Ibrahim Petrovich Hannibal biography personal life. Abram Hannibal and Natasha Rzhevskaya. Love story. The Story of a Famous Naturalization: Abram Hannibal

Hannibal, Abram Petrovich

General-in-Chief, "Arap of Peter the Great", great-grandfather of the poet Pushkin, was the son of a sovereign Abyssinian prince, a Turkish vassal, and was born in the mountains. Lagone (northern Abyssinia). His year of birth is not known exactly: according to Pushkin it turns out that he was born in 1688, according to Bantysh-Kamensky - in 1691, according to Longinov - in 1696, but later researchers consider the year of his birth to be 1697 or 1698. Little Ibrahim ended up with some other noble youths as an amanat in the Sultan's seraglio in Constantinople, where he lived for more than a year. When Peter I instructed his envoy in Turkey to get Arab boys for him, Count S.V. Raguzinsky brought Ibrahim to Moscow to the Tsar. According to G.’s own testimony, he left for Russia in 1706 “of his own free will” (however, his other testimony about the number of years spent under Peter I does not coincide with this). From then on, until 1716, the boy was constantly under Peter I, performing the duties of valet and secretary. In 1707 he was baptized in Vilna in the Pyatnitskaya Church (the memorial plaque on the church gives the wrong date for this event - 1705). The successors were the Tsar himself and the Polish Queen Christina-Ebergardina. At baptism, Ibrahim was given the name Peter, but since he did not want to part with his previous name, Peter allowed him to be called Abram. The surname Hannibal was assigned to him only in 1733-1737, before that he was officially called Abram Petrov. In 1717, G. was sent by the king to France to study engineering sciences. During his stay in Paris, he had to be in great poverty, because little money was allocated for his maintenance. In order to thoroughly study the art of engineering, G. decided to enter the engineering school established in 1720, for which he had to enroll in the French army, since only this gave the right to enter the school. There is, however, news that back in 1719 he served as a volunteer in the French army fighting the Spaniards, was wounded in the head and captured. According to his own testimony, at the beginning of 1722 he was a lieutenant, but according to another testimony, he was a guards captain. Summoned back to Russia by Peter I in 1722, G. unsuccessfully tried to leave him in France and at the beginning of 1723 he came to St. Petersburg. He had to apply his knowledge, acquired in foreign lands, for the first time on engineering work in Kronstadt. In February 1724, he was granted a lieutenant in the bombardment company of the Preobrazhensky Regiment and received instructions to train young noble soldiers in mathematical sciences. Until his death, Peter I did not change his merciful attitude towards his blackamoor and, dying, entrusted him to his daughter Elizabeth. Under Catherine I, G. taught mathematics to the heir to the throne, Grand Duke Peter Alekseevich. On November 23, 1726, he presented the Empress with a book he had written about engineering. G. was close to the circle of Menshikov’s opponents, grouped around Prince. A.P. Volkonskaya, nee Bestuzheva-Ryumina, which caused his disgrace when, upon the accession of Peter II, Menshikov became the ruler of the state: on May 8, 1727, he was sent to Kazan under the pretext of drawing up a project for repairing the local fortress; upon arrival there, he received orders to go to Tobolsk to build a fortress, and from there he was sent to the Chinese border to build the Selenginsk fortress. Meanwhile, after the fall of Menshikov, the case of Princess Volkonskaya and members of her circle, accused of political intrigue, arose again, and on December 22, 1729, the Supreme Privy Council decided to arrest G. and transport him under escort to Tomsk. However, this matter did not have any bad consequences for G. Anna Ioannovna renamed him on February 25, 1730 from bombardier-lieutenant to major of the Tobolsk garrison, and on September 25, at the request of Minikh, to engineer-captain. G. returned to European Russia and in March 1731 was assigned to fortification engineering in Pernov. On May 21, 1733, he retired and settled on the Karrikulya manor in Revel district, which he bought with money bequeathed to him by Peter I. In November 1740 (according to the form), G. again decided to serve with the rank of artillery lieutenant colonel in the Revel garrison, but only on January 23, 1741, a Senate protocol was drawn up on a personal decree on the promotion of artillery major A.P.G. to lieutenant colonel and about giving him a lifelong lease of the village of Ragola in Revel district. The accession of Elizabeth Petrovna brought him forward. Pushkin says that when she ascended the throne, G. reminded her of himself, writing: “Remember me when you come to your kingdom.” On January 12, 1742, he was promoted to major general and appointed chief commandant of Revel; on the same day he was granted the palace estate of Mikhailovskaya Guba in the Pskov district with 569 peasant souls. On September 28, 1743, the village of Ragola, which was under his lifelong lease, was given to him for eternal and hereditary possession. Subsequently, G. received several more estates within the St. Petersburg and Pskov provinces. According to the census of 1758, 854 souls of peasants were listed behind him in the Pskov province. In the summer of 1745 he was a member of the commission for the delimitation of Russia and Sweden. On April 25, 1752, he was renamed major general from fortification and appointed to manage the construction part of the engineering department. In 1753-1754 G. was again involved in the delimitation of Russian lands with Sweden. On December 25, 1755, he was promoted to lieutenant general, with the appointment of the Vyborg governor, but after 2 days he remained with the engineering corps, where he was one of the main employees of Count P.I. Shuvalov and showed remarkable abilities in the art of engineering. Then appointed a member of the main office of artillery and fortification, G. On July 4, 1756, he was renamed from lieutenant general to general engineer, with an appointment to be attached to the engineering corps, and on October 23, 1759, he was promoted to general-in-chief with the appointment of chief director Ladoga canals and commissions of Kronstadt and Rogervik buildings. On August 30, 1760, he was awarded the Alexander Ribbon. On June 9, 1762, G. was dismissed due to old age. He spent the last years of his life in one of the estates granted to him - Suida, where he died on May 14, 1781. He was buried here, but his grave has not survived. - G. was married twice. For the first time, he married upon his return from Siberia at the beginning of 1731 to a Greek woman, Evdokia Andreevna Dioper, who was married to him against her will and soon began to cheat on him, for which her husband subjected her to torture and corporal punishment. For 5 years, due to his complaint, she had to sit in prison. The divorce case lasted about 20 years. Finally, on September 9, 1753, the marriage was dissolved, the wife was found guilty and exiled to the Staraya Ladoga Monastery, where she soon died. Meanwhile, while still in Pernov, G. became acquainted with the daughter of the captain of the local regiment, Matvey von Schöberg, Christina Regina, and in 1736 he married her in Revel. When the first marriage was dissolved, the second was recognized as legal, but only G. was subject to penance and a fine. The second wife died the day before her husband's death, on May 13, 1781, at the age of 76, and was buried with him. From her G. had 5 sons: Ivan (1737?-1801), Peter (1742-1783), Osip (1744-1806), Isaac (1747-1804) and Yakov (born in 1748) and 4 -x daughters: Elizabeth (born 1737), behind Lieutenant Colonel Andr. Pavel. Pushkin, Anna (born in 1741), for Major General Neelov, Sofia, for A.K. von Rotkirch, and Agrippina (born in 1746). - A.S. Pushkin was very interested in the personality of his great-grandfather, brought him out as a character in his unfinished novel “Arap of Peter the Great” and dedicated inspired lines to him in “My Genealogy.” However, much of what Pushkin says about him is not true. The Abyssinian, and not Negro, origin of Hannibal is proven in Lately prof. D. N. Anuchin (“A. S. Pushkin. Anthropological study”, M., 1899, reprint of feuilletons from “Russian Vedomosti”, 1899, No. 99, 106, 114, 120, 127, 134, 143, 163, 172, 180, 193 and 209).

Full collection Op. Pushkin, edited by S. A. Vengerov, vol. I (B. L. Modzalevsky, "Pushkin's Family", 14-20); M. Longinov, “Abram Petrovich Hannibal” (Russian Archive, 1864, pp. 218-232); S. N. Shubinsky, “Historical Sketches and Stories”, 5th ed., St. Petersburg, 1908 (“Book.

A. P. Volkonskaya and her friends"); S. I. Opatovich, "Evdokia Andreevna Hannibal" ("Russian Star.", 1877, I, 69-78); A. Barsukov, "Autobiographical testimony... A . P. Hannibal" ("Russian Archive", 1891, II, 101-102); P. Pekarsky, "Science and Literature in Russia under Peter the Great", I, 163-167; B. L. Modzalevsky, "Pedigree Hannibal" (Chronicle of Historical-Genealogy. General in Moscow, 1907, issue 2); E. I. Sondoevsky, "On the biography of Hannibal, the ancestors of A. S. Pushkin" (Collection of works of members of the Pskov Archaeologist. General. , 1896); Gelbig, “Russian chosen ones” (Russian Star., 1886, vol. II, pp. 105, 106; bibliographical instructions are given in the note).

(Polovtsov)

Hannibal, Abram Petrovich

[This article is published instead of an article on the same subject, which is not complete enough and incorrectly calls Hannibal - Hannibal (see).] - “Arap of Peter the Great,” a Negro by blood, great-grandfather (maternal) of the poet Pushkin. There is still a lot that remains unclear in G.’s biography. The son of a sovereign prince, G. was probably born in 1696; in the eighth year it was stolen and brought to Constantinople, from where in 1705 or 1706 Savva Raguzinsky brought it as a gift to Peter I, who loved all sorts of rarities and curiosities, and had previously kept “araps.” Having received a nickname in memory of the glorious Carthaginian, G. converted to Orthodoxy; His successors were the Tsar (who also gave him his patronymic) and the Queen of Poland. From then on, G. was “inseparably” near the king, slept in his room, and accompanied him on all campaigns. In 1716 he went abroad with the sovereign. Perhaps he held the position of orderly under the tsar, although in documents he is mentioned three times along with the jester Lacoste. At this time, G. received a salary of 100 rubles a year. G. stayed in France to study; After spending 1 1/2 years in engineering school, he entered French army, participated in the Spanish War, was wounded in the head and rose to the rank of captain. Returning to Russia in 1723, he was assigned to the Preobrazhensky Regiment as an engineer-lieutenant of a bombardment company, the captain of which was the Tsar himself. After the death of Peter, G. joined the party dissatisfied with the rise of Menshikov, for which he was sent to Siberia (1727) to move the city of Selinginsk to a new location. In 1729, it was ordered that G.’s papers be taken away and kept under arrest in Tomsk, giving him 10 rubles a month. In January 1730, G. was appointed as a major in the Tobolsk garrison, and in September, he was transferred as a captain to the Engineering Corps, where G. was listed until his retirement in 1733. At the beginning of 1731, G. married in St. Petersburg to a Greek woman, Evdokia Andreevna Dioper and was soon sent to Pernov to teach conductors mathematics and drawing. Married against her will, Evdokia Andreevna cheated on her husband, which caused persecution and torture from the deceived. The case went to court; she was arrested and kept in prison for 11 years under terrible conditions. Meanwhile, G. became acquainted with Christina Sheberg in Pernov, had children with her and married her in 1736 while his wife was alive, the litigation with whom ended only in 1753; The spouses were divorced, the wife was exiled to the Staraya Ladoga Monastery, and G. was subject to penance and a fine, although the second marriage was recognized as legal. Having entered the service again in 1740, G. went uphill with the accession of Elizabeth. In 1742 he was appointed commandant of Revel and awarded estates; was listed as a "actual chamberlain." Transferred in 1752 again to the Corps of Engineers, G. was appointed to manage the affairs of delimiting lands with Sweden. Having risen to the rank of general-in-chief and the Alexander Ribbon, G. retired (1762) and died in 1781. G. had a natural intelligence and showed remarkable abilities as an engineer. He wrote memoirs in French, but destroyed them. According to legend, Suvorov owed the opportunity to choose a military career to G., who convinced his father to yield to his son’s inclinations. G. had six children in 1749; of them Ivan participated in a naval expedition, took Navarin, distinguished himself at Chesma, founded Kherson (1779), died as general-in-chief in 1801. Daughter of another son of G., Osipa, was the mother of A.S. Pushkin, who mentions his descent from G. in the poems: “To Yuryev”, “To Yazykov” and “My Genealogy”. See Helbig, “Russische Günstlinge” (translated in “Russian Star”, 1886, 4); "Biography of G. on German in the papers of A. S. Pushkin"; "Autobiographical testimony of G." ("Russian Arch.", 1891, 5); Pushkin, "Genealogy of the Pushkins and Ganibals", note 13 to Chapter I of "Eugene Onegin" and " Moor of Peter the Great"; Longinov, "Abram Petrovich Ganibal" ("Russian Architect.", 1864); Opatovich, "Evdokia Andreevna G." ("Russian Star." 1877); "Vorontsov Archive", II, 169, 177; VI, 321; VII, 319, 322; "Letter of A. B. Buturlin" ("Russian Architect.", 1869); "Report to G. Catherine II" ("Collected Historical Society." X, 41 ); "Notes of a noble lady" ("Russian Architect", 1882, I); Khmyrov, "A. P. Hanibal, Peter the Great's arap" ("World Work", 1872, No. 1); Bartenev, "The Birth and Childhood of Pushkin" ("Otech. Notes", 1853, No. 11). Compare instructions from Longinov, Opatovich and in "Russian" old." 1886, No. 4, p. 106.

E. Shmurlo.

(Brockhaus)

Large biographical encyclopedia. 2009 .

See what “Hannibal, Abram Petrovich” is in other dictionaries:

Hannibal (Abram Petrovich) Arab of Peter the Great, Negro by blood, great-grandfather (maternal) of the poet Pushkin. There is still a lot that remains unclear in the biography of Hannibal. The son of a sovereign prince, Hannibal was probably born in 1696; kidnapped in the eighth year... ... Biographical Dictionary

- (c. 1697 1781) Russian military engineer, general chief (1759). Son of an Ethiopian prince. Valet and secretary of Peter I. Great-grandfather of A.S. Pushkin, who immortalized Hannibal in the story Arab of Peter the Great... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (Ibrahim) (about 1697 1781), Russian military engineer, general chief (1759). Son of an Ethiopian prince; from 1705 in Russia. Valet and secretary of Peter I, accompanied him on campaigns. Participated in the construction of a number of fortresses; from 1756 general engineer,... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Hannibal Abram (Ibrahim) Petrovich [about 1697, Lagon, Northern Ethiopia, 14.5.1781, Suyda, now Leningrad. region], Russian military engineer, general chief (1759), great-grandfather (maternal) of A. S. Pushkin. The son of an Ethiopian prince, taken hostage by the Turks and in 1706... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Ibrahim Petrovich Hannibal Date of birth around 1696 or 1697 Place of birth Logon, Africa Date of death May 14, 1781 (1781 05 14) Place of death Suida, St. Petersburg province ... Wikipedia

- [This article is printed instead of an article on the same subject, which is not complete enough and incorrectly calls Hannibal Hannibal] Arab of Peter the Great, Negro by blood, great-grandfather (maternal) of the poet Pushkin. There is still a lot in G.’s biography... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron

Kamenka in the creative heritage of Alexander Pushkin.

God help you, my friends,In the worries of life...

Reading works of art and letters from Pushkin during his so-called period. Southern exile (1820-1824), I have repeatedly come across references to the short but happy time spent by the poet under the hospitable shadow of the Kamenka estate, which belonged to the niece of His Serene Highness Prince G.A. Potemkin-Tavrichesky E.N. Davydova (nee Samoilova, by her first marriage - Raevskaya). I also heard something about the local history museum, located on the former territory of the Davydov estate, in the current regional center - the city of Kamenka, Cherkasy region of Ukraine.

But only a recent trip and direct impressions from getting to know the wonderful complex of the Kamensky State Historical and Cultural Reserve finally formed my idea of ​​​​the special, fundamental importance of the existence of this unique monument in Ukraine, not only Russian, but also more broadly - throughout East Slavic history and culture.

The main object of the reserve is the Literary and Memorial Museum of A.S. Pushkin and P.I. Tchaikovsky, located in the estate outbuilding, the so-called. Green house. Here in the early 1820s the Poet met with the future Decembrists, and from the mid-1860s the Composer lived and worked every year , visiting his sister Sashenka, the wife of his grandson Davydova.

Literary and Memorial Museum A.S. Pushkin and P.I. Tchaikovsky (Green House)

While in Kamenka, I was literally shocked by the active and dedicated work of the reserve’s staff - local residents, ethnic Ukrainians who speak beautiful Russian with a uniquely characteristic, soft southern accent. They not only carefully preserve museum treasures, but also actively promote our common cultural heritage among fellow countrymen and tourists, and also carry out joint projects with the Russian Center for Science and Culture in Kyiv. (By the way, Kamenka is a sister city of the Russian city of Votkinsk, also famous for its memorial museum-estate of Tchaikovsky.)

Imagine my surprise when, soon, leafing through the almost 500-page tourist guide “Ukraine”, repeatedly published in Kiev by the publishing house “Smoloskip” (in Russian - “Torch”), I did not find a single (!) mention of Kamensky reserve.

Of course, this is not an accidental omission of the book’s compilers - the head of the publishing house O. Zinkevich and his co-author V. Guly. After all, this same “Smoloskip” was once founded by nationalists in America, and now actively operates in Ukraine with the support of President Yushchenko’s administration.

Familiarization with the text of the book showed that in the lists of famous historical and cultural figures born in one or another region of present-day Ukraine, non-Ukrainians almost do not appear. The lists of attractions, in particular, sculptural monuments and other memorial structures, are equally biased. For example, in the chapter on the Cherkasy region the sons of Ekaterina Davydova are not mentioned Patriotic War 1812 General N.N. Raevsky Sr. and Colonel V.L. Davydov, one of the Decembrist leaders. “Forgotten” by the Smoloskipovites is also a real sculptural masterpiece - a monument to the leaders of the Southern Society of Decembrists, also located on the territory of the Kamensky Nature Reserve. Similar texts about Kyiv do not mention any of the city’s monuments to Pushkin. In the texts about Odessa there is not a single surname of famous Russian writers from Odessa. And, of course, the true “masterpieces of objectivity” of the guidebook’s authors are the texts on Crimea.

Our response to tendentious and cultureless “works” of this kind can only be detailed stories about the pearls of Russian history and culture in Ukraine.

1

A picturesque corner of the Middle Dnieper region - the noble estate Kamenka of the Chigirinsky district of the Kyiv province was an outstanding center of social and cultural life of the southern Russian region in the first quarter of the 19th century. In the 1820s, the hospitable estate of Ekaterina Nikolaevna Davydova became the site of repeated congresses and meetings of the most prominent members of the secret union of noble revolutionaries.

Portrait of E.N. Davydova (from a painting by V.L. Borovikovsky)

The then Kamenka was, in the words of A.S. Pushkin, the focus of “original minds, famous people in our Russia.” Among them, in addition to Davydov and Raevsky himself with their sons Alexander and Nikolai Jr., were the spouses of Raevsky’s daughters - generals Mikhail Orlov and Prince Sergei Volkonsky, as well as their like-minded people - the Decembrists Pavel Pestel, Sergei Muravyov-Apostol, Mikhail Bestuzhev-Ryumin, Ivan Yakushkin , Konstantin Okhotnikov, brothers Alexander and Joseph Poggio, other notable people of that time. “Vasily Lvovich Davydov is a remarkable person in his intelligence and warmth of feelings for his work,” wrote Sergei Volkonsky. “I will call him a horse breeder due to the influence of his lively convictions and deft, captivating conversation, and his residence in the village of Kamenka, Chigirinsky district, was a meeting point for meetings.”

Historical sources, studied by various researchers, including the Kamenites themselves - our contemporaries, made it possible to reconstruct the following vivid image of the Davydov estate: “In the middle of the village above the Tyasmin River there is a beautiful park. It contains a spacious two-story landowner's house, furnished with all the luxury inherent in the life of Catherine's nobles of the 18th century. The park has exquisite greenhouses with rare flowers and plants; beautiful avenues of roses; park and architectural decorations - grotto, gazebos, sculptures. In the big house (...) it was always noisy and fun from a large company of guests. The serf orchestra played, choirs of singers thundered, and during the festive celebrations, in honor of the mistress of the house they even fired from a small old cannon. Not far from the main house stood the “Green House” - Davydov’s outbuilding, which was part of the so-called. "big yard" There were billiard and card tables there, and part of the Davydovs’ huge library was also kept.”

At the same time, the unique historical and cultural significance of the Kamensk estate also lies in the fact that here during the period of its so-called. Alexander Pushkin visited the southern exile more than once, immortalizing in his work this marvelous land, its hospitable hosts, and the society that surrounded them.

2

In a brief outline of autobiographical notes compiled by Pushkin in 1833, the topic of staying at the Davydov estate is highlighted as a separate item: “Kamenka”. Undoubtedly, the poet himself attached special significance to this episode, despite the fact that during the four-year period of his southern exile he spent only a few months there - from November 18 (22?) 1820 to February 26 (March 3?) 1821. (Researchers suggest that the poet came to Kamenka for the second time in November - early December 1822, however, there are no details about this visit.)

Monument to A.S. Pushkin

Alexander Sergeevich remembered the Kamensky impressions for the rest of his life, as clearly evidenced by his own memories (for example, a letter to Nikolai Raevsky, son, dated January 30 or June 30, 1829), and the memoirs of his acquaintances. In this regard, the following words of Pushkin’s Chisinau friend, Colonel Ivan Liprandi, are very characteristic: “I have heard many times before about the kindness Pushkin received in Kamenka, and I heard from him enthusiastic praise about the family there.”

The poet had known Vasily Davydov since his lyceum days, when he was a cornet in the Life Guards Hussar Regiment, stationed in Tsarskoye Selo. Pushkin’s acquaintance with Davydov’s brother, retired Major General Alexander Lvovich, took place in early November 1820 in Chisinau in the house of Mikhail Orlov, where, in the absence of the owner, his friends and future relatives, the Davydovs, lived. It was Alexander Davydov who petitioned Pushkin’s boss, General Ivan Inzov, to let the poet go to Kamenka to celebrate the name day of the venerable mother of the Davydov family, Ekaterina Nikolaevna.

Pushkin’s first Kamensk delights are reflected in his famous letter to Nikolai Gnedich dated December 4, 1820: “...Now I am in the Kyiv province, in the village of the Davydovs, sweet and smart hermits, brothers of General Raevsky. My time passes between aristocratic dinners and demagogic disputes. (...) There are few women, a lot of champagne, a lot of sharp words, a lot of books, a few poems.” The participants in those dinners and those debaters were, in addition to the owners of the house, Orlov, Yakushkin, Okhotnikov and Raevsky.

There were really few poems there, but what poems! It was in the Davydov estate that the poet began compiling his handwritten anthology (the so-called “third Kishinev notebook”), opening with the poems “ Nereid" And " The flying ridge of clouds is thinning...", under the white autographs of which it is marked: "Kamenka". The landscape captured in the second of them is sometimes interpreted as inspired by fresh impressions from the rocky shores of Tyasmin, the quiet flow of the river and the autumn steppe expanses:

Sad star, evening star,

Your ray silvered the withered plains,

And the dormant bay, and the black rocky peaks.

I love your faint light in the heavenly heights;

He awakened the thoughts that had fallen asleep in me.

Tyasminsky Canyon

By the way, filling out the sheets of this notebook continued in Kyiv (during a trip “for contracts” from January 28 to February 10 or 12, 1821), when “ Land and sea», « Beauty in front of the mirror" And " Alas, why does she shine..." And just two days after returning to Kamenka (February 22), Pushkin’s masterpiece “ I have lived through my desires...", intended at first for inclusion in the text of the poem " Prisoner of the Caucasus", which was completed on February 23 and dedicated to Nikolai Raevsky Jr. At the end of the same “Kamenska Winter”, several more Pushkin poems appear: the caustic epigram “ On Kachenovsky » (« A slanderer without talent..."), friendly lines " To the portrait of Vyazemsky" and iconic poems " To the album» (« Love will pass, desires will die..."). They complete the “Kamensko-Kiev” cycle of Pushkin’s lyrics, entitled by the author as “ Epigrams in the taste of the ancients».

Based on fresh Kamensky impressions, already in Chisinau a poetic message was created, addressed to Vasily Davydov, the publication of which during Pushkin’s lifetime was unthinkable not so much for political and censorship reasons, but for completely different reasons. Composed in the first ten days of April 1821, simultaneously with the notorious poem “Gabriiliada,” it also contained blasphemous lines offensive to religion and the church. After the death of the author and the viewing of his archive by the first of the Pushkin scholars, Pavel Annenkov, they were covered up in the manuscript. Apparently, this was done by the poet’s son Alexander Alexandrovich. Accordingly, the process of publishing the text of the message “ V.L. Davydov"extended for more than half a century and ended only after the October Revolution. Leading Pushkin scholars of the second half of the 19th and first third of the 20th centuries took part in it. from Annenkov himself to Soviet scientists Boris Tomashevsky and Mstislav Tsyavlovsky.

To publish the canonical text of the poem in the Complete Academic Works of A.S. Pushkin's blurred lines were restored and read by photographing through special filters at the All-Union Institute of Legal Sciences. However, the religious free-thinking and revolutionary spirit of the young Pushkin, formed under the influence of the ideology of the French Enlightenment and other fashionable ideas that existed in the Decembrist environment, coexist in this work with simply funny lines, reflecting the poet’s sincere friendly feelings towards the addressee of the message and his relatives:

Meanwhile, you, smart prankster,

You spend the night in noisy conversation,

And for bottles of ai

My Raevskys are sitting -

When spring is young everywhere

With a smile she dissolved the dirt,

And from grief on the banks of the Danube

Our armless prince is rebelling...

You, Raevsky and Orlov,

And loving the memory of Kamenka -

I want to tell you two words

About Chisinau and about myself.

(…)

When both you and dear brother,

Putting on in front of the fireplace

Democratic robe,

The cup of salvation was filled

A foamless, frozen stream

And for the health of both

They drank to the last drop!..

But those in Naples are playing pranks,

And she’s unlikely to resurrect there...

People want silence

And for a long time their yoke will not crack.

From the handwritten versions of this poem it is clear that its author outlined different versions of the line about his attitude towards Kamenka: “Loving Kamenka with my soul...” or “Loving Kamenka with all my heart...”

Portraits of executed Decembrists. Fragment of the museum exhibition

Alas, neither Pushkin nor the glorious people of Kamensk knew then, could not know, how the attempt of their relatives and friends - “those” (future Decembrists) - would end - to kindle the coveted “that” (dawn of freedom): both in the north - in St. Petersburg, and in the south - very close to the nice warm house above Tyasmin.

3

« On a very cold square in December, a thousand sunseIn the year twenty-five, people of the twenties with their leaping gait ceased to exist. Time suddenlyebroke…

Then they began to measure by number and measure, to judge…

“What is a secret society? We went to see the girls in Paris, here we’ll go see the Bear,” said the Decembrist Lunin. (…)

Rebellion and women were the voluptuousness of poetry and even the words of everyday conversation. This is also where death came from, from rebellion and women. (…)

In the twenties they joked about women and made no secrets of love at all. Sometimes they just fought or died with such an air as if they were saying: “Tomorrow visit Istomina.” There was a term for the era: “heart wounds.” By the way, he did not at all prevent arranged marriages.(…)

Time wandered.

Time always ferments in the blood; each period has its own type of fermentation.

There was wine fermentation in the twenties - Pushkin»

These lines belong to the great Russian writer and scientist, classic of world literary criticism and brilliant Pushkin scholar Yuri Tynyanov. They are from his novel about Griboedov, which was created simultaneously with the film script “Union of the Great Cause” (1927), the theme of which was the uprising of the Chernigov regiment in Ukraine, led by the hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, Lieutenant Colonel Sergei Muravyov-Apostol and Second Lieutenant Mikhail Bestuzhev-Ryumin (December 29 1825 - January 3, 1826). These officers headed the Vasilkov administration of the Southern Secret Society and were participants in the congresses of Decembrist leaders in Kyiv and Kamenka. According to legend, especially secret meetings of the conspirators, held by Lieutenant Colonel Vasily Davydov, the head of the Kamensk administration of the Decembrists in the south of Russia, were held in the premises of the estate mill, now called the “Mill of the Decembrists.”

Mill of the Decembrists

It is believed that it was there that the meetings of the revolutionaries were secretly overheard by non-commissioned officer Ivan Sherwood, the author of the first denunciations to Emperor Alexander I against Pavel Pestel, Prince Sergei Volkonsky and their comrades. The arrests of the top of Southern society began even before the uprising in St. Petersburg.

On December 13, 1825, in Tulchin (now the regional center of the Vinnitsa region of Ukraine), where the headquarters of the 2nd Army of Field Marshal Peter Wittgenstein was located, Colonel Pestel and the Quartermaster General of the 2nd Army Alexey Yushnevsky were taken into custody.

December 29 in the village. Trilesy (now - Fastovsky Kievskaya district region) in the apartment of the commander of the 5th company of the Chernigov regiment, Lieutenant Anastasy Kuzmin, the Muravyov-Apostol brothers - Sergei and Matvey - were arrested, who, however, were soon released by their rebel comrades in arms.

The second arrest of Chernigov officers occurred on January 3, 1826 near the village. Kovalevka (now Vasilkovsky district, Kyiv region). The wounded Sergei Muravyov-Apostol and Bestuzhev-Ryumin were captured with weapons in their hands on the battlefield with the detachment of General Fyodor Geismar, loyal to Nicholas I, who reigned on December 14.

Two days after the suppression of the uprising of the Chernigov regiment at the location of the 2nd Army, General Volkonsky was arrested, and on January 14, Davydov was captured in Kyiv...

Fortunately, Pushkin at that time was far from both cold St. Petersburg and sweet, cozy Kamenka. Exiled back in the summer of 1824 from Odessa to the Pskov region, to his family nest with. Mikhailovskoe, he learned about the uprising on Senate Square only a few days later from a neighboring serf, the cook Arseny.

On December 13-14, 1825, the poet finished “Count Nulin” - a cheerful poem about an unlucky hero-lover. And soon Vasily Davydov, who learned about the arrest of Pestel and Yushnevsky, burns, among his other papers, “... some of Pushkin’s poems”...

4

Five years after the defeat of the Decembrist movement, Alexander Sergeevich will remember its glorious beginning: both in the Northern capital and in the distant southern Kamenka, where those same “demagogic disputes” were in full swing. He will remember and write about this in the stanzas of the “glorious chronicle” - the Tenth Chapter of “Eugene Onegin”. He will remember and burn the barely finished text, leaving for posterity a couple of pieces of paper with scattered lines - intricately encrypted fragments...

« They had their own gatherings,

They are over a cup of wine,

They are drinking a glass of Russian vodka

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

They are famous for their sharp orbit,

Members of this family gathered

From restless Nikita,

At the careful Ilya.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Friend of Mars, Bacchus and Venus,

Here Lunin boldly proposed

Its decisive measures

And he muttered with inspiration.

Pushkin read his Noels,

Melancholic Yakushkin,

It seemed to silently expose

Regicidal dagger.

Seeing only Russia in the world,

Pursuing your ideal

Lame Turgenev listened to them

And, hating the lashes of slavery,

I foresaw nobles in this crowd

Liberators of the peasants.

So it was over the icy Neva.But where earlier springGlistens over the shady KamenkaAnd over the hills of Tulchin,Where are Wittgenstein's squads?Plains washed away by the DnieperAnd the Bug steppes lay down,Things have already gone differently,Pestel is there. . . for tyrants...And the army... recruitedCold-blooded generalAnd Muravyov bowing him down,And full of audacity and strength,The minutes of the flash were in a hurry.

(…)

First these conspiraciesBetween Lafite and ClicquotThere were only friendly disputes,And didn't go deepRebellious science in the hearts.It was all just boredomIdleness of young mindsFun of adult naughty people.

Alas, it all ended - seriously, cruelly and bloodily.

Pushkin and the Decembrists in Kamenka (drawing by D. Kardovsky, 1934)

The defeat of the Decembrists meant for Vasily Davydov and his like-minded friends many years of hard labor and exile in Siberia. Following him, his young wife Sashenka voluntarily went, having, like Marie Volkonskaya, Katasha Trubetskoy, Alexandrin Muravyova, Polina Annenkova and other wives of the Decembrists, accomplished “the feat of selfless love.” Pushkin's friend never returned from there. After serving 13 years of hard labor, he was “settled” in Krasnoyarsk, where he died on October 25, 1855, not long before the manifesto on amnesty of August 26, 1856, granted to the exiled Decembrists by the new Emperor Alexander II. Having buried him, Alexandra Ivanovna Davydova returned home to Kamenka, where she lived another very long life in the circle of loving children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren.

Alexandra and Vasily Davydov

In addition to the poetic message " V.L. Davydov", in the creative heritage of Alexander Pushkin there are also three letters supposedly addressed to the Kamensk Decembrist. The first of them was written almost immediately after the poet returned from Kamenka to Chisinau (the first half of March 1821), and the rest - a long time later (June-July 1824). They relate to revolutionary events in the Balkans - the anti-Turkish liberation movement of Greek and Romanian rebels. But if the text of 1821 reflects Pushkin’s romantic admiration for the first steps of the insurgents, then subsequent letters testify to the poet’s deeper understanding of the hidden essence of events, including the unsympathetic psychology of their driving force. All this, alas, is relevant not only for that time, but also for the very recent “pink”, “red” and other “colored” pseudo-revolutions.

“Regretting that I am forced to justify myself to you, I will repeat here what I happened to say regarding the Greeks.

People for the most part are proud, incomprehensible, frivolous, ignorant, stubborn; an old truth that still wouldn’t hurt to repeat. They rarely tolerate contradiction, never forgive disrespect; they are easily carried away by pompous words, willingly repeat any news; and, having gotten used to it, they can no longer part with it.

When something is a general opinion, then the general stupidity harms it just as much as the unanimity supports it. The Greeks among Europeans have much more harmful champions than prudent friends.”

“We saw these new Leonids on the streets of Odessa and Chisinau - we are personally acquainted with many of them, we can attest to their complete insignificance - they managed to be idiots even at a moment when their stories should have been of interest to every European - not the slightest idea about military affairs , no idea of ​​honor, no enthusiasm - the French and Russians who live here show them well-deserved contempt; (...) the cause of Greece evokes in me ardent sympathy, which is why I am indignant, seeing that these insignificant people are entrusted with the sacred duty of defending freedom.”

Sword of the Decembrist Davydov

Unfortunately, the volume of Pushkin’s texts that have come down to us, dedicated to a wonderful person, a personality of “high standard”, the Decembrist Vasily Davydov, is significantly inferior to the number of poems and prose that “immortalized” the images of his older brother - a person of a completely different kind, as well as his charming wife and funny sons of General Alexander Lvovich.

5

“In my youth, an incident brought me closer to a man in whom nature, it seemed, wanting to imitate Shakespeare, repeated his brilliant creation. *** was the second Falstaff: voluptuous, cowardly, boastful, not stupid, funny, without any rules, tearful and fat. One circumstance gave it an original charm. He was married. Shakespeare did not have time to marry his bachelor. Falstaff died with his friends, without having time to be either a horned husband or the father of a family; how many scenes were lost to Shakespeare's brush!

Here is a feature from the home life of my venerable friend. His four-year-old son, the spitting image of his father, little Falstaff III, once in his absence repeated to himself: “What a slob daddy is! How the sovereign loves daddy!” They overheard the boy and called: “Who told you this, Volodya?” “Daddy,” answered Volodya.”

This is how Alexander and Vladimir Davydov are depicted in Pushkin’s “Table-Talk” of 1835-1836. Poetic and epistolary variations on the same theme appeared much earlier, back in Odessa, in 1823 and 1824, when the two Alexanders, Pushkin and Davydov, met again after the Kamensky separation. The Odessa contacts of former Chisinau-Kamensk acquaintances were not pleasant. On this occasion, the poet wrote to Alexander Raevsky (October 15-22, 1823): “Your uncle, who, as you know, the pig, was here, quarreled with everyone and quarreled with everyone himself. I’m preparing a wonderful letter for him under chord No. 2, but this time he will receive a fair amount of abuse in order to be privy to the secret, like everyone else.” Pushkin’s “abusive” letter (if, of course, it was written) did not reach us, and the said “secret” remained undisclosed for posterity. However, it is significant that in the same year the textbook lines from the twelfth stanza of the First Chapter of Onegin were born, which depicts a certain:

...the majestic cuckold,Always happy with yourselfWith his lunch and his wife.

Soon this definition was already quoted in a letter from Sergei Volkonsky to Pushkin (dated October 18, 1824) in relation to Alexander Davydov. And around the same time a sharply satirical poem appeared: “ You can't, my fat Aristipus", also addressed to the gourmet general. It is believed that Pushkin disliked Alexander Davydov soon after their first acquaintance in Chisinau. After all, the smug landowner, who obtained permission for the poet to go to Kamenka, allowed himself to display an arrogantly patronizing attitude towards young man, which he couldn’t stand. Pushkin’s peculiar “revenge” was not long in coming. In Kamenka, he had a short but stormy affair with Davydov’s thirty-three-year-old wife, General Aglaya Antonovna, née Duchess de Grammont. This charming French aristocrat was once a courtier of the emigrant king Louis XVIII, and then she married the handsome fat man Alexander Lvovich, giving birth to a boy Volodya and two girls Adele and Catherine. As was the custom of the emancipated ladies of her time, she more than once “decorated” her husband’s head with wild horns and in 1829 received a mention in Pushkin’s famous “Don Juan” list.

Pushkin Grotto (possible place of the poet’s creative retreat and love dates with Aglaya Davydova)

Apparently, the relationship between the poet and the Kamensk beauty was not easy. This is directly stated in his message “ Coquette »:

At first we were friends ( option: I was truly captivated by you)But boredom, chance, a jealous husband...I pretended to be crazy ( option: I pretended to be in love)And you pretended to be bashful;We swore...then...alas! ( option: We got closer...)Then they forgot our oath;You fell in love with Cleon, ( option: You took a hussar for yourself)And I am Natasha's confidante.

In fact, however, the betrayal of his mistress with a certain “hussar Kleon” clearly did not leave Pushkin indifferent. After all, the beauty Aglaya became the target of three or four very frank epigrams in Russian and French, two of which the poet placed in the texts of letters to his brother Lev (January 24, 1822) and to his friend Prince. Peter Vyazemsky (March 1823). This is a rare case in his work. In the first case, Pushkin writes: “If you want, here is another epigram for you, which (...) do not spread, every verse in it is true.

Another had my AglayaFor your uniform and black mustache,Another one for money - I understandAnother for being FrenchCleon - frightening her with his mind,Damis - for singing tenderly.Tell me now, my friend Aglaya,Why did your husband have you?

Other texts of the same kind (“ Leaving the honor of fate to its own devices..." And " A son amant Egle sans resistance… ") are no less, if not more, frank. In a letter to Vyazemsky, the author directly calls them “dirty tricks” and asks not to show them “to anyone, not Denis Davydov.” But, apparently, some of the mentioned works nevertheless became known to their “addressee”, who was inflamed with indignation at their author. I. Liprandi, who visited the Davydov couple in St. Petersburg, writes about Aglaya Antonovna’s sentiment against Pushkin already in March 1822. However, one or another relationship of the poet with this married couple did not at all prevent the poet from writing the sweetest message to their daughter Adele that same year. While in Kamenka, he playfully “courted” a twelve-year-old girl.

Play, Adele,Know no sorrow;Harity, LelYou were marriedAnd the cradleYours was rocked.Your springQuiet, clear:For enjoymentYou are born.Hour of intoxicationCatch, catch!Young summersGive it to loveAnd in the noise of the worldLove, Adele,My pipe.

The short stay of Alexander Pushkin in the Kamensk estate of the Davydovs at the end of 1820 - beginning of 1821 and, possibly, at the end of 1822, his sincere, trusting relationship with the owners of the estate left a very tangible mark on the poet’s creative heritage. Born at the very beginning of the 1820s, the “Kamenskaya Theme” became one of the most cherished motifs of Pushkin’s work.

Monument to the leaders of the Southern Society of Decembrists, erected on the territory of the Kamensky Nature Reserve (from left to right: Vasily Davydov, Sergei Volkonsky, Pavel Pestel, Sergei Muravyov-Apostol, Mikhail Bestuzhev-Ryumin)

He returned to it several times throughout the 1820s and 1830s. Here: and classic examples of Pushkin's lyrics; and sincere lines from a message to a Decembrist friend Vasily Davydov; and the final verses of “The Prisoner of the Caucasus,” dedicated to the nephew of the “sweet Kamensk hermit” - Nikolai Raevsky. Here are sharply satirical texts concerning the Kamensk sybarite Alexander Davydov, his loving wife and son - daddy's minicopy, as well as a kind message to their daughter.

Here are fragments of the burned Tenth Chapter of “Eugene Onegin”, where they remember: Kamenka itself, along with the names of friends and associates of its heroic inhabitant, and the glorious deeds of the Southern Decembrists, some of whom have already been executed, while others languish “in the depths of the Siberian ores.” .

Plan:

Introduction

• 1 Biography
• 2 A. P. Hannibal in works of literature and cinema
• 3 Gallery
Literature
Notes

Introduction

Abram Petrovich Hannibal (Ibrahim Petrovich Hannibal, “Arap of Peter the Great”) - Russian military and statesman, great-grandfather (maternal) of the poet Alexander Pushkin.

1. Biography

There is still a lot that remains unclear in the biography of Hannibal. The son of a sovereign prince (“Niger” of noble origin, according to the notes of his youngest son Peter), Ibrahim (Abram) was probably born in 1688 (or 1696) in Africa. The traditional version (coming from the German biography of Hannibal, familiar to Pushkin, compiled by his son-in-law Rothkirch) connected the homeland of Peter the Great's Arab with the north of Ethiopia, probably from the ethnolinguistic group of Ethiopian Jews or Amhara, but the research of the Sorbonne graduate of the Benin Slavist Dieudonne Gnammanku (author of the ZhZL book "Abram Hannibal" who developed the idea of ​​Nabokov) identify his homeland as the border of modern Cameroon and Chad, where the Logon Sultanate of the Kotoko people, who are a descendant of the Sao civilization, was located. In the eighth year of his life, he was kidnapped along with his brother and brought to Constantinople, from where in 1705 Savva Raguzinsky brought the black brothers as a gift to Peter I, who loved all sorts of rarities and curiosities, and had previously kept “araps.”

In the Vilna Church of Paraskeva Pyatnitsa, the boys converted to Orthodoxy (in all likelihood, in the second half of July 1705); His successors were Tsar Peter (who gave him both his patronymic and surname “Petrov”) and Queen Christiana Ebergardina of Poland, wife of King Augustus II. Ibrahim received the Russified name of Abram, his brother - the name of Alexei. One of the memorial tablets on the current church building reminds of this. The text reads:

In this church, Emperor Peter the Great in 1705 listened to a prayer of thanks for the victory over the troops of Charles XII, gave it the banner taken from the Swedes in that victory and baptized in it the African Hannibal, the grandfather of our famous poet A.S. Pushkin.

Abram's brother, Alexey Petrovich (named so, apparently, in honor of Tsarevich Alexei), did not make a career, served as an oboist in the Preobrazhensky regiment, was married to a serf of the exiled princes Golitsyn and was last mentioned in the late 1710s; in the Hannibal family the memory of him was not preserved, and his existence became known only from the archives of Peter the Great’s time in the 20th century.

Abram Petrovich was “inseparably” near the king, slept in his room, and accompanied him on all campaigns. In documents he is mentioned three times along with the jester Lacoste, but since 1714 Peter I entrusts him with various assignments, including secret ones, he becomes the Tsar's orderly and secretary. In 1716 he went abroad with the sovereign. At this time, Abram received a salary of 100 rubles a year. In France, Abram Petrovich remained to study; After spending 1.5 years at an engineering school, he entered the French army, participated in the Spanish War (War of the Quadruple Alliance 1718-1719), was wounded in the head and rose to the rank of captain. Returning to Russia in 1723, he was assigned to the Preobrazhensky Regiment as an engineer-lieutenant of a bombardment company, the captain of which was the Tsar himself.

After the death of Peter, Hannibal (he chose to bear this surname from the late 1720s, in honor of the famous ancient Carthaginian commander Hannibal) joined the party dissatisfied with the rise of Alexander Menshikov, for which he was sent to Siberia (1727). In 1729, it was ordered that Hannibal’s papers be taken away and kept under arrest in Tomsk, giving him 10 rubles a month. In January 1730, Hannibal was appointed major in the Tobolsk garrison, and in September he was transferred as a captain to the Engineering Corps, where Hannibal was listed until his retirement in 1733.

At the beginning of 1731, Hannibal married a Greek woman, Evdokia Andreevna Dioper, in St. Petersburg and was soon sent to Pernov to teach conductors mathematics and drawing. Married against her will, Evdokia Andreevna cheated on her husband, which, according to one version, caused persecution and torture from the deceived. According to another version, Hannibal, seeing a child - a fair-skinned and blond girl, accused his wife of treason, after which she tried to poison him with the help of conductor Shishkov. The case went to court; Shishkova was soon found guilty, and she was arrested and kept in prison for 11 years in terrible conditions. Meanwhile, Hannibal met Christina Schöberg in Pernov, had children with her and married her in 1736 while his wife was alive, presenting a court ruling on punishment for adultery as evidence of divorce. In 1743, Evdokia, who had been released on bail, became pregnant again, after which she submitted a petition to the consistory, in which she admitted her past betrayal and herself asked to divorce her from her husband. However, the litigation with Evdokia ended only in 1753; The spouses were divorced, the wife was exiled to the Staraya Ladoga monastery, and Hannibal was imposed penance and a fine, however, recognizing the second marriage as legal and finding the military court guilty, which made a decision on the case of adultery without considering it by the Synod.

Having entered service again in 1740, Hannibal went uphill with the accession of Elizabeth. In 1742 he was appointed commandant of Revel and awarded estates; was listed as a “actual chamberlain.” In the same year, Elizabeth granted him palace lands in the Voronetsky district of the Pskov province, where Hannibal founded an estate, later called Petrovskoye. In 1745, Hannibal was appointed to manage the delimitation of lands with Sweden. Transferred in 1752 again to the Engineering Corps, he became the manager of the Engineering part of all Russia, led the construction of the Tobol-Ishim line of fortifications, fortifications in Kronstadt, Riga, St. Petersburg, etc. In 1755 he managed the construction and maintenance of the Kronstadt Canal, at the same time founding a hospital for workers on the canal, a little later opens a school in Kronstadt for the children of workers and craftsmen. On August 30, 1760 he was awarded the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky. Having risen to the rank of general-in-chief, Hannibal was dismissed (1762) and died in 1781.

Hannibal’s contribution to the development of potato growing in Russia is well known. The first potato bed appeared in Russia under Peter the Great. The first Russian emperor grew potatoes in Strelna, hoping to use them as medicinal plant. In the 1760s, Catherine II decided that the “earth apple” could be used in times of famine, and instructed Abram Hannibal, who was familiar with this crop, to start growing potatoes on his estate.

Thus, the Hannibal estate “Suida” became the first place in Russia where first small and then extensive potato fields appeared, which soon moved to the territory of neighboring estates.

At first, the peasants were very wary of the “earth apple,” but in some years the potato saved them from hunger, and distrust in it gradually disappeared.

Hannibal's attitude towards serfs was unusual for that time. In 1743, leasing part of the village of Ragola to Joachim von Thieren, he included clauses in the contract prohibiting corporal punishment of serfs and increasing the established norms of corvee; When von Thieren violates these clauses, Hannibal terminates the contract in court.

Hannibal had a natural intelligence and showed remarkable abilities as an engineer. He wrote memoirs in French, but destroyed them. According to legend, Suvorov owed the opportunity to choose a military career to Hannibal, who convinced his father to yield to his son’s inclinations.

Hannibal had six children in 1749; Of these, Ivan took part in a naval expedition, took Navarin, distinguished himself at Chesma, by decree of Catherine II he carried out the construction of the city of Kherson (1779), died as general-in-chief in 1801. The daughter of Hannibal’s other son, Osip, was the mother of Alexander Pushkin, who mentions his descent from Hannibal in the poems “To Yuryev,” “To Yazykov,” and “My Genealogy.”

2. A. P. Hannibal in works of literature and cinema

• The life of Hannibal (with a number of literary assumptions) is told in the unfinished work of A. S. Pushkin - “The Blackamoor of Peter the Great”
• Based on this work, a film was made - “The Tale of How Tsar Peter Married an Arab”, the plot of which has little relation to historical reality.
• Mikhail Kazovsky "Heir of Lomonosov", historical story, 2011

3. Gallery

Literature

• “Vorontsov’s Archive”, II, 169, 177; VI, 321; VII, 319, 322
• Bartenev, “Pushkin’s birth and childhood” (“Otech. Notes”, 1853, No. 11)
• “Biography of G. in German in the papers of A. S. Pushkin”
• Hannibal A.P., Drevnik A.K. Autobiographical testimony about the origin, arrival in Russia and service: Pushkin’s great-grandfather, Abram Petrovich Hannibal and Peter the Great’s orderly, Andrei Kuzmich Drevnik / Communication. and comment. A. Barsukova // Russian Archive, 1891. - Book. 2. - Issue. 5. - pp. 101-104.
• Gelbig G. von. Russian chosen ones / Trans. V. A. Bilbasova. - M.: Military Book, 1999. - 310 p.
• “Report to G. Catherine II” (“Collected Historical Society” X, 41)
• “Notes of a Noble Lady” (“Russian Arch.,” 1882, I)
• Longinov M. Abram Petrovich Hannibal // Russian Archive, 1864. - Issue. 2. - Stb. 180-191.
• Mikhnevich V. O. Pushkin’s grandfather. (Tragi-comedy of the end of the last century) // Historical Bulletin, 1886. - T. 23. - No. 1. - P. 87-143.
• Opatovich S.E. Evdokia Andreevna Hannibal, first wife of Abraham Petrovich Hannibal. 1731-1753 // Russian antiquity, 1877. - T. 18. - No. 1. - P. 69-78.
• “Letter from A. B. Buturlin” (“Russian Arch.,” 1869)
• Pushkin, “Genealogy of the Pushkins and Hanibals”, note 13 to Chapter I of “Eugene Onegin” and “Arap of Peter the Great”
• Khmyrov, "A. P. Hanibal, Peter the Great's arap" ("World Work", 1872, No. 1)
• Wed. instructions from Longinov, Opatovich and in “Russk. old." 1886, no. 4, p. 106.
• D. Gnammanku. Abram Hannibal: Pushkin's black ancestor. Series "ZhZL". Moscow, Young Guard, 1999.
• V. Pikul “Word and Deed”
• Helbig, “Russische Günstlinge” (translated in “Russian Star”, 1886, 4)

Notes

1. Gordin A. M. But still Hannibal // Temporary journal of the Pushkin Commission / USSR Academy of Sciences. OLYA. Pushkin. commission - St. Petersburg: Nauka, 1993. - Issue. 25. - pp. 161-169 - feb-web.ru/feb/pushkin/serial/v93/v93-161-.htm
2. Labor: PUSHKIN - HE IS PUSHKIN IN AFRICA - www.trud.ru/article/17-01-2002/35411_pushkin--on_i_v_afrike_pushkin/print
3. WHERE WAS HANNIBAL KIDNAPPED [NG-100 (1916) dated June 04, 1999, Friday] - www.uni-potsdam.de/u/slavistik/zarchiv/0699wc/n100h161.htm
4. CAMEROON - THE GREAT HOME OF A. S. PUSHKIN - hghltd.yandex.net/yandbtm?url=http://max-raduga.livejournal.com/79823.html&text=Logon Sultanate

Everyone knows that Tsar Peter I had a “blackamoor” at his court. This is written in literature textbooks, where it is said that the great Pushkin is the successor of the family precisely through his line. In addition, the poet perpetuated the name of his amazing ancestor by writing a story of the same name called “Arap of Peter the Great.” His name was Ibrahim Hannibal.

Biography

When the nineteenth son appeared in the family of the Abyssinian prince in 1697, no one even imagined what an amazing fate life had in store for him. While still a child, the boy was sent to Constantinople, to the court of the Turkish Sultan as a hostage to the loyalty of his tribe. There, the future Russian military engineer Hannibal Abram Petrovich was a servant in the seraglio. Historians consider this version to be the most plausible. Although both historians and ethnographers are still arguing about the more exact origin of Peter the Great’s “blackamoor,” known as Ibrahim Hannibal. Even the writer V. Nabokov searched for the true homeland of the great-grandfather of the great Pushkin. It was he who suggested that Hannibal Abram Petrovich, short biography whom - this is just a legend he invented - by chance achieved ranks and position in society in Russia. Having reached a certain place at court, the "Arap" came up with a more noble family tree. Although in fact Ibrahim Hannibal was the most ordinary and rootless boy, who, having been kidnapped in Cameroon, slave traders brought to Turkey, where they sold him to the Sultan in the seraglio.

Russia is the second homeland

According to another version, it was at this time that Tsar Peter, who was a great lover of all sorts of wonders, decided to replenish his collection in a very original way. At that time, the fashion for “little arapets” was widespread in Europe. Beautiful black boys, dressed in richly embroidered suits, served the nobility at almost every ball or feast of nobles and even kings. That is why Peter also began to demand that a “little arap” be found for him too. This task at court was entrusted to the Russian envoy in Constantinople. He used all the connections he had at the Turkish court. So Ibrahim Hannibal was bought out, whose biography changed dramatically from that moment on.

Moving to the Russian courtyard

Thus began another journey of a little black boy to St. Petersburg, distant and cold for a resident of a hot country. Peter liked the wanderer primarily for his lively mind, the tsar appreciated both his efficiency and “aptitude for various sciences.” Having matured a little, Ibrahim Hannibal began to play not only the role of a servant and valet of the Russian emperor, but even his secretary. Until 1716, the blackamoor, constantly being with the tsar, gradually became his favorite, and this despite the fact that there were many other black servants at the Russian court.

New life

It was not for nothing that Peter I was considered the Great. He was wise in almost everything, even in his manifestations of eccentricity. Noticing intelligence and great diligence in the little blackamoor, the emperor decides to send his matured secretary to Paris to study military affairs. At that time, on the orders of Peter, quite a lot of boyar or noble children were sent to Europe - “minors” who, not wanting to learn anything, often did nothing other than “politeness” or gluttony in overseas countries. Ibrahim Hannibal was sent to Europe by Peter as if in mockery of these noble loafers. The king wanted to prove to them that diligence and diligence in science, even from such an African savage, could make an educated man - a statesman.

And Peter was not mistaken: the young “little arap” lived up to his godfather’s hopes. From now on his name was Hannibal Abram Petrovich. The date of birth of the newly-minted godson of the emperor in all documents is indicated conventionally - 1697. He received his patronymic “Petrovich” from Peter I, who personally baptized him. At the Russian court, the “little arap”, having accepted the Christian faith, received the biblical name - Abram, and left the surname Hannibal in honor of the conqueror of the Romans and the famous Carthaginian commander. In all this, historians saw another piece of Peter’s wisdom: the sovereign wanted his young favorite to accomplish great things.

Education

Petrovich, whose biography has changed dramatically since that time, left Russia with a letter of recommendation from Peter I personally to the Duke of De Men. The latter was a relative of Louis XV and commanded all the royal artillery. The emperor was not mistaken in his godson. The young man persistently studied mathematics and engineering, studied ballistics and fortification. He graduated military education with the rank of artillery captain. His “practice” took place in the Spanish War, where he showed remarkable courage and was even wounded.

Carier start

This approach to learning was exactly what the Russian Tsar wanted to see in his pets. Peter demanded his favorite back to Russia, but unexpectedly for everyone, Ibrahim Hannibal was “stuck” in Paris. The city of love and joy lured him deeply into the net. Moreover, a married, middle-aged countess had her eye on the handsome, handsome black man. She seduced Ibrahim, and a whirlwind romance began between them, which greatly surprised many in the Parisian world. Moreover, the story almost ended in scandal. The Countess became pregnant and gave birth. And, as expected, a black child was born. The scandal was hushed up, albeit with difficulty. The real husband, the count, who did not suspect anything about his wife’s infidelity, was sent away during the birth, and instead of a black one, they put a white one in the cradle, bought from some poor family. The real baby was handed over “to safe hands” for upbringing.

The mystery of the black "Arapchon"

Where did he come from, the mysterious Ibrahim Hannibal? What was the life of a man who appeared so unexpectedly in the history of Russia really like? It must be said that it is not at all the way director Mitta described it in his film. What did Hannibal Abram Petrovich really look like? For obvious reasons, his photo does not exist, but in Paris National Museum there is a portrait that is often attributed to the young godson of Great Peter. In general, personality is shrouded in numerous mysteries. Let's start with the fact that the artist who created the portrait was born seventeen years after Ibrahim's death, so he could not see the original.

In addition, no one knows what happened to the first-born of the royal godson, whom the countess gave birth to. Although Pushkin collected information about his amazing ancestor with great care, he wrote everything down from the words of his relatives. Therefore, it is impossible to say for certain whether there was a child or whether it was an invention of Alexander Sergeevich. One thing is for sure, Ibrahim Petrovich was not a red tape and did not chase skirts. He was more concerned about his career and serving the royal throne.

Ups and downs

Returning to Russia, treated kindly by Peter, the young man devoted himself entirely to his service. He continued it after the death of his godfather. In total, Ibrahim Hannibal outlived as many as seven Russian emperors and empresses. He didn't have to fight anymore. Throughout his life, Peter’s godson built docks, fortresses and arsenals, and carried out fortification work in many famous buildings of both the Peter and post-Petrine era, including in Kronstadt and the Peter and Paul Fortress.
During his life, Hannibal Abram Petrovich, whose descendants are still collecting materials about him, saw disgrace and even a short exile to Siberia. But he continued to build even at a distance from the yard. And when he returned from exile, he again managed to gain rank and wealth. Peter's godson reached the peak of his career under Empress Elizabeth. In 1759 he was awarded the highest military rank general-in-chief and Alexander ribbon on the chest. From that time on, he began to head the engineering corps under the emperor. Hannibal Abram Petrovich received such a high assessment of his merits from the empress.

Family

His personal life was far from smooth and even. Alien to frivolous relationships, he approached marriage as a practical necessity - with the goal of procreation. When Ibrahim Hannibal married for the first time in 1731, Peter was no longer with him. The arap's first chosen one was the Greek Dioper, the daughter of a galley fleet captain. The father himself wooed Evdokia for him: although the groom was black, he was rich in rank. But Hannibal Abram Petrovich did not rejoice in family happiness for long. His wife loved someone else. She walked down the aisle against her will, on her father’s orders. The chosen one of her heart was Lieutenant Kaisarovich, whom she loved madly. She was unhappy in her marriage and took revenge on her black husband as best she could. Soon Hannibal, having received the “highest” appointment, moved with his family to the city of Pernov. The meetings between Evdokia and Kaisarovich inevitably stopped, but she quickly found a new lover - the young conductor Yakov Shishkov. And soon his wife became pregnant. Hannibal was looking forward to his son, but a white girl was born. And although this also happens in mixed marriages, the husband nevertheless became furious. He brutally beat his wife. Moreover, the offended Ibrahim did not stop there: he got the traitor imprisoned in a dungeon. Evdokia ended her life in a monastery.

Ibrahim was not left alone for long. Soon he got a new bride. This time it turned out to be German Christina von Schaberg. Being the daughter of an officer of the Pernovsky regiment, she is considered the great-grandmother of Pushkin, a poet in whom African, Russian and German blood was mixed. In 1736, Ibrahim Hannibal officially married for the second time. However, he still could not get a divorce from Evdokia, so for several years Ibrahim Petrovich was a bigamist. And only his high position allowed him to avoid scandal and, of course, the troubles associated with it. He finally managed to finalize his divorce from Evdokia only seventeen years later - in 1753.

Descendants

Ibrahim's marriage with Christina turned out to be extremely strong and fruitful. They had four daughters and five sons. Hannibal Abram Petrovich, whose children were either black or very dark, was happy in his second marriage. But already the second generation - grandchildren - slowly acquired European skin color and German facial features. In general, the mixture of burning African and cold German blood gave amazing results. Among the descendants of Hannibal there were blue-eyed or blond, and black-eyed or dark-skinned. One of his sons, Osip, served in the navy. He married the daughter of the Tambov governor. From this marriage a charming daughter was born - Nadezhda, who was nicknamed "the beautiful Creole" in the world. She had dark hair and eyes and yellow palms - a sign of African genes. In 1796, the “beautiful Creole” married the modest lieutenant of the Izmailovsky regiment Sergei Lvovich Pushkin, and in 1799 they had a son, Alexander Sergeevich, the future great poet, whose grandfather was Hannibal Abram Petrovich.

The great contribution of Peter’s godson to the development of potato growing in our country is known. The first potato beds, as is known, appeared in Russia under the first Emperor. Peter the Great grew this crop in Strelna, hoping to use it as a medicinal plant. Catherine II, having decided that the “earth apple” could be used in times of famine, instructed Hannibal, who was well acquainted with this plant, to try growing potatoes on her estate. The Suida estate, which belonged to Ibrahim, became the first place on Russian soil where small and then vast fields sown with this crop first appeared. Ibrahim Hannibal wrote memoirs, in French, but at the end of his life he destroyed them.

His attitude towards the serfs was unusual. In 1743, when he leased part of his village called Ragola to von Thieren, he included in the agreement several clauses that were surprising for that time, for example, prohibiting in relation to peasants, increasing the previously established norms of corvee, etc. And when the professor violated them, then Hannibal terminated the agreement in court. The process caused bewilderment among local landowners, who, according to their concepts, should have found von Thieren guilty, who according to local laws was not considered such. Abram Hannibal managed to win this process, although in fact it was Estonian peasants who did it. For the first time in the history of serfdom in Russia, a landowner was brought to trial for punishing and flogging peasants without observing the established norms of corvee.

Until now, much remains unclear in the biography of Hannibal. The traditional version of his origin and place of birth connected the homeland of the Arab Peter with Abyssinia - northern Ethiopia. But recent research by Sorbonne graduate Beninese Slavist Dieudonne Gnammanck, author of Abram Hannibal, identifies his homeland as the border of modern Chad and Cameroon. It was once home to the Logon Sultanate of the Kotoko people. And it was precisely the descendant of this civilization, according to the author, that Hannibal was.

End of life

Most of the descendants of Peter's godson of the first and second generations are long-livers. The founder of this famous family died at the age of eighty-five, two months after his faithful wife Christina died. Having retired in 1761, he spent the rest of his life on one of his many estates in complete solitude.

Hannibal (Abram Petrovich) - “Arap of Peter the Great”, Negro by blood, great-grandfather (maternal) of the poet Pushkin. There is still a lot that remains unclear in the biography of Hannibal. The son of a sovereign prince, Hannibal was probably born in 1696; in the eighth year it was stolen and brought to Constantinople, from where in 1705 or 1706 Savva Raguzinsky brought it as a gift to Peter I, who loved all sorts of rarities and curiosities, and had previously kept “araps.” Having received a nickname in memory of the glorious Carthaginian, Hannibal converted to Orthodoxy; His successors were the Tsar (who also gave him his patronymic) and the Queen of Poland. From then on, Hannibal was “inseparably” near the king, slept in his room, and accompanied him on all campaigns. In 1716 he went abroad with the sovereign. Perhaps he held the position of orderly under the tsar, although in documents he is mentioned three times along with the jester Lacoste. At this time, Hannibal received a salary of 100 rubles a year. Hannibal remained in France to study; After spending 11/2 years at an engineering school, he entered the French army, took part in the Spanish War, was wounded in the head and rose to the rank of captain. Returning to Russia in 1723, he was assigned to the Preobrazhensky Regiment as an engineer-lieutenant of a bombardment company, the captain of which was the Tsar himself. After the death of Peter, Hannibal joined the party dissatisfied with the rise of Menshikov, for which he was sent to Siberia (1727) to move the city of Selinginsk to a new location. In 1729, it was ordered that Hannibal’s papers be taken away and kept under arrest in Tomsk, giving him 10 rubles a month. In January 1730, Hannibal was appointed major in the Tobolsk garrison, and in September he was transferred as a captain to the Engineering Corps, where Hannibal was listed until his retirement in 1733. At the beginning of 1731, Hannibal married a Greek woman, Evdokia Andreevna Dioper, in St. Petersburg and soon was sent to Pernov to teach conductors mathematics and drawing. Having come out against her will, Evdokia Andreevna cheated on her husband, which caused persecution and torture from the deceived. The case went to court; she was arrested and kept in prison for 11 years, under terrible conditions. Meanwhile, Hannibal met Christina Sheberg in Pernov, had children with her and married her in 1736, while his wife was alive, the litigation with whom ended only in 1753; The spouses were divorced, the wife was exiled to the Staraya Ladoga Monastery, and Hannibal was subject to penance and a fine, although the second marriage was recognized as legal. Having entered the service again in 1740, Hannibal went uphill with the accession of Elizabeth. In 1742 he was appointed commandant of Revel and awarded estates; was listed as a "actual chamberlain." Transferred back to the Corps of Engineers in 1752, Hannibal was appointed to manage the delimitation of lands with Sweden. Having risen to the rank of general-in-chief and the Alexander Ribbon, Hannibal retired (1762) and died in 1781. Hannibal had a natural intelligence and showed remarkable abilities as an engineer. He wrote memoirs in French, but destroyed them. According to legend, Suvorov owed the opportunity to choose a military career to Hannibal, who convinced his father to yield to his son’s inclinations. Hannibal had six children in 1749; Of these, Ivan took part in the sea expedition, took Navarin, distinguished himself at Chesmo, founded Kherson (1779), died as general-in-chief in 1801. The daughter of Hannibal’s other son, Osip, was the mother of A.S. Pushkin, who mentions his descent from Hannibal in the poems: “To Yuryev”, “To Yazykov” and “My Genealogy”. See Helbig, "Russische Gunstlinge" (translation in "Russian Antiquity", 1886, 4); "Biography of Hannibal in German in the papers of A.S. Pushkin"; "Autobiographical testimony of Hannibal" ("Russian Archive", 1891, 5); Pushkin, “Genealogy of the Pushkins and Hannibals,” note 13 to Chapter I of “Eugene Onegin,” and “Arap of Peter the Great”; Longinov, “Abram Petrovich Hannibal” (Russian Archive, 1864); Opatovich, "Evdokia Andreevna Hannibal" ("Russian Antiquity", 1877); "Vorontsov's Archive", II, 169, 177; VI, 321; VII, 319, 322; "Letter from A.B. Buturlin" ("Russian Archive", 1869); “Hannibal’s Report to Catherine II” (Collection of the Historical Society X, 41); "Notes of a Noble Lady" (Russian Archive, 1882, I); Khmyrov, "A.P. Hannibal, Peter the Great's arap" ("World Work", 1872, No. 1); Bartenev, “Pushkin’s birth and childhood” (“Domestic Notes”, 1853, No. 11). Wed. instructions from Longinov, Opatovich and in “Russian Antiquity” 1886, No. 4, p. 106. E. Shmurlo.

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