Gypsy dictionary. Dictionary of the most common gypsy words What does it mean in gypsy

DRAFT

P. Istomin (Patkanov)

Typolithograph of the "Russian Association of Printing and Publishing".

Chistye prudy, Mylnikov lane, own house.

[Original title:]

Gypsy language.

GRAMMAR & GUIDE

to the practical study of the colloquial speech of modern Russian gypsies,

CLEAN APPLICATIONS:

translations of gypsy pѣsen into Russian, sample conversations, rasskazov, collection of typical expressions and a dictionary of common words, with indicated
correct pronunciation.

COMPOSED

P. Istomin (Patkanov)

Typo-lithograph. “Russian T-va printing press. and published. dѣla ".

Chistye Prudy, Mylnikov per., Own. house.

[* In square brackets - page numbering according to the original 1900, as well as additions and comments.]

Foreword

In undertaking this (as far as I know) the first edition in Russian on the proposed subject, I was guided in this case by the sole purpose - to give amateurs the opportunity to practically study the spoken language of modern Russian Gypsies.

In view of this, without touching completely on the question of the origin of the language and, consequently, the tribe itself, which would distract too much from the topic, I tried, mainly, to group those few of the essential rules that lie at the basis of the language, already half forgotten by the Gypsies themselves.

The question of the origin, historical life and fate of this nomadic tribe, if circumstances permit, I will try to present later in a separate brochure.

It has long been known that the language of the Roma is the same everywhere. The only difference is in the adverbs and the stock of new, foreign words that they learned in each country. This is also confirmed by the famous English missionary Borrow, who worked hard to study this tribe and even translated the Gospel into their language.

Thanks to the eternal wandering and wandering of the gypsies in different parts of the world, their language has undergone, over a number of centuries, very significant changes. Gradually losing the typical forms, albeit poor at the core, but a characteristic adverb and imperceptibly assimilating words and even whole expressions from the time immemorial of the surrounding foreign dialects - this language, at this time, is a very strange mixture of words of different languages ​​of the world, painted in a national flavor, to understand which, to separate the grain from the chaff, would present an interesting task for a linguist-philologist.

Here, along with Sanskrit words (closest to the language of the Gypsies), Greek, Romanian, Turkish, Armenian, Italian, German, Polish, Russian, etc. are found at every step.

Each of the above-mentioned nationalities, imperceptibly, gradually, put their stigma on the language of this restless, persecuted from everywhere, tribe, but in this whole kaleidoscope of heterogeneous words, it is clearly felt that this is still, once, in the distant past - language, - language , with all its typical, characteristic features.

Its still comparative purity is noticed partly in the songs of the Gypsies: in these rather crude examples of their poor poetry, the main theme of which is the glorification of the sides of the camp life, marriage and arrogant daring by stealing.

Getting to know the language better and in spite of the whole mass of innovations, barbarisms that have entered this dialect and sometimes so strongly obscure it with themselves, you still involuntarily perceive the certain stability of some grammatical rules that govern and on which this rather original language is based. In it, as in any language, there are declensions, conjugations of verbs in various moods, but even here such scattering is sometimes noticed that positively it is not possible to enumerate all the exceptions and irregularities of the forms. Perfect knowledge is achieved only through practice, i.e. assimilation through experience of all both correct and equally incorrect forms of language.

To date, too little has been done to learn the Roma language. Yes and no, and there were no good reasons for a particularly careful study of it: this could not serve as a contribution to science, due to the lack of significance of the Roma in the general historical life of peoples.

Representing an element in Europe, an alien, accidental, this tribe, alien to everyone else and by virtue of its nomadic instincts, scattered throughout the face of the earth, at this time personifies the obvious fact of degeneration, and with it the language itself is noticeably dying out, forgotten.

It is this, precisely, the remnant of the grammar of the language that has survived, so to speak, and all that small vocabulary spoken by all modern Gypsies, and mainly ours - Russians - and constitute the essence of the proposed book.

I know that the gypsies will not be grateful to me for it.

Secretive by nature and, according to historical reasons, they themselves are very reluctant to initiate a newcomer into the secrets of their language, which, with their present, almost general, Russification in Russia, is the only still reliable shield that protects from the curiosity of an outsider everything intimate, intimate, everything, so say, the commonality of interests of their fellow tribesmen.

They need their native language as in the matter of choral singing in the capitals, as in fortune telling and fortune telling, as well as in the ubiquitous business of horses.

Many years of personal practice and a thorough acquaintance with this dialect prompted me to implement an old idea: to give everyone the opportunity to easily learn to understand and speak Gypsy fluently.

It goes without saying that in order to achieve quick success in mastering this, for many a completely new and unfamiliar language, a certain amount of ability is necessary, but otherwise, diligence and sufficient attentiveness to all the rules indicated in this short guide will also easily help. ...

I recommend that each form of declension or conjugation that is studied for the first time be repeated mentally or aloud, until complete memorization, and then, if possible, try to independently compose whole sentences, phrases, conversations from the words and rules already memorized. This is the best way to initially acquire a language. Further improvement is achieved, of course, only by practice, and when the ear itself gets used to distinguishing the typical pronunciation with a national accent - from the lips of the gypsies themselves.

Adapting this guide to the goals of an exclusively practical study of the spoken language of the Roma and in the absence of their national writing, we must write all the words of this language in Russian letters and indicate the somewhat original pronunciation of some of them.

The alphabets of European languages ​​also do not exhaust all the letters or sounds inherent in this dialect.

Here are the letters (sounds) used in the Gypsy language.

Bb pronounced like in Russian.

But there is still Ґ-ґ - burry. Pronounced like r French, or, like Russian R- in Hebrew, lard pronunciation. Unlike R, r ordinary, it is everywhere, in all the words encountered, it will be signified by a special sign (In the original, the sign was used G-G with a circle above the top bar. We have it highlighted in bold. From the description, this is sound G- fricative, long, as in the South Russian dialect and the Ukrainian language, denoted in the alphabet of the 1920s by a special sign Ґ-ґ, but at the same time it can be R-card, like Vlash's "pp". It is significant that this special sign (Ґ-ґ) is used inconsistently. Where, in place of the usual Г-г, the most likely fricative type of Ukrainian sound [h] is pronounced, an underscore is introduced in this edition G-G... - V.Sh.). For example: P G end - nut, G amo- clamp.

Her like in Russian.

Her- pronounced a little harder, like bò, i.e. how O, with upcoming soft sign b.

Among the original letters, we also include the letter G, g= jj - pronounced like Italian g front i or e... We will designate it this way - g... To better understand this letter, take, for example, the word pang- five (in gypsy). The whole word is pronounced almost like "punch". But as in the letter h- a combination of letters is heard T and w so in g- a set of sounds is heard d and f.

Z, z like Russian letters.

But, unlike the latter, there is also a letter b ú - pronounced as if with a soft sign at the beginning. For example, let's take the phrase - "at the judge." Speaking separately u judge-ú, we will get exactly that letter in the last sound b ú in question. So: from pigs ú , okay- ú .

P, P are similar to Russian letters.

There is one more X aspirated, like French h, or German h [originally Gothic], similar to the sound of exhaling with an open mouth. So, for example, to say “ п (h) у́c"- straw," t (h) ab"- thread, or" t (h) у́д"- milk, is needed when pronouncing each first letter, ie. coming before h- quickly and simultaneously with it, exhale the air through your mouth. This letter X- aspirated we will denote it in French h... [In the original kh not highlighted, but nh and th are designated periodically as nx and th.]

W, w how in russian

Uh uh- harder and rougher than Russian eh.

When pronouncing this letter, the lower jaw drops and moves slightly forward. This sound is slightly reminiscent of - s.

and + а́ = pronounced like - я́. For example, " bibi"- aunt. To say: aunt, you need to bibi- add ending - akiro, but say: " bibyakiro", I.e. and + a - as já.

D + h= how dz e.g. zeweli- omelette, bandza- shop (small shop), wenzlo- node.

Icon ` , found above the letters in almost every word, represents the necessary stress or, the so-called, accent.

So, there are only five original letters (sounds): Ґ, ґ, G, g, bI, yi, h *, h, and e, uh... [* So in original. Aspiration ( пh, тh) in Patkanov is fundamentally different from Ґ, ґ at the beginning of a word, so there is no need for a capital letter for it. - V.Sh.]

Noun

Nouns are of two genders: masculine and feminine. There is no middle one: it is replaced by the male genus.

The gender of nouns is very difficult to distinguish by any external signs: they do not have definite endings and are devoid of an initial member, so common in European languages. [Cm. about particles oh uh on pages 29-30]

The gender of a noun is recognized only by the form of declension in cases that it takes in the practice of spoken language. So, for example, the word “ chib"- language, in the genitive singular is pronounced -" chibater", In the dative -" chibake". Judging by these endings, which are exclusively inherent in the declension of feminine nouns, we can infallibly conclude that the word “ chib"- language, in the language of the Gypsies - a kind of feminine.

Let's take another word, for example, “ xyl"- butter [butter - V.Sh.]. In the genitive case, this word has - " xylester» , in the dative - " xilesuke". There are already other endings and, therefore, we are already dealing with a masculine noun.

The dictionary attached at the end of this book, for the convenience of students, will indicate the gender of each noun.

Here are some examples of the declension of this part of speech.

Rum- husband, a gypsy. (Masculine).

Singular.

Named. rum husband, gypsy.

Give birth. rum-esther husband.

Datal. rum-esque husband.

Blames. rum-es husband.

Creates. rum-esa husband.

Prepositional rum-este[about] husband

Plural.

AND. roma husbands, gypsies.

R. rum-ender husbands.

D. rum-enge husbands.

V. romaine husbands.

T. rum-enza husbands.

P. rum-end husbands.

Romny- wife, gypsy (feminine).

Singular.

AND. romny wife, gypsy.

R. romn-yater wives.

D. romn-yake wife.

V. romn-i wife.

T. romn-yasa wife.

P. romn-yate wife.

Plural.

AND. romn-i wives, gypsies.

R. romn-ender wives

D. romn-ynge wives.

V. romn-en wives

T. romance wives.

P. romn-ende wives.

All masculine nouns ending in the nominative singular with a consonant, like: rum- husband, bar- a rock, ruv- Wolf, dad- father, etc. in the nominative plural (as can be seen from the previous example), the letter is taken at the end - a(with an emphasis on it) like this: roma- husbands, gypsies, bar- stones, ruva- wolves, Yes Yes- fathers, etc.

But ending in the nominative singular to a vowel O, - replace in this case this last - letter - eh... For example, bacro- ram, javo- a son, mardo- hour, dykhlo- scarf, plural will be: bakre- rams, chiave- sons, marda- clock, dykhle- scarves, etc.

Feminine nouns ending in the nominative singular with a consonant, in the same plural endings, some taking a letter a, some - I am... So the words: chib- language, bush- sash, yakh- eye, pushum- flea, kimin- price, nhén- sister, in the plural will be:

chiba- languages, bushes- belts, yakha- eyes, pushuma- fleas, kimina- prices, phenya- sisters, cladynia- keys, locks (from cladin- key).

But ending in a vowel, like, for example: romny- wife, give- mother, sasuy- mother-in-law, churi- knife, etc. - take the plural letter - I am... So it will be: romnia– wives, daya- mothers, sasy- mother-in-law, chyurya- knives, etc.

Note: These rules, as we will see below, are also common for possessive pronouns and adjectives, with the same endings in O- in masculine, and on s , and- in the feminine gender.

Masculine.

Singular.

AND. nai nail

R. nay-ester nail

D. nai-eske fingernail

V. nai nail

T. nai-esa fingernail

P. nai nail

AND. hulaj master

R. hul-aster host

D. hul-asuke the owner

V. hul-as host

T. hul-asa host

P. hul-asta the owner

Plural.

AND. nai nails

R. nai-ender nail

D. nai-yenge nails

V. nai nails

T. nai-enza fingernails

P. nai nails

AND. hulai-ya the hosts

R. hul-ander hosts

D. hul-ange owners

V. hul-an hosts

T. hul-antsa the hosts

P. hul-ande owners

Female.

Singular.

AND. Roy a spoon

R. swarm-yater spoons

D. roy-yake spoon

V. Roy spoon

T. swarm-yasa spoon

P. Roy spoon

AND. sasuy mother-in-law

R. sas-yater mother-in-law

D. sas-yake mother-in-law

V. sas-ya mother-in-law

T. sas-yasa mother-in-law

P. sas-yate mother-in-law

Plural.

AND. swarm-i spoons

R. swarm-ender spoons

D. roy-yenge spoons

V. swarm-i spoons

T. swarm spoons

P. swarm-i spoons

AND. sas-ya mother-in-law

R. sas-ender mother-in-law

D. sas-enge mother-in-law

V. sas-en mother-in-law

T. sas-enza mother-in-law

P. sas-end mother-in-law

All these nouns, with the indicated endings in oh, oh, oh- whatever kind they are - in the nominative plural, they take everything at the end of the letter - I am... So: roya- spoons, sasy- mother-in-law, naya- nails, hulaya- the owners.

In these specified examples of declension, special attention should be paid to the accusative and prepositional cases Roy and nay, as objects of inanimate and, at the same time, of different kinds: Roy- female and nay- masculine. We clearly see here that the named cases in this case are similar to the nominative case. This rule, common to the declension of all inanimate nouns in general, also extends to their declensions in the plural. So: roya- spoons, naya- nails, bushes- belts, yakha- eyes, chiba- languages, etc. in accusative and prepositional cases - will be identical with the nominative, in contrast to the words hulaj- master, sasuy- mother-in-law, dad- father, romny – wife, as animate objects, where the accusative case of both numbers will be hulas, hulan; sasy, sasen; dades, dadeng; romnia, romne; and prepositional - hulaste, hulande; satyate, sasende; dadeste, dadenge; romnyate, romnede... etc.

On the peculiarities of the cases of the genitive, instrumental and prepositional

The instrumental case of a noun (and, as we will see below, a pronoun and an adjective), answering the questions: by whom? how? - makes, at the same time, imply in itself a pretext - With; so, for example, from the word kasht- stick, log - instrumental case will be: chestnut- with a stick and together - with a stick. Also in the plural, chestnut- with sticks and with sticks.

Royasa- with a spoon and with a spoon. Romesa- husband and husband. For example, me somas hulasa- I was the master, i.e. myself personally, and also: I was with the owner.

The genitive case contains the prepositions ó T- for objects animate and and s- for the inanimate. So, for example, kashtester- will be: from a stick; Romeaster- from her husband, hulaaster- from the owner, royater- from a spoon, naynder- from nails, pushumander- from fleas ...

In the sense of the genitive case, as it is understood in Russian, for example, the horse of the father, the daughter of the aunt - will already be: dadeskiro gray; bibyakiri tea, i.e. in the sense - a father's horse, aunt's daughter, answering the question: whose, whose, whose?

Thus, a noun in the genitive case is expressed in the form of a relative adjective with a characteristic ending eskiro, akiro, engiro, and is placed in front of another noun. For example:

Greschiro boggy- horse stamp (horse stamp): Manushengiro dylnype- stupidity of people (human stupidity).

This is discussed in detail in the chapter on the adjective.

In the prepositional case of animate nouns (as well as pronouns and adjectives related to such), before which any of the prepositions is not clearly set, the preposition у́ is implied in itself. So, for example, on behalf of a noun rum- husband, prepositional singular will be - romeste... If you say: about Romeste, Pirdal Romeste or pal-o-romeste- then it will mean: to her husband, through her husband, for her husband, but if you say directly: romeste- this means: with her husband. Also in all cases, i.e. and in the plural, both nouns and adjectives and pronouns, for example, tute- by you, amende- we have, dayende- from mothers, graste- at a horse (horse), gurumnyate- at the crown, chawende- in children, barvalaste- at the rich, saveste- which one, amaryate- at ours, etc.

The prepositional case of inanimate nouns is not used without an upcoming preposition. So, for example, about bar- on a stone, draw bar- in stone, o-bar feast- over stones ...

Without the same pretexts, words bar, bar will seem in the nominative case, with which the prepositional case of inanimate objects is similar.

About stress

Most nouns are stressed on the last syllable. For example, fa- a son, romny- wife, churi- knife, tower- rooster, kilo- stick, cladin- key, yasvin- a tear, patrine- portrait, kimin- price, Deval- God...

Nouns borrowed from other people's adverbs have, for the most part, stress on the penultimate syllable. For example, stole- King, tagari- Tsar, shulyari- cab driver, breathers- soap, petalo- horseshoe, trevica- shoe, etc.

The same stress is used in words borrowed from the Russian language, for example, rack - river, zyma- winter, essay- fate, ebida- trouble, shatro- tent, pretty- bonfire, etc.

Sometimes some of these words, to express the feminine gender, take the ending - itza, keeping the specified stress in the same place, so, for example, kralitsa- Queen, tagaritsa- the queen; pibkitsa- a tube, maiden- tent, bidytsa- trouble.

Vocal case

The vocative case of nouns, both masculine and feminine, is formed for words ending in one of the vowels - only by shifting the stress from the end to the first syllable. For example, from the words: fa- a son, kirivo- godfather, romny - wife, Maskhari- Mother of God, - vocative singular will be: FAQ! Krivo! Romny! Mashari! etc.

Nouns ending in a consonant, such as: rum- husband, dad- father, pshal- brother, - in the vocative case, they take the letter at the end of the word - O, keeping the same order in stress. Thus, the vocative case of the words: rum, dad, pshal- will: Romo! Dado! Pshalo! Also from bibi- aunt and give- mother - will: Bibo! Daio!

The plural vocabulary of both genders is formed from the nominative plural of any noun by adding at the end of the particle - le... But the stress in this case already [does not] change its place: it remains at the end of the word, i.e. where it should be in the nominative plural, before the added particle itself - le... For example, rum- gypsies, plural: roma, the vocative plural will be: Roma-le! Romny- wife, gypsy, plural - romnia; the vocative plural will be: Romnya-le! Bang- hell, plural - banga; vocative plural: Benga-le!

The vocative case sometimes resembles the nominative case, if pronounced together with the possessive pronoun, as, for example, mri give- my mother, mro dad- my father. The vocative case will also contain Mri give! my mother! Mro dad!- my father! - but only with a strong emphasis on mri, mro.

Word Deval- God is an exception to the general rule.

In the vocative case, singular, according to the indicated rules, it would seem that one should say: Deval-o!, i.e. add a letter at the end of a word O and put stress on the first syllable. In fact, they say: Devlale! (from Devalale), using this word as if in the plural.

Examples of such use of the plural in the vocative case, instead of the singular, are also sometimes found in cases when they want to express a special degree of respect for the person being addressed, for example, mro paradise- my lord (master). In the vocative case, one should, as it were, say also: mro paradise! but they usually say: Mre raya! instead of: mro hulaj! – Mre hulaya! with the same aforementioned strong stress on the preceding pronoun.

Diminutive nouns

Diminutive nouns are formed by adding an ending - ro, or oro- for masculine and - ori- for the feminine gender. For example, rum- husband, diminutive will be: rum-oro- hubby; muy- face, mouth ... diminutive muyoro- face, mouth. Dad- father, diminutive: dadoro; core- road, dromoro- path, fa- a son, faq-ro- son.

Give- mother, diminutive: give-ori- mother, rat- night, diminutive: ratory- little night. Phen- sister, phenori- sister, tea- daughter, virgin, chaiori- a girl, etc.

Some of the feminine nouns ending in vowels s or and, when turning to diminutives, for euphony, they omit the named letters s and and, and directly accept the ending - ori... So, for example, romny- wife, gilah- song, ka G now- hen, churi- the knife, turning into diminutives, will be; romn-ori- wife, gil-ori- song; ka G n-ori-hen, chyur-ori- a knife, etc.

Even G eroi- leg will G er-ori- leg.

Diminutive nouns in the vocative case are subject to the same above rules for preserving and rearranging stress, for example: romny- wife, diminutive - romori; the vocative diminutive would be: Romnori! - wife !, i.e. the stress here is transferred to the first syllable. Same way dad- father, diminutive - dadoro, in the vocative diminutive it will be: Dadoro! - father!

Kham- Sun, khamoro- the sun, vocative - Khamoro!..

Some of the nouns are comparatively incorrect in declension. Take, for example, words muy- face, mouth (masculine) and give- mother (feminine).

Singular.

AND. muy face, mouth.

R. moster(vm. muyester) face, mouth.

D. mosque(vm. muyesuke) face, mouth.

V. muy face, mouth.

T. mosa(vm. muyesa) face, mouth.

P. muy face, mouth.

Though muyester, muyesque, muyesa- and are incorrect in declension, but are often used in conversation.

AND. give mother.

R. dater mother.

D. dake mother.

V. Yes mother.

T. dasa mother

P. date mother.

Plural.

AND. mui-ya faces.

R. mui-ender persons.

D. mui-yenge persons.

V. mui-ya faces.

T. muy-enza by persons.

P. mui-ya faces.

AND. give me mother.

R. give-ender mothers.

D. dai-ynge mothers.

V. give-en mothers.

T. give-enza mothers.

P. give-end mothers

Note, by the way, that the words: rum- husband, gypsy, romny- wife, gypsy, fa- son, a young gypsy, tea- a daughter, a girl, and all derivatives from them, are used by gypsies only when they name their fellow tribesmen, but never Russians or, in general, foreigners, for which there are words: hago, raklo, busno, tsitsalo, dandvaro- for masculine, and ending in s , and- for the feminine gender, for example: gadi, rakly, elder, dandvari, tsytsaly etc.

The words: rum, romny, chavo, tea are also given to Russians, only in the sense: husband, wife, son, daughter.

Abstract nouns

Abstract nouns are produced, for the most part, from the root of any verb by adding endings to it: ibe, ipe, ybe, yben or iben(see about the verb).

Let's take at least a verb at random te_mares- beat. [In the original, the continuous spelling of the particle is accepted te and the verb. For example, temares... To bring these spellings closer to modern ones, the particle is separated by an underlined space: te_mares... - V.Sh.] Here te- prefix, es- the ending, the root of this verb - mar... Adding one of the endings to this root, for example, ibe- we'll get: maribe, or mariben, which means fight, fight.

In the same way from the verbs te_khel-es- play, dance, te-bug-as- sing, te-pi-e c- drink, we get the words: khelybe- game, dance, bagipe (bagaibe) - singing, pi-ba- drinking, etc.

Accordingly, it is also not difficult, from almost any abstract noun, to determine the verb from which it comes. For example, a word: koshiba- abuse, abuse. Dropping the ending here ibe, we get the syllable kosh representing the root of the verb. Adding to it at the beginning a particle te, - and at the end the ending es, we get the word te_koshes what the verb really expresses scold, scold.

In this way, moribe- the washing up, te_mores- wash, psiribe- walking, gait, te_psyres- walk, phypdype- fuse (about a horse), te_phurdes- extinguish, etc.

Some of the nouns, although they have common endings Ibe, Ipe, but do not come from verbs, but from nouns or adjectives, for example, tulype- fat, lard, from tulo- bold. Final vowel O, in view of the dissonance, when connected with the following vowel s, or and- goes down: tul-epe. Uchipe- height, height, from ucho- high. Hula-ibe- economy, from hulaj- master, chyachipe- the truth, from chyacho- truth. Goodlype- sweetness, from goodlooking- sweet. Barvalype- wealth, from barvalo- rich.

There are also nouns, although they express abstract concepts, but do not have the indicated endings - Ibe, Ipe etc. These include: chёri- theft, theft, buty- Work, hah- death, years- the mind and some [some] others.

By the way, it should be noted that almost all nouns are abstract and, in general, with endings Ibe, Ipe and so on - belong to the male clan.

Exceptions: hah- death, holy- anger and chёri- theft is a kind of feminine.

Some of the nouns with endings Ibe, Ipe, - for example, barvalype- wealth, zoralype- strength, power, etc., sometimes replace the adjective, to express a greater degree of quality of the object; so, for example, instead of savo barvalo - how rich, it is often said: savo barvalype- what wealth (what a rich man), instead of - savo zoralo- how strong, savo zoralype- what power, savo goodlo- so sweet, savo goodlype- what sweetness, etc.

The masculine gender should also include all nouns (borrowed) with the ending imo, ymo... For example, hotkimo- heat, bastard- stomp, squeaky- screeching. So it will be: savo zharkimo- what a heat, savo scampimo- what a miser mro boggy- my stomp, thorny- your screech, lakro gogimo- her beauty, etc.

In concluding this chapter on the noun, one cannot pass over in silence the following characteristic feature of this adverb.

Almost every noun starts with an instrumental particle. O or eh... For example, O-dad- father, hey- mother, and if any noun is pronounced separately, she, this particle, should be clearly audible. This particle is often omitted, especially in cases where the noun is preceded by a word ending in one of the vowels, for example, lacho dad- a good father, or lachi give- a kind mother; but it must again be clearly audible when 1) a sentence or phrase begins with a noun, for example, o-dad mangya- the father asked, e-da geya- the mother has left, or 2) if the noun is preceded by a word ending in a consonant, for example, mae mangem e-dades- I asked my father, yoy camel e-da- she loves her mother.

Of course, it would be quite unmistakable to say dad or oh-dad and the correct use of these prefixes is achieved only by skill, habit and is also conditioned by a known degree of ability in mastering the characteristic, typical aspects of colloquial speech.

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

Mae- I am Ame- we

That- you Tume- you

Yov- he Yone- they, one * [* obsolete, f.]

Her- she

Declination of personal pronouns

Mae- I am. That- you.

AND. me- I am. AND. that- you.

R. mander- (from me. R. túter- (from you.

D. mange- to me. D. tuke - you.

V. man- me. V. here- you.

T. manza- by me. T. tusa- by you.

P. Mandé- to me. P. tute - you.

Yov- he. Her- she.

AND. Yov- he. AND. Her- she.

R. Lester(From him. R. latair(from her.

D. laskey- him. D. lake - her.

V. les- his. V. la- her.

T. lesa- them. T. lasa- by her.

P. last- it. P. late - her.

Ame- we. Tume- you.

AND. ame- we are I. tume- you.

R. amender(from) us R. tumander(from you.

D. amenge- US. D. tumenge- to you.

V. amen- US. V. fog- you.

T. amenza- us. T. tumentsa- by you.

P. amende- US. P. tumendae - you.

Yone, one- they, one.

AND. Yone- they, one.

R. lander- (from them

D. lenge- them

V. lan - their.

T. lanza- by them.

P. lande- them.

Possessive pronouns.

Muzhesk. kind. Female. kind.

Miro, mro- my. Miri, mri- my.

Tyro, tro- your. Tiri, three- yours.

Laskiro, Laskiri,

lascro- his. lascri - his.

Lakiro, Lakiri,

lacro- her. lacri - her.

Amaro - our. Amari - our.

Tumaro - your. Tumari yours.

Langiro, Langiri,

langro- their. langri - their.

Pasquiro, Pasquiri,

pascro- mine. pascri - its.

Koneskiro- whose. Koneskiri- whose.

Plural.

Mire, mre- my.

Tire, tre- yours.

Lascire, lascre- his.

Lakire, lakre- her

Amare- ours.

Tumare- yours.

Langire, langre- their.

I ask you not to judge me especially harshly - the words are placed randomly and only those that I can now remember. Over time, the vocabulary will take on more definite forms.

here - you

tumE - you

tUke - for you

terE - yours

peace and (peace) - mine (mine)

mange - me

mander - from me

kokuro - myself

ki tu - to you

yune - she

amorO is our

amore - our

kai - where

SavO - what

sareesa - absolutely

sneakers - when

nothing - nothing

con - who

kARIK - where

cheese - how

palsO - why

bout - how much

darik - here

fool - there

kadYake - so

nipples - why

dulEski - because

chayuri (tea) - girl, girl

chaYale - girls, girls

chavoro (chavorAle) - boy, guy

chavAle - boys, boys

rum - gypsy, husband

ROMANES - gypsy, wife

gilah - song

kamam - love

me here kamam - i love you

mangav - please

mae here mangav - i ask you

jav ke me - come to me

jav darik - come here

shunEsa? - do you hear?

avEn - let's go

kher - house

avEn khare - let's go home

from the keeper? - What do we do?

from that KAMES? - What do you want?

Tu bi worldO - you are without me

Mme beiterO - I am without you

dumindem - I thought

so mange te kira? - what should I do?

that jin? - you know?

mae na jinOm - I don't know

pheng - say

seo phengyang? - what you said?

Who? - who's there?

nichi mae tUter on manga ava - I'm not asking you for anything

nichi mae tUter na phenAwa - I won't tell you anything

chamudes - you kiss

mae jinOm, so man kamesa - I know that you love me

tyrdev! - stop! Wait!

day sy - it is

tekhAs - to eat

with tehAs? - what to eat?

ugea sneakers? - where did you go?

Tu MirO Kamla (Tu MirO Kamlo) - you are my beloved (you are my beloved)

me biterO tydzhevAu on muzhinAv - I can not live without you

mae bang o lee - i'm to blame

ripirAva - I remember

from manz? - what happened with me?

shurU dukhal - my head hurts

Mae RodAm here - I'm looking for you

tu me lakhtem - I found you

that on kolyasov - do not be angry

sorry Sorry

Kamessa? - want?

play - drink

avesa tyrdEs? - will you smoke?

on tyrdY! - do not smoke!

palE - forward

ANGEL - BACK

traduns - machine

dates - from here

aven datYr - I will send from here

closed - closed

duckYerdo - open

mae umor here ava - i will kill you

chachipe - true

hohavesa - cheating

na ujA - don't go

now mae java - now i will come

devEl - God

te skarin man deVel! - so that God punishes you!

dade - dad

yes - mom

bibi - aunt

how is uncle

pyeong - brother

pshan - sister

yavEla - will come

te booth? - what time?

tasya - tomorrow

fell tasYa - after tomorrow

dadyves - today

dyves - day

blowA - door

churI - knife

balA - hair

chibe - bed

angrust - ring

chirgin - stars

chirgenorI - asterisk

yakh - eye

yakha - eyes

tere yakha chirgin cheese ya - your eyes are like stars

yak - light

parno - white

kalO - black

lulo - red

lilOro - leaflet, passport

barO - big

bang - damn

manUsh - man

gajo is not a gypsy

chacho - true

bjav - wedding

panI - water

bravinta - vodka

Duc! - look!

de mange podikhAv - let me see

deshuEk - 11

deshudUy - 12

deshutrIn - 13

bishte - 20

threeYanda - 30

stardesh - 40

punchdeshA - 50

Gypsies have been living in Russia for several centuries. They can be found throughout the country - from the borders in the west to the Far East. Not a single horse market in the 19th century was without their active participation. Their well-deserved fame was brought to them by a special dance and musical art. And what language does this people speak, is there a single Gypsy language? After all, gypsies are different. There are Ukrainian serfs, Romanian Vlachs, German Sinti, Crimean and Moldovan gypsies. What does Gypsy linguistics say about this? Let's try to figure out what language the gypsies speak. What words are borrowed from it into our vocabulary?

Language formation process

Very often some people are called gypsies. What is the reason for this? Most likely, they cannot sit in one place, change their place of residence all the time or like to beg for something. Gypsies are a very interesting people. The Europeans were of the opinion that they originally came from Egypt, therefore in many languages ​​the word "gypsy" is a derivative of "Egypt".

In fact, a thousand years ago, several tribes from the north and west of India migrated to other countries. So they became gypsies. Some tribes ended up in Persia, others wandered near the lands of Turkey, some reached Syria, Egypt and North Africa. As immigrants from India, these people have preserved the Indian language for communication.

Later, the Gypsies migrated to the Balkans, to Russia, and Hungary. Then they appeared in European countries: Germany, England, France, Spain, Sweden and Finland.

Centuries of wandering led to the fact that the gypsy language borrowed words from other languages. After all, the gypsies had occupations that allowed them to roam. Some were engaged in woodcarving, others made dishes, others danced, sang, wrote poetry, and divined. They all loved horses and traded in them. In Spain, the gypsies danced beautifully flamenco.

So, the Gypsy language belongs to the Indo-Aryan group of Indo-European languages. This language is still used by residents of Pakistan, India, Bangladesh. It is this dialect that is considered the only Balkan language of Indian origin. The Gypsy dialect has two close relatives - the Domari language (used by the inhabitants of Jerusalem) and Lomavren (previously used by the Armenians).

Since the gypsies traveled all over the world, the development of their dialect took place in the form of separate dialects. In each country where the Roma lived, some peculiarities of the dialect were formed.

Although the Gypsies separate themselves from other peoples, a single "Gypsy society" has never been formed. This leads to the extinction of the Gypsy dialects.

Countries where gypsies live

How common is the gypsy dialect today? The largest number of representatives of this people live in Romania - about half a million people. The next country in terms of their number is Bulgaria - 370 thousand. There are about 300 thousand Roma in Turkey. There are over 250,000 people in Hungary. The next country is France, with about 215,000 Roma. The following list will show you the number of Romani users in other countries:

• in Russia - 129,000;
• Serbia - 108,000;
• Slovakia - 106,000;
• Albania - 90,000;
• Germany - 85,000;
• Republic of Macedonia - 54,000;
• Ukraine - 47,000;
• Italy - 42,000;
• Bosnia and Herzegovina - 40,000.

In all other European countries, their number is less than 20,000. In Great Britain, Spain and Estonia there are only 1000 representatives each.

A little of the grammar of the gypsy dialect

The Gypsy dialect is characterized by a definite article of distinction by gender and number. The presence of seven cases is highlighted: nominative, accusative, dative, suspensive, possessive, instrumental, vocative. All nouns have abstract masculine concepts. Pronouns have only six cases, no vocative. The infinitive of the verb does not exist. Adjectives are declined if they refer to a noun.

Dialects

Sometimes speakers of different dialects of the Roma language do not understand each other well. Only conversations on everyday topics are generally understandable. The modern Roma language has three mega-groups:

1. Romani.
2. Lomavren.
3. Domari.

Each major dialectal zone is further subdivided into smaller groups that include phonetic and grammatical innovations. Borrowing depends on the environment. The existence of the following largest dialect zones is noted:

• North. This includes Scandinavian, Finnish, Baltic gypsies, Sinti, Russian Roma.
• Central. Austrian, Czech, Hungarian, Slovak dialects.
• Vlashskaya. Dialects Lovari, Vlahi, Kelderar.
• Balkan. Serbian, Bulgarian, Crimean gypsies.
• Servitskaya. Received a strong influence of northeastern dialects.

In Russia, the Vlash dialect, borrowed from the language of the Romanian Gypsies, is considered the most widespread. The local North Russian dialect originated from him. It is similar to the Polish, Czech, Slovak, Lithuanian dialects. It is important to note that on the basis of the Kelderar dialect, a draft of the supra-dialect Koine, a common Gypsy language, was drawn up.

Moldovan and Romanian gypsies

In 2002, it was first celebrated in Moldova. For the first time, the Moldovan Gypsies were mentioned in 1428. Representatives of this people in Moldova, as well as in Romania, are subordinate to their baron. For many years, Moldovan Roma have been harassed. Indeed, in the nineteenth century it was still possible to buy a whole family of gypsies and use them as slaves.

The Baron of the Gypsies of Moldova today is Artur Cerare. Here, these people are mainly engaged in handicrafts. The houses of the Roma can be recognized from afar, just like their clothes. They colorfully decorate them, paint whole pictures on the walls. Most often, the owners have enough skills for landscapes and flowers. There are also rich representatives of this people. Their homes are like mansions, churches or temples.

Features of dialects of Russian gypsies

The ancestors of Russian Gypsies came to the country from Poland. They were engaged in horse trade, fortune telling, music and were Orthodox Christians. Now they can be found throughout the territory of the Russian Federation. People especially like their songs and dances. With the advent of the October Revolution, the Gypsy merchants were completely destroyed, and the horse markets were closed. The Nazis also inflicted it.

The dialect of Russian Roma is filled with tracing copies from Polish, German, Russian. Suffixes and prefixes were borrowed. The most important feature of the Russian dialect is the use of the ending -ы. It is used in feminine nouns and adjectives and is similar to the ending -i. Examples: Romny (gypsy), parny (white), lola (red). But with the ending -i: khurmi (porridge), churi (knife).

Here are examples of words that have common Roman roots: dad (father), give (mother), gray (horse), vast (ruka), yakh (eye), yag (fire), pan (water). We will also give examples of words with borrowings from the Russian language: reka (river), rodo (clan), vesna (spring), bida (trouble), tsveto (color). The words are taken from the Polish language: sendo (court), indaraka (skirt), skempo (stingy). The following borrowings were taken from the Germans: felda (field), fenchtra (window), stuba (apartment).

Gypsy words in Russian

Borrowings not only penetrate into the Gypsy dialect, but also come out of it. Especially they fill the street, criminal, restaurant and music vocabulary. Everyone knows that the word "lave" means money, because many gypsies often ask for it for fortune telling. "Shaving" also comes from the Gypsy dialect and means "to steal". Often, instead of "eat and eat", the slang "hawala" is used. To play a musical instrument, they sometimes use "lab". And very often young people use the word "dude" meaning "your boyfriend".

The most common gypsy phrases

If you want to learn the most popular phrases of the nomadic people, you can refer to the Gypsy dictionary. The very phrase "Gypsy language" is written in it as "romano rakirebe". Here are the most commonly used greeting phrases:

• bakhtales - hello;
• dubridin - hello;
• mishto yavyan - welcome;
• deves lacho - good afternoon.

In addition to greetings, you may be interested in other standard phrases:

• yaven saste - be healthy;
• nais - thank you;
• lachi ryat - good night;
• cheese here kharen - what is your name;
• sorry - sorry;
• me here kamam - I love you;
• me here mangawa - I ask you;
• me sukar - I am fine;
• miro dev - my God!

In literature and art

The Gypsy dialect is often used as a colloquial one. Nevertheless, some books are written in this particular dialect. The following writers used it to write works: Lexa Manush, Papusha, Mateo Maksimov. It is also worth noting Georgy Tsvetkov, Valdemar Kalinin, Janush Panchenko, Dzhura Makhotin, Ilona Makhotina. There are a number of other writers who used the gypsy dialect in their works.

Mostly small prose forms and poems were written in it. Poetry has always been a traditional entertainment for this people. But a prose work cannot be written without some preparation.

There is the Pralipe Theater, where performances are performed in the Gypsy dialect. The first operetta by Nikolai Shishkin also staged performances in the Roma language.

The two filmmakers in this language are well known. This is Tony Gatliff. The Roma language was used in the films "Strange Stranger", "Lucky", "Exiles", "Time of the Gypsies".

Gypsies in the USA

You can also find rum in Canada and the USA, but there are very few of them here. They are represented by all three branches of European Gypsies: Calais, Sinti, Roma. How did the representatives come to America? They came there in different years. These were mainly Roma artists from the countries of the former USSR, as well as from the Czech Republic and Romania.

For the American Roma, there is no single way of life and a single culture; they have dissolved among the most diverse segments of the population. Some have become marginalized, others - big businessmen. In North America, the virtuoso guitarist Vadim Kolpakov, professor Ronald Lee, writer Emil Demeter, musician Eugene Gudz became famous.

Most Americans have a vague idea of ​​this people. Gypsy culture seems distant and exotic to them. It is estimated that there are about a million Roma in the United States. Some of them have to suffer from stereotypes in the field of employment.

Extinction threat of gypsy dialects

Some European gypsies still roam, but most are accustomed to a sedentary lifestyle. The speech of this people was strongly influenced by Slavic and other languages. Therefore, there is a high probability of losing it. There are about 3-4 million Roma speakers across Europe. The main obstacle to its spread is considered to be the low literacy rate of the Roma. Although Kosovo, Macedonia, Croatia, Romania, Slovenia, Slovakia, Germany, Finland, Hungary recognize it as the language of national minorities.

The big disadvantage of the Gypsy dialect is neglect. Grammar and vocabulary are in a fairly primitive state. It is even easier for this people to preserve their identity at the level of everyday life, but at the level of speech it is very bad. There are very few gypsy prefixes and particles, so the language is littered with Russian elements. However, groups are currently working in some countries to standardize the Roma language. Romania even has a unified system for teaching the Romani language. In Serbia, some channels and radio broadcasts are broadcast on it.