain;
moderate sedative and analgesic effect;
rise in general tone.

With great intellectual and emotional stress, the drug helps to normalize the mental state. The simultaneous use of sedatives is undesirable.

Derivatives of butyric acid have a positive effect on the energy of the neuron, neurodynamics, blood circulation in the nervous system. There is an optimal combination of stimulating and calming action of calcium hopantenate.

Neurobutal

Neurobutal refers to nootropic drugs with a sedative function. The active substance is calcium hydroxybutyrate.

The effect of treatment with this remedy:

tranquilizing;
adaptogenic;
soothing;
antihypoxic;
anesthetic.

The drug is attributed to smoothing various neurotic conditions, with insomnia and withdrawal symptoms. Neurobutal tablets are quickly absorbed in the body, without having a cumulative effect. The complex and rapid action of the drug allows it to be used in the treatment of panic attacks.

The negative effect can be expressed in sleep disturbance and headaches. At the moment, Neurobutal is not sold in pharmacies of the Russian Federation.

Semax

Nootropics with proven effectiveness are available not only in the form of tablets, but also in the form of nasal drops. The convenient release form of Semax allows the active substance to penetrate the body's cell membrane faster.

This remedy is a synthetic analog of the hormone, which has a nootropic and adaptogenic effect. The psychostimulating effect of Semax is used in pediatrics, neurology, ophthalmology and narcology.

The main indications for the use of the product:

complications of traumatic brain injury;
rehabilitation after a stroke;
neurotic disorders;
senile dementia;
withdrawal syndrome treatment;
glaucoma;
ischemic attacks.

Semax also allows you to increase the intellectual-mnestic functions of the brain, favorably affects the hemodynamics and blood circulation of the brain. The drug activates mental and labor activity.

The main directions of influence on the body:

neurometabolic;
neuroprotective;
antioxidant;
antihypoxic.

Semax is contraindicated in acute mental disorders and pregnancy.

Acefen

Acephen (active compound - meclofenoxate) is a derivative of plant growth hormone that improves metabolic processes in the body. The drug has a moderate neurostimulating effect, restoring the blood supply to brain cells. An unusual function of this nootropic is its rejuvenating effect on nerve cells.

Acefen is also characterized by such functions:

mnemotropic;
neurotransmitter;
antihypoxic.

Indications for taking the drug: treatment of traumatic brain injury, mental retardation, dyscirculatory encephalopathy, psychopathological disorders. Can be used in combination with piracetam. To date, Acefen is not available for sale in Russia.

Glycine

Glycine is one of the well-known nootropics that is approved for use by adults and children. Psycho-emotional stress and excessive mental stress can lead to impaired concentration and sleep. To maintain the body's resistance to such influences, you can take advantage of this budgetary funds.

The complex action of Glycine tablets is:

improving attention and thinking;
influence on the assimilation of information;
elimination of lethargy;
stimulation of impulses;
reducing nervousness.

The drug is prescribed with a decrease in mental performance, diseases of the nervous system, disorders of cerebral circulation. The tool effectively helps with frequent stress and nervousness. Glycine is practically harmless and has no contraindications. Combination with tranquilizers is undesirable. The drug can be prescribed to children from 3 years.

The stimulating effect of nootropics helps to normalize the mental state and increase cognitive abilities. The effectiveness of these drugs has been proven in experimental studies with moderate doses of therapy.

Article formatting: Lozinsky Oleg

Video about nootropics with proven effectiveness

Top 7 Best Nootropics:

Nootropics, the list of drugs of which today is represented by a wide range of products, originate from 1963. At that time, Belgian clinicians and pharmacologists managed to synthesize and apply in medical practice the first drug from the group of nootropics - Piracetam.

Numerous studies have proven clinical improvements in patients of various groups against the background of continuous use of Piracetam, including memory enhancement, facilitating learning processes.

In 1972, the term "nootropics" was proposed, denoting a class of drugs for improving the integrative functionality of the brain. In modern neurology, nootropic drugs are an integral part of the treatment of various disorders in children and adults.

Characteristics of the pharmaceutical group

Nootropics(from the Greek noos - mind, thoughts and tropos - vector, direction) are widely used in neurological practice for a positive impact on the higher integrative functions of the brain. With the help of drugs, they correct some behavioral reactions in people and adults, increase resistance to stressful situations, the ability to learn, and chronic hypoxia. Other functions of drugs are:

maintaining the energy structure of a neuron (nerve cell);

improving the functionality of the central nervous system;

activation of the plastic functionality of the central nervous system;

providing a pronounced neuroprotective effect;

normalization and stabilization of the cell membrane;

minimizes the need for nerve cells in oxygen.

The nootropic effect can be primary with a direct effect on neurons and secondary with an improvement in general cerebral circulation. There are two main groups of nootropics:

true (improvement of mnestic functions of the brain and nervous system);

combined action (a combination of several functions at the same time).

Synonyms of the pharmacological group of nootropics are cerebroprotectors, neuroregulators, neuroanabolics, eutotrophic, neurometabolic drugs. All terms reflect the general effect of drugs - the ability to stimulate metabolic processes in the nervous structures of the human body.

Mechanism of action

Nootropic drugs directly affect a whole range of functional abilities of the brain, contributing to their vigorous activity. Thanks to adequate therapy, concentration of attention improves, interactions between the right and left hemispheres are facilitated. It has been proven that the drugs rejuvenate the body and prolong the life of patients with a burdened clinical neurological history.

The biogenic origin of the drug largely affects all processes of intracellular metabolism, stimulating the synthesis of proteins, the excretion of excess glucose, and the formation of ATP. The following mechanisms and effects of exposure are distinguished:

membrane stabilizing effect;

antioxidant;

antihypoxic;

neuroprotective.

There is a significant increase in the resistance of the brain to the negative effects of exogenous and endogenous factors. The effectiveness of drugs is enhanced with the simultaneous use of angioprotectors, psychostimulants. The main category of patients who are prescribed nootropics are children and the elderly.

Main indications for use

Typical indications for the appointment of nootropic drugs are the following conditions:

psychoorganic syndrome (dystrophic changes in the nervous tissue of any origin);

alcoholism with withdrawal syndrome;

drug addiction;

neuroleptic syndrome (as a combination therapy);

neurotic or organic asthenia;

cerebrovascular insufficiency;

sickle cell anemia;

ophthalmic pathologies (complex therapy).

With the help of nootropics, urinary disorders of a neurogenic nature are treated. Nootropic drugs are a necessary measure for Parkinson's disease, ischemia, cerebral palsy, epileptic seizures.

Contraindications and side effects

Nootropics may be prescribed for relative contraindications at the discretion of the attending physician. Among the absolute contraindications are acute or chronic renal failure, pregnancy and lactation, hepatic diseases with aggravated course, acute hemorrhagic stroke, hypersensitivity, severe psychomotor agitation. Side effects of the drug are the following conditions:

sleep disturbance, insomnia;

dyspeptic disorders;

hyperexcitability:

anxiety syndrome, panic attacks;

hypotension;

increased effect on hepatic or renal functions;

convulsive syndrome, epileptic seizures;

impaired coordination, unsteady gait;

redness of the face, feeling of heat;

pronounced iosinophilia;

hallucinations and confusion;

thrombophlebitis, febrile syndrome.

Against the background of taking the drug, allergic rashes on the body like urticaria, itching, burning on the skin, mainly in the neck, face, back, are possible. If any discomfort occurs, it is recommended to stop treatment or adjust the daily dosage. Cases of drug overdose are not registered.

Basic nootropics

Which is better in the treatment of neurological diseases? The use of nootropic drugs can be combined and independent. Usually, nootropics as a stand-alone therapy are used for minor disorders. The following drugs with proven efficacy are widely used in neurological practice:

Piracetam.

Probably the most popular nootropic. The drug enhances metabolic processes in the brain. It is used to treat systematic dizziness, correction of dyslexic syndrome. In adult patients, the drug is used as a complex therapy for myocardial infarction, withdrawal syndrome with addictions of any origin. Doctors prescribe a remedy for the treatment of neuroinfections caused by viral agents.

Memoplant

One of the best herbal nootropics. The German drug Memoplant contains a highly purified extract of ginkgo biloba EGb 761®. Many preparations of ginkgo biloba contain a significant amount of harmful impurities - ginkgolic acids. Memoplant is devoid of this drawback, as it is cleaned during 27 stages of production.
The drug increases the resistance of the nervous tissue to a lack of oxygen, improves cerebral circulation. It is effective for dizziness, noise in the ears or head, as well as for memory and performance problems.

Vinpocetine.

Against the background of constant intake, the vessels of the brain expand, microcirculation increases. The active substance of the drug provides a full transport of oxygen to the brain tissues, increases the absorption of nutrients. Vinpocetine has a pronounced neuroprotective and antioxidant effect. The treatment regimen changes from the introduction of intravenous solutions first with the transition after to the tablet form of the drug. It is used as an adjuvant in antihypertensive therapy.

Phenibut.

There is a high efficiency in functional disorders of the vestibular apparatus, sleep disorders, neurosthenia, asthenic syndrome. Against the background of long-term use, metabolic processes in the brain tissues at the cellular level are normalized. The strengths of the drug are psychostimulating ability and antioxidant effect. The drug is characterized by low toxicity, low side effects.

Phenotropil.

The drug belongs to a new generation of nootropics with a pronounced adaptogenic effect. Patients have resistance to stressful situations, without causing, at the same time, drug dependence. Phenotropil is prescribed to patients with severe emotional and mental stress.

Phezam.

Nootropic, directly intended for the treatment of impaired blood circulation in the brain. It is effective for serious diseases of the nervous system, circulation disorders in the vascular system of the brain. In complex therapy, headaches are stopped with increased intracranial pressure, improves the functioning of the organs of hearing and vision. Phezam is prescribed for amnesia, it is highly effective in hypoxic syndrome.

Cinnarizine.

A drug designed to strengthen the vascular walls of the brain during their dilatation (stretching). At the same time, blood pressure indicators remain in the usual norm. Effective as a prevention of motion sickness, disorders of the vestibular apparatus. It is prescribed for chronic migraines, with increased hypertension, accompanied by dizziness, tinnitus, headache. Cinnarizine is used in adult women to reduce symptoms of menopause.

Cerebrolysin.

The safety and efficacy of the drug has been proven by numerous studies. Used as adjuvant therapy against serious psychiatric and neurological disorders. With the correct dosage, mental processes are activated, concentration of attention and mood increase. Long-term use improves memory, increases the ability to learn.

Actovegin.

A drug related to nootropics-antihypoxants. Used to treat metabolic disorders in the brain, promotes rapid healing of wounds. The drug is used as a complex therapy for radiation skin lesions, with diabetic polyneuropathy. Actovegin is available in the form of tablets, intramuscular, intravenous solutions and intra-arterial injections. There is a form of the drug for topical use.

Nootropic drugs for the treatment of serious neurological disorders are used in adult neurological practice. When used as a complex therapy, the probability of a decrease or increase in the activity of other drugs is taken into account.

Best nootropics for kids

In pediatric practice, nootropics are used to treat mental retardation, to improve attention, speech development, with poor school performance. Children's nootropics have been widely used since 1952. The main reasons for the appointment are the following conditions in children of different ages:

cerebrosthenia;

hypoxic syndrome in cerebral palsy:

poor development of speech;

intellectual insufficiency;

encephalopathy.

It has been proven that in childhood the tolerability of nootropic drugs is much better than in adults. The following are considered essential medicines for children:

Piracetam(Nootropil, Cerebril, Lucetam, Oykamid).

They are used in children from 1 year old, available in tablets, ampoules, capsules. It is not prescribed for children with increased emotional excitability. The active substance has a beneficial effect on the brain, enhances susceptibility to intellectual stress, stabilizes concentration, and promotes learning.

Pantogam.

An anticonvulsant drug suitable for children from the first days of life. From pharmacies it is released in the form of syrups and tablets. It is used to treat cerebral palsy, improve the condition in autism, schizophrenia. Pantogam is used for children with neurogenic or stress urinary incontinence. Also, against the background of constant use, the emotional background of the child is normalized, especially with a delay in mental and speech development. Reduced and the likelihood of side effects: drowsiness, allergic reactions, dyspeptic disorders.

Picamilon.

The drug, designed to expand the vessels of the brain, is an analogue of Piracetam in terms of active substance and effectiveness. It has a slight tranquilizing effect. From pharmacies it is released in the form of injections for intravenous and intramuscular administration, in tablets. In pediatrics, it is prescribed for children from 3 years old. The nootropic agent is especially effective at high emotional stress, with increased physical and mental activity.

Phenibut.

The tool belongs to the latest generation of drugs. It is prescribed for children to stimulate the normal functioning of the nervous system, increase mental and intellectual activity, at the same time helping to cope with overload. The drug has a low degree of toxicity, suitable for children over 2 years old. The main side effects include nausea, increased drowsiness, dizziness. From pharmacy chains it is released in the form of powder and tablets.

Pyritinol.

The drug is intended for the effect of mild sedation. Necessary in the treatment of depressive syndrome in adolescents, with vegetative-vascular dystonia, excessive fatigue. It is a complex drug for mental retardation and mental development. Not recommended for use in children under 12 months of age. Despite the high activity, the remedy has a number of side effects: loss of taste, dyspnea, polymyositis, nausea and dizziness.

Cinnarizine(Vertizin, Diziron, Tsirizin, Baltsinnarzin, Cinnaron).

It is used in pediatrics for the treatment of children over 12 years old, but recently it has been practiced to use the remedy in children from 1 year of age. The drug has many side effects from typical nausea to epileptic seizures, impaired renal and hepatic function, arterial hypotension. The effectiveness of the drug has not been proven. The drug is released in the form of capsules and tablets.

Semax.

The drug is widely used in pediatric practice due to its high efficiency and convenient pharmacological form. The drug eliminates excessive capriciousness, emotional excitability. Side effects are expressed in dizziness, nausea, irritation of the nasal mucosa. It is used in children with delayed speech development, with sleep disorders.

Glycine.

The active ingredient is aminoacetic acid. The drug is well tolerated by young children, effective in case of excessive emotional arousal. Against the background of long-term use, working capacity, learning ability are activated, night sleep is regulated, concentration of attention increases. Glycine is suitable for the treatment of children at any age.

Gammalon.

New from Japan, is a follower of Piracetam. A similar composition of Gammalon is contained in Aminalon, but the price of the drug is much lower. If the cost of a Japanese nootropic reaches 2500 rubles. per package, then Aminalon costs 100-150 rubles. for packing. The effectiveness of both drugs has not been studied and proven. The price and quality of the Japanese product is more of a marketing ploy.

The opinions of experts about the effectiveness of nootropics in children differ. Some consider drugs indispensable in the treatment of any neurogenic disorders, psycho-emotional disorders. Others doubt the effectiveness of nootropic drugs due to the lack of clinical data for use in childhood. Basically, nootropics are used for "sedation" as an adjunct treatment to the base treatment. All drugs are dispensed from pharmacy chains without a prescription.

List of the best nootropics

What is better to take drugs in a particular clinical situation should be decided by the attending physician. To date, there are several of the most effective drugs that have found the widest application both in pediatrics and in adult practice in the treatment of diseases of a neurogenic nature:

Piracetam;

Nootropil;

Cerebrolysin;

Vinpocetine;

Biotredin;

Aminalon;

Biotredin.

The effect of the constant intake of modern nootropic drugs begins only after a few months. As an independent drug, nootropics are used as a prevention of neurological diseases, decreased performance in adults, and impaired concentration.

Combined funds

Among nootropics, there are preparations with a combined composition. Such funds include two or more active components, which, to one degree or another, enhance or reduce the effect of each other. The main drugs of the series are:

Gamalate B6 (as part of Pyridoxine hydrochloride, magnesium glutamate hydrobromide);

Omaron, Phezam, Evryza, Noozom (Piracetam and Cinnarizine, auxiliary components);

Neuronorm (active substances Piracetam and Cinnarizine);

Olatropil (Piracetam and GABA);

(Piracetam and Thiotriazolin).

All funds are similar in effectiveness to Piracetam. Combined drugs are used for severe problems, similarly to popular drugs, they are used in monotherapy and in combination with other drugs.

All drugs, despite the absence of side effects, require a prescription from a doctor. Only on the basis of medical research data can an accurate diagnosis be established, which will determine further adequate treatment.

Piracetam (Nootropil)