The ending of ui in adjectives. Case endings of adjectives. Declination of adjectives. Spelling the suffixes of adjectives

In Russian, case endings are characteristic only for full adjectives, which depend on such grammatical features as gender, number, case. Short adjectives are never inflected in cases and have several constant endings. This article provides many examples of adjective endings available.

Spelling features of case endings of adjectives

The spelling of the endings of adjectives depends on the grammatical features of the word - its gender, number, case, and in some cases the lexico-grammatical category.

Word which helps to determine the end of the adjective in the simplest way - it is enough to choose the desired question form for the case form of the adjective. The ending of the question will coincide with the ending of the adjective (for adjectives with a solid base, vowels will be written in the endings -ы-, -o, -y- with soft base and base on sizzling - -, -e, - -y-).

Examples of: snowy oh(how oh?) field, in large yu(how yu?) plate, over green th(how them?) meadow.

Important! In Russian, case endings have only full adjectives, short adjectives are not inflected for cases and have only four endings - zero, -a (s), -o (-e), -s (s)... Examples: light, green a, great O, hot and .

Case endings of full adjectives

The ending system of adjectives is shown in the table with examples.

In order to correctly inflect adjectives, you need to know their case questions in both numbers.

It is most convenient to check endings and adjectives by substituting a question which? in the desired form, since the endings of the question and the adjective coincide, for example: It was hard for him to go after the hard Wow(how Wow?) of the day... An exception is the masculine nominative singular (and the similar accusative), where the ending is written under stress -Oh (detachable Oh calendar, business Oh Human), and without stress - th or th (table th calendar, sincere ui Human).

In adjectives on th , -th , -th (wolf ui, wolf ya, wolf th ) in all cases, except for the nominative (and similar accusative) case of the masculine singular, the letter is written b , For example: wolf b I am(flock), wolf b e(lair), wolf b and(footprints); wolf b him wolf b her wolf b them wolf b them etc. (but: wolf ui howl).

Nominative endings

In the feminine gender, the ending is written in the nominative singular -and I or th , and in the neuter - th or -her (which? — correspondence and I average yaya school; which? — interesting oh comprehensively her study).

In the plural of all three genders, the ending is written -th or -th (which? — frost th winter not days, nights, mornings).

Accusative endings

In feminine, the ending is written in the accusative singular th or -yu (answers the question which one?), For example: graduate (what?) correspondence yu average yuyu school.

Instrumental endings

In the masculine and neuter, the ending is written in the instrumental singular -th or -them (answers the question how?), For example: enjoy (how?) warm th autumn them in the afternoon, in the morning.

In the feminine singular, the ending is written -Oh (-th ) or -her (- to her ) (answers the question which? what?), For example: patronize (which? which?) shift Oh average her school.

Prepositional endings

In masculine and neuter gender, in the prepositional singular, the ending is written oh or -eat (answers the question what?), For example: write about (what?) warm ohm autumn eat day, morning.

Declension of participles, ordinal numbers

Just like qualitative and relative adjectives, participles, some pronouns (each, every, most, this, etc.), ordinal numbers (first, second, fourth, etc., except for the third, declining, like possessive adjective wolf). The spelling of the endings of all these words can be checked by substituting the question what? in the required form, for example: He strove to read (what?) every scientific article that appeared on (what?) the question of interest to him.

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36. Instead of a suffix -or after sibilants under stress the suffix is ​​written -er (-er ): trainee, retoucher.

37. Instead of -enka , -young , -chek after sibilants are written under stress -onka , -on , -points: girls ÓNka, shirt ÓNka, nag ÓNka, bear ÓNock, wolf ÓNock, mouse ÓNock, hook O receipt, mesh O receipt, circle O receipt.

38. In female patronymics: Ilyinichna, Lukinichna, Fominichna, Kuzminichna etc. - front n written h .

Spelling of adjectives

39. In order not to confuse the endings of pl. h. -th , -th with neuter singular endings th , -her , what words should be substituted? and what? For instance: kind oh , syn her , ex her (which?); kind th , syn not , ex not (what kind?).

40. In order not to be mistaken in the endings -th , -them — oh , -eat , should the words be substituted with what? and what about? For instance: kind th , syn them , ex them (what? - instrumental case); oh good ohm , oh sin eat , about the former eat (about what? - prepositional case).

41. In order not to be mistaken in the endings th , -yu — -th , - to her , which words should be substituted? and what? For instance: kind yu , syn yuyu , ex yu (what? - accusative case); kind oyu , syn her , ex her (what? - instrumental).

42. Unstressed endings in adjectives are generally written in the same way as struck endings, except for the endings after hissing (compare with nouns - item 21); under stress: stranger ÓGo, big ÓGo, stranger ÓMu, big ÓMu; without stress: redhead e th, big e th, redhead e mu, big e mu.

43. In the names of adjectives, after the sibilant under stress, the suffix is ​​written -ow- (penny ÓVy, hedgehog ÓVy, brocade ÓVy, linen ÓVy), and without stress - the suffix -ev- (plush e out, key e you water).

Note. You should remember the spelling of the word cheap (compare: cheaper).

44. In short adjectives, under stress after sibilants is written O: the food is hot Ó (ending), ridiculous ÓН (O fluent in suffix).

45. In adjectives on th , -th , -th (fox, fox, fox) in all forms, except for eminent. and blames. masculine singular cases ( fox), before the end is written b: fox, fox, foxes etc.

46. Diminutive adjectives are formed by suffixes -enk-: blue, plump; after G , To , X possible and -onk- , and -enk-: light and lightweight, wide and wide, quiet and quiet.

47. In the suffix -an- , -yan- forming adjectives from nouns, write one n: leather n th, sand n th, silver n th except for three words: tree nn th, tin nn th, glass nn th.

48. In adjectives formed with a suffix -n- from nouns stemming from n , written two n : kame nn th, with nn th, long nn th.

Note. From such adjectives it is necessary to distinguish adjectives with one n: young, rosy, pork etc.

What does he mean? What are the parts of speech that are declined?

Declination is a change in cases. All names are declined: nouns, adjectives, numerals. Only nouns are divided into three declensions, while other names do not have such a division. It is also absent in pronouns, which are also inclined.

Let's decline the phrases: winter day, winter weather, winter morning.

I.P. (what?) Winter day, winter weather, winter morning

R.P. (what?) Winter day, winter weather, winter morning

V.P. (what?) Winter day, winter weather, winter morning

D.P. (to what?) Winter day, winter weather, winter morning

Etc. (what?) In the winter day, in the winter weather, in the winter morning

P.P. (about what?) About a winter day, about winter weather, about a winter morning

You may have noticed that the question suggests the ending of the adjective, but it is not always accurate. In the question of the nominative and accusative cases of the masculine gender, the ending is -th, and in the words -th, or -th: which one? snowy, winter.

There is no coincidence even when in the word before the end there is not a hard consonant, as in the question, but a soft one: how? -winter; about what? -about winter.

In the genitive endings of the masculine and neuter gender, there are also orthograms: in place of the sound (B), the letter (G) -th is written, and at the end, the letter O.

These spellings are unverifiable, you can underline not each one separately, but the entire ending (s) (his).

2. Rules for declension of adjectives

1. Adjectives have endings similar to the endings of an interrogative word which: with a good (to and to and m?) Mood, about an interesting (to and to?) Book, etc.

2. Possessive adjectives in -iy, -ya, -ye, -yi (fox, fox, fox, fox) in all cases, except for the nominative and similar accusative case of the masculine singular, are written with ь: fishery, fishery, fishing, fishing, fishing, about fishing; fishing, fishing, fishing, fishing, fishing, about fishing. Note 1. Possessive adjectives are formed from nouns using the suffix -j- (iot), the indicator of which in indirect forms is the dividing b. Note 2. Possessive adjectives in -ii should be distinguished from adjectives in -чий such as recumbent, combustible, in which in indirect cases ь is not written, since they do not have the suffix -j-; Wed: recumbent, recumbent, recumbent, recumbent, etc.

3. The adjectives suburban, intercity, suburban change according to the solid type of declension and are written with the endings -th, -th, -th, -th, etc.; adjectives endless, nonresident change according to the soft variety of declension and are written with the endings -y, -yay, -ee, -th, etc. Forms long-distance and nonresident, endless are outdated and are not currently recommended for use.

4. Adjectives ending in -y have a short form in the masculine nominative singular: sultry - sultry, calm - calm, slender - slender.

3. Exercise exercises

1. Let's decline the word combinations: Difficult long-distance journey, difficult long-distance road. I.P. (what?) A difficult long-distance journey, a difficult long-distance road.

R.P. (what?) A hard long-distance journey, a hard long-distance road

V.p. (what?) Difficult long-distance journey, difficult long-distance road

D. p. (What?) A hard long way, a hard long way

T.P. (what?)

P.P. (about what?) About a difficult long-distance journey, about a difficult long-distance road

2. Working with text. Insert missing letters.

1) From cloudy… ..high… .the sky occasionally fell lonely snowflakes.

Sky (WHAT?) Cloudy, high

2) Clean ... white ... the earth was covered with a tablecloth.

A tablecloth (WHAT?) CLEAN, WHITE.

3) Here is an old ... stump pushed on his forehead a fluffy ... fur ... hat.

STUMP (WHAT?) OLD. A hat (what?) Is fluffy, furry. Memo"How to recognize letters in unstressed endings of adjectives?" 1. Find the noun on which the adjective depends. 2. Put a question to the adjective in the form required by the noun. 3. Recognize the letter by the shock ending in the question. (Be aware of possible mismatches)

1. Kalenchuk M.L., Churakova N.A., Baikova T.A. Russian language 4: Academbook / Textbook.

2. Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O. Russian language 4: Ballas.

3. Lomakovich S.V., Timchenko L.I. Russian language 4: VITA_PRESS.

1. The culture of writing ().

1. Fill in the table by entering the correct adjective endings.

2) Write down the text, changing the endings of adjectives in meaning, highlight them, indicate the case. Tall, century-old pines with red mighty trunks stood in a gloomy army. They are tightly closed at the top with green tops. In the cheese (s) corners stretched tall (s) stems of green herbs.

3) A) Make sentences with words - green leaves, dense trees, sonorous streams in genitive and prepositional cases. B) Arrange the adjectives according to their composition.

4) * Compose a free text description using a variety of adjectives with a variety of case endings.

The choice of the ending of an adjective depends on the hardness or softness of the preceding consonant, as well as on the place of stress.

RED - [n] hard, based stress -> ending ЫЙ
BLUE - [n] soft, accent based on -> ending ИЙ
NATIVE - the stress on the ending -> the ending ОУ

It is not always easy for a foreigner to distinguish a soft consonant from a hard one by ear, so the spelling of adjectives needs to be memorized. It is not difficult for a native speaker of Russian to hear a soft or hard sound. this law is already embedded in our phonetic system. But almost all foreigners have problems when choosing a vowel ( s or and, at or yu, oh or e), after all, in their native languages ​​there is no systemic (phonemic) distinction between hard and soft consonants.

Foreigners can be asked to remember that most of the foundations are solid (that is, they end in -ОЙ). Gradually, as necessary and as they appear in the texts, in the textbook, acquaint them with words that end in - NIY. In general, they can keep for themselves some kind of notebook with lists of adjectives with certain endings for memorization. Over time, phonetic hearing will develop to a greater extent: a foreigner will better distinguish between hard and soft pronunciation. Although practice shows that even at high levels of proficiency in Russian, foreigners periodically confuse -and and -s.

Adjectives with the ending - (Н) ИЙ can be grouped by meaning:

1. Related to the expression of time:autumn ui, winter ui, summer ui, spring ui, morning ui, vespers ui, early ui, late ui, Saturday ui, long ago ui, ancient ui, last year ui, new year ui, five years old ui, two years ui, former ui, last ui
BUT!: daytime Oh, Sunday th

2. Formed from adverbs of place and time:here ui, there ui then ui, yesterday ui, today ui, current ui, present ui, tomorrow ui

3. Expressive spatial relationships:distant ui, close ui, internal ui, external ui, top ui, lower ui, front ui, average ui, rear ui, extreme ui, adjacent ui, near ui

The list does not end with these adjectives. Is there some more blue, homely, sincere, outsider, one-sided and etc.

When changing adjectives by case, pay attention to the following.

• If unstressed endingsth, th, thand a solid base, as in words like "beautiful", in the genitive case there will be an ending th / th... And also if the shock endingsth, th, th(as in words big, dear, mean; urban, dear, bad, alien, big), when declining the words will change fromth / th.

• In unstressed endings-th, -ee, -th(early, late, hot) the declination will occur according to the soft variant:-his / -s.


• In unstressed adjectivesth, th, thand a soft base on K, G, X in masculine gender (Russian, English, distant, close, quiet) will th / oh.

• In words with unstressed-th, -th, -eeand a solid base on a sizzling (good, fresh) will -his / -s.

Shock ending

-Oh, -AH, -OE, -IE

a) after K, G, X, F, W: urban, dear, bad, alien, big