"Pharmacognostic study of Caucasian goldenrod (Solidago caucasica Kem.–Nath.)..."

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Pyatigorsk Medical and Pharmaceutical Institute -

branch of the state budgetary educational institution of higher

vocational education "Volgograd State

Medical University" of the Ministry of Health

Russian Federation

As a manuscript

FEDOTOV VICTORIA VLADIMIROVNA

Pharmacognostic study

Caucasian goldenrod (Solidago caucasica Kem.–Nath.)

14.04.02 - pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmacognosy

THESIS

for the degree of Candidate of Pharmaceutical Sciences

SCIENTIFIC ADVISER

D. A. Konovalov

DOCTOR OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES,

PROFESSOR

PYATIGORSK - 201 LIST ABBREVIATIONS

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1 PHARMACOGNOSTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SPECIES OF THE GENUS

Goldenrod

1.1 History and distribution of species of the genus Goldenrod

1.3 Systematic position of the genus Goldenrod

1.4 Chemical composition of the studied species of the genus Goldenrod

1.5 Use of raw materials from species of the genus Goldenrod

Conclusions from the literature review

2.1 Objects of study

2.2 Research methods

2.2.1 Chemical reactions

2.2.2 Chromatographic methods of research

2.2.3 Spectral methods

2.2.4 Titrimetric methods

2.2.5 Gravimetric methods

2.2.6 Resource studies

2.2.7 Pharmacological research methods

2.2.8 Sampling for analysis

2.2.9 Methods of macro- and microscopic analysis of raw materials

2.2.10 Definition of numerical indicators

2.2.11 Validation of the assay procedure

2.2.12 Microbiological purity

2.2.13 Determination of expiration dates

2.2.14 Statistical methods

CHAPTER 3 PRELIMINARY RESOURCE STUDIES

CAUCASIAN GOLDENER AND EXPLORING OPPORTUNITIES

INTRODUCING IT TO CULTURE

3.1 Determination of the yield of Caucasian goldenrod grass

3.2 Calculation of the volume of annual harvests

3.3 Research on the introduction of Caucasian goldenrod into cultivation ............................. 41 Conclusions on the chapter

CHAPTER 4 MORPHOLOGICAL AND ANATOMICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC

A STUDY OF HERBS AND ROOTS WITH GOLDENROOM ROOTS

CAUCASUS

4.1 Morphological characteristics of the "Caucasian goldenrod grass" .......... 46

4.2 Anatomical structure of the leaf

4.2.1 Sheet structure from the surface

4.2.2 Structure of the sheet in cross section

4.3 Anatomical structure of the stem

4.3.1 Stem structure from the surface

4.3.2 The structure of the stem in cross section

4.3.3 The structure of the stem in a longitudinal section

4.4 Anatomical structure of a flower

4.5 Microscopic analysis of crushed "Caucasian goldenrod herb"

4.6 Microscopic analysis of the powder "Caucasian goldenrod herb" ...... 66

4.7 Morphological characteristics of rhizomes with roots of Caucasian goldenrod

4.8 The anatomical structure of the rhizomes with the roots of the Caucasian goldenrod .... 69 Conclusions on the chapter

CHAPTER 5 PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF HERBS AND ROOMS

ROOTS OF THE CAUCASIAN GOLDENER. DEVELOPMENT OF REGULATIONS

QUALITIES OF THE CAUCASUS HERB

5.1 Analysis of grass and rhizomes with Caucasian goldenrod roots by qualitative reactions

5.2 Study of phenolic compounds of the Caucasian goldenrod herb by the BC method

5.3 Detection of rutin by TLC in "Caucasian goldenrod grass"..... 78

5.4 The study of phenolic compounds of Caucasian goldenrod herb by HPLC

5.5 Quantitative determination of flavonoids in terms of rutin in "Caucasian goldenrod herb" by differential spectrophotometry

5.6 Quantitative determination of phenolcarboxylic acids in grass and rhizomes with roots of Caucasian goldenrod by spectrophotometry in terms of caffeic acid

5.7 Quantification of tannins in grass and rhizomes with roots of Caucasian goldenrod

5.8 Study of triterpene glycosides of the Caucasian goldenrod herb ........ 95

5.9 Study of polyacetylene compounds of rhizomes with roots of Caucasian goldenrod

5.10 Quantification of organic acids in Caucasian goldenrod herb

5.11 The study of organic acids of the Caucasian goldenrod herb by HPLC

5.12 Studying the carbohydrates of the Caucasian goldenrod herb

5.13 Biologically active compounds of the herb Caucasian goldenrod identified by GLC-MS

5.14 Study of the amino acid composition of the Caucasian goldenrod herb....... 1

5.15 Study of the mineral composition of the herb Caucasian goldenrod .............. 1

5.16 Determination of some numerical indicators of grass and rhizomes with roots of Caucasian goldenrod

5.17 Microbiological purity of “Caucasian goldenrod grass” .............................. 1

5.18 Establishing the expiration date of the “Caucasian goldenrod herb” .............. 1 Conclusions on the chapter

CHAPTER 6 PRELIMINARY TECHNOLOGICAL STUDIES

FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF "GOLDENER CAUCASUS HERB EXTRACT

DRY", STANDARDIZATION OF THE OBTAINED EXTRACT AND

PRELIMINARY STUDY OF ITS PHARMACOLOGICAL

ACTIVITIES

6.1 Obtaining "Caucasian goldenrod herb dry extract".................................. 1

6.2 Development of standardization methods for "Caucasian goldenrod herb dry extract"

6.2.1 General indicators

6.2.2 Study of phenolic compounds

6.2.3 Quantification of the amount of flavonoids in terms of rutin by differential spectrophotometry

6.2.4 Quantification of phenolcarboxylic acids in terms of caffeic acid by spectrometry

6.3 Establishing the expiration date of "Caucasian goldenrod herb dry extract"

6.4 Preliminary study of pharmacological activity

6.4.1 Definition of "acute" toxicity of "Caucasian goldenrod herb". 133 6.4.2 Pathological changes in organs caused by the introduction of an extract from the herb of Caucasian goldenrod at a dose of 10,000 mg/kg

6.4.3 Study of the diuretic activity of "Caucasian goldenrod herb dry extract"

6.4.4 Study of the antibacterial action of "Caucasian goldenrod herb dry extract"

Chapter Conclusions

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

BAS - biologically active compounds BCh - paper chromatography WPPS - water-soluble polysaccharides HPLC - high performance liquid chromatography GLC - gas-liquid chromatography GLC-MS - gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry PS - polysaccharides CO - standard sample CRS - alcohol-soluble sugars TLC - chromatography in a thin layer of sorbent FSP - pharmacopoeial article of the enterprise Ara - arabinose Gal - galactose Glc - glucose Rha - rhamnose UAc - uronic acids Xyl - xylose

INTRODUCTION

Relevance research topics According to the World Health Organization, diseases of the genitourinary sphere in the world are in one of the leading places in the overall structure of the incidence of the population. To date, among men over 60 years old, 90% of cases are diagnosed with diseases of the kidneys, bladder and prostate gland. In women older than 50 years, urolithiasis, cystitis, etc. noted in 70% of cases. Synthetic preparations are successfully used as the main means in pharmacotherapy and prevention of kidney diseases. But, despite the high efficiency, they also have an adverse effect on the functional state of the body. Biologically active compounds of medicinal plants have a wide spectrum of action, low toxicity, which allows them to be recommended for long-term therapy. However, the choice of herbal medicines that have a complex nephroprotective effect is limited.

A promising source in terms of obtaining a new type of medicinal plant material (MPR) is a previously unexplored representative of the Caucasian flora - Caucasian goldenrod (Solidago caucasica Kem.-Nath.).

Medicines based on some species of the goldenrod genus are widely used in world medical practice. Thus, the Canadian goldenrod herb extract is included in the preparation "Marelin" (Ukraine), used as an antispasmodic, diuretic and anti-inflammatory agent in the treatment and prevention of oxalate and urate urolithiasis, as well as in the composition of the drug "Prostanorm" (Russia), recommended for prostatitis. The herb extract of the common goldenrod is part of the Fitodolor preparation (Germany), the anti-inflammatory activity of which is comparable to that of indomethacin. The underground part of this type of goldenrod is part of the dietary supplement "Men" with the Prostate Forte formula, and is also used in folk medicine of the Caucasus as a wound healing agent.

In this regard, we considered it expedient to study the Caucasian goldenrod.

The degree of development of the topic Caucasian goldenrod is a representative of the flora of the North Caucasus that has not been studied by scientific medicine.

Purpose and tasks research aim The work was a pharmacognostic study of the Caucasian goldenrod and a scientific justification for the possibility of using it as a source of raw materials for obtaining drugs that affect the urinary system. To achieve this goal, it was necessary to solve the following tasks:

To study the data of scientific literature on the distribution, phytochemical and pharmacological study of representatives of the genus Solidago.

To evaluate the resource characteristics of the Caucasian goldenrod in some regions of the North Caucasus and explore the possibility of its cultivation.

Determine the morphological and anatomical features of grass and rhizomes 3.

with Caucasian goldenrod roots.

To study the qualitative composition and quantitative content of the main groups of biologically active compounds (BAS) of grass and rhizomes with roots of Caucasian goldenrod.

Conduct a preliminary study of the "acute" toxicity, diuretic and antibacterial activity of the herb and dry extract of Caucasian goldenrod.

To develop a draft pharmacopoeial article of the enterprise for "Caucasian goldenrod grass".

Scientific novelty

As a result of our research, for the first time:

the resources of the Caucasian goldenrod in certain areas of its growth in the North Caucasus were determined and the possibility of its cultivation was studied;

morphological and anatomical-diagnostic features are proposed, allowing to establish the authenticity of the herb and rhizomes with the roots of the Caucasian goldenrod;

It was established by HPLC that the Caucasian goldenrod herb contains 24 phenolic compounds, of which flavonoids (rutin, vicenin, hesperidin), coumarins (umbelliferone, esculetin, dihydrocoumarin), phenolcarboxylic acids (gallic, chicory, chlorogenic and coffee) were identified;

citric, malic, and succinic acids were identified in the composition of organic acids in the herb of Caucasian goldenrod by HPLC;

the carbohydrates of the Caucasian goldenrod herb were studied, the main ones in terms of content are the fractions of pectin substances (PV) and hemicelluloses (HMC);

it was found that the Caucasian goldenrod herb contains triterpene glycosides - derivatives of oleanolic acid;

Fatty acids (dihydroxypropionic, trihydroxybutyric, hydroxybutyric, palmitic, linoleic, linolenic, stearic acids), polyhydric alcohols and their derivatives (glycerol, xylitol, ribitol, inositol, myo-inositol, scylo-inositol, glucitol), etc.;

by liquid chromatography on an automatic amino acid analyzer, 15 amino acids were found for the first time in the herb of Caucasian goldenrod, of which 9 are essential;

it was found that the grass of the Caucasian goldenrod contains 5 macroelements and 16 microelements. Of these, 11 elements are essential, conditionally essential - 6 and conditionally toxic - 4 elements;

the quantitative content of the sum of flavonoids, phenolcarboxylic acids, organic acids, triterpene glycosides, tannins in grass and phenolcarboxylic acids and tannins in rhizomes with roots of Caucasian goldenrod was established;

HPLC method determined the content of 18 compounds in the dry extract of Caucasian goldenrod, of which rutin, luteolin-7-glycoside, umbelliferon, vicenin, esculetin, hesperidin, gallic, chicory, chlorogenic and caffeic acids were identified;

HPLC revealed the presence of citric, malic and succinic acids in the dry extract of Caucasian goldenrod, among which citric acid predominates in content;

the content of the sum of flavonoids and phenolcarboxylic acids in the dry extract of Caucasian goldenrod was established;

the toxicity of "Caucasian goldenrod herb" was studied, the diuretic and antimicrobial activity of the extract obtained from it was determined.

Theoretical and practical significance The possibility of using a new type of domestic raw material - "Caucasian goldenrod grass" to obtain a total preparation ("Caucasian goldenrod herb dry extract"), which has diuretic and antimicrobial activity, was studied.

Methods for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the Caucasian goldenrod grass based on the detection of phenolic compounds, triterpene glycosides, organic acids and polysaccharides have been developed. A technological scheme for the production of a dry extract of the Caucasian goldenrod herb has been developed. Standards have been developed that allow standardizing the herb of the Caucasian goldenrod and the dry extract from it, taking into account modern requirements for the quality of the medicinal herb and extracts based on it.

Methodology and research methods In the work, methods were used that made it possible to conduct complex pharmacognostic (macro- and microscopic, phytochemical, commodity and resource studies) studies. Within the framework of separate technological and pharmacological experiments, using appropriate research methods, preliminary data were obtained, which made it possible to substantiate the possible directions for the use of a new type of MP. Phytochemical studies were carried out using paper, thin-layer, gas-liquid chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, spectrophotometry in the UV, visible and IR regions.

Provisions for defense:

results of resource studies and introduction studies of Caucasian goldenrod;

results of morphological and anatomical study of grass and rhizomes with bark of the Caucasian goldenrod;

the results of a phytochemical study of the main groups of BAS in grass and rhizomes with roots of Caucasian goldenrod;

methods of standardization of "Caucasian goldenrod grass" and dry extract based on it;

results of preliminary pharmacological studies.

The degree of reliability and approbation of the results. The reliability of the results obtained is determined by the volume of the studied information base and the vastness of the study, the use of various modern physical and chemical methods of analysis, and the mathematical and statistical processing of the data obtained.

Key points dissertation work presented at the International Scientific Conference "Rational Use of Natural Biological Resources" (Rome-Florence, 2013); at the II International Scientific and Practical Conference “Cluster Approaches of the Pharmaceutical Union:

education, science and business” (Belgorod, 2012); at the XX Russian National Congress "Man and Medicine" (Moscow, 2013); at regional conferences "Development, research and marketing of new pharmaceutical products" (Pyatigorsk, 2012, 2013, 2014); at the scientific-practical conference of young scientists and students of Volgograd State Medical University "Actual problems of experimental and clinical medicine" (Pyatigorsk, 2014); at the regional preparatory stage of the Competition of youth projects of the All-Caucasian Youth Forum "Mashuk-2013" (Pyatigorsk, 2013); at the North Caucasian Youth Forum "Mashuk-2013" (Pyatigorsk, 2013). Based on the materials of the dissertation, 16 works were published, including 7 articles in journals recommended by the Higher Attestation Commission of the Russian Federation.

Personal contribution author The author participated in all stages of experimental work, in obtaining initial data, processing and interpreting them, and preparing a dissertation work. The author carried out a phytochemical analysis of the herb and rhizomes with roots of the Caucasian goldenrod, studied the resources of the herb and studied the possibility of introducing the Caucasian goldenrod into the culture, established morphological and anatomical and diagnostic characteristics of the raw material, and carried out preliminary pharmacological studies of the extract from the herb of the Caucasian goldenrod.

Scope and structure of the dissertation

The work is presented on 163 pages of computer-typed text and consists of an introduction, a literature review, a description of the objects and methods of research, 4 chapters of own research, a conclusion, a list of cited literature, including 163 sources, of which 86 are in a foreign language, and an appendix. The dissertation is illustrated with 53 figures and 35 tables.

CHAPTER 1 PHARMACOGNOSTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SPECIES

RODA GOLDENER

1.1 History and distribution of species of the genus Goldenrod Goldenrod (Solidago L.) has been known since biblical times, according to one version it is Aaron's rod. When the Israelites murmured against the high priest Aaron, Moses, at the command of God, ordered the leaders of the tribes to bring their rods. On them Moses wrote the names of those to whom they belonged. All the rods were placed in the tabernacle of meeting in front of the ark. It turned out that only Aaron's rod miraculously blossomed in one night, thus signifying the chosenness of the priestly class (Bible, Numbers 9:4).

The Russian name goldenrod comes from the word gold. It is given by the golden-yellow flowers of the plant. The name golden rod is given by the shape of the stem and flower. The stem of this plant is straight, grooved and looks like a whip.

The generic name Solidago L. comes from the Latin solidus - strong, healthy and agree - doing. The French name Verge d'or comes from two words verge - rod (whip) and or - gold. The English name Goldenrod has the following origin: golden - gold and rod - rod.

In the dictionary N.I. Annenkov for the common goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea L.) more than 50 synonyms are given, due to the fact that in each Russian province it had its own interpretation and name: flea beetle, fly (Grave), distiller (Nizheg.), Voronets, hare ears (Bonfire .), St. John's wort (Moscow), yellow color, golden feather (Tversk.), life-giving grass (Perm.), rubella (Psk.), upland down jacket (Vlad.), shooting, forest tobacco (Grodno), wild chicory (Minsk), yellow belly (Kiev), nawloc glowienki czerwone (Pol.), woolmete rohi (Est.), keltainenkukka (Fin.) .

In Canada, the United States and Mexico, goldenrod is widely distributed as a wild plant, in Europe - as a cultivated ornamental and wild plant.

For the first time as an ornamental introduced plant, goldenrod was registered in the Botanical Gardens of London in 1758. It was soon noted in the gardens and nurseries of continental Europe. Goldenrod became invasive after 100 years due to the high level of variability in morphological characters. At present, the range of the genus in Europe extends from 42 to 63 ° N. sh. and further expansion of its borders to the east is expected.

In addition to Europe, goldenrod also naturalized in Japan, Korea and the Far East of the Russian Federation, New Zealand, Australia, the Azores and Hawaiian Islands, as well as Mexico.

In the USSR, Canadian goldenrod was first introduced into cultivation in 1986 in Ukraine in order to obtain medicinal plant materials for the production of Marelin. After the collapse of the USSR, the culture of Canadian goldenrod was tested in Russia in the conditions of the Stavropol Upland, the non-chernozem zone and the Moscow region.

Distribution of species of the genus Goldenrod in the flora of Russia and neighboring countries (within the former USSR) according to Cherepanov S.K. presented in table 1.1.

Goldenrod is demanding of light, but it can also be found in the shade. It is more common in nitrogen-rich areas, prefers climates with moderate summer and winter temperatures, and has a broad tolerance to soil moisture.

Species of the genus Goldenrod are rhizomatous hemicryptophytes and have a complex life cycle with generations of rhizomes and seeds. The formation of seeds, new shoots and rhizomes occurs every year, and all above-ground shoots die off in autumn. In less favorable conditions and under the influence of frequently repeated damaging factors, more light seeds are produced, which guarantees dispersal over long distances.

–  –  –

Thus, in the flora of Russia and neighboring states (within the former USSR), there are 26 species of the genus Goldenrod.

1.2 Botanical characteristics of species of the genus Goldenrod

–  –  –

Caucasian goldenrod (Solidago caucasica Kem.–Nath.) is a perennial herbaceous plant with stems slightly rising at the base or erect, 30-70 cm high, at the base slightly or completely colored with anthocyanin red.

Leaves ovate-oblong, oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, serrated, narrowed into a winged petiole, shorter than the leaf blade.

The uppermost leaves are often sessile.

Inflorescence spike-shaped, compressed, dense or loose, usually interrupted. Stalks of flower baskets without bracts or with a few bracts, often strongly pubescent.

Baskets are large, 1-1.5 cm high, 1.5-2 cm in diameter. The wrapper is conically bell-shaped. Basket leaves loosely arranged, few rows, outer lanceolate 1.5-2 times shorter than narrow-linear inner ones, both slightly pubescent, sharp. The tongues of marginal flowers are narrowly oblong, equal in length to the involucre or slightly shorter than it. The flowers are small yellow, the fruit is an achene.

Distinctive morphological features are a 2-, 3-row involucre, baskets 15-20 mm wide, basket legs usually without bracts.

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1.4 Chemical composition of the studied species of the genus Goldenrod S. virgaurea L. – h. ordinary

Polyphenols:

Flavonoids: rutin, quercetin, quercitrin, astragalin, isoquercitrin, kaempferol rhamnoglucoside, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, narcissin, ramnetin glucoramnoside, nicotiflorin, afzelin (kaempferol 3-rhamnoside), quercetin-D-glucoside, kaempferol-D-glucoside, kaempferol- 3– O-rutinoside Phenolcarboxylic acids: chlorogenic, caffeic, isochlorogenic hydroxycinnamic, quinic Phenolic compounds: leiocarposide, virgaureoside A Coumarins: esculetin, esculin Tannins Anthocyanins: 3-gentiobioside cyanidin Saponins: virgaureasaponins (virgaureasaponin-3), in virgaureagen hydrolyzate in A, virgaureagenin B (oleanolic acid), virgaureagenins C, D, E, virgaureagenins G (polygalic acid), H, solidagosaponin 21-30 (Figure 1.

2) , baiogenin Diterpenoids Triterpenoids Polyacetylene compounds: 2,8-cis-cis-matricaria ether, matricaria lactone, lahnophyllum lactone Bromine 0.055% Carbohydrates: polysaccharides 3-8%, in the hydrolyzate galacturonic acid, galactose, glucose, arabinose, xylose, rhamnose Phyto ecdysones Fatty oil 14.4% Rubber Essential oil components: limonene, -elemen, -elemen, germacrene B, germacrene D, -cadien, -pinene, -myrcene Solidagosaponin 21 R1=Xyl; R2=H; R3=H; R4=A Solidagosaponin 26 R1=Glc; R2=H; R3=H; R4=A Solidagosaponin 22 R1=Xyl; R2=H; R3=A; R4=H Solidagosaponin 27 R1=H; R2=Glc; R3=H; R4=H Solidagosaponin 23 R1=Xyl; R2=H; R3=Api-Ac; R4=A Solidagosaponin 28 R1=Glc; R2=H; R3=Api; R4=Ac Solidagosaponin 24 R1=Xyl; R2=H; R3=H; R4=B Solidagosaponin 29 R1=H; R2=Glc; R3=Api; R4=Ac Solidagosaponin 25 R1=Xyl; R2=H; R3=H; R4=H Solidagosaponin 30 R1=Glc; R2=H; R3=H; R4=H

Figure 1.2 - Solidagosaponins

Solidago canadensis L. – Canadian goldenrod

Polyphenols:

Flavonoids: kaempferol, quercetin, isorhamnetin, astragalin, kaempferol-3-O-glucoramnoside, quercetin-3-O-glucopyranoside, rutin, quercetin-3-O-(611-O-acetyl)-glucopyranoside, isorhamnetin-3-O- glucopyranoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside (narcissin), ramnetin-3-O-glucoramnoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-(611-O-acetyl)-glucopyranoside Phenolcarboxylic acids: caffeic acid Coumarins: scopoletin, umbelliferone Triterpene saponins: glycosides oleanolic acid, canadiensisaponins 1 – 8, 3–(3R–acetoxyhexadecanoyloxy)–lup–20(29)–ene, 3–(3–ketohexadecanoyloxy)–lup–20(29)–ene, 3–(3R–acetoxyhexadecanoyloxy) )–29–nor–lupan–20–one, 3– (3–hetohexadecanoyloxy)– 29– nor–lupan– 20–one, bayogenin saponins 1–4 Essential oil components: limonene, –elemen, –elemen, germacren B, germacren D , -pinene, -myrcene, 3-epi--cubeben, 3-epi--cubeben Polyacetylene compounds: matrix cariaether, clerodan, colavenolic acid Amino acids, bitterness, polysaccharides S. gigantea Ait. - h. giant

Polyphenols:

Flavonoids: kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, kaempferol Phenolcarboxylic acids: chlorogenic Essential oil components: -pinene, -myrcene, epi-torylenol, 1,10-seco-eudesma-4(15), 5(10)-diene-1 –al, cis–eudesm–4(10)–en–1–one Saponins: giganteasaponins 1 – 6 S. virgaurea var. gigantean

Polyphenols:

Flavonoids: kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside Triterpenoids: erythrodiol-3-acetate, -amirin acetate Vitamins: -tocopherol-quinone Isoprene derivative: trans-phytol Essential oil components: -dictyopterol

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S. decurrens Lour. - h. descending

Polyphenols:

Phenolcarboxylic acids: caffeic, chlorogenic Phenolic compounds: leiocarposide Aromatic compounds: 5-benzylmethoxybenzoate, 3-methoxy-4-acetoxycinnamoylangelate, 3,5-dimethoxy-4-acetosicinnamoylangelate, 2-methoxybenzyl-2,3,6-trimethoxybenzoate, 2-methoxybenzyl -2,6-dimethoxybenzoate, benzyl-2-hydroxy-6-methoxybenzoate, methyl (2E,8Z) -decadiene-4,6-dinoate, benzyl-2,6-dimethoxybenzoate, methyl (2Z,8Z) -decadiene-4 ,6-dinoate Anthocyanins: cyanidin-3-glucosyl-glycoside Steroids: sitosterol Triterpene saponins: Polyacetylenic compounds

–  –  –

S. rugosa Mill. - h. wrinkled Diterpenoids: (+)-18-tigloximannol, 18-hydroabieta-7,13(14)-diene, 18-tigloxiabieta-7,13(14)-diene, 7-hydro-13,15-dihydroxyabieta-8 (14 )-en-18-oic acid, 15-hydrodehydroabietic acid S. altissima L. - h. Supreme

Polyphenols:

Flavonoids: kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside-7-O--D-apiofuranoside Phenolcarboxylic acids: chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and its derivatives) Phenolic glycosides: trans-tiliroside Acetylene compounds and terpenoids: dehydromatricaryalactone, E,7-acetoxycollavic acid ( solidagonic acid), colavenol.

1.5 Use of raw materials from species of the genus Goldenrod

The use of goldenrod in folk medicine In folk medicine, infusion and decoction of goldenrod grass is used as a diuretic, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory agent for diseases of the kidneys and bladder (urolithiasis, cholecystitis, ulcerative cystitis, enuresis), prostate hypertrophy. However, the scope of goldenrod is much wider. It has an astringent, diaphoretic, expectorant, hemostatic effect, is used for cholelithiasis, diabetes mellitus, bronchial asthma, pulmonary tuberculosis, acute respiratory infections, acute laryngitis, tonsillitis, whooping cough, gout, arthritis, enteritis, colitis, menorrhagia, leucorrhea, eczema, ascites. In Moldova, Belarus, inflorescences are used externally mixed with cream, pork fat or butter for skin tuberculosis, dermatitis, burns, rheumatism.

In the Komi ASSR, in the Caucasus, in Siberia - with scrofula. In Chinese folk medicine, goldenrod seeds are used to thin the blood and eliminate bloating, as well as for menstrual irregularities, cholera, diarrhea, blood in the urine in children. In the Caucasus, tinctures of the underground part of the goldenrod are used as a wound healing agent.

The use of goldenrod in scientific medicine Common goldenrod, h. Canadian and s. giant are included in the European Pharmacopoeia, s. Canadian and s. giant - in the British Herbal Pharmacopoeia. In the USSR, the FS "Canadian Goldenrod Grass" was developed.

For species of the genus Goldenrod, a whole spectrum of pharmacological activity has been established.

Diuretic activity The flavonoid fraction of common goldenrod at 25 mg/kg showed an 88% increase in urine output in rats after 24 hours compared to the control (NaCl, 5 ml, oral administration), while there was a decrease in nocturnal excretion of potassium and sodium and an increase in excretion calcium.

A significant increase in diuresis in rats with increased excretion of sodium, potassium and chloride ions was observed after oral administration of goldenrod (0.3% flavonoids, 4.64 ml/kg and 10.0 ml/kg). Moreover, the low dose proved to be more effective.

Anti-inflammatory activity The anti-inflammatory activity of goldenrod saponins was tested in a rat edema model. As a result, a significant reduction in edema was observed after intravenous administration of 1.25-2.5 mg/kg of triterpene saponin complex.

Labdan diterpenes isolated from Chilean goldenrod showed gastroprotective activity in mice with chlorine–ethanol induced gastric lesions.

Diterpene solidagogenone, contained in an aqueous extract from the inflorescences of the Chilean goldenrod, also showed gastroprotective activity.

Phytodolor was tested on rats for anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity. The activity was the same as that of the standard samples of salicylic alcohol and indomethacin.

Saponins, flavonoids and caffeic acid isolated from goldenrod inhibited the activity of leukocyte elastase and protease involved in the progression of inflammation. Saponins stimulated the synthesis and release of glucocorticoids in the adrenal glands.

An aqueous extract of common goldenrod significantly suppressed the X-ray induced inflammatory response in the skin of guinea pigs.

46% hydroalcoholic extract of Chilean goldenrod had anti-inflammatory activity due to inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase.

Leiocarposide, isolated from the Chilean goldenrod, had an anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect.

Isolated from giant goldenrod, 3,5-di-O-caffeic acid had anti-inflammatory properties without side effects and was therefore being investigated as a potential drug.

Antioxidant activity Water–alcohol extract of common goldenrod as a component of Phytodolor drug inhibited the formation of reactive oxygen species.

Analgesic activity Goldenrod extract showed analgesic activity by acting on bradykinin receptors.

The effectiveness of the liquid extract of Chilean goldenrod in the treatment of lumbago was established: for 15 days, the skin was smeared with a gel containing 5% of the extract of Chilean goldenrod, and a significant analgesic effect was achieved.

Antispasmodic activity The presence of flavonoids (quercetin and kaempferol) in goldenrod caused the established vasodilator action, depending on the inhibition of protein kinase C, inhibition of phosphodiesterase and cyclic nucleotides, as well as a decrease in the supply of Ca 2 + ions.

Antibacterial activity

Essential oil of common goldenrod and s. Canadian had antibacterial activity against Streptococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Dry and liquid aqueous-alcoholic extracts of common goldenrod, h. Canadian, s. giant effective against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. An aqueous extract of Chilean goldenrod rhizomes inhibited the activity of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Antifungal activity

Deacylated triterpene saponins of common goldenrod exhibited antifungal activity against species of the genus Candida (Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis, C. pseudotropicalis, C.

guilliermondi, C. glabrata and Cryptococcus neoformans) is higher than the mixture of saponins. Other experiments have shown the antifungal activity of an alcoholic extract of goldenrod against dermatophytes, especially against Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum gypseum and M. canin.

Antifungal activity against Candida albicans was very low.

Giant goldenrod also exhibits antimicrobial activity.

Antitumor activity

Triterpene saponins exhibit antitumor activity. Significant antitumor activity of virgaureasaponin E, isolated from common goldenrod, at a dose of 1 mg/kg/day. has been established in an experimental model of sarcoma in mice. In another series of experiments, the antitumor effect of goldenrod polysaccharides on prostate, breast cancer, melanoma, and lung cancer was demonstrated. Tumor growth was suppressed at a dose of 5 mg/kg.

Antitumor activity was observed in hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and 50% aqueous-alcoholic extract of Canadian goldenrod against HeLa and MCF-7 cell lines.

Immunomodulatory activity Immunomodulatory activity (induction of macrophages and activation of NK cells), as well as antitumor activity of the triterpene saponin virgaureasaponin E, has been shown in in vitro experiments.

Antiplatelet activity Diterpenes contained in an aqueous extract of Chilean goldenrod inhibited ADP-induced platelet aggregation in human blood; and saponins blocked calcium channels, suggesting the antiplatelet activity of Chilean goldenrod.

Goldenrod raw materials are included in 21 names of the world pharmaceutical market, of which 6 are represented in Russia (Table 1.2).

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The common goldenrod is of honey-bearing importance; is a fodder plant for reindeer, Amur goral and beavers. However, this plant is poisonous to sheep.

It was used as a tanning and dyeing plant, from the grass and flowers of which yellow and brown dyes were extracted.

Goldenrod essential oil has an original smell.

Goldenrod leaves are used as an aromatic condiment.

Thus, species of the genus goldenrod are quite common plants containing a rich BAS complex, which have found their application not only in medicine, but also in other areas of activity.

CONCLUSIONS FROM THE LITERATURE REVIEW

1. As a result of the study of literature data, it was established that a phytochemical study of Caucasian goldenrod was not carried out, but there is evidence that for species of the genus Goldenrod, the presence of such classes of biologically active compounds as flavonoids, phenolcarboxylic acids, coumarins, saponins, polyacetylene compounds, polysaccharides, aromatic connections.

2. Studied to a greater or lesser extent, species of the genus Goldenrod have a wide range of pharmacological activity: diuretic, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, etc.

3. The given information about the cultivation of species of the genus Goldenrod testifies to the prospects of studying the possibilities of growing the Caucasian goldenrod.

4. Analysis of literature data showed that the Caucasian goldenrod is a pharmacognostic unstudied plant of the Caucasus.

CHAPTER 2 OBJECTS AND METHODS OF INVESTIGATION

–  –  –

The objects of study were grass and rhizomes with roots of Caucasian goldenrod (Figure 2.1). The grass was harvested at the beginning of flowering by cutting off the upper part 25–30 cm long without rough stem bases with discolored leaves in 2009–2013. on the territory of the North Caucasus:

Republic of Karachay-Cherkessia, Karachaevsky region (Gumbashi pass, gorge of the Daut river to the Uchkulan pass, upper reaches of the Daut river at the Epchik pass), Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria, Chegemsky region (Chegem town) and Zolsky region (Djily-Su tract), grass harvested from cultivated plants in 2011–2013 was also used. Grass h. Caucasian was dried in the air in the shade under sheds and in well-ventilated rooms. After drying, part of the stems, blackened leaves and foreign impurities were removed from the raw material. Rhizomes with roots were harvested from cultivated Caucasian goldenrod in early spring 2014, dug up by hand. Rhizomes with roots were cleaned from the remnants of aerial parts and earth, washed, dried in a well-ventilated room.

Figure 2.1 - Caucasian goldenrod (Solidago caucasica Kem.

–  –  –

2.2.1 Chemical reactions The presence of biologically active substances in grass and rhizomes with roots h. Kawazian was determined using generally accepted qualitative reactions.

To detect flavonoids, an alcohol extract (ethyl alcohol 70%) was used in a ratio of 1:10, with which a cyanidin test was performed (reduction by magnesium in the presence of concentrated hydrochloric acid) and a reaction with aluminum chloride.

To determine the presence of triterpene saponins, a 1:10 aqueous extract was prepared by boiling in a water bath for 10 minutes, cooled, and filtered. 2 ml of the filtrate were placed in 2 test tubes. Hydrochloric acid 0.5 M was added to the first tube, sodium hydroxide 0.5 M was added to the second tube. The tubes were shaken and foam was observed both in acidic and alkaline media (triterpene saponins). To carry out the Lieberman–Burchard reaction, a sample of Caucasian goldenrod herb (10.0 g) was degreased with benzene, and extraction was carried out successively with chloroform and methanol. The methanol extract was evaporated and acetic anhydride and concentrated sulfuric acid were added to the dry residue.

The presence of tannins was determined in the aqueous extract (mass–volume ratio 1:10, extraction duration 5 min) by reaction with a solution of iron ammonium alum.

A lactone test was used to detect coumarins. Extraction of Caucasian goldenrod from raw materials was prepared with ethyl alcohol 95% in a ratio of 1:10 by boiling for 15–20 min in a water bath under reflux. To 5 ml of the prepared extract, 10 drops of an alcoholic solution of sodium hydroxide 10% were added and heated in a water bath.

Then 10 ml of water and 15 drops of hydrochloric acid 10% were added.

Amino acids were identified in acid extract (hydrochloric acid, mass–volume ratio 1:10, temperature 70°C, 10 min) by biuret reaction and reaction with ninhydrin solution.

The detection of carbohydrates was carried out using the Bertrand reaction and with ethyl alcohol 95%.

2.2.2 Chromatographic methods of investigation Chromatographic analysis was carried out using Filtrak chromatographic paper and Sorbfil plates (PTSH–P–V–UV).

Plates for TLC analysis were preliminarily kept in an oven at a temperature of 100–105°C for 1 hour in order to activate them. Detection method: 5 µl or 10 µl, respectively, of herbal extract h. Caucasian. In parallel, 5 μl of solutions of working standard samples were applied. The chromatographic chambers were preliminarily saturated with solvent vapors for 40–60 min in the case of TLC and for 12–16 hours in the case of paper chromatography. Chromatography was carried out in an ascending manner in a hermetically sealed chamber containing the appropriate solvent system.

Chromatogram analysis was performed when the solvent front reached 13 cm for TLC or 40 cm for BC. After chromatography, the plates were dried in air under a fume hood, examined in visible and UV light, and treated with a certain reagent using a spray gun.

HPLC was used to analyze phenolic compounds and organic acids. The analysis was carried out on a Gilston chromatograph, followed by computer processing of the study results using the Multichrome program for Windows.

The identification of the separated substances was carried out by comparing the retention times of the peaks obtained on the chromatogram of the sample with the retention times of solutions of standard samples. The assessment of the quantitative ratio of identified substances was carried out by the area of ​​the peaks using the method of internal normalization.

To establish the monosaccharide composition of carbohydrates, their acid hydrolysis was carried out. Neutral sugars were identified by GLC. GLC

– samples were analyzed on a Chrom-5 chromatograph with a flame ionization detector, glass column (1.5 m 0.3 m) 5% Silicone XE

- 60 on NAW chromaton - 0.2000.250 mesh, 210 °C; carrier gas - helium, 30 ml/min in the form of aldononitrile acetates.

Also, for the analysis of BAS of the Caucasian goldenrod herb, an AT-5850/5973 Agillent Technologies chromato-mass spectrometer (USA) was used. Quadrupole mass spectrometer with a mass range of 2 – 950 a.m.u. has a resolution of 0.5 a.m.u. throughout the entire operating range. Ionization by electrons 70 eV. The sensitivity of the instrument is 0.01 ng for methyl stearate.

For chromatographic separation of the sample, a fused silica capillary column 25 m long and 0.25 mm in inner diameter was used. HP–5ms Hewlett–Packard stationary phase with a layer thickness of 0.2 µm. Chromatography was carried out in the temperature programming mode from 135 to 320°C at a rate of 7 deg/min. The temperature of the injector and interface is 280 °C. Data processing was carried out using standard programs of the device. Substances in the chromatographic peaks were identified using library programs with the NIST mass spectra database.

2.2.3 Spectral methods UV spectrophotometry has been used for the qualitative and quantitative determination of flavonoids, phenol carboxylic acids and triterpene glycosides. UV absorption spectra were recorded on SF-56 and SF-2000 spectrophotometers in cuvettes with a layer thickness of 10 mm in the region from 200 to 600 nm.

IR spectra of carbohydrate samples were recorded on a Perkin–Elmer model 2000 spectrophotometer in tablets with KBr in accordance with the requirements of the General Pharmacopoeia Monograph “Spectrometry in the infrared region” .

Determination of the content of macro- and microelements in grass h. Caucasian was carried out using a semi-quantitative spectral method. The analysis was carried out in the central testing laboratory "Kavkazgeolsemka". The elemental composition was studied on a DFS-8-1 diffraction spectrograph by the evaporation method.

2.2.4 Titrimetric methods Quantitative determination of tannins in the herb of the Caucasian goldenrod was carried out by the method of permanganometric titration according to the method of SP XI, vol. 1 . The content of free organic acids was determined by the alkalimetric titration method according to the method of SP XI, vol. 2, Art.

39 "Rosehips" .

2.2.5 Gravimetric methods The study of carbohydrates of the Caucasian goldenrod herb was carried out gravimetrically according to the method described in the monograph by N.K. Kochetkova and M. Sinner.

2.2.6 Resource studies The resource studies were carried out in accordance with the guidelines.

Accounting plots were established with an area of ​​1 m2; on average, 5–6 adult plant specimens were placed on one accounting plot. At the same time, the shape of the site (rectangular, square, rounded) did not play a significant role.

After the laying of the accounting sites, all raw phytomass was collected on each of them. The collected raw materials were weighed after drying.

Calculations were performed using formulas (1, 2, 3, 4):

–  –  –

2.2.7 Pharmacological study methods Acute toxicity studies were carried out using the Kerber method.

"Acute" toxicity was studied on 42 outbred male white mice weighing 22-30 g, quarantined for 10 days. The Caucasian goldenrod extract was administered intragastrically using a probe. The control group of animals received an equivolume of saline. Observation of experimental animals was carried out for 2 weeks, continuously on the first day. The general condition of the animals, the peculiarities of their behavior, the intensity and nature of motor activity, the time of death after the administration of the drug were recorded. All calculations were carried out using the least squares method using probit analysis and processed using the StatPlus 2009 program.

The study of the diuretic activity of the dry extract of Caucasian goldenrod was carried out on 24 white male rats of the Wistar line weighing 300–450 g. Urine was collected in the morning on an empty stomach for 2 hours after 2.5% water load. A dry extract of the Caucasian goldenrod in the form of an aqueous solution was administered one hour before the creation of a water load. The intact group of animals received an equivalent amount of water.

Antibacterial action was studied in accordance with SP XII.

2.2.8 Sampling for analysis Sampling for analysis was carried out in accordance with OFS 42-0013-03 "Rules for acceptance of medicinal plant materials and sampling methods"

2.2.9 Methods of macro- and microscopic analysis of raw materials Macroscopic analysis of medicinal plant materials was carried out visually according to SP XI.

Anatomical studies were performed according to the method of GF XI and G.G.

Fursta. Micropreparations were studied using microscopes "Biolam" and "Biomed". Objectives 4, 8, 10, 40, eyepiece 16 were used. Microphotography was performed using digital cameras Nikon Coolpix and L33.0 mp cmos microscope digital camera eyepiece new.

For microscopic analysis, temporary preparations prepared from dried raw materials were used. Whole raw materials were clarified in the system ethyl alcohol – glycerin – water in the ratio 1:1:1. Sections obtained manually with a blade were stained with a reagent for lignification - an alcoholic solution of phloroglucinum 1% and a solution of sulfuric acid 50%. The anatomical structure is considered in accordance with the Global Fund XI, no. 1 .

2.2.10 Determination of numerical indicators Determination of humidity, total ash, ash insoluble in 10% hydrochloric acid, extractive substances in the herb of the Caucasian goldenrod was carried out according to the methods described in the SP XI ed., vol. 1 and 2, as well as GF XII ed. .

2.2.11 Validation of the quantitation method The validation of the method for the quantitation of flavonoids in the Caucasian goldenrod herb was carried out in accordance with the ICH guidelines “Validation of analytical methods. Content and Methodology".

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Goldenrod (Solidago), a genus of perennial herbs in the Asteraceae or Asteraceae family. Small baskets with yellow flowers are usually collected in a common paniculate inflorescence; the fruit is an achene with a tuft. About 100 species are known, mainly growing in America, as well as in Eurasia. About 16 wild-growing and 5-6 wild alien species grow in Russia.

Many are skeptical about goldenrod, rightly considering it a real weed. It is full of vacant lots, along the railways. Indeed, some goldenrods are real weeds, as they spread quickly by self-seeding. However, goldenrod goldenrod strife. The uniqueness of these plants in the diversity and originality of the forms of inflorescences - you will not find such plants anywhere else: truly paniculate, "fir-tree", umbellate, spike-shaped. The appearance of the inflorescences changes: at first they are denser, later, due to the growth of the central shoot, they become elongated and more delicate. Goldenrods vary in height (from 5-10 cm to 2 m). The name Solidago comes from two Greek words: soli - solid, durable, ago - I act, I do. Some researchers believe that goldenrods appeared on our continent through naturalization. This is confirmed by abundant fruiting, good growth of rhizomes and unpretentiousness to living conditions - they are satisfied with both drought and rain, but these are the flowers of the sun, and therefore they do not recognize shadows.

common goldenrod

Common goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea) is one of the most common species. It is also called the golden rod because its stems look like rods. It grows in Europe, Western Asia, in Northern Africa. Found in dry forests, forest clearings and meadows. The plant is rhizomatous, 60-120 cm high.
Stems erect, glabrous or slightly pubescent, branched at the top. The basal leaves are ovate or elliptic, obtuse, serrated, tapering at the bottom into a long winged petiole.
Their length is 5-15 cm, width 2-5 cm. The upper leaves are smaller, sessile. Baskets are bright yellow, 0.6-1.5 cm in diameter, collected in a small spherical or cylindrical inflorescence. Blooms in June-August. Modern varieties of goldenrod were created by scientists, but there is very little information about the history of breeding.

Goldenrod bicolor

Goldenrod bicolor (Solidago bicolor). Received the name for two-color inflorescences. It grows wild in North America: from Nova Scotia (Canada) to Wisconsin (USA), as well as from North Carolina to Arkansas (USA). Plants reach a height of 120 cm, pubescent stems, grayish green. Leaves oblanceolate or elliptical, serrated or serrate, 5-15 cm long, decreasing up the stem. Flower baskets are collected in a panicle, reed flowers are white or creamy white, tubular flowers are pale yellow. Rarely common in culture.

Blue-gray goldenrod

Blue-gray goldenrod (Solidago caesia). The range of this species in North America is very wide: from Nova Scotia in Canada to Wisconsin, Florida and Texas in the USA. Morphologically, it differs significantly from other species. Stems 30-120 cm long, spreading, thin, glabrous, slightly branched, dark green or brownish, leafy only in the upper part. The leaves are dark green, sessile, lanceolate, toothed or serrate, similar to willow leaves. The inflorescences are collected in a rare brush resembling an elegant necklace. It blooms in late autumn and blooms until winter. In some literary sources, this species is erroneously presented as S. graminifolia.

Canadian goldenrod (Solidago canadensis). Homeland - the eastern part of North America: in the north from Newfoundland to Manitoba, in the south - Virginia, Missouri, Colorado (USA). It occurs on the slopes of foothills and on river terraces. Plants with creeping rhizomes. Stems 0.6-1.5 m in height, straight, bare below, pubescent in the upper part, branched. Narrowly elliptical basal leaves with even margins die off early. The upper part of the stem is abundantly covered with lanceolate, pointed, serrated or serrate, up to 15 cm long leaves. Their upper side is bare, the lower side is pubescent. Baskets are bright yellow, small, 3-4 mm wide, 5-6 mm long, collected in thin one-sided brushes that make up a large paniculate inflorescence. Blooms in August-September. This species became (but was not the only) one of the parents of new high varieties of goldenrod.

Cutler's goldenrod

Cutler's goldenrod (Solidago cutlieri). Has many synonyms: S. brachystachys, S. virgaurea, var. alpina. It grows in the extreme northeast of the United States in the mountains from Maine to New York. Stem height 10!25 cm, rarely 35 cm. The basal part of the plant is strongly leafy. Here the leaves are spatulate-oval, up to 15 cm long, rough, serrate or crenate. Stem leaves are few and small. The inflorescence is very short, golden yellow, thyroid or racemose. Flowering begins in September and lasts until frost. This species was one of the parents when breeding low-growing varieties. The most common varieties are "Robusta" ("Robusta") with a height of 30 cm and "Pyramidalis" ("Pyramidalis") - up to 50 cm.

Types and varieties of goldenrod

According to the timing of flowering, different types and cultivars of goldenrods are divided into three groups:

Early - the beginning of flowering end of June - beginning of July;
medium - the second half of July - the first half of August;
late - after the third decade of August.

By height they are divided into:

Low - up to 60 cm.
medium - 60-120 cm.
high - 120-200 cm.

Dzintra.
The variety was bred and widely distributed in the Baltic States and Belarus by the Latvian breeder V. Nesaule. The plant blooms 30-45 days from the second decade of July (2-3 weeks later than "Perkeo") and all this time retains its decorative effect. The "bush" is columnar, persistent, up to 60 cm high. The shoots are thick, dark green, strongly leafy. The leaves are dark green, shiny, oval-lanceolate, pointed, slightly serrated, drooping. Inflorescence umbellate, dense, bright yellow. Application in green spaces is universal, widely used by florists. At the end of flowering, the ground part is removed and succulent shoots grow again until autumn.

Goldjunge.
The most fragrant of all our varieties. Height 90-120 cm, stems thin, strong. The leaves are grayish-green (underside greyish), oblong-lanceolate, elongated in the middle part. The edges are even. The inflorescence is a panicle up to 40 cm long, thistle-yellow, of medium density, a rhombic silhouette, the branches are gracefully bent. Baskets are small, reed flowers are poorly developed. Blooms in late July or early August. Resistant to powdery mildew. Suitable for cutting, for green hedges, solitary and group plantings.

Goldtann.
It is one of the tallest and late varieties of goldenrod. Stems up to 2 m, light green, quite thick and very strong. The leaves are lanceolate, bluish-green, with pronounced veins, the edges are slightly serrate. The inflorescence is a sprawling panicle 45-50 cm long, of medium density with gracefully curved branches. At first, the flowers are lemon-yellow, since the color of the reed flowers predominates in the basket, later they become dark yellow - the color of the tubular flowers dominates. The value of this variety is in late flowering (the beginning of the second or third decade of September), the height and strength of peduncles.

Perkeo (Perkeo).
One of the earliest varieties, known in culture until 1945, has been growing in Russia since 1990. "Bus" up to 60 cm high, cone-shaped. Shoots are thin, strong, light green, medium leafy. The leaves are 5-7 cm long, 1.3 cm wide, light green, narrowly linear, pointed, slightly toothed, drooping, smooth, the underside is slightly pubescent. Inflorescence - 13-17 cm long, 15-20 cm wide - consists of narrow openwork radiant brushes, small baskets with well-developed reed lemon-yellow flowers. Blossoms 30-40 days, from the first or second decade of July. Resistant to powdery mildew. It is used in green spaces, attracts special attention of florists.

Pillar. A late variety up to 90 cm high, it got its name because of the columnar shape of the "bush". Shoots are thick, strong, strongly leafy, green. The leaves are dark green, alternate, oblong-oval, pointed, rarely serrate, drooping. The inflorescence is a narrow short, often one-sided, straight panicle up to 10-15 cm long, 3-5 cm wide. In the basket, reed flowers are poorly developed and bright yellow tubular ones dominate. Blooms from mid-August or September for 30 - 40 days.

Reproduction of goldenrod

Goldenrods reproduce by seeds (often self-sowing), dividing bushes, and green cuttings. Seeds are rarely propagated, since seed populations are characterized by polymorphism. Moreover, many varieties of seeds are not tied, or they do not have time to ripen. Seeds are sown on the surface. They germinate in 14 - 20 weeks at an optimum temperature of 18 - 22°C. Cuttings root perfectly if taken from sufficiently matured shoots, but before budding.
The best time to divide goldenrods is a month after flowering. But if this time coincides with late autumn, it is better to postpone the division until spring, especially in areas with cold winters. Therefore, the best time to plant and transplant goldenrods is spring. Plants recover slowly, and the percentage of survival depends on moisture. Note that when dividing the "bushes" "Perkeo" is more difficult to recover than other varieties.

Goldenrod Care

In the first year, the timing of flowering of goldenrods is associated with the timing of transplantation. Plants transplanted in late April - early May bloom 2-3 weeks later than the rest and 2-3 weeks earlier than those transplanted in late spring. With good care, goldenrods can grow in one place for 10 or more years, but the central part of the "bush" gradually "balds". If the "bald spot" is loosened, it will be filled with shoots again.
Goldenrods tolerate dry periods quite well, require the application of complex fertilizers in the spring, where nitrogen is 10-20%, and in the autumn, fertilizers without nitrogen or with nitrogen not exceeding 10%. Goldenrods grow well on light, fertile, fairly moist soil, but with the help of fertilizers they can also exist on poorer soil. However, if the plants live for a long time on poor soil, their height is greatly reduced and the beauty of the inflorescences suffers. Constant fertilization with ashes prevents the spread of powdery mildew, and oversaturation with nitrogen fertilizers stimulates this misfortune. Removing weak shoots at the beginning of the growing season contributes to the good development of the rest, as well as luxurious flowering.

Diseases and pests of goldenrod

The main obstacle to the growth of goldenrods is powdery mildew, which most often appears in hot weather. The degree of damage depends on the variety, planting density, timely removal of plants. You can avoid this trouble by thinning out the plantings, removing 1/3 of the weaker shoots from each bush. Plants overfed with nitrogen fertilizers are more susceptible to powdery mildew. Protects spraying with copper sulphate, Bordeaux liquid, Actar (0.2%), Amistar (0.1%).

The use of goldenrod

There are many uses for these plants. It is widely used in landscaping due to its decorative effect: the flowering time of different varieties is very long: from mid-June to the beginning of winter, but, in fact, they are attractive all the time, since the tops of the shoots already at the beginning of growth shine with light shades of green, while the underside is usually dark green. Of these, they make up groups or plant tapeworms in landscape and regular flower beds. Their place is on discounts, in borders and mixborders. Undersized species and varieties are used for rock gardens, high varieties can cover outbuildings, including nondescript high fences. Goldenrod is suitable for hedges of various heights. In group plantings, goldenrods can be dominant against the background of ground cover, for example, different types and varieties of thyme, tenacious, undersized or medium height stonecrops. Beautiful neighbors of goldenrods are liatris, phloxes, different types of catnip, cereals, undersized hostas, asters, Siberian irises, undersized geraniums, echinacea.

Previously, this plant was used in leather business and for the manufacture of yellow and brown paints. Some American goldenrod species contain rubber.
Pets do not eat this plant, as the plant is toxic. Veterinarians give grass with goldenrod flowers to animals with diarrhea, cystitis. Dressings with a decoction of the herb of this plant are applied for inflammation of the interhoof gaps in livestock, and fresh leaves are applied to infected wounds. Sometimes goldenrod is used as an insecticide.

goldenrod honey

The flowers of the goldenrod give a lot of nectar and pollen and are eagerly visited by bees, and the honey is golden yellow or reddish, fragrant, pleasant to the taste, although a little bitter.
Goldenrod is valuable at the end of the beekeeping period as a late honey plant that supports the activity of bees, due to which the winter reserves of honey are replenished, and contributes to the autumn oviposition of queens. In addition, bees make bee bread from it. The honey productivity of common goldenrod is from 30-60 to 80-190 kg/ha. It can provide a low commercial honey collection.

Medicinal properties of goldenrod

The first information about the medical use of goldenrod is found in herbalists of the 16-17th century. Used it to treat diseases of the stomach and diarrhea, as well as dropsy and renal edema. For medical purposes, the aerial part of the goldenrod is used. Terpenoids, saponins, organic acids, phenols, derivatives of phenolcarboxylic acids, bioflavonoids, coumarins, polyacetylene compounds were found in the goldenrod herb. Scientists found polysaccharides in the inflorescences, and fatty oils in the fruits of the golden rod.
The flavonoid complex contained in goldenrod is able to have a diuretic, antiseptic and hypoazotemic effect. This justifies the appointment of goldenrod preparations for lesions of the urinary tract, dysuric disorders in old age and prostate adenoma. Although goldenrod is not able to dissolve stones in the kidneys and bladder, however, it can enhance the secretory-excretory function of the kidneys, increase the pH of the urine, stimulate phosphaturia, reduce uraturia and oxolaturia. It is advisable to prescribe preparations of goldenrod to prevent the formation and treatment of urate and oxalate stones. The antiviral activity of goldenrod preparations has been experimentally established.
In European countries, the golden rod has long been widely used in traditional medicine. For example, in Germany, it is included in the composition of drugs prescribed for phlebitis, inflammatory diseases of the urinary system. The British Herbal Pharmacopoeia lists goldenrod as an antiseptic and diaphoretic. Foreign companies manufacture the following drugs using goldenrod: Marelin, Fitolizin, Cystum Solidago, Uritrol (antispasmodics and diuretics); Prostalad, Prostanorm, Antiprostin, Prostamed (prostate protectors); Psorilom (immunomodulator). Indications for the use of common goldenrod in folk medicine are identical to those in scientific medicine. But in different regions there are recipes for using this plant.
In Belarus and Moldova, for example, goldenrod ointment is prescribed for tuberculous skin lesions, dermatitis, and rheumatism. In Siberia and the Komi Republic, it is recommended for scrofula, hepatitis, hemorrhagic cystitis. Tincture of goldenrod roots is used in the Caucasus as a wound healing agent.
In Bulgaria, a gruel made from fresh goldenrod leaves is used for this.
In China, goldenrod seeds are popular for flatulence, diarrhea, and menstrual irregularities. Tibetan healers prescribe the aerial parts of goldenrod for jaundice and neurasthenia. Homeopaths use the essence of goldenrod inflorescences for pyelonephritis, bronchial asthma, diathesis, arthritis.

Common goldenrod - contraindications

Common goldenrod contains potent toxic substances, so it is necessary to strictly observe the dosage of its preparations. The golden rod is not used in pregnant women and with glomerulonephritis.

Aster latissimifolius(Miller) Kuntze var. serotinus Kuntze; Doria dumetorum (Lunell) Lunell; D. pitcheri(Nuttall) Lunell; Solidago cleliae DC.; S. dumetorum Lunell; S. gigantea var. leiophylla Fernald; S. gigantea var. pitcheri(Nuttall) Shinners; S. gigantea subsp. serotina(Kuntze) McNeill; S. gigantea var. serotina(Kuntze) Cronq.; S. gigantea var. shinnersii beaudry; S. pitcheri Nuttall; S. serotina Ait., 1789, not Retz. 1781; S. serotina var. gigantea(Ait.) A. Gray; S. serotina var. minor hooker; S. serotinoides A.Love et D.Love; S. shinnersii(Beaudry) Beaudry; S. somesii Rydb.

Morphological features

Solidago gigantea- a highly variable species with an unclear and difficult to assess taxonomic status. It is an upright perennial long-rhizome plant. Above-ground shoots reach 30 to 280 cm in height and 5 to 11 mm in diameter. Stems branch only in inflorescences, which average 1/3 of the total height of the shoot, although this ratio varies quite a lot (10-60 % ) and depends on the population, geographic location and flowering time. Taller plants tend to bloom late. Shoots before the beginning of the inflorescence are smooth, often purple and covered with a whitish waxy coating.

Leaves S. gigantea simple, alternate, oblong-lanceolate, 80-180 mm long and 10-30 mm wide. During the growing season, up to 90 leaves are formed. Larger leaves are formed in the middle of the stem, smaller leaves - in the upper and lower parts of the stem and in inflorescences. Leaves with three more or less conspicuous main veins; the central vein stands out more clearly than the lateral veins. The edge of the leaf blade is slightly serrated along the entire leaf, the size of the denticles varies quite significantly in the population. Leaf blades are usually smooth above and below, but occasionally may be pubescent on the underside along the main vein.

In the top layer (10-20 cm) of soil S. gigantea, Unlike S. canadensis, forms long plagiotropic purple or reddish rhizomes. One plant forms from 3 to 50 rhizomes per year. With an adverse effect on the plant, the number of rhizomes formed increases. Rhizomes reach a length of up to 90 cm and a diameter of 1 cm, often branching. On the rhizomes, buds are formed (up to 2.2 per 1 cm), their greatest density is noted at the base of the stem and at the end of the rhizome.

The shape of the inflorescences is a pyramidal panicle. Usually crescent-curved twigs contain numerous (1200-190) heads. Basket with a diameter of 2-3 mm, inflorescence wrapper has a length of 3-4 mm. There are two types of flowers in the basket: marginal bright yellow reed female and tubular bisexual. Tubular flowers 4-8 mm long. Fruits 1-1.8 mm long with pappus 2.5-4 mm long, pubescent with long hairs that promote the spread of achenes with the help of wind.

From a close view S. canadensis, is well distinguished by the presence of rhizomes, a bare stem with a whitish coating, a hairless underside of the leaf, a denser architecture of the inflorescence, and a brownish tint of pappus (Kvitka and Vinogradova, 2006).

Basic number of chromosomes Solidago giganteaх = 9, three cytotypes were identified in the natural range of the species: diploid 2n = 18, tetraploid 2n = 36, hexaploid 2n = 54. J. Beaudry considered cytotypes 2n = 18 and 2n = 36 as 2 separate species: S. gigantea and S. serotina Ait. He later singled out S. gigantea s. l. and the third cytotype - S. shinnersii, having 2n = 54 .

It was previously thought that only the tetraploid form had naturalized in Europe. S. gigantea. However, all three cytotypes have recently been found in Europe, so it makes sense to consider S. gigantea as a complex

• S. gigantea 2n \u003d 2x \u003d 18 (pubescence along the main vein from the underside of the leaf);
• S. serotina 2n \u003d 4x \u003d 36 (smooth narrow leaves);
• S. shinnersii 2n \u003d 6x \u003d 54 (smooth wide leaves).

natural range

S. gigantea grows naturally throughout North America south of 55° north latitude, except for the state of Arizona. There is a certain character in the distribution of the three cytotypes: the diploid form tends to the east of the Appalachian mountains, the tetraploid form is distributed in the eastern forest area, the hexaploid form tends to the prairies.

Control measures

S. gigantea, along with S. canadensis, is included in the "List of actively spreading alien species of the European and Mediterranean Organization for the Protection and Quarantine of Plants", which lists plant species that pose a threat to plant welfare, the environment and biological diversity in Europe.

In natural area S. gigantea Aphids, as well as other insect pests, are severely damaged: Eurosta solidaginis, Rhopalomyia ssp., Trirhabda ssp. that control the distribution of this species. On the contrary, in the secondary range of S. gigantea pests are almost non-existent.

There are several mechanical ways to remove weeds. S. gigantea. One effective way is to mow twice a year (in May and August) for several years, or to dig up the soil during the summer when the weather is dry. After mowing to control the growth of thickets S. gigantea grass mixture should be sown, as a result of which the density of shoots of plants will significantly decrease. Effective dense growth removal and vitality suppression measures include removing once a year with mulching, or removing twice a year without mulching for a 3 year period. However, such mechanical impacts can also harm natural vegetation, so this method cannot be recommended. S. gigantea responds to removal by reducing stem diameter and stimulating strong regrowth from rhizomes. Mowing once a year slightly reduces the density of shoots and even provokes the opposite effect - an increase in population density the next year. Mulching inhibits growth more than simple removal, possibly because the cut grass contains growth inhibitors.

In Europe, they are looking into the possibility of hindering the implementation S. gigantea into forests through the formation of dense single-species thickets of native species around them. Control resettlement S. gigantea difficult and expensive. The eradication of the species is unrealistic, and management should be limited to special areas of special ecological enterprises.

Review of scientific research and publications

found that photosynthetic activity S. gigantea at the beginning of the growing season is high (19 ± 2 mmol CO 2 /m 2 /s), and later decreases (16 ± 2 mmol CO 2 /m 2 /s).

rhizomes Solidago canadensis(above) and Solidago gigantea(at the bottom)

inflorescences Solidago gigantea(left) and Solidago canadensis(on right)

resettlement Solidago gigantea in Central Russia

Implementation Solidago gigantea to coastal communities

Goldenrod is a bright and fragrant herb from the Asteraceae family. It is found in temperate climates throughout Eurasia. From Germany to the Caucasus and Siberia, in the steppe expanses and in well-groomed farmsteads, the plant pleases with bright colors and many useful properties. It is used in landscape design, as well as a medicinal plant for a host of ailments. Among the people, the goldenrod is also known under the names of solidago, golden rod, scrofula, ironwort, bone binder. It is easy to care for, but it quickly occupies large areas, so it needs a strict restriction or the presence of a spacious area.

plant description

Goldenrod is a perennial herbaceous plant with a long taproot. The lignified rhizome goes deep into the ground. On the surface there is a slightly branched shoot 30-100 cm high. The upright tetrahedral stem is covered with a smooth bark. It may be green or reddish in color.

The alternate leaves on short petioles are oval or ovoid. The lower leaves are narrowed and elongated more than the upper ones. The edges of the leaf plate are serrate. The stem and leaves have a very short, barely noticeable pubescence.

In May-September, flowering of goldenrod is observed. Dense corymbose inflorescences bloom in the axils of the upper leaves. They consist of many yellow bell-shaped buds. Flowers are 4-8 mm long. Along the edges are bells with yellow petals. The central specimens are distinguished by a brown-yellow color. The buds open from the edge of the inflorescence to the center.

After pollination, fruits are tied - achenes of a cylindrical shape with longitudinal ribs. Their length is 3-4 mm. The pubescent coating of the walls ends with a brown tuft.

Popular types

The goldenrod genus includes more than 100 species. Of these, less than ten are used in culture.

Is the most common. It can be found in the expanses of Eurasia and North Africa. The height of a herbaceous plant with slightly branched shoots is 60-130 cm. The oval leaves at the base of the stem have petioles, and the upper leaf plates are sessile. Rounded and cylindrical inflorescences bloom in June-August. The plant is used for medicinal purposes and is a good honey plant.

The plant is common in the foothills of eastern North America and in Eurasia. Its stems are larger (50-150 cm). The upper part of the shoot and foliage are densely covered with short villi. Broadly lanceolate leaves with serrated edges are 12-15 cm long. It blooms in August-September with narrow yellow inflorescences.

This species became the progenitor of most ornamental varieties. Plants are more compact in size and have beautiful foliage. Even without flowers, they are of great interest to gardeners. The most popular varieties:

• fearlenkron - branched shoots up to 80 cm high are covered with ovate bright green leaves, the top of the stem is decorated with a dense bright yellow inflorescence;
• goldtanne - a bush up to 2 m high blooms in mid-September thick yellow-orange inflorescences about 50 cm long;
• spatgold - the height of a bush with lemon inflorescences does not exceed 80 cm;
• perkeo - compact bushes up to 50 cm high in early August are covered with bright yellow dense inflorescences.

Shoots of this species reach 2 m in height. They form slender thickets, covered with bright green entire foliage. In early August, bright yellow inflorescences 30-40 cm long bloom on solidago. They remain on the plant for about 50 days.

Reproduction methods

Reproduction of goldenrod can be carried out in the following ways:

• Sowing seeds. You need to sow seeds that are not more than a year old, as they quickly lose their germination. Do it immediately in the open field. In the spring, when the temperature is set at + 18 ° C and above, shallow holes are made in the allotted area and they try to evenly distribute the seeds in them. The soil is moderately moistened. Seedlings can be detected after 14-20 days. In the first year, seedlings rarely bloom.
• The division of the bush. Already after the first year of life, goldenrod gives basal processes, but division is best done after 3-4 years. In spring or summer, bushes can be divided into several parts. A distance of 40 cm must be left between seedlings.
• Rooting cuttings. For rooting use the upper parts of the stem without inflorescences. In summer, you can cut the lateral processes. Rooting is done in pots with a sand-peat mixture. After 1-2 weeks, the seedlings grow roots, and after another 14-20 days they are ready for transplanting to a permanent place.

Care rules

Goldenrod is an easy, tenacious plant. It will appeal to busy or lazy gardeners. The flower prefers well-lit areas of the garden. Solidago grows better on them and forms more buds. It can also withstand a slight penumbra, but in this case, flowering will begin later.

Fertile soils with a neutral or slightly acidic reaction are suitable for planting. The plant can adapt to poor, heavy soils. Goldenrod needs regular watering, but without standing water in the ground. Frequent droughts lead to disease and reduced flowering.

Goldenrod fertilizer is needed only on poor soils. An excess of minerals leads to a strong pasture of the stems and a decrease in flowering. You can use mullein or mineral universal fertilizers. Solutions are applied to the ground monthly until flowering is completed.

To avoid abundant self-seeding, it is recommended to cut the inflorescences immediately after withering. This will protect the site from complete capture by the goldenrod. Tall bushes should be tied up or supported. In autumn, the shoots are almost completely cut off, leaving only 10-15 cm of shoots above the soil surface. Plants are resistant to frost and do not require additional shelter.

Goldenrod is suitable for use in landscaping. Hybrid varieties of goldenrod are more suitable for a combined flower bed, as they do not self-sow and do not oppress neighboring plants. They are used in mixborders, discounts, rock gardens and rockeries. Yellow bushes are good in the neighborhood of conifers, as well as flowering phlox, sage, asters. This beautiful honey plant will attract many beneficial insects and butterflies to the site.

Goldenrod looks great not only on the lawn, but also in a vase. The bouquet will last up to two weeks and will spread a pleasant, unobtrusive aroma. You can use the flowers to dry.

Composition and medicinal properties

Canadian and common goldenrod are widely used in folk medicine and veterinary medicine. They contain a large amount of organic acids, saponins, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, polysaccharides, fatty oils and other bioactive substances.

Medicinal raw materials in the form of leafy stems and inflorescences are collected during the flowering period. Dry them in a well-ventilated area. After drying, dense stems are recommended to be threshed and removed. The resulting material is stored in cloth bags or paper bags for a year.

Decoction, tea, honey and goldenrod infusions have the following effects on the body:

• expectorant;
• antimicrobial;
• diuretic;
• wound healing;
• anti-inflammatory.

Folk healers claim that with the help of goldenrod, you can get rid of kidney stones, intoxication of the body and diarrhea, menstrual irregularities, urological disorders, as well as sexually transmitted diseases.

Contraindications

It is important to remember that in addition to useful properties, there are contraindications. Goldenrod contains a small amount of toxins, which, if overdosed, adversely affect the body. Medicines based on solidago are contraindicated in pregnant and lactating women, as well as children under 14 years of age. The plant should not be used in diseases of the kidneys and circulatory system, as well as in the presence of allergies. If you feel unwell, you should immediately stop taking drugs and consult a doctor.

Goldenrod (Solidágo) is a genus of herbaceous perennials from the Compositae family. Many of its representatives are medicinal plants, hence the scientific name of the whole genus: "solidus" in Latin means healthy. And today we want to tell you about the amazing properties of this natural gift, as well as how to use it correctly so as not to harm your health.

Description and types

The genus of plants called goldenrod includes several species, and then we will consider a photo and description of the most common of them.

Supreme

The goldenrod is native to North America. You can find it in desert areas, on the prairies among tall grassy thickets, in forest clearings and wet meadows, as well as on roadsides. And despite the fact that the plants belonging to this species, for the most part, grow in wooded areas, they are intolerant of shady areas.

You can recognize the highest goldenrod by pubescent straight stems and whole, simple foliage. The height of the stem can reach 1.8 m. The inflorescences are painted lemon yellow, have the shape of baskets, which consist of small (about 2-3 mm) flowers collected in tassels. The length of one such inflorescence is approximately 35 cm. The flowering period falls on August and lasts about a month and a half.

Hybrid

Goldenrod hybrid is a species that combines a fairly large part of the hybrid varieties. And the main among them is the Canadian goldenrod, whose homeland is also considered to be North America.
Canadian goldenrod is a herbaceous perennial plant, the stem of which can reach 2 m in height. It is not completely pubescent, but only 2/3, the lower part at the base is bare. The leaves are green, oblong-lanceolate. Numerous baskets are collected in panicles, their dimensions are about 35 cm.

Dahurian

The birthplace of the Daurian goldenrod is Siberia. You can find a plant of this species in meadows and forests, as well as on rocky slopes and pebbles.

In height, this plant barely reaches 1 m. Its stem is simple, strong, only the inflorescence is branched. Stem leaves have short petioles, those located in the basal region have long petioles. The leaf plate can be oblong, lanceolate or ovoid.

Wrinkly

The wrinkled goldenrod is another native of North America. You can find it in swampy areas, in a bog, among wet meadows and on roadsides.

The wrinkled goldenrod has a smooth straight stem, the height of which is about 2 m. The shoots are painted reddish-brown, the rhizome is creeping. The leaves are oblong-oval, with teeth along the edges. The leaves are located along the entire stem, except for the basal region.

Ordinary

Common goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea), or golden branch, or golden rod, is a herbaceous perennial plant, the height of which can be from 0.3 to 1 m. The stem is pubescent and leafy, branched only in the upper part, may have a reddish tint. The rhizome is pivotal, woody and short. The leaves are pointed, ovate or oval, serrated along the edges; located in the lower part of the stem - on petioles, in the central part and at the top - sessile and smaller. Inflorescences paniculate or racemose, each with several baskets, consisting of small bright yellow flowers.

The flowering period of common goldenrod begins in July and lasts until September, after which fruits appear on the tops of the stems in the form of achenes with a tuft. The fruit has a cylindrical shape, ribbed. Fruit formation ends in October.

The golden rod grows on the territory of European countries, in Central Asia, Scandinavia, the Mediterranean, as well as in the Caucasus and in the western part of Siberia. It is found in the European part of Russia.

The common goldenrod is famous for its beneficial properties. Its aerial part acts as a medicinal raw material: more often the upper parts of the stems, leaves and inflorescences, less often - rhizomes.

Good to know! Grass is harvested during the flowering period of the plant - from July to September, rhizomes are harvested exclusively in autumn. Dry, gathering in bunches and hanging in the shade or in a draft. Ready-to-use raw materials have a bitter taste and a pronounced spicy aroma.

Compound

To date, the medicinal properties of common goldenrod have not been fully studied, but at the same time, quite a lot has been established. And this was facilitated by information regarding the chemical composition of this plant.
Grass includes:

• flavonoids - rutin, camperol, quercetin, etc.;
• acids - organic, ascorbic, nicotinic, phenolcarboxylic;
• tannins;
• bitterness;
• saponins;
• coumarins;
• essential oils;
• traces of alkaloids;
• resins.

The roots of this plant contain inulin, fruits - fatty oils, inflorescences - galactose, arabinose, glucose, xylose and carbohydrates.

Positive effect on the body

The golden rod, when used correctly, can be of great benefit. Among the properties of this herb:

• wound healing;
• antibacterial;
• diuretic;
• choleretic;
• painkiller;
• anti-inflammatory;
• astringent;
• expectorant;
• restorative.

Thus, the use of common goldenrod may be quite justified in the treatment of various diseases. So, this herb helps to clear the lungs of sputum and thus relieve a coughing fit with bronchitis. With the help of preparations of this plant, you can also significantly alleviate the condition of asthma and contribute to a speedy recovery from pulmonary tuberculosis.

The herb of the golden rod shows very good results in the treatment of inflammatory processes of the gallbladder, as well as in stagnation of bile. Moreover, the pain syndrome in such conditions is removed already on the first day of therapy. In addition, goldenrod-based remedies are often prescribed when it is necessary to remove sand from the kidneys, relieve swelling, cure involuntary urination and pyelonephritis. In conditions associated with dysfunction of the kidneys and gallbladder, alcohol tincture is usually used. Also, preparations of goldenrod show a rather high efficiency in edema that has arisen against the background of heart disease.

On a note! Common goldenrod preparations are so good at removing excess fluid from the body that often such complex conditions as swelling of internal organs and even the brain become indications for their use!

Goldenrod can be very useful in diabetes. It improves the course of metabolic processes and contributes to the normalization of blood glucose levels. Moreover, this property of it can be used not only in diabetes, but also simply when sugar is hanging.

The healing properties of common goldenrod become relevant for digestive disorders. Due to their astringent action, herbal preparations quickly stop diarrhea, and in doing so, the cause that caused this problem is eliminated. As a result, pathogens die, and overall well-being improves markedly.

The herb of the golden rod has found quite a wide application as a wound healing agent. With its help, you can prevent the risk of infection of the damaged area and accelerate the regeneration of the skin. In addition, her preparations do an excellent job even with purulent wounds and ulcers - they quickly cleanse, remove purulent masses and tighten the wound. Direct indications in this case can be such dermatological problems as psoriasis and eczema, as well as furunculosis.

On a note! In the latter case, goldenrod leaves are usually used - they are soaked in clean water and applied for a while to the affected area!

Common goldenrod shows quite good results in the treatment of respiratory infections, herpes and influenza. It helps to reduce the intensity of symptoms, relieves tonsillitis, laryngitis and stomatitis. When taking funds based on this plant, it noticeably quickly improves the general condition, normalizes appetite and stimulates metabolism.

Application in folk medicine. Recipes

In different cases, the herb of the golden rod will have different uses. For example, it is taken orally in the form of tea, tincture or decoction, it is also possible to use an extract. As for external therapy, compresses and lotions will already be needed here.

1. From edema, dropsy, pyelonephritis, pulmonary tuberculosis, asthma. In this case, an infusion of herbs is used, which is prepared according to the following recipe: 2 tablespoons of dried raw materials must be poured with two glasses of boiling water and left for 3-4 hours. After this time, the agent is filtered. We take a ready-made infusion of 50 ml three times a day before meals.

   On a note! This infusion can also be used for rinsing for the treatment of sore throats and stomatitis!

2. With gout. We brew such a remedy: in a container, mix 50 g of goldenrod, black elderberry flowers and St. John's wort herb, add 60 g of heart-shaped linden flowers. Separate a tablespoon of the dry mixture and pour a glass (250 ml) of boiling water. We insist and filter. We take 250 ml twice a day.
3. With kidney disease. We prepare the decoction: pour a tablespoon of golden rod grass with a glass of boiling water and cook over low heat for about 4-5 minutes. Remove the broth from the stove and leave for a couple of hours. We filter the remedy and take 2 tablespoons three times a day.
4. With chronic nephritis. To treat this disease, it is necessary to prepare such a preparation: pour 2 tablespoons of dry goldenrod grass with half a liter of boiling water and cook in a water bath for 10 minutes. Remove the decoction from the fire, filter. Drink the remedy 4 times a day for half a glass (100 ml).
5. For rinsing the mouth and to relieve inflammation of various origins. A tablespoon of rod grass must be steamed in 200 ml of boiling water. An hour later, the product is filtered and used externally.
6. For the treatment of purulent wounds, furunculosis, gum abscesses, with tonsillitis and infectious diseases of the respiratory tract. Pour a tablespoon of common goldenrod with 250 ml of boiling water and insist for 2 hours. After the specified time, the drug is filtered and used in the form of compresses, rinses and for washing.
7. Bath decoction, which is indicated for skin rashes, eczema, psoriasis, skin tuberculosis. Add 50 g of dried raw materials to a bucket of water (10 l) and bring to a boil. Cook for a quarter of an hour, then leave at room temperature for 2 hours. We add the finished broth to the bath - the temperature of the water in the bath should be about + 38 ... 40 ° C.
8. Tea. Add 2 teaspoons of golden rod grass to 400 ml of cold water, set on fire and bring to a boil. Leave for a few minutes, filter if desired.

Contraindications and side effects

The golden rod is capable of exhibiting very powerful healing properties, but since some poisonous substances were found in its composition, it also has certain contraindications.