Family tree of the rulers of Tartaria. About our Motherland - Great Tartary. Tartar emperors of China

Original taken from cycyron c The last ruler of Tartary

Original taken from psmirnova c The last ruler of Tartary

He is a man with dark, slightly curly hair and blue-gray eyes. Unfortunately, I can't draw, so I picked up a drawing as close to the original as possible. We are talking about a person whom we know under the name Emelyan Pugachev, since his real name remained unknown. Unknown yet. And I really hope so.

Here is what the officialdom reports:

Emelyan Pugachev was born in 1742, in the village of Zimoveyskaya-on-Don. From the Don Cossacks. In 1759, Emelyan Pugachev entered the military service Cossack, took part in the Seven Years War. In 1764 he was in Poland as part of his regiment, in 1769-1770 he fought with the Turks and received the rank of cornet.

Having returned to the Don due to illness, in 1772 he went to wander, was among the Terek Cossacks, beyond the Kuban with the Nekrasov Cossacks, in Poland, lived among the Old Believers near Chernigov, Gomel, on the Irgiz River. He was arrested several times, but escaped.

In May 1773, Emelyan Pugachev fled from a Kazan prison to the Yaik River, where among the Cossacks who lived there he declared himself Emperor Peter Fedorovich, who miraculously escaped from assassins sent by his unfaithful wife.On September 17, on his behalf, the first manifesto was read about the beginning of the uprising, the core of which was the Yaik Cossacks-Old Believers. Then they were joined by detachments of the Bashkirs and other peoples of the Volga region, the Ural workers, as well as the peasants, who made up the majority at the last stage of the uprising.

Numerous detachments of insurgents operated on a vast territory from the Urals to the Volga. Pugachev himself initially laid siege to Orenburg, but after being defeated by government forces at the Tatishcheva fortress on November 22, 1774, his main forces retreated to the mining Urals. From there he moved to the Volga and took Kazan. The Pugachevites were there for only one day, but managed to plunder and burn the city in a drunken orgy. The victors raped women, killed not only men, but also old people and children.

Perhaps there was such a person, but this is clearly different, not the one we call Pugachev. And that person, the future hero, was born not in Muscovy, but in Tartary (i.e., in a completely different country), on the estate of his parents. Now they are called family estates, i.e. those where only family members work without hired workers. Having matured, the young man decided to devote himself to military affairs and enlisted in the princely army.

Tartary then waged a war with the invader - Romanov Muscovy, so the field of activity for a military career was extensive. Very quickly, thanks to his courage and courage, the one whom we call Pugachev became first a "field commander" and then a voivode. This was the highest military rank.

Regular troops under the leadership of Suvorov marched from Muscovy. Tartary did not have such troops, and did not have heavy weapons. In fact, it was a war between Russian crusaders (Christians) and Russians, who did not want to betray their faith in the Gods, their Orthodoxy and did not want to become God's slaves. This is a war of civilizations. A war in which the Orthodox Russians, alas, were doomed. Kali Yuga was in full swing.

In the last battle, the voivode was seriously wounded, moreover, wounded by the hand of a traitor, in the back. Friends and comrades-in-arms took him from the battlefield to the remote taiga, where a settlement was later rebuilt. Such settlements gradually grew, since people fled from invaders imposing their religion with fire and sword (in the most literal sense).
Now we know such settlements as the settlements of the Old Believers. Not schismatic Christians, but Old Believers.

As for the captive Pugachev, this man voluntarily took on the role of a victim, saving the voivode. Now it would be called a "cover operation."

After the Pugachev war, Tartary disappears from geographic maps, and Siberia becomes part of Romanov's Russia. Everything that could be rewritten has been rewritten. Pushkin writes a "commissioned article", and Suvorov receives orders and titles.

Now Kali Yuga is over, the time of rebirth is coming, and first of all it concerns information. More and more people are looking for the truth, more and more they share their findings. In the end, we will find out everything that our enemies so diligently hid, we will find out the truth. And the power is in the truth.

History of Muscovy - states from the Underworld

I understand that the topic is not simple, complicated and I could be wrong, but ...

After studying numerous sources of the history of Ukraine-Rus, I was finally convinced of the absence of any connection between Rus and Muscovy, which became the progenitor of Russia.

But regarding Muscovy itself, its origin, there is only one version.

Muscovy was created, given birth, organized by the Horde, and only the Tatars can be the people who founded it, or as modern "historians" like to say, the Mongol-Tatars.

But examining the question of who the Tatars are, I kind of stunned me a little, the Tatars, the so well-established, familiar name of the people turned out to be not their self-name, that is, not an auto-ethnonym.

Tatars, and in fact Tartars, are an exonym, that is, the name given to the people from the outside by another culture.

We know a lot of such names, for example:

Residents of Germany call themselves "Deutsch", which in Russian means "people", this is an auto-ethnonym, although the most popular self-name in Germany is "Alemans", we call them Germans - and this is an exonym.

Why is it important to understand that the Tatars, or precisely the Tartars, are "exonym"?

In order to answer the questions:

* Can Muscovy declare that it owes its origin to Russia?
* Does Muscovy have a titular nation?
* Why is Russia so disowning its Tartar past?
* Why is any mention of Tartaria completely erased from the history of Russia?

Russian science fiction writers, historians have been rewriting history for centuries, and deliberately distorted the meaning of not only the history itself, but also distorted the meaning of many words, which, as it turned out, can shed light on the true origin.

This is part of the technology, so to speak, its basis.

The main task pursued by the fabulists, when they were rewriting the history of many peoples, was one, to destroy the connection between Russia and Tartary and create the impression of the antiquity of the "Russian" nation, the "Russian" people, for which the basis of the Moscow-Russian history was not its true history - the Chingizids , and the history of Ukraine-Rus.

Now, in the era of sufficiently developed communications and unhindered access to almost any information, all this certainly sounds ridiculous and depressing, but 500 years ago, the most important proof of rightness, truth, truth was the antiquity of origin: clan, history, people ...

That is why fabulists worked day and night in Moscow monasteries, composing new and new truth about the antiquity of the "Russian" people, periodically burning the true, original sources, as by the way they burned in their time the library of Yaroslav the Wise, numbering a huge number of literary works of different peoples and that, as they say, is what we know.

Who are the Moscow "Russians"?

« If you scrape a Russian well, you will find a Tatar »

These words, attributed to both Napoleon and even Pushkin, belong to another author.

« After all, a little more than a hundred years ago they were real Tatars. And under the outer veneer of European elegance, most of these upstart civilizations retained their bearskin - they only put it on with fur inside. But it is enough to scrape them a little - and you will see how the wool crawls out and puffs up. ».

He was not the only one who understood that there were no “Russians” in Muscovy, and there were no offspring, the Tatars were the titular nation, but here:

* Who are the Tatars?
* Where did they come from?
* How did the Tatars end up in Moscow?

Who are the Tatars?

If you look at old cards, look through old books - nowhere you will find the words: "Tatar", "Tataria", "Tatar", everywhere there will be only only: Tartaria, Tartarus, Tartars, Great Tartary, Tartaras.

Where does this extra letter "P" come from? Who is it that constantly, as ill luck would have it, and inserts it into a painfully familiar word?

And it doesn't come from anywhere!

She has always been there, is, will be and will remain forever and ever!

The Tatar people take its name from the ancient Greek word Tartarus "Τάρταρος", which comes from ancient Greek mythology, and it means the word the deepest abyss located under the kingdom of Hades!

Tartarus is a place in the underworld - under Hell!

Do you think I'm kidding?

The Byzantines gave many common nouns, because it was thanks to them that the names Slav and Rab became synonymous in the world!

It was they who made us happy with their friendship with the Chingizids!

Thanks to them, we got Christianity.

A bit of history

You probably just don't understand well the sense of humor of the rulers of Constantinople and the entire Byzantine Empire.

It was their perverted brain that came up with such a stunning name for a people called to bear the name of the Lord in a barbaric, heretical, sin-bound Europe!

Thanks to them, Hell opened up and vomited the army of the underworld into our world!

It was thanks to Byzantium that the Chingizids received an invitation to enter our world.

It was Byzantium who called the Horde.

It was thanks to the wishes of Byzantium that the Chingizids wiped out Russia from the face of the earth, and moved to Europe, carrying the fire of Orthodoxy ...

It is clear that the rulers of Constantinople did not understand what kind of Satan they called into our world, but the events of 1204, when the Latin Catholics managed to capture Constantinople, left a deep wound in their hearts.

After the fall of Constantinople, the rulers of Byzantium managed to escape and take refuge in Nicaea.

But the Byzantines were not going to admit defeat, and therefore, in order to restore their power on the throne of Constantinople, they decided to resort to the devil's plan, and to turn for help to the underworld itself, to Tartarus, to the people who know neither mercy nor pity - the Mongols. !

By the way, the Greek origin is also attributed to the word "Mongolia", even Karamzin writes that this name comes from the Greek word "Megalion" - which in Russian means: Great, it is interesting that "Mogul" also means "Great" in Turkic, but not essence.

Hatred and the desire for revenge overshadowed the minds of the insane emperors, they may not even have dreamed of regaining the throne so much as they were burning with a thirst for revenge.

By sending messengers to Tartarus, to the underworld, to Genghis Khan, representatives of Byzantium told him about the untold riches of the West.

Treasures that simply need to be taken away, about the peoples of the West from which excellent slaves are made, about huge cities that can be imposed a tribute.

And the conqueror's tender heart trembled, he agreed, having agreed with the Byzantines to divide the loot as follows: the Mongols pledged to return Constantinople to the Byzantines, and to donate the souls of the enslaved peoples, by converting them to Christianity, in payment, so to speak, for a tip, the Mongols left slaves for themselves and that's all. what they like: gold, jewelry and so on ...

Since the treaty suited everyone, the Mongols immediately invaded Russia.

Invasion

On the border of Russia, the infernal army of the Mongols, led by Jebe and Subedei, met with the united Russian-Polotsk squad on the Kalka River in 1223, where the army of Russia was completely defeated and fled.

Interestingly, pay attention to the composition of the Russian squads:

Alexander Glebovich - Prince Dubrovitsky
Andrey Ivanovich - Prince Turovsky, son-in-law of the Kiev prince
Vasily Mstislavich - Prince Kozelsky, son of the Chernigov prince
Izyaslav Vladimirovich - Prince Putivl
Izyaslav Ingvarevich - Prince Dorogobuzhsky;
Mstislav Romanovich the Old - Prince of Kiev
Mstislav Svyatoslavich - Prince of Chernigov
Svyatoslav Ingvarevich - Prince Shumsky
Svyatoslav Yaroslavich - Prince Kanevsky
Svyatoslav Yaroslavich - Prince Yanovitsky
Yuri Yaropolkovich - Prince Nesvizh
Yaroslav Yurievich - Prince of Negovorsky
Vladimir Rurikovich - Prince Ovruch
Vsevolod Mstislavich - the son of the Kiev prince;
Daniil Romanovich - Prince Volynsky
Mikhail Vsevolodovich - nephew of the Chernigov prince
Mstislav Mstislavich Udatny - Prince Galitsky
Mstislav Svyatoslavich - Prince of Rylsky
Mstislav Yaroslavich Dumb - Prince Lutsky
Oleg Svyatoslavich - Prince of Kursk
Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich - Prince Trubchevsky

Where do you see the Moscow, Vladimir, Novgorod or Suzdal princes? There is none of them! And it couldn't be!

For they ... had nothing to do with Kievan Rus!

The army, ejected from the depths of Tartarus, moved on, but having learned about the upcoming warm welcome, near the city of Svyatopolch, it turned around and went to the Volga where they were defeated by the Volga Bulgarians.

I can not help but note:

An interesting tautology is obtained from a series of "translation difficulties": you know that two brothers Cyril and Methodius, to put it mildly, slightly dull and reassigned the letter "B" in their alphabet instead of the generally accepted pronunciation of "be" - the sound "ve", thanks to which only "Russians "Now they say: Babylon, although the city is called Babylon all over the world!

The same happened with Byzantium, and with Vasily and with the Volga!

It is byzantium, Basil, and Bulgaria that must be pronounced correctly!

Hence the Bolzhskie Bulgarians - how do you like it?

But back to our tartars:

The first invasion, in fact, was only reconnaissance, and the Mongols, having analyzed their mistakes, began the second invasion, which was much more effective, let's just say: no one could stop them!

The Mongols passed Russia like a knife through butter, and entered Europe in two armies, with the main blow going through Hungary, to Constantinople, and the second blow, through Poland, was to pierce the heart of the Holy Roman Empire.

As the historian of the time Ivo of Narbonne writes:

« They invent that they are leaving their homeland in order to transfer to themselves the kings-magi, for whose relics Cologne is famous; to put an end to the greed and pride of the Romans, who oppressed them in ancient times; then, to conquer only the barbarian and Hyperborean peoples; then out of fear of the Teutons, in order to humble them; then, to learn from the Gauls military affairs; to seize fertile lands that can feed their many; then because of the pilgrimage to St. James, the final destination of which is Galicia».

Quite a sober statement, the army of Tartarus was preparing to turn off the light to all of Europe, giving its souls to Constantinople, and for themselves, leaving the simple belongings looted during the campaign.

But bad luck, the campaign was unexpectedly interrupted for everyone.

The true reasons are still not known why Batu did not reach Constantinople, and turned off the military company, retreating from Europe.

It is quite possible that the reason was the death of Ogedei, the king of the entire Horde, perhaps the representatives of the Holy Roman Empire simply bought off the Horde, maybe there were other reasons, but the point is not that.

The Europeans did not stop the Mongols, the Mongols won all battles, and only a lucky chance saved Europe from their yoke.

Nevertheless, the Mongols managed to leave Russia for themselves, and do you know thanks to whom?

Orthodoxy did not allow enslaved Russia to escape from the tenacious clutches of the Golden Horde.

Consequences Western campaign Tartarus

Despite the fact that the Byzantines did not succeed in recapturing Constantinople directly with the hands of the Mongols, already in 1261 they did it themselves.

Emperor Michael VIII, after the restoration of the Byzantine Empire in 1261, tried in every possible way to thank the soldiers he had called from Tartarus, and even opened an Orthodox cathedra in Sarai-Batu, the capital of the Golden Horde.

He could not afford to quarrel with the Mongols, and in order to become closely related with them, he launched a whole series of dynastic marriages.

Having concluded an agreement with the Golden Horde in 1263, he two years later gave his illegitimate daughter Maria Paleologus to the ruler of the Hulaguid state Ilkhan Abak.

This did not greatly affect relations with the Horde, which by that time had largely converted to Islam, and actually escaped from the tenacious hands of the Palaeologus. Until the end, only the Orthodox Tartar Moscow remained faithful to Byzantium.

Nevertheless, Michael VIII understood that dynastic marriages would do their job and in 1273 he gave his daughter Euphrosyne Palaeologus to the Golden Horde Beklarbek Nogai, for which he received support from the Mongols and was able to repulse two Bulgarian campaigns against Byzantium in 1273 and 1279.

Moreover, since 1282, a Mongol detachment of 4,000 soldiers was constantly stationed in Constantinople, so to speak - the emperor's guard!

After accession to the throne in 1282, Emperor Andronicus II continued the policy of friendship with the Tartars, so the king of the Horde Oljeytu, having concluded an alliance with Byzantium in 1305, sent a Mongol army of 30,000 soldiers to Asia Minor, and returned Byzantium to Bithynia, which had previously been captured by the Turks.

In total, Andronicus II, for the sake of peace with the Golden Horde, gave his two daughters to the khans Tokhtu and Uzbek.

The Greek name given by the Byzantines to the Mongols stuck and, as European cartography shows, right up to Peter the Great, and even after him, the territory occupied by Russia today was called Tartaria.

As the maps of the Middle Ages show, Tartary or the Great Horde occupied the lands stretching from the Urals to the Pacific Ocean and from the Frozen Ocean to Central India.

At the same time, it is surprising how accurately the mysterious Tartary repeats the contours of the Russian Empire, and then the Soviet Union.

On various European maps, Tartary is depicted as a country - with borders and cities, but there is not a single mention of it, neither in Russian nor in Soviet textbooks.

Maybe Russian historiographers have forgotten about it, or have not noticed?

So why is Tartaria not mentioned as a state in Russian history textbooks?

There is no mention of the Tatar Empire, or Great Tartary, so to speak: "without an extra P", not a word anywhere!

Maybe there was no Tartary - a country that was known throughout Europe?

Maybe the whole world is mistaken, and only in Russia they know the truth about Tartary?

How to determine whether Tartary was a state?

Was it there at all - or is it a joke of European cartographers?

But no, Tartaria was also mentioned in their works by many European artists: writers and composers.

Here's a short list with some of these references:

* Giacomo Puccini (1858-1924), Italian opera composer - in the opera Princess Turandot. The father of the main character - Kalafa - Timur - the deposed Tsar Tartarus.
* William Shakespeare (1564-1616), play "Macbeth". Witches add the lips of Tartarin to their potion.
* Mary Shelley, Frankenstein. Dr. Frankenstein is chasing a monster "among the wild expanses of Tartary and Russia ..."
* Charles Dickens "Great Expectations". Estella Havisham is compared to Tartarus because she is "firm and arrogant and capricious to the last degree ..."
* Pied Piper of Hamelin by Robert Browning. The piper mentions Tartary as a place of successful work: "Last June in Tartary, I saved Khan from a swarm of mosquitoes."
* Geoffrey Chaucer (1343-1400) The Canterbury Tales. Esquire's Story tells about the royal court of Tartary.

Maps of Tartary

Tartary is on maps until the middle of the 18th century.

If you look at the maps of 1754 " L-e Carte de l'Asie"Or another map from 1670, then they clearly show that there is no Russian Empire, but its entire territory, up to Pacific Ocean, including Mongolia and the Far East occupies " Grande tartaria", that is "".

For obvious reasons, Russia is not on the maps, but there is its progenitor - Muscovy.

Look, west of the Volga, we see " European Muscovy» - « Moscovie europeane».

But the rest of the Empire east of the Volga is designated as: “ Grande tartaria", Or Great," Mongolian

Separately note, inside " Grande tartarie"A vast area is indicated -" Tartarie moscovite».

In addition to Moscow Tartary, we see: Independent Tartary - " Tartarie Independante", Chinese Tartary -" Tartarie chinoise”, Tartary near Tibet, Little Tartary - occupying Crimea and southeastern Ukraine.

What's interesting: Little Tartary is located on the territory that the Muscovites themselves then renamed into Little Russia - a coincidence?

On the German map Russia and Great Tartary, the French inscription on top of the map reads:

Could it be that there is a country on the maps, but in reality it is not?

Unlikely.

But if the state existed, then it should have symbols, attributes, but did Tartaria have them?

Symbols of Tartary

The Romans gave us a huge number of rules, codes, definitions and laws, they also gave us the definition of the state, its distinctive features.

So, according to the criteria accepted today all over the world, the state should have its own: language, coat of arms, flag and anthem.

Well, if there are no problems with the Turkic language of Tartary, it is practically the same for the entire family of Turkic peoples, but the language is not the most important feature, and although it may be an important element, it is not a determining factor.

As for the anthem, it simply does not exist, or it is not possible to find information about its existence.

But there is the anthem of Russia, which is completely copied from the anthem of Great Britain.

Russia did not bother with the invention of the bicycle and simply the Great Britain's anthem pass in 1816. From that moment on, he began to be considered the official anthem of Russia, having existed as such until the coup of 1917.

It turns out that neither Tartary, nor the Russia that absorbed it had their own anthem, let's move on.

With the coat of arms of Tartary, everything is easier, in the book "World Geography", published in Paris in 1676, before the article about Tartary, there is an image of an Owl on a shield, which is known to many, and which is positioned precisely as the coat of arms of Tartary.

We find confirmation of this statement in the often cited illustration for the book by Marco Polo, who described his travels across Asia, and his stay with the "Mongol" king Kublai in particular.

The empire of Tartarus, Marco Polo found well organized and hospitable.

The second coat of arms of Tartary - or, more precisely, the Imperial coat of arms of Tartaria was the image of the Griffin, although many call it the Dragon, but this is not true, the coat of arms of the Empire of Tartarus is exactly the Griffin.

Flag of Tartary

If we look into the collection of naval flags of the world, drawn at the beginning of the 18th century, apparently in France, we will see not one flag of Tartary, but two.

But what is interesting, along with the Tartar flags, there are flags of both Russia and the Great Mughals.

Despite the fact that the images of the Tartar flags have practically disappeared, it can be discerned that the first Tartar flag - the imperial flag of Tartaria, depicts a Griffin, and the second flag - the flag of simply Tartary, is again decorated with an Owl.

The same data is confirmed by another, this time Dutch table of the beginning of the 18th century, where the naval flags of the world are collected.

It also displays two flags of Tartary, and here also on the imperial flag, which appears here, as the flag of the Kaiser of Tartaria, a Griffin is depicted, and on another flag - again an Owl!

The same Owl that is in "World Geography" and in the illustration for the book by Marco Polo.

There are also "Russian" flags in this table.

It is important that based on the data in the table, it turns out that parallel to the Empire of the Great Mongols, Muscovy-Russia, there was also the state of Tartary, with a coat of arms, a flag, a clearly delineated territory on the map!

Moreover, the state was also called the Empire, as evidenced by a separate imperial standard.

From the "Declaration of the naval flags of all states of the universe", published in Kiev in 1709 with the personal participation of Peter I, we find that the colors on the flags of Tartaria were used black and yellow colors flag of Byzantium.

We find confirmation of this fact in the "Book of Flags" by the Dutch cartographer Karl Allard, published in Amsterdam in 1705 and republished in Moscow in 1709:

« The flag of the king of Tartary is yellow, with a black dragon lying and looking outward with a basilisk tail. Another flag of Tartar, yellow with a black owl, in which the persians are yellowish ».

Could Allard have come up with a flag for the fictional Tartary?

Probably he could. But what about Peter? Why didn't he challenge the existence of a fictional country? On the contrary, he confirmed it!

And not only that, pay attention to an interesting feature, in the collection of flags the standard of Russia also appears on which a Byzantine black double-headed eagle is depicted on a yellow background, but come on, an eagle - it's just a copied flag of Byzantium!

At the bottom of the picture you will find the flags of Tartary.

There are several more tables with Tartar flags: an English one from 1783 and a couple more from the same 18th century.

There is also a table with the imperial flag of Tartary, published in 1865 in the USA!

Note that in the English table of 1783 the first three flags are indicated as the flags of the Tsar of Muscovy, followed by the imperial flag of Russia "Russia Imperial", then the trade tricolor, followed by the admiral and other naval flags of Russia - Moscow separately, Russia separately!

But in front of the flags of the Tsar of Muscovy in this table for some reason the flag of the Viceroy of Muscovy is located, only the colors on it are surprisingly reminiscent of the colors of the flag of Armenia.

Exactly the same flag is present in the same book by K. Allard, but for some reason it is not identified and is considered a mistake.

There are similar incidents in vexillology, they can be explained.

The appearance of the colors of the Armenian flag on the standard of the Viceroy of Muscovy A.A. Usachev explains that one of the agents of Peter I in Europe, the Armenian Israel Ori, recruited officers, soldiers and craftsmen in Holland on behalf of Peter, and in order to confirm Ori's powers, Peter granted him the title of "Viceroy of Muscovy."

Interestingly, the truth is that the flag of the viceroy of Muscovy is located in front of the flag of the king, and it turns out that it is more important.

The situation is similar with the flags of Russia, which follow the flags of the Tsar of Muscovy.

In any case, such an order of flags remains a mystery, since we do not know for certain why the viceroy of Muscovy is more important than the tsar?

But, as they say, the history of Russia does not interest us today, let's return to Tartary.

Where has Tartary gone?

The coat of arms of Tartary is definitely the Owl, the Imperial coat of arms is the Griffin.

The colors of the flag of Tartaria coincide with the colors of the flag of Constantinople, the Second Roman Empire.

The pictures with the list of flags show the naval flags of the powers, which gives the right to claim that Tartaria had a fleet!

Interestingly, on the table in 1865, the flag of Tartary is no longer called the imperial one, and there is no other flag next to the owl.

Has the empire fallen?

Or maybe she migrated?

It is also interesting that the Tartar Griffin does not look like the Chinese dragon, and the Serpent Zilantu on the coat of arms of Tartar Kazan, conquered in the middle of the 16th century by Ivan the Terrible.

The Griffin from the flag of Tartaria is very similar to the Griffin depicted on the flag of Wales, although the colors of the flag are clearly not the same.

Could Muscovy conquer Tartary and leave a mark on the coat of arms of Moscow?

Why not?

The Byzantine Saint George, borrowed by Basil III, defeats the Dragon, which may well be the Griffin.

Note that it was after the capture of Kazan that Ivan the Terrible, who used the Unicorn on his coat of arms, which was accordingly displayed on the chest of the two-headed eagle - the coat of arms of Muscovy, replaced that with a horseman with a spear, slaying a dragon!

In search of Tartary

How many was Tartary?

We know that on the maps and books of those distant times there were references:

• Moscow Tartary with the capital in Tobolsk


• Free or Independent Tartary with the capital in Samarkand


• Chinese Tartary, specifically Chinese Tartary, not China


• Great Empire of Tartary

True, here's an incident, Peter I, who personally edited the Declaration in 1709, confirms the existence of Tartary, recognizes the existence of Tartary, headed by Caesar.

In the Russian-language version of the "Book of Flags" of the same 1709, it is written that there are only three "types" of Caesars:

• Old Roman Caesars


• Caesars of the Holy Roman Empire


• Tartar Caesar!

The Declaration also describes the flags:

Imperial flag of Russia - yellow with a black double-headed eagle

Imperial flag of the Holy Roman Empire - yellow with a black double-headed eagle

The imperial flag of the Tartar Caesar is yellow with a black griffin!

Pay attention also to the coats of arms:

• Coat of arms of Byzantium - Double-headed Eagle


• Coat of arms of the Holy Roman Empire - Double-headed eagle


• The coat of arms of the Horde is the Double-Headed Eagle (you can see it on the coins of the Golden Horde during the reign of the khans Uzbek, Janibek and Aziz-Sheikh)


• Coat of arms of Muscovy - Double-headed Eagle


• Coat of arms of Tartary - Owl

One gets the impression that only two-headed eagles rule both Europe and Asia, and among them the Tartar Owl has miraculously crept in.

What Peter himself emphasizes - pointing to three types of Caesars!

Since the signature appears under the flags that this is the flag of the Emperor, Tsar, Kaiser or Caesar of Tartaria, it turns out that it was.

But we still do not know a single name of the Emperor of Tartaria!

There is not a single titular collection of the tsars of Tartary.

In the Russian-language version of the book "The Book of Flags" by Alard, published in the same year with the Declaration, you can read that AUTOCRAT Tartaria is called Caesar - simply speaking the King.

Autocrat and Tsar - this is a direct indication of the connection with Constantinople, for these titles were bestowed on the Mongols by the Byzantine emperors.

The autocrat is God's chosen ruler, the king of kings, the scourge of God, the punishment of the Lord.

The title of the Autocrat was borne only by the Emperors of Byzantium. Only the Moscow tsars proclaimed themselves the title of Autocrat.

Moreover, the Muscovites became tsars only after Ivan the Terrible, the one who conquered Kazan, was married to the throne, and he got married just after the conquest of Kazan!

Tsar, Caesar or Caesar, in principle, does not matter.

It is important that none of the Muscovites could be called tsars before the conquest of Kazan!

Just as he could not, with all his desire, use the Two-Headed Eagle, since there was no reason.

Perhaps it is the conquest of Tartary by Moscow that explains its mysterious disappearance?

But where did the other Tartarii go then?

I don’t think it’s worth explaining that they were also swallowed, not all at once - but swallowed up.

conclusions

Orthodox Tartary - Moscow, swallowed up all the peoples that were part of the Golden Horde, and after rebranding, first in Russian Empire, and then to the USSR, and again to Russia and to this day rules over the occupied territories.

Notice how thrifty Russia treats the territorial borders of Tartary, how it protects them, not allowing them to narrow, and even rather does everything to conquer even more territories, enslave even more peoples, as the great grandfather bequeathed…. Genghis Khan.

Also, according to the above material, it is clear that the words "Tataria" and "Tatarin" never had anything to do with modern Tatars, and were introduced to hide another historical forgery, theft of the whole Empire - Tartaria.

Who needed it?

Why hide the truth?

Guess for yourself….

But today it is unequivocally clear that those who built the Third Rome, those who organized the coup of 1917, and apparently those who rule today's Russia are interested in us reading fairy tales about the Mongol-Tatar yoke, believe in the presence of a connection between Moscow and Kievan Rus, denied the Tartar origin of Moscow.

They believed and forgot: about who called the Mongols to Russia and why, who destroyed the Tartar Empire, absorbing it, they thought about the “Russian world” and about the “thousand-year” Russian Empire.

Here is such a story, about how the invincible army called from Tartarus, from Hell, from the underworld, the army of darkness, the army that conquered Eastern Europe, the army that made of Eastern Europe - Asia was called the Tartars.

An army from Hell, called for "righteous" retribution.

But what this retribution resulted in, judge for yourself ...

P.S. Somehow with irony the phrases are now read: “Russia is approaching the bottom”, “Russia has reached the bottom”, “Russia is at the bottom”.

How can it reach the bottom if Russia is Tartarus - the Abyss, WITHOUT BOTTOM?

In the process of "baptism" for 12 years of violent Christianization, with rare exceptions, almost everything adult population Kievan Rus and part of the population of Moscow Tartary. Because such a "teaching" could only be imposed on unreasonable children who, due to their youth, still could not understand that such a religion turned them into slaves both in the physical and spiritual sense of the word.

All those who refused to accept the new "faith of Christianity" were killed. This is confirmed by the facts that have come down to us. If before the "baptism" on the territory of Kievan Rus' of Moscow Tartary there were 300 cities and 12 million inhabitants, then after the "baptism" there were only 30 cities and 3 million people! 270 cities were destroyed! 9 million people were killed! (Diy Vladimir "Orthodox Russia before the adoption of Christianity and after").

Despite the fact that almost the entire adult population of Kievan Rus, as a part of Great Tartary, was destroyed by the "holy" baptists of the Vatican in their good Crusade, the Vedic tradition has not disappeared. On the lands of Kievan Rus, the so-called dual faith was established. Most of the population purely formally recognized the imposed religion of slaves, and she continued to live according to the Vedic tradition, however, without showing it off. "

"But the Vedic Slavic-Aryan Empire (Great Tartary) could not calmly look at the intrigues of its enemies, which destroyed three quarters of the population of the Kiev Principality. Only its retaliatory actions could not be instantaneous, due to the fact that the army of Great Tartary was occupied with conflicts with China on its Far Eastern borders, so the conflicts in Asia between Great Tartary and the Vatican Crusaders, who went to Crusades on the Muslims for the Baptism of the people of the southern provinces of Tartary after the Baptism of Kievan Rus in 988 of the northern provinces of Great Tartary at the very heart of Asgard of Irian.

All these actions of the Vedic empire of the Vatican were carried out and entered modern history in a distorted form, under the name of the Mongol-Tatar invasion of the hordes of Batu Khan to Kievan Rus, where the Tartary army returned to its capital - to Asgard of Iry on the Neva River.

Only by the summer of 1223 did the troops of the Vedic Tartar Empire appear on the Kalka River. And the combined army of the Polovtsians and Russian princes of Christian Rus was completely defeated (the crusaders of the Teutonic and Livonian Orders, who came to Baptize Novgorod in 1240 - the Battle of the Neva and in 1242 - the Battle of the Ice - were completely defeated). So they drove us into history lessons, and no one could really explain why the Russian princes fought the "enemies" so sluggishly, and many of them even went over to the side of the "Mongols" who were destined to be in 1930? "

In fact, in 1223, the Great Tartary fought not with Christian Rus - the Kievan Principality, which had not yet managed to recover from its Baptism in 988, but with the Vatican Crusaders, who came to Baptize Novgorod, but these battles were pushed back into the future, like the Battle of the Neva in 1240 (July 15, 1222) and the Battle of the Ice in 1242 (April 1223).

It was on these victories of Great Tartary that the final date of the founding of Christian Rus was based - 1223, which is why there was such a spread from the First Baptism in 988 to the Second in 1223 - IX-XIII centuries.
But it is not this that is important, but the fact that due to the Baptism of Kiev and Novgorod, the Vatican approached Asgard Iriysky, which stood in the north near Belovodye - at the edge of lakes in the north to the Kola Peninsula, which is washed by the White Sea and the Arctic Ocean, and it can also be called white ...

At present, a huge number of silent monuments of the existence of Great Tartary have survived throughout Western Siberia: old fortresses, ditches, defensive walls and other structures. Almost all of them have been completely destroyed - dug down, filled up, dismantled to the last stone, tk. all these buildings are proof of the struggle of the Great Tartary against the invaders. However, traces of their existence are clearly visible from the air. Also, some other identification signs in the form of information plates remind everyone of the once great history of these lands. All these buildings require enormous labor costs, which tells us about high level development and organization of Great Tartary. A weak, small and unorganized state will not be able to handle such construction projects, not to mention scattered nomadic tribes. Thus, the conclusion about the power of Great Tartary suggests itself - it was the most powerful state on the planet at that moment in time.

Pokrovskaya fortress

Original taken from in

Great Tartary, a huge country that occupied almost the entire Eurasian continent and existed at the end of the 18th century, was precisely a country, and not a territory, as some "researchers" try to imagine. They argue their point of view by the fact that english word country means both a country and a territory, which means that Great Tartary was just a territory, and not a country. Well, that's what Western cartographers called this part of Asia. Indeed, the English word country means both a country and a territory. However, this approach to the topic of the existence or non-existence of a huge power on the Eurasian continent raises several questions.

First, why do critics of the existence of the state of Great Tartary take English as their basis? Indeed, a large number of encyclopedias in the 17-18 centuries were published in French, which was international at that time, and only then they were translated into English. The first edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica was published only at the end of the 18th century - in 1771. And in the French encyclopedias that appeared at the beginning of the 18th century, Great Tartary was named just a country - PaÏs in Middle French, and this word has one meaning - country.

Secondly, in the same British Encyclopedia, in the "Geography" section, there is a table in which the authors of the encyclopedia listed all the countries known to them and indicated their areas and capitals. And the capitals of Tartary are named there, but, as we understand, the territory of the capital cannot be.

So, according to the compilers of the encyclopedia, there are three Tartaria in Asia. Moscow with its capital in Tobolsk - an area of ​​3,050,000 square miles (three times more than the state of Russia with its capital in St. Petersburg - 1,103,485 square miles). Independent Tartary, with its capital in Samarkand and an area of ​​778,290 square miles, and Chinese Tartaria, with its capital in Chinuan, with an area of ​​644,000 square miles.

The authors of the British Encyclopedia could not say anything about the states located east of Moscow Tartary, but they were, and this is casually mentioned in French encyclopedias. But before the suppression of the "Pugachev uprising", and in fact, the aggressive war with the remnants of Great Tartary, no one was allowed there and therefore either little or no information about it, or this information is of the most superficial nature, more like a retelling of rumors and gossip. The only thing in which all the authors are absolutely in solidarity is that this country is huge.

For example, what is said about the Great Tartary in the Dutch encyclopedia in French from 7 volumes "Historical Atlas or a new introduction to history, chronology and geography, ancient and modern ..." Henri Abraham Chatelain (1684-1743), first published in Amsterdam 1705. It presents new maps of that time, articles about the history of the emergence of states and empires of the world, their ups and downs and their rulers. In the fifth volume of this encyclopedia, on page 87, there is a map of Great Tartary with explanations in the upper right corner that read:

“This Tartary is called Great to distinguish it from Minor, which is part of Europe. Its size is significant, if we take from the border of Circassie (Circassie) to the channel or the Picko strait, which, based on the observations made by the Jesuits sent to Siam, is located at a longitude much less than the 69 to 192 degrees at which it is usually placed ...

There are very few people living in this country in proportion to its vast [territory]: there are few cities and many deserts. In very many places the land is uncultivated and only closer to the center it produces the best rhubarb in the world. There are many polar bears, ermines and sables, whose fur forms the basis of the country's trade. "

Let's face it, not a lot. This is all that hordes of various spies, from "merchants" to the Jesuits, who flooded the countries bordering on Great Tartary, where they were not allowed to strangers, could have scouted and invented. And after the Romanovs defeated it in World War (and it was precisely World War since the entire "progressive" Europe helped the Romanovs to destroy the last Vedic Empire), it was decided to erase the Great Tartary from the memory of civilization and, naturally, no one began to make efforts to clarify and expand knowledge about this huge country.

Moreover, the statement of the "Russian" historian Miller about Siberia as a "land of unhistorical" is known, as well as his activities to transform it into such, so we are unlikely to find out any details about the life of the state of Great Tartary, for example, where he was capital.

Nevertheless, fragmentary information has been preserved about its flag, coat of arms, symbols, as well as about the rulers - the Great Khans, whose names were written as Le Grand Cham (Cam, Kam) de Tartarie or Empereur de Tartarie. It should be noted here that the spelling of the word khan in French has nothing to do with the biblical Ham, the son of Noah. The fact is that in French the combination ch gives the sound w, and the combination am reads as an. So they were called khans by foreigners, not boors.

The rulers of Great Tartaria are mentioned in the same "Historical Atlas" of Shatlan, where in volume 5 on page 94 the genealogical tree of the Genghisids is given - the Genealogy of the ancient emperors of Tartaria, the descendants of Genghis Khan (Genealogie Des Anciens Empereurs Tartares, Descendus De Genghiscan).

And then to page 110 there is a text about the khans of Tartaria, starting with Genghis Khan. It should be noted here that you will not find any Mongols or Tatars in the text, we are always talking about Moguls (Mogol) and Tartars (Tartares). Again, note that the letter r in last word not readable only in English language, in the rest - French, Spanish, German and, of course, Latin, it is read. So we are talking about Tartars, not Tatars, no matter how regrettable it will be for critics of the existence of the state of Great Tartary.

At the bottom of the genealogical tree of the Chingizids is a rather schematic map of Great Tartaria (Tartaria Magna) with the following historical notes:

“Tartary, which until now was a completely unknown country for both geographers and historians, is represented here exactly in its natural boundaries thanks to the efforts of the famous Mr. Witsen, who gave us an exact map from which an exact copy was taken.

The famous 400 league wall that separates it from China failed to stop the tartare from invading and, to the chagrin of the Chinese, becoming masters of their country in 1645. Nevertheless, there are still many rulers in Tartary, whose names or places of residence are still unknown.

In the center of this vast country are free peoples who do not have a permanent place of residence, but who live in open areas on carts and tents. These people are distributed into troops called Hordes.

It is believed that Tartary consists of several kingdoms and it is said that more than a thousand years ago, typographic art was invented in the kingdom of Tangut. It is difficult to say exactly when the tartars became the masters of the whole country, which is located between Tanais and Borisfen and which is today called Little Tartaria.

But as for China, the war that the Tartars waged with this country began 2341 BC. According to the Jesuit Father Mareny, who in 1655 argued that the Tartars have been at war with the Chinese for 4,000 years.

In 1280, the Tartars became the masters of China and then the Iven clan began to rule there for 89 years.

Until 1369, the Chinese drove out the tartar and the throne was occupied by rulers by nationality and from the Mim clan (Min. - EL).

In 1645, the Tartars, under the leadership of King Xunchi, who is called the Great Khan, recaptured the Chinese Empire. The clan of the Tartar prince reigns there to this day ... "

In general, although these historical notes for the most part leave us somewhat bewildered by their fragmentary, superficial and, in general, ignorance of describing a huge rich country, they raise more questions than they provide answers. Yes, and more and more are being said about China than about Tartary, but still there are some interesting points.

It speaks of the existence of several Tartar rulers, and therefore, possibly, states, but who they are and what these states are, what are the relations between them and the metropolis where their capitals are located, the authors do not know for the above reason. Therefore, in the notes, we are talking more and more about China, which in the 17th century was flooded with Jesuits and who could receive information both about China's relations with its northern neighbor, and some crumbs about its northernmost neighbor. Although these crumbs are surprising.

So, for example, we were struck by the information about the war of tartare with the Chinese, which lasted not even decades - millennia! It lasted even after the hard war with China, which took place more than 7000 years ago and in honor of the victory in which our ancestors introduced a new calendar - from the Creation of the World in the Star Temple.

It is possible that the Jesuit did not mean full-scale hostilities, but some kind of conflicts and skirmishes, but constant and over such a long period. But these are just assumptions, not yet based on anything. So, it seems that our former leaders got excited, declaring the Chinese "brothers forever." Alas, the authors of the encyclopedia did not bother to name the reason why the tartars clashed with the Chinese for so long and so stubbornly sought to conquer them. Most likely, they did not know, and perhaps even then they began to create the image of a “terrible northern totalitarian monster” that attacks “little proud birds”.

I was also very surprised by the mention of printing in Tangut, as we understand it, one of the states of Tartary, 1000 years ago. It is a pity that no details were given either.

Another interesting link to the source of the "accurate map" of Tartary - Mr. Witsen. We are talking about Nicholas Witsen (Nicolaes Witsen (1641-1717)). He was a descendant of an influential Dutch family, a renowned scientist, cartographer, collector, writer, diplomat, and was repeatedly elected to the post of burgomaster of Amsterdam. Witsen visited Russia several times and even wrote a book "Travel to Muscovy 1664-1665".

Several years ago, his book "Northern and Eastern Tartary" was published in Russia in three volumes. During the life of the Dutchman, she was an extensive commentary on Show detailed map Siberia, which Witsen published.

Alas, Nicholas Witsen did not write anything worthwhile about the Great Tartary. Neither about the organization of this state, nor about its politics, nor about the economy, nor about its great people - nothing. Only a description of wild tribes, which he calls wild tartars living on the border with China, as well as a description of other peoples, for example, Circassians, Georgians, Uzbeks, Kalmyks, etc.

The peoples of Tartaria described by Witsen are wild and barbaric, and only a few are sedentary, and even they live in huts or pits covered with animal skins. In addition, they are not even pagans who worship idols, but generally profess some primitive beliefs, worshiping killed animals hanging from the trees. The tartare have cities, but all the same they roam almost without exception. That is, the huge number of cities depicted in Remezov's Drawing Book of Siberia, who built them and how, and what the people living in them were doing, Witsen bypasses in silence. In general, all tartars are wild, wild and once again wild.


Since this work, far from cheap, was sent to many libraries in Russia, it seems to us that here we are dealing with a well-thought-out sabotage. Since the information about Great Tartary is no longer possible to hide - too much of it has been splashed out on the Internet, the opponents so that people can find out the truth about the past and not just the past, but the great past of their country, decided to do it simply - you cannot win, lead. So they released an article very much in the spirit of foreign encyclopedias of the 17-18 centuries, in which all sorts of fables, half-true stories of different travelers were told about Tartaria, often not even being in the places they told about.

To the question of where Shatlan got such detailed information about Genghis Khan and his descendants for his "Historical Atlas", the answer may be as follows - from the same place where others took it.

So, for example, in 1710 the book “History of the Great Genghiz Khan, the first emperor of the ancient Mughals and tartars” (Le Histoire de Genghizcan le Grand, premier empereur des anciens Mogules et Tartares), written by François Pétis (1622-95 )), translator of the French royal court of Louis XIV from Arabic and Turkish.

The full title of the book: "The history of Genghis Khan, the first emperor of the ancient Mughals and tartars in four books, containing a description of his life, development and conquests, with brief history his successors to today, the way of life, customs and laws of the ancient Mughals and Tartars, and the geography of vast countries such as Mogolistan, Turkestan, Kypchak (Capschac), Yugurestan and Eastern and Western Tartary. " Twelve years later, this book was translated into English by Penelope Aubin (1679-1731), an English novelist, poet, playwright and translator.

If you look at the very end of the book, there is a section in which the authors-sources are indicated, from which the compilers borrowed material about Genghis Khan. And, to tell the truth, there are a lot of these authors. Separately, there are Asian authors, mainly Arabic (27 pages in small print indicating the works, the year of their creation and brief information about the author) and European - Latin, Greek, ancient and modern authors of the book (12 pages).

There was surprisingly a lot of information about Genghis Khan, but with the images of the first emperor of Tartarus, who founded the greatest empire in the world that existed for a long time, there was a certain deficit, which is very strange. However, they are, and we present some images of Genghis Khan from old miniatures and engravings that were found on the Web.

The following pictures are presented: Coronation of Genghis Khan. Miniature from the "Book on the Diversity of the World" by the Italian merchant Marco Polo (1254-1324). Genghis Khan's dream. The white knight predicts his coronation. Coronation of Genghis Khan. Miniature from the "Flower Garden of the Histories of the Lands of the East" (or "History of the Tartars") of Hayton (Hetum) (mid 1240s-1310s). Death of Genghis Khan. Miniature from "Book" by Marco Polo.



Here are the following drawings: Genghis Khan on his deathbed. Engraving from "Universal Cosmography" by Sebastian Münster, Switzerland, 1588. Genghis Khan. An engraving from an unknown old book. Genghis Khan drinks with a bayazid. Undated engraving. Genghis Khan. Pierre Duflot, 1780

As can be seen from these images, the Europeans represented Genghis Khan as a white man, and not as a Mongoloid, either in the 14th century or in the 18th and it does not matter that they could confuse Genghis Khan and Tamerlane (the Bayezids sat on the Ottoman throne for more than a century after Genghis Khan and with them fought Tamerlane, his successor). So, it is possible that it is he who is depicted in the engraving. But what is written is written (Genghis khan drinking with bayezid "s woman).

In any case, we get one more proof (from the collected ones) that Tamerlane was also a white man, and not a Mongoloid. By the way, the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I was a red-haired and light-eyed man. Turks pleased again. We have already said that they built a museum of the founder of the Ottoman Empire, Osman I, in the city of Shogut. There is also a small gallery of busts of almost all the founders of empires that are currently known in the world. They also placed copies of these busts in Istanbul, including the bust of Genghis Khan. He is also depicted as a white man.

The European features of Genghis Khan are fully explained by the fact that the people of the white race, who lived in a huge country, which foreigners called Great Tartary, were formerly called Scythia, and they, respectively, were Scythians. One has only to look at the reconstruction appearance Scythians based on the results of excavations of Scythian burial mounds and on how the Scythians themselves portrayed themselves, and all questions about how they looked are removed. The fact that Scythia is the Great Tartary was mentioned by famous European encyclopedists, whose works we translated and published on our website: "World Geography" by Dabville, "World History" by Dionysius Petavius ​​and "Atlas of Asia" by Nicholas Sanson. This is also mentioned in the "History of the Great Genghis Khan, the first emperor of the ancient Mughals and tartars" by Francois Petit.

Here, for example, what he writes about the origin of Genghis Khan:

“He was the son of a khan named Pisouca or Yesouca, who ruled in ancient Mogolistan, a country located in Great Tartary, Karakatai province. This Great Tartary in Asia, as well as Little Tartary in Europe, is nothing more than the countries that were called Scythia in the past. Then there were many kingdoms, but now they are divided among so many rulers that it is almost impossible to imagine full list their numbers or names.

The first is Kipchakia (Capschac), which consists of many great provinces, among which is Getes, which lies east of the Moguls and north of Transoxiana and the country washed by the Sibon River (Sibon or Ox).

The second part is Zagatay, which the ancients called Transoxiana, and the Arabs called Maouarannabar.

The third part is Caracatay, which includes Turkestan, the country of the Naimans, the country of Gelayrs, from which part of the Keraites came out, the country of the Uygurs (Yugures), Tangut, Hotban (Khotban or Kbyta or Koutan) , the country of Kalmyks and the kingdom of Courge, which borders China and the sea.

The fourth part consists of ancient Mogolistan, which is Gog and Magog, and whose location is described in very different ways by historians, as the country that Genghis Khan really owned:

Some locate it in Asia Minor, others in Lydia, others in Colchis [as the Greeks called the South Caucasus. - EL] and Iberia and some travelers placed it in the country of the first Scythians, behind China in northeast Asia, trying to support the assumption that the children of Magog, the second son of Japheth, came from northern Europe to northern Asia, where they gave the name country in which they settled. In general, this country is located in the very east, north of China, and has always been densely populated. Eastern writers call the people who live in it Moguls, while Europeans give them other names "(pp. 4-5. Hereinafter, the translation of the English version of" The History of Genghis Khan ").

A few more mentions of Scythia from this source. When Genghis Khan was born, he was predicted to soon become “the Great Khan of all Scythia” (p. 14). The Nestorians, of whom there were quite a few in Tartary, wrote letters to their superiors that they "converted to most of the peoples of Scythia" and that Ounghcan, the ruler of the Kereites, is the very presbyter John who founded the Christian state in Asia and wrote letters to the Pope and European monarchs , which, to put it mildly, did not correspond to reality, as noted by the 4-volume book on the life of Genghis Khan, emphasizing that he only allowed Christians to live on their land and profess their religion (p. 26).

There are several more interesting facts that are described in the book, for example, the transformation of the Scythians into tartar:

“Since several Scythian peoples, who became subjects of Temugin, gradually began to be called by a common name, either Moguls or Tartars, but the latter name, in the end, stuck more, and now all Scythians are called Tartars, as in the West and in the southern parts of Asia.

In truth, the name Tata or Tatar is not all that unknown in the east and north. It has been used by the Chinese for a long time. Before the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ and for some time after they fought with the people, which they knew under the name of Tata. They were without a doubt the Soumoguls and other peoples, since the name Tartar was not known anywhere until the time of Genghis Khan. It should also be noted that there is no letter r in the Chinese alphabet, so they pronounce tata instead of tartar ”(p. 63).

“The name Karakatai was given to the country of the Scythians after the brutal war between the Scythians and the Chinese. At first, the Scythians won in it and, in order to consolidate their luck, entered the Chinese kingdom, but, having lost one important battle, they were forced to retreat and return to their country. The king of China decided not to lose the advantage of this victory and sent two of his generals after them, who defeated them and forced them to obey.

He did more than that. Fearing that the Scythians would revolt, he made these two commanders who defeated the Scythians their khans or rulers, and they began to build forts and fortified cities for colonization by the Chinese troops, which he sent to intimidate. These troops were supposed to protect the country and keep the people in subjection, but over time, their descendants forgot Chinese customs and, living among the Scythians, themselves became Scythians. And ultimately, China became their worst enemy.

When the king of China installed his commanders over the sandy Scythia, he gave her the name Karakatai, consonant with the name of his country Cathay, to denote the conquest he made. And, since this country became an acquired possession, he added the epithet kara, a word that Tartars and Turks use to mean black to distinguish one country from another, and the fact that Karakatai is a barren and inhospitable country, and Katay, that is , China (China) is a wonderful country, abundant and full of all sorts of pleasant things ”(p. 66).

Genghis Khan's father-in-law was a Naiman khan named Tayancan, one of the strongest khans of Karakatai, who declared war on his son-in-law. And guess what kind of people Francois Petit's "History of Genghis Khan" refers to? "These Naimans were a people that the ancients called the Scythians-Issedons and their capital was Scythian Issedon, which contemporaries call Succuir" (p. 67).

Of course, some of the geographical and other information that is given in this book, and pretend to be accurate, is not such at all, and, of course, you cannot completely trust them, but some crumbs are of interest. We must pay tribute to the author, who gives several points of view at once, as in the case of the location of the country of Mogolistan, and shows us what confusion and vacillation reigned in European geographical science at that time in relation to the vast Asian expanses. In addition, at the very beginning of the book, he honestly admits that the pronunciation of their own names was performed by most European authors at their own discretion, in other words, who was in that much. Instead of Ahdallah, they wrote Gabdole, instead of Emir Almoumini - Miramomolin. And even Marco Polo did not avoid it - instead of Genghiscan he wrote Cingiscan. So we will keep this in mind and continue reading "The History of Genghis Khan" ...

Actually, yes, the spelling of names in this book is different from the ones used in modern history... So, for example, we are accustomed to thinking that Genghis Khan's father was called Yesugei, but here he is called Pisouca or Yesouca, the first wife was called Borte, but here she is called Purta Cougine, the ancestor of the Borjigin clan, from which Genghis Khan descended, Bodonchar is considered, who is called Buzengir here. Khan of the Kereites, who played an important role in the life of Genghis Khan, is called Wang Khan, and in the book he is Ounghcan.

The only thing that has no discrepancies is the real name of the "shaker of the Universe", because Genghis Khan is the title that he received at the kurultai in the spring of 1206, and his name was Temujin. All authors are unanimous - his father named him so after the commander Temugincan, whom he defeated. However, we previously did not know that the defeated Khan was the commander of the united forces of Soumouguls or Tartars from Karakatai, who often attacked his country. There was a bloody battle in which Genghis Khan's father won, and in honor of this victory he gave the name of the commander to his soon-born son. An interesting fact here is that an equal sign is put between the tartars and the Mughals, albeit with the prefix "so" or "su".

In truth, European historians had a rather vague idea of ​​who the Mughals and Tartars were, and where their name came from. For example, the Catholic Franciscan monk Giovanni Plano Carpini (1182-1252), who is considered to be the very first to visit the Mughal Empire and meet with Batu, wrote: “In the eastern lands there is a certain country ... Mongal. In the old days there were four peoples in this country: one of them was called Yeka-Mongal, that is, the great Mongals; the second is su-mongal, that is, water mongals; they themselves called themselves Tartars by the name of a certain river that flows through their land and is called Tartarus. "

The Italian described his experience of visiting the empire in the manuscripts Historia Mongalorum quos nos Tartaros appellamus (“History of the Mongols, whom we call Tatars”) and Liber Tartarorum (“The Book of the Tartars”).

Another Franciscan, a certain brother Benidict, complements him: “Moal [in Tartar] - land, Mongols - means [name] of the inhabitants of the earth. However, [they] themselves call themselves Tartars from [the name] of a large and rushing river that crosses their land and is called Tatars. For tata in their language means [in Latin] "to drag", and tartar means "pulling."

The Benedictine monk Matthew of Paris (1200-1259), an Englishman, despite the "surname", the creator of the "Chronicle majora" ("Chronica majora"), wrote about the tartars: them, through which they have already passed, called Tartarus ... ".

Surprisingly, the Tartarus River can indeed be found on medieval maps.

Some maps also show several cities of this people, including the cities of Tartarus and Mongul. It is noteworthy that they disappear on maps after the 17th century. Researchers correlate the Tartar River with the modern rivers Kolyma or Lena. So Petit was right in placing Mogolistan to the north, as well as the country of the "first Scythians". That is, both the Mughals with the Tartars and the "first Scythians" came from the very north. Perhaps even from the territory of Hyperborea.

Let's return, however, to Petit's book about Genghis Khan. In addition to the different spellings of proper names, it also contains some information about the life of Genghis Khan, which is different from the generally accepted one. So, for example, in the book of Petya it is said that Temujin got married at 14, and not at 16, that his first child was a daughter, not a son, that the Merkits kidnapped his first wife, but did not leave her for themselves, but gave her to the Khan of the Kereites, Wang Khan. , who "treated her like a daughter" and returned Temujin. The differences, in fact, are not very significant, but Petit gives information that has not been provided anywhere else.

“In the seventh century, there were two types of moguls. Some were called Mughal Dirlighin and others Niron. The continuation of this story will show why they were called that. The Dirlighin Mughals were the people of Congorat, Berlas, Merkut, Kurlas (Congorat, Berlas, Mercout, Courlas) and many others. And the inhabitants of Merkit, Tangut, Merkat, Zhumogul, Nironkayat, Ekamogul (Merkit, Tanjout, Mercaty, Joumogul, Nironcaiat, Yecamogul) and some others were called Niron moguls, among which Ekamogols and Nironkayats belonged to the family of Genghis Khan.

The word "kayat" means a blacksmith. Cabalcan, the great-grandfather of Genghis Khan, added the word kayat to the name of Niron to distinguish it from other khans of the Niron tribe. By this name his own tribe became known. From that time on, this name is like honorary title, remained not only for the tribe, but also for the khan himself. The origin of this word leads to certain people who lived in the most remote northern parts of Mogolistan, who were called kayats (Cayat), because their leaders arranged the production of metal products in a mountain called Arkenekom, which earned this Mughal tribe great respect and appreciation, because the whole country of the Mughals took advantage of this invention. After that, they called these people Blacksmiths from Arkenekom.

And since the ancestors of Genghis Khan, being related to them, in view of alliances with this people, some writers made public the fact that this prince was the son of a blacksmith and himself was engaged in this craft.

What else allowed them to make such a mistake is the fact that every Mughal family, in order to preserve the memory of these illustrious founders or blacksmiths, had the custom of celebrating the first day of the year, during which they built a forge with furs, in which they lit a fire and heated a piece of iron that they hit with hammers on the anvil. This forging was preceded and ended with prayers.

These writers, no doubt not knowing the meaning of this rite and not knowing why the family of Genghis Khan bore the surname Kayat, were convinced that this khan was a blacksmith and that, in gratitude to the god who raised him to the throne, he established this custom.

However, those historians who, led by curiosity, conducted their research in antiquity, formed a different opinion about him. They all speak of his father, Pisouca Behader *, as the most powerful khan of the ancient Mughals. They say that he ruled two large kingdoms, married Oulon Aikeh, daughter of one khan, his relative, who won many victories over his enemies. **

It can be seen quite clearly that the low birth attributed to him comes from the ignorance or malice of these authors, while his father came from Buzengir, nicknamed the Just, whose fame was so great, both in the eastern and northern parts. Asia that there was no significant prince there who was not happy to intermarry with him or be his ally. We can be sure that Genghis Khan, the son of Pisouca, was born a prince or a khan.

* 21 Mughal emperors ruled Persia for 150 years, among whom was Genghis Khan, the son of Pisouca.

You shouldn't argue, I'm a numismatist, I know what I'm talking about. Although, of course, the number could have been confused, but I did not seem to confuse it, it was just that it was not so simple there (the hryvnias were different), the story is always like that.

Here, read, I found it especially for you:

Written monuments have preserved the ancient Russian names of the metal coin - kuna and nogat and the names of smaller payment units equal to half of the kuna - cut, veveritsy, whose relation to the kuna is determined in different ways, and others. Kuna is a coin. Kuni was both a dirham, and the denarius that replaced him, and a Russian silver coin, and this cannot surprise us, since the transition to a new weight and even the type of payment unit does not at all require abandoning the usual name. Probably, the most ancient Slavs For the first time, the Roman denarius was called kuna, just as the tribes of Northern Europe, on the basis of the circulation of the Roman denarius, had a consonant name for the coin coin, derived from the Latin cuneus - forged. Forcing out the term "silver", the word kuny was fixed in the Slavic languages ​​for a long time in the general meaning of "money", just as the latter came from the later name of the coin.

The name nogat, derived from the Arabic "nagd" (good, selected coin), originally arose in connection with the need to distinguish the more benign dirhams from the worse ones circulating next to them. Rezana and Veveritsa are considered different parts (cuttings) of the kuna; but in some cases the veveritsa can also be the skin of a squirrel.

Hryvnia... During the circulation of foreign coins, the oldest Russian monetary concept of the hryvnia was formed, which has gone through a very difficult path of development and changes and has survived to this day in the popular name of a small nickel coin, the hryvnia.

The concept of "hryvnia" is believed to have originally been associated with a necklace-ornamentation precious metal, well known in the material culture of the Slavs and their neighbors. Although, it is rather difficult to explain the origin of this term. But, in the translated monuments of the Church Slavonic language, the grivna was called a neck metal ornament - a necklace worn by men and women. It is clear that such an etymological meaning of the word "hryvnia" is an adjective from "mane" = "neck".

Then it acquired a new weight value, corresponding to a certain amount (weight) of silver (hryvnia of silver); since this amount could be composed of a known number of identical coins, next to the weight was the piece count, the number. The hryvnia, consisting of coins (hryvnia kun), is a certain number of coins.

The hryvnia of silver (weight) and the hryvnia of kun (counting) became monetary terms: the first in the XI century. and later, payment bars-hryvnias of various types began to correspond, having already received a well-defined shape and stable weight.

Hryvnia kun... At the beginning of its existence, the hryvnia, in all likelihood, was a single concept in terms of weight for silver in general and for coins in particular. However, then its complication and division began, due to both changes in the weight of the foreign coin that came to Russia, and the evolution of the hryvnia itself as a unit of weight. The weight is detached from the number; in the language of the Ancient Acts, "old" and "new" grivnas appear, as well as "old" and "new" coons. The weight difference between Kiev and Novgorod hryvnias, apparently, is a phenomenon of a very ancient, and maybe even primordial order.

As for the ratio of the silver grivna and the grivna to u n, the written monuments testified, as one might think, not the initial ratio that existed, perhaps, back in Roman times, but the ratios that formed in the course of the evolution of the hryvnia, under the influence of changes in the weight of the coin circulation fund of kun-coins at different times. The hryvnia of silver began to equal in value to several hryvnias of kunas. So, for the XII century. it was established that it was equal to four hryvnia kunas; the hryvnia itself, kun, at the same time corresponded to a certain, but not constant, number of payment units: 20 nogats in the 11th and 12th centuries. and 25 kunas or 50 rezanas only in the 11th century, but already 50 kunas in the 12th century. Thus, over the course of a century, one unit of the system remained unchanged as part of the kun hryvnia, while the other was halved.

The fragmentation of the ancient Russian state interrupted the short-term minting of Russian coins. Monetary circulation in Russia for a long time was served in the north by Western European denarius and everywhere silver in hryvnia bars, and the latter gradually occupied an increasing place, up to the complete displacement, or rather, the absorption of coins, which served mainly as raw materials and measure for casting early ingots. The replenishment of the stock of the current coin in the country ceased at the beginning of the 12th century. in connection with the widespread cessation of the minting of the denarius familiar to Russia in the West. There, of course, new types of coins came to replace him, but they did not receive any recognition in Russia.