Military ranks in the navy in ascending order. The rank of captain of the navy, which means the first, second and third ranks.Captain of the 1st rank corresponds to

Born before the war, in July 1939, in a peasant family in Penza, after serving in the Armed Forces, he chose the path of a submariner in 1961, enrolling in the Pacific Higher Naval School. And in 1966, he began his thorny and glorious path as a submarine officer, when for the first time he understood what an underwater confrontation meant during the conflict over the captured American intelligence ship Pueblo. The passions in the Sea of ​​Japan did not have time to subside, as in 1971 the nuclear submarine K-31, on which Alexander Ivanovich was the chief officer, sailed to the Indian Ocean as part of the 10th Soviet squadron in order to neutralize the conflict around the newly independent Bangladesh. The Soviet people in those days lived with a sense of peace, and under water, on water and over water there was already a war going on, and not a "cold" one, but a real "hot" one ...

Already in 1973, he became the commander of a nuclear submarine, his authority was already recognized in the navy, and in fact he was only a captain of the 3rd rank. Participated in the famous Ocean - 75 exercises. Along with authority came skill, audacity in attacks, confidence in crew coherence, and the belief that the number of dives will always equal the number of ascents.

1976 became special in the life of our commander, when he became the commander of the newest nuclear-powered strategic missile submarine cruiser. It was the ships of this class, together with the strategic missile forces and strategic aviation, that cooled the hot overseas heads during all the years of the Cold War. And one of those who created this "sobering soul" was Alexander Ivanovich Samokhvalov.

Often, friends-commanders made fun of his name, but Alexander Ivanovich never praised himself, his modesty was an example for many, both junior officers and admirals, many of whom were trained and educated by him. The culmination of the feat of the crew of Alexander Samokhvalov was the under-ice passage of the nuclear cruiser from the North to the Pacific Fleet under the ice of the North Pole, for which the Motherland awarded the commander with its highest order - Lenin. And the following inscription appeared on the pages of the Atlas of Underwater Depths: “To Captain 1st Rank AI Samokhvalov. in honor of the transarctic transition from the North to the Pacific Fleet. The Motherland has entrusted you with the fulfillment of a responsible task requiring deep professional ranks, rich commanding experience, high self-control and courage. Be a worthy heir to the heroic glory of the first Soviet conquerors of the harsh Arctic. Your trip will take its rightful place among the remarkable deeds of submariners of the Red Banner Northern Fleet. "

In 1982, the crew of a nuclear missile carrier under the command of Alexander Ivanovich will initiate socialist competition in the USSR Navy. People of the older generation remember that this was the highest honor for any commander, especially in the year of the 50th anniversary of the Land of the Soviets.

In 1985, Captain 1st Rank Samokhvalov was appointed deputy head of the Kiev Higher Naval Political School in order to share his experience and knowledge with the future conquerors of the underwater depths.

Today Alexander Ivanovich is on a well-deserved, as they say in such cases, rest. But seeing with what energy he still gives all of himself to the younger generation, I just want to say: "Our commander is always young."

And it is no coincidence that his granddaughter Dasha Marchenko dedicated more than one of her ingenuous poems to her grandfather and comrades.

... I am glad that my grandfather is just like that:

A simple submariner ...

Not everyone is awarded this word,

And only the best.

Thank you, grandfather, for the kindness, love and affection,

For wise advice

For the fairy tale you gave me

And to any question - the answer.

... Well, what else can be said when the topic of fathers and children is always relevant in the world. Yes, there is a topic. But, as we see, there is also an answer to eternal questions. Granddaughter's answer ...

Sergey SMOLYANNIKOV, Alexander GLAVATSKY

http://telegrafua.com/social/12909/

On the picture: 1- commander of the RPK captain 1st rank A.I.Samokhvalov, 2- flotilla commander Vice-Admiral L.A. Matushkin, 3- representative of the General Staff of the Navy Rear Admiral V.A. Prosvirov, 4th-flagship navigator of the flotilla captain 1st rank Palitaev A .I., 5- flagship RTS of the flotilla captain 1st rank Baranenko A, behind him on the right sits a representative of the 9th research institute captain 2nd rank Kuznetsov M., 6- no number, 7- not iz., 9- not izv.

The rank of captain belongs not only to the ground forces, but also to the naval forces. In the Russian army, it is also used in the air force, but it received its distribution in the navy.

Taking into account the hierarchy in the ground forces, it is possible to carry out the correspondence between their ranks and the ranks of the ships. However, it is quite difficult for beginners to do this. The rank of captain in the naval forces refers to the senior officer corps, while it is still subdivided into ranks.

History of the origin of the title

Captain as a title was introduced during the reign of Peter the Great, after the emperor returned from a trip to foreign countries. This event took place at the beginning of the 18th century, but after a few years the division of the captain into ranks was abolished.

Since then, during the tsarist regime, the captain of the first rank had a slightly changed name, it sounded like "captain of the fleet." In fact, practically nothing has changed in the functioning of the army, only the names of individual elements of the structure have changed. At the same time, the concepts of captain and colonel managed to merge, therefore the title of "captain of the colonel's rank" was present. It is worth noting that this approach is optimal from the point of view of understanding which rank in the ground forces corresponds to a particular rank in the navy.

In the mid-fifties of the same century, the captain's ranks were restored again. Moreover, an age qualification was even established, that is, a deadline for which a particular soldier had the right to hold the post of captain of the first rank. The maximum number of years was 55, but this limitation applied only to this rank. A captain, for example, of the second rank could be in this rank indefinitely.

When the communists came to power, and the time of the Soviet Union came, another rank was established, which belonged to engineers who, on an equal basis with others, carried out ship service. This title was also attributed to "engineer of the first rank". It was assigned only to those servicemen who were engaged in engineering and were in the amphibious composition. The rest of the military was given the rank of colonel.

Find out: What uniform do soldiers and officers of the Aerospace Forces wear?

In the army of many foreign countries, the rank of captain is used. However, in order not to repeat itself, a modified name is often used. It sounds like "captan" because that is how it is read in English and other languages ​​derived from Latin.

On ships, lower-ranking sailors and military personnel may refer to the captain as “cap” for short. Of course, this is not provided for by the military regulations, but a similar trend is noted more and more often. For the most part, this is a tradition or custom among the military personnel of the naval forces. As many experts say, if a captain is called a "cap" on a ship, then this is evidence of close friendly and comradely relations between the crew members.

Correspondence of naval ranks to the ranks of the ground forces

Many people ask the question, the captain of the first rank is what rank in the ground forces, how to relate them. It turns out that the rank of colonel corresponds to this rank. On the shoulder straps of a captain of the first rank, you can see the obvious differences from this rank of the ground forces. Accordingly, a captain of the second rank is the equivalent of a lieutenant colonel, and a captain of the third rank is the equivalent of a major.

The question often arises, which rank is higher - captain or major? If we are talking about the ground forces, then the major is definitely higher than the captain, since the former refers to the senior officer corps, and the second to the junior officer corps.

If the fact that the captain belongs to the navy is taken into account, then here it is necessary to clarify what rank the captain has, since seniority will also depend on this factor. As already mentioned, the major corresponds to the most junior captain's rank in the fleet.

The captain of the first and second rank will go higher than the major in the ground forces, and the captain of the third rank will be equal to him in rank.

For still very young military personnel, it remains a mystery what rank is after the captain in the naval forces. A captain's rank is a rank that refers to the senior officers on a ship. All three ranks mean that the officer who belongs to them is in the senior staff.

Find out: Igor Olegovich Rodobolsky - the most titled Russian military

Next comes the highest composition of the Russian army, and the first step is the rear admiral. In the ground forces, this rank corresponds to the rank of lieutenant general or major general. The fact is that there is an unequal number of ranks in the higher officer corps in these types of troops, so it is rather difficult to answer this question exactly.

Therefore, when asked what rank comes after the captain, we can say with precision that admirals go further, who, in turn, are also divided into several types according to seniority.

Navy captain's shoulder straps

The rank 3 captain's shoulder straps look the same as the major's shoulder straps, except for the color scheme. The parameters of the shoulder insignia of servicemen of this rank are as follows:

• there are two gaps on the shoulder straps, which are indicated by two parallel golden yellow straight lines;
• strictly between these stripes is the only star that is inherent in this title;
• the diameter of a single star is 2.2 cm;
• the distance from the edge of the shoulder strap is 6 cm;
• data on the distance between the stars for this rank is not provided, since the star is in a single copy.

Rank 2 captain's shoulder straps correspond to the appearance of a lieutenant colonel's shoulder straps. The parameters of the shoulder signs of this rank are as follows:

• a captain of the second rank, whose shoulder straps in appearance differ from the previous rank only in the number of stars, also have two yellow gaps on a grayish-blue background;
• on each pursuit there are two stars that are at the same distance from each other;
• the diameter of each star is, similar to the captain of the third rank, 2.2 cm;
• the distance at which the stars are from the edge of the shoulder strap is 3.5 cm;
• between the stars of the captain of the second rank is also not provided, since they are at the same distance in relation to each other.

In appearance, the shoulder straps of a captain of the first rank correspond to the rank of colonel in the ground forces. The parameters of his shoulder insignia are as follows:

• there are three stars on each chase;
• the diameter of each of the stars, in comparison with the previous ranks of senior officers, remains unchanged and is 2.2 cm;
• the distance at which the stars are located, counting from the edge of the shoulder straps, is the same as for the captain of the second rank, 3.5 cm;
• since a certain distance separates the third from the first two stars along the shoulder strap, the parameter of interstellar space in this case is present and is 3.5 cm.

Find out: What military ranks are provided for in the army of the Russian Federation

Yan Borisovich Gamarnik (real name - Yakov Pudikovich Gamarnik, Zhitomir - May 31, 1937, Moscow) - Soviet military leader, statesman and party leader, army commissar of the 1st rank. Shot himself on the eve of his imminent arrest in the "Tukhachevsky case."

He studied at the gymnasium, but from the age of 15 he was forced to earn his livelihood. At the age of 17, he became interested in Marxism.

In 1913, after graduating from high school with a silver medal, he moved to Malin, Kiev province and became a tutor. In 1914 he entered the St. Petersburg Psychoneurological Institute, but, not being carried away by medical practice, in 1915 he transferred to the law faculty of Kiev University. Having met the leaders of the Bolshevik underground in Ukraine, N. A. Skrypnik and S. V. Kosior, who had a great influence on him, Gamarnik became a member of the RSDLP (b) in 1916. Conducted propaganda at the Kiev plant "Arsenal".

After the February Revolution of 1917, Gamarnik headed the Kiev Committee of the RSDLP (b).

After the October Revolution in Petrograd, he was arrested by the authorities along with the leaders of the Kiev Bolsheviks. He was liberated by an armed uprising on October 31, 1917.

In 1918-1919 - in the underground party work in Ukraine. In 1918 he came to Moscow, met V. I. Lenin and was elected to the Central Committee of the CP (b) U.
Participated in the suppression of the revolt of the Left SRs. In 1918 he was the deputy chairman of the Kiev Council.

Since 1919, the chairman of the Odessa Provincial Party Committee.

In August 1919, Gamarnik was appointed a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Southern Group of Forces of the 12th Army. In February 1920, after the defeat of the Denikinites, Gamarnik was chairman of the Kiev provincial party committee and the Kiev governorate executive committee.

Since July 1923 - Chairman of the Primorsky Provincial Executive Committee, in June 1924 - Chairman of the Dalrevkom, and since March 1926 - the Far Eastern Regional Executive Committee.

In 1927-1928. First Secretary of the Far Eastern Regional Party Committee. He was involved in the industrial development of the Far East a lot, with his participation a 10-year plan (1926-1935) was developed and implemented to boost the regional economy. He supported the Ukrainization of the south of the Far East, where from 60 to 80% of Ukrainians lived in its various regions.

From February 1928 to October 1929 - First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Belarus. Supported the collectivization policy.

In 1929-1937 he was the head of the Political Administration of the Red Army, at the same time the executive editor of the Krasnaya Zvezda newspaper. Through Gamarnik, communication was carried out between the leadership of the People's Commissariat of Defense and the state security organs.

In 1930-1934, the first deputy. People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs of the USSR Voroshilov and Deputy. Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR. Provided all possible assistance to Tukhachevsky in the implementation of the technical reconstruction of the Red Army and played a large role in increasing the combat readiness of the Red Army.
At the November 1929 Central Committee Plenum, Gamarnik supported Stalin in defeating the "Right Opposition":

"We cannot tolerate that in the ranks of our Politburo there were people who interfere with our struggle, who get tangled between the legs, who objectively defend the class enemy."

In 1934-1937, the first deputy. People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR. He spoke in defense of Tukhachevsky, telling Stalin that a mistake had been made against him. On March 13, 1937, he was appointed commissioner of the USSR People's Commissariat of Defense under the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR.

Gamarnik was the first in the Red Army on November 20, 1935, to be awarded the rank of 1st rank army commissar, corresponding to the rank of 1st rank army commander.

Suicide

On May 20, 1937, Gamarnik was removed from his post as head of the Political Directorate of the Red Army and demoted to the position of a member of the Military Council of the Central Asian Military District.

On May 31, the People's Commissar of Defense K. E. Voroshilov ordered the Deputy Head of the Political Directorate of the Red Army A.S. Bulin and the head of the People's Commissariat of Defense I. V. Smorodinov to inform Gamarnik, who was in his apartment due to illness, about the decisions of the Politburo. They also announced to Gamarnik the order of the People's Commissar of Defense to dismiss him from the ranks of the Red Army. Immediately after their departure, Gamarnik shot himself on the eve of his imminent arrest ...

On June 1, the newspaper Pravda and other Soviet publications published a short message: "Former member of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks Ya. B. Gamarnik, entangled in his connections with anti-Soviet elements and, apparently, fearing exposure, committed suicide on May 31." His name was mentioned in the verdict in the Tukhachevsky case of June 11, 1937.

After his death, he was declared an "enemy of the people", his participation in "anti-state relations with the leading military circles of one of the foreign states", espionage and sabotage was established.

Testimonies against Gamarnik were given by many of the defendants in the Tukhachevsky case. Iona Yakir, who initially pointed out that Gamarnik only sympathized with the military conspiracy, the existence of which the arrested commanders admitted, then changed his testimony and stated that since 1936 he had informed Gamarnik about the "sabotage work" carried out in the western border regions, and he informed him about his work to undermine the defenses in the Far East. Tukhachevsky himself testified that Gamarnik was one of 10 members of the "center" of the military conspiracy since 1934 and was in charge of subversive activities in the Far East. Jerome Uborevich limited himself to the assumption that Gamarnik could have been a member of the leadership of the "Tukhachevsky conspiracy." Vitovt Putna, Boris Feldman and August Kork did not confirm Gamarnik's participation in the conspiracy.

After that, a large number of political workers - appointees of Gamarnik were repressed.

Being an idealist by conviction, Gamarnik apparently did not understand that the state, in the creation of which he took such an active part, did not turn out quite the way he dreamed of. This is evidenced by his ingenuous story:

“Every year my father comes to me from Kiev to Moscow and asks me for my old leather boots, but I don’t give them. The familiar workers in these boots will see him and say:“ The son serves in the army and steals, where can the old man get such boots? ".

Article source: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan_Borisovich_Gamarnik

The purpose of this article is to find out how the forced step - the suicide of the 1st rank commissioner YAN GAMARNIK - is included in his FULL NAME code.

Watch preliminary "Logicology - about the fate of man".

Consider the tables of the FULL NAME code. \ If your screen has an offset of numbers and letters, adjust the image scale \.

4 5 18 19 36 50 60 71 103 114 129 132 148 168 173 183 194 209 212 222 246
G A M A R N I K Z K O V P U D I K O V And H
246 242 241 228 227 210 196 186 175 143 132 117 114 98 78 73 63 52 37 34 24

32 43 58 61 77 97 102 112 123 138 141 151 175 179 180 193 184 211 225 235 246
I K O V P U D I K O V I Ch G A M A R N I K
246 214 203 188 185 169 149 144 134 123 108 105 95 71 67 66 53 52 35 21 11

What is familiar to us from a number of previous articles on suicide by shooting, we see in the tables:

71 = HAMARNIK, SUITS (idom). Next comes the number 103 = SHOT. And, as a natural conclusion, 114 = SUICIDE.

GAMARNIK YAKOV PUDIKOVICH = 246 = 132-DEPARTURE + 114-SUICIDE.

That's all for reading the FULL NAME code.

But, keeping in mind that the person's NAME code contains a lot of information, in particular, these are the reasons for leaving: illness, disaster, nervous breakdown, shock, stress, the number of full YEARS OF LIFE, DATE OF DEPARTURE, DAY OF DEPARTURE, etc. , we will continue decryption further.

129 = SUICIDE (o). 144 = SUICIDE.

246 = 102-SHOT, DEATH + 144-SUICIDE.

How did we come to the word SUICIDE, because we do not see the usual number in such cases 47 = YOURSELF ...

But we see the number 32 = I, SAM, RO (k).

246 = 32-CAM + 214-deprived of his life.

On the other hand - 97 = MURDER, followed by the number 102 = SHOT. What remains to add:

246 = 97-MURDER + 102-SHOOTED + 47-KILLED, SLASH, HORROR, ITSELF ...

We look at the column:

97 = KILL
____________________________________________
169 = 102-SHOT, DEATH + 67-SELF ...

We look at the columns:

103 = SHOT
____________________________________
175 = 97-KILL + 78-MAN

175-KILLING A MAN - 103-SHOT = 72 = IN THE HEAD. \ Roughly speaking, 72 is the word corpse \.

If we set ourselves the goal of reading the code in one word, then we get the following:

60 = HUMAN ..., 66 = HUMAN ..., 77 = HUMAN ..., 112 = HUMAN ..., 114 = HUMAN ..., 134 = HUMAN ...

The visible meeting of the word HUMAN KILLING, walking towards each other - 246 = 112-HUMAN ... + 134-HUMAN KILL ...

We look, and where is the invisible meeting?

HUMAN MURDER = 189. This figure is between 183 = LIFE was cut short and 194 = DEATH BY SHOT, HIMSELF SHOOTED.

To find it, the code of the letter K = 11 \ in the word PUDIKOVICH \ is decomposed into two digits: 11 = 5 + 6.

183-LIFE CUT OFF + 6 = 189 = HUMAN KILLING.

52 = ... OVICH, KILLED + 5 = 57 = PERSON (sacicide). This is an invisible meeting ...

189-HUMAN KILL - 57-PERSON ... = 132 = DEPARTURE.

Let's continue decrypting individual columns:

129 = SUICIDE (o) = SELF-SHOT
__________________________________________
132 = LIFE

132 = LIFE
_______________________________________
117 = SHOOTED = SELF-SHOT (L)

246 = 129-SELF-SHOT + 117-SELF-SHOT (L).

58 = YOURSELF
_____________________________
203 = COMMITTED A MURDER

203-COMMITTED MURDER - 58-HIMSELF = 145 = DIED.

We read: 18 = C ..., 36 = OWL ..., 148 = KILLED ..., 185 = KILLED ..., 188 = KILLED ..., 203 = MURDERED.

DATE OF DEATH code: 05/31/1937. This is = 31 + 05 + 19 + 37 = 92 = SHOT (s), DEAD.

246 = 92-KILLED + 154-GUNTED = 92-GUN (l) + 154-GUN.

154 - 92 = 62 = NAPOVAL.

DAY OF DEATH code = 123-THIRTY, CATASTROPHE + 63-FIRST, DEATH + MAY 46, MEASUREMENT, DEATH IMIG = 232 = ENDED LIFE.

246 = 14-BEDA + 232-THIRTY-FIRST MAY, ENDED LIFE.

Full DATE OF DEATH code = 232-THIRTY-FIRST MAY + 56-DEAD- \ 19 + 37 \ - \ code of the YEAR OF DEATH \ = 288 = 123-DISASTER + 165-SELECTED DEATH = 186-SHOT IN HIMSELF + 102-SHOT.

Code for full YEARS OF LIFE.

First! I will show the reader how to determine the number of complete YEARS OF LIFE. And that's why:

The date of birth of YAKOV GAMARNIK is 2.06.1894, and the date of death is 31.05.1937. We see that only two days are missing before the full 43 years. So how many full years should you count - 42 or 43?

We consider: FORTY-TWO = 85.85-FORTY-TWO + 85-FORTY-TWO = 170 = KILLED HIMSELF. 170 + 18-C (orok) = 188.170 + 33-CO (rock) = 203.170 + 65-SORO (k) = 235.170 + 76-FORTY = 246.

We see the numbers 188, 203, 235, 246 with our own eyes.

FORTY-TWO = 85 = IN DEADLOCK, DRIVEN INTO HUGO (L), "TO THE WALL", MOMENT, DOED, PAYMENT.

246 = 85-FORTY TWO + 161-SHOT, END OF LIFE.

161-END OF LIFE - 85-FORTY TWO = 76 = FOLDED.

Note:

It remains for us to find out what reason prompted YAKOV PUDIKOVICH GAMARNIK to commit SUICIDE.

Let's go back to the beginning of the article:

On May 30, 1937, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) made a decision: “To remove comrades. Gamarnik and Aronshtam from work in the People's Commissariat of Defense and expelled from the Military Council, as workers who were in close group communication with Yakir, now expelled from the party for participating in a military fascist conspiracy "...

On May 31, the People's Commissar of Defense K. E. Voroshilov ordered the Deputy Head of the Political Directorate of the Red Army A. S. Bulin and the head of the People's Commissariat of Defense I. V. Smorodinov to inform Gamarnik, who was in his apartment due to illness, about the decisions of the Politburo. They also announced to Gamarnik the order of the People's Commissar of Defense to dismiss him from the ranks of the Red Army.

STUNNING = 134. Next comes 144 = SUICIDE.

We look at the columns:

123 = DISASTER
______________________
134 = STUNNED

112 = SUICIDE (a)
_______________________
144 = SUICIDE

144 - 112 = 32 = I, CAM.

134-STUNNING + 10-AND + 144-SUICIDE = 288 = \ code of the full DATE OF DEATH \ -123-CATASTROPHE + 165-CHOOSED DEATH.

The word we found - HUMAN KILL = 189 = HOPE = 86-SUICIDE + 103-SHOT = 100-DOED TO + 89-SUICIDE (STATE).

Mysterious death cap. 1st rank A. Kazarsky

The struggle for power or the struggle against power has always been accompanied by human casualties. The methods of struggle have been improved over the years. Over time, society moved from a simple physical elimination of those who disagreed to sophisticated methods of reprisals against those who disagreed.
The topic of poisoning people has recently been increasingly heard in the media. People are poisoned like cockroaches in Ukraine, in Russia, in the UK and in the USA. Whether it is the president of the state, a big businessman, a banker, or an employee of the special services, death does not choose its victim - the victim is selectively appointed by the person.
And, as history testifies, it has been so at all times. This is how they “gracefully” got rid of their victims in ancient times and the Middle Ages, and this is how they deal with the unwanted even now.
But back to our story.
In Sevastopol, on Matrossky Boulevard, there is a monument with a laconic inscription: “Kazarsky. For posterity as an example. " This is the first monument that was built in our city in 1839. And where exactly to take an example - from the courage of a hero or "art" to remove unwanted, continues to remain a mystery.
What did the officer accomplish, whose feat became an example for posterity? Alexander Kazarsky, who was treated kindly by the royal favors, did not live long. In 1833, only 4 years later, without even having time to marry, already being in the rank of captain of the 1st rank, he suddenly died in Nikolaev, where he had arrived on the occasion of the death of his uncle.
Do we all know about the life path of this courageous person?
Let us briefly recall the story.

There was a Russian-Turkish war. On May 14, 1829, the brig "Mercury", which was on patrol near the Bosphorus, under the command of Lieutenant-Commander Alexander Ivanovich Kazarsky, was overtaken by two Turkish battleships. They were a stacked Selemie under the flag of the commander of the Turkish fleet and a seventy-four cannon Real Bay under the flag of a junior flagship. Only eighteen small-caliber cannons could oppose them. The enemy's superiority was more than thirtyfold!
Seeing that the slow-moving brig would not be able to get away from the Turkish ships, the commander of the "Mercury" gathered the officers for a council of war. All were unanimous in favor of the fight. Shouts of "Hurray!" the sailors also met this decision. Kazarsky put a loaded pistol in front of the cruise camera. The last surviving member of the crew had to blow up the ship in order to avoid capture by the enemy.

The 18-gun Russian brig fought for 3 hours with the two huge ships of the Turkish fleet that overtook it. When the Russian ships appeared on the horizon, Kazarsky discharged the pistol lying near the cruise camera into the air. Soon the wounded, but not defeated brig entered the Sevastopol Bay.

Many books and other works of various genres have been written about this.
The victory of the "Mercury" was so fantastic that some connoisseurs of naval art refused to believe it. The English historian F. Jane, having learned about the battle, declared publicly: "It is absolutely impossible to allow such a small ship as" Mercury "to put out of action two ships of the line."

But the fact of a brilliant victory was officially confirmed by the Turkish side, and the envious people fell silent. The name of Kazarsky was on the lips of the whole of Russia. A modest naval officer who did not even graduate from the Naval Corps, one day he became a national hero. The feat of "Mercury" inspired artists and poets. The country's best battle-painters, Aivazovsky and Chernetsov, painted this event with oil paints on multi-meter canvas canvases.

“Such an extraordinary incident, proving to an extraordinary degree the courage and firmness of spirit of the commander of the ship and all the ranks thereof, who doomed themselves to death to save the honor of the flag they carried, exceeds any ordinary measure of reward that I can assign to these people, and only goodness and unlimited The generosity of Your Imperial Majesty is able to reward such a feat worthy of surprise ... Sovereign, for this I present a table of the number of people in the brig, and a list to the officers of the onago. " (From the report of the commander of the fleet)

In addition to a special commemorative medal in honor of this glorious event, all participants in the battle were awarded the St. George's Crosses, and the officers of the brig were given the right to add a pistol to their family coat of arms, which Kazarsky put before the battle at the cruise camera. The brig itself was one of the first in the Russian navy to be awarded the stern St. George's flag and pennant. The same decree ordered to always have in the Black Sea Fleet a brig built according to the drawings of the legendary "Mercury".

The emperor's resolution: “Lieutenant-Commander Kazarsky to be promoted to captain of the 2nd rank, to give George the 4th class, to appoint adjutants to the wing, leaving him in his previous position and add a pistol to the coat of arms.

This is about the pistol that was put on the hatch of the cruise chamber: the last of the surviving officers was supposed to shoot the gunpowder and blow up the brig.

All officers - to the next ranks. And who does not have Vladimir, give George the 4th class, all lower ranks - insignia of the military order and all officers - a double salary in a life pension ...
On the brig "Mercury" - the St. George flag ... I command to replace it with another when it comes into disrepair, continuing this until later times, so that the memory of the famous merits of the team of the brig "Mercury" and his name in the fleet never disappear and, passing from family to family , served as an example to posterity for eternity ”.

This is where the words on the pedestal of the monument, executed by Bryullov, come from:
"BY THE EXAMPLE"

For some time after the battle, Alexander Ivanovich Kazarsky commanded the "Mercury", then took over the newest frigate. In 1830, together with Prince Trubetskoy, Kazarsky traveled to London to congratulate the English king William IV as a representative of the Russian fleet. The English sailors greeted the hero with all solemnity.

After a trip to England, Nicholas I appoints Captain 1st Rank Kazarsky as his aide-de-camp. But life in the capital is not to the liking of a modest and ignoble naval officer who has neither connections nor friends in high society, and does not strive for this.

In the spring of 1833, Adjutant Wing Kazarsky was dispatched from St. Petersburg to the Black Sea to check the readiness for the expedition of the rear offices of the fleet. As always, Alexander Ivanovich worked tirelessly. Having carried out a lot of organizational work to prepare the Bosphorus expedition and provide it with all the necessary materials and products, he starts revising the rear offices and warehouses in the Black Sea ports. Initially, he works in Odessa, where he soon uncovers a number of large thefts and shortages. Then he moves to Nikolaev, where he continues to work hard, but after only a few days he suddenly dies.

It happened on July 16, 1833. At that time, Alexander Ivanovich Kazarsky was incomplete thirty-six years old.

Despite numerous publications about the heroic commander of the brig "Mercury", despite the fact that his short life, in general, is well researched, historians and writers keep stubborn silence about the last days of Kazarsky's stay in Nikolaev. Everyone unanimously notes one thing: the death of the hero is so sudden and sudden that it was a bolt from the blue for all his many friends and acquaintances ... But it was worth pondering and looking for traces of that sad event on the pages of the Russian press, and much would cease to seem so clear and simple.

In 1886, the popular Russian magazine "Russian Starina" for July - September published the memoirs of Elizaveta Farennikova, a close acquaintance of the entire Kazarsky family and Alexander Ivanovich personally. Russkaya Starina was one of the most serious historical journals in Russia and published only those materials the editorial staff were sure of. But, despite all the sensationalism of the article about the causes of Kazarsky's death, the publication went unnoticed. Why? Maybe because there was already a different era. Maybe for some reason ...

Today it is not possible to check the reliability of the publication of Elizaveta Farennikova. However, it is fully confirmed by the entire situation in the Black Sea Fleet by 1833. And the fact that the article appeared on the pages of the magazine only fifty-three years after the tragic events can probably serve as additional proof that the author for the time being could not publish her material. Perhaps for some personal reasons, perhaps fearing someone's revenge ...

So, what happened to Captain 1st Rank Kazarsky in the summer of 1833? Let's try to understand and at least approximately trace the chain of events that took place in July 1833 in Nikolaev.

By the mid-thirties of the 19th century, serfdom and the Nikolaev reaction were already leading the country to a future catastrophe in the Crimean War. Against the background of backwardness and stagnation, bribery and theft, bribery and forgery flourished. The Black Sea Fleet was no exception to the general rule, especially its coastal offices.

At the same time, it was the twenties and thirties of the XIX century that became the period of maturation of a whole galaxy of remarkable sailors from the Black Sea: PS Nakhimov, VI Istomin, VA Kornilov and others. Alexander Ivanovich Kazarsky also occupied a worthy place in their ranks, the last months of his activity passed under the leadership of M.P. Lazarev.

Characterizing A.I. Kazarsky, his contemporaries, along with all the other high qualities inherent in him, unanimously noted honesty and incorruptibility.

Knowing about his high moral qualities, the naval minister instructed him in 1831-1832 to carry out several major audits in order to somehow reduce the scale of theft. The former commander of the "Mercury" with all responsibility carried out such audits in Nizhny Novgorod, Simbirsk, Saratov and a number of other provinces, revealing very large abuses and shortages there, which, naturally, caused serious irritation of the bureaucratic circles, one way or another involved in this.

In the spring of 1833, preparations were undoubtedly prepared for Kazarsky's meeting in southern Russia. An attempt to bribe the capital auditor is also quite probable, but if there was one, it ended in vain. It was impossible to bribe Kazarsky, and the embezzlers quickly realized this! And the activities of the 1st rank captain in Odessa showed local officials that he was very determined. It was then, apparently, that the question arose of how to curb the capital auditor. They had the strength for this, especially since Rear Admiral of Crete, the favorite of the commander of the Black Sea Fleet Greig (the son of the hero of the Chesme and Gogland battles), and the ruler of the office of the commander Ivanov, patronized them.

Even the chief of staff of the fleet MP Lazarev was powerless against them, who in one of his letters complained to the commander-in-chief of the Russian armed forces in the south of Russia A.S. Menshikov: I brought his audacious effort to prevent me from fulfilling the highest will to the attention of the chief commander, but received a response ... with the excuses of the chief intendant, everything remains the same and nothing is done ... ". But Menshikov could not help Lazarev in any way. In despair, he writes to his friend Shestakov, describing the condition of the ships of the squadron, which were left without repairs and supplies: "Paris" has completely rotted, and one must wonder how it did not fall apart ... "Pimen" apart from rottenness in the hull has all the masts and bowsprit rotten to to such an extent that an iron ramrod was pierced through the foremast! .. And the frigate "Standart" almost drowned ... this time, neither the one nor the other has not happened, although I do not consider it dishonorable to bring out the abuse. Menshikov wrote in particular about the local abuses, but there is little sense. "

Now it is almost impossible to establish for sure whether there was a conversation about the outrages perpetrated in the fleet between Lazarev and Kazarsky. However, logic dictates that such a conversation could not but have happened. Experiencing difficulties in supplying ships leaving for the Bosphorus, Lazarev turned to the emperor's aide-de-camp, endowed with great power, for help. It was far from safe to face the envoy of Nicholas I in the open, and Kazarsky successfully fulfilled Lazarev's sudden and important assignment.
In his conversations with the former commander of the "Mercury" Lazarev, naturally, could not but touch upon the general state of affairs in the Black Sea Fleet. This can be seen from his letters cited above and from the fact that immediately after the departure of the Bosphorus squadron, Kazarsky went to Nikolaev, where the rear offices of the Black Sea Fleet were concentrated.
It can be assumed that Lazarev provided him with some primary information.
In such an environment, the embezzlers could not remain idle, realizing that after the revision of Odessa and the collision with them during the preparation of the Bosphorus expedition, Kazarsky already knew something. It was then, apparently, that a conspiracy arose against the excessively nimble auditor. It is possible that the conspirators had previously hoped to try to intimidate Kazarsky, and as a last resort, if he did not agree to their terms, they envisaged his physical destruction.

But they didn’t take everything into account. Recall that Alexander Ivanovich graduated from the Nikolaev Navigation School at one time, served in the Black Sea Fleet for many years. Soon Kazarsky learned about the conspiracy. Farennikova describes it this way: “Kazarsky was warned earlier that they were encroaching on his life. This is understandable, the young captain of the 1st rank, the adjutant wing was appointed to audit, and then there were terrible disorders and abuses in the navy ”. Alexander Ivanovich immediately faced a dilemma: what to do - to continue his activities, risking his life, or to immediately stop the checks and return to St. Petersburg?

The matter was further complicated by the fact that Kazarsky could rely only on his own strength in the current situation. MP Lazarev had already left with the squadron for the Bosphorus, and the fleet commander, Admiral A.S. Greig, was ill and retired. All the affairs of the Black Sea Fleet were in charge of Rear Admiral of Crete and the ruler of the office of Commander Ivanov, tied hand and foot by bribe-takers and embezzlers. But Kazarsky, in spite of everything, challenges his enemies!
We will never know whether it was the act of a person confident in his abilities, or, on the contrary, a step of a patriot desperate in an unequal struggle against theft ... One thing is clear: the former commander of the "Mercury" perfectly understood what he was doing, and yet decided not to retreat, to give battle!
... In early July 1833, Alexander Ivanovich Kazarsky, on his way to Nikolaev, stopped to rest with the Farennikovs, who lived in a small estate twenty-five miles from the city. Elizaveta Farennikova in her notes notes Kazarsky's depressed state, his extraordinary thoughtfulness and nervousness. He quoted him as saying: "This trip is not to my liking, I have bad forebodings." And one more important phrase, said by him: "Today I am leaving, I ask you to come to me in Nikolaev on Thursday, you will help me a lot there with kind friendly advice, and in case, God forbid, what I want to convey to you a lot."

So, on Thursday, something very important and dangerous was about to happen in Nikolaev. Apparently, A.I. Kazarsky needed the help of reliable and loyal friends, and therefore wanted to meet with the Farennikovs that day. Moreover, he already had certain information and was afraid that it might disappear after his death. Alexander Ivanovich was mistaken in his calculations by only one day, but this fatal mistake cost him his life!
A few days after Kazarsky's farewell to the Farennikovs, a horseman came to them on Thursday morning with the news that Alexander Ivanovich was dying. Having driven the horses, the Farennikovs arrived in Nikolaev and found Kazarsky already in agony. While dying, he managed to whisper to them only one phrase: "Bastards, they poisoned me!"
Half an hour later, in terrible agony, he died. By evening, as Farennikova notes, "the head and face were swollen to the point of impossibility, turned black like coal, hands were swollen, aiguillettes, epaulettes turned black, everything turned black ... when they began to put them in the coffin, all the hair fell on the pillow."
Analysis of the circumstances of the death of A. I. Kazarsky, external changes after his death gives a strong reason to believe that the commander of the "Mercury" was poisoned by the most famous poison at that time - arsenic. At the same time, the dose that was given to Kazarsky was so monstrous that it would be enough for several people.

Having chosen arsenic for the implementation of their vile goal, the killers could count primarily on the fact that forensic science as a science did not exist at that time. The very fact of arsenic poisoning, doctors learned to identify a little later - in the 60s of the XIX century, when the reaction of the so-called arsenic mirror became known. But by that time, the mysterious death of Kazarsky had already been forgotten ...

Concluding the conversation about arsenic, it is pertinent to recall that it has one essential feature - this poison can be detected in the remains even after centuries. So, for example, relatively recently, the fact of arsenic poisoning of Napoleon was scientifically established (from the accumulation of this poison in the hair of the deceased).

Unfortunately, due to political and economic reasons, it is not necessary to think about exhuming the body of the commander of the "Mercury" today ...

But back to the events of the summer of 1833 in Nikolaev. His acquaintance describes the funeral of AI Kazarsky as follows: “Many people followed the coffin, including widows, orphans, whom he helped so much. All of them, weeping for their benefactor, shouted aloud: "They killed, ruined our benefactor, poisoned our father!"

Ahead of the coffin were carried his orders and a golden sword with the inscription "For Bravery", which Kazarsky was awarded for the storming of the fortress of Varna. Chernomorets were very upset by the death of the hero. One of Lazarev's friends wrote to the admiral on the Bosphorus squadron: "... I will not talk about the sad feeling that this news produced in me: it will echo in the soul of every officer of the Russian fleet."

There were many rumors about the mysterious death of Kazarsky at that time around Nikolaev. The Farennikovs, without leaving the city immediately, tried to restore the events of the last days of Kazarsky's life. They found that, having arrived in Nikolaev, Alexander Ivanovich, in the absence of a hotel, rented a room from a certain German woman. I ate at her place, and when dining, as a rule, he asked her to try the cooked food herself first. “When making visits to whoever he should,” writes Farennikova, “Kazarsky never ate or drank anything, but in one general's house the owner's daughter brought him a cup of coffee ...” Apparently, considering it inconvenient to refuse the young girl, Kazarsky drank coffee. After a few minutes, he felt very unwell. Immediately realizing what was the matter, he hurried home and called a doctor, from whom he asked for an antidote. Tormented by terrible pains, he shouted: "Doctor, save me, I am poisoned!" However, the doctor, most likely also involved in the conspiracy, did not give any antidote, but put Kazarsky in a hot bath. They took him out of the bath already half-dead. The rest is known ...

The reaction of the authorities to such a sudden and suspicious death of the capital inspector Farennikova describes as follows: “There were denunciations that Kazarsky had been poisoned, six months later an investigative commission arrived in Nikolaev, dug up the corpse, took out the entrails and took them to St. Petersburg. And that was the end of it. " One shouldn't be surprised here. After all, even if we assume that the members of the commission who arrived to investigate this mysterious death were not bribed, the forensic science of that time was still too weak to establish the cause of death months later ...

And one more fact. At this very time, a letter about the unnatural death of A.I. Kazarsky, signed by the Nikolaev merchant of the 1st guild Vasily Korenev, in which he also pointed out the existence of a conspiracy of malefactors, arrived from Nikolaev to the name of Emperor Nicholas I.

The military historian V. M. Malyshev in his work "Adjutant wing of His Imperial Majesty Captain of the first rank Alexander Ivanovich Kazarsky", published in St. Petersburg in 1904, writes about this: "This denunciation, according to the research, turned out to have no basis and the sovereign emperor, upon reporting this to his imperial majesty, deigned: "To publish the Nikolaev 1st guild of merchant Vasily Korenev for the above-mentioned inappropriate denunciation from the Senate, with strict confirmation to refrain from such actions in the future." This was carried out by a decree of the Senate of March 22, 1834. "

In modern terms, Korenev was ordered to keep his mouth shut at the senate level. It is noteworthy that Korenev was not just a resident of Nikolaev and not even just a merchant, but a merchant of the 1st guild, that is, the richest and most influential. It is unlikely that a person of such a position, possessing a sober, calculating mind, would write deliberate vain, exposing himself in advance to the possibility of being punished and deprived of any privileges. He, a merchant, probably knew a lot about the conspiracy of the naval embezzlers, with whom he moved in the same environment. A fair question arises: why did Nicholas I not insist on a more thorough investigation of the causes of the death of his aide-de-camp? The answer is not easy. But remember that Kazarsky was poisoned in the general's house, and it will immediately become clear: the highest authorities, who had connections in the capital, were interested in hushing up the “Kazarsky case”. In this state of affairs, of course, it was very easy to organize properly and the submission of material about the death of Kazarsky to the emperor. To the credit of Nicholas I, he made every possible effort to deal with the mysterious death of his aide-de-camp. He entrusted the investigation of the case to the chief of the gendarme corps, General Benckendorff.

On October 8, 1833, Benckendorff gave the emperor a note, which read as follows: “Kazarsky's uncle Motskevich, dying, left him a box with 70 thousand rubles, which was plundered at death with the great participation of the Nikolayev police chief Avtomonov. An investigation has been appointed, and Kazarsky has repeatedly said that he will certainly try to uncover the perpetrators.

Avtomonov was in touch with the wife of the captain-commander Mikhailova, a woman of a dissolute and enterprising nature; her main friend was a certain Rosa Ivanovna, who had a short relationship with the wife of a pharmacist. After dinner at Mikhailova's, Kazarsky, having drunk a cup of coffee, felt the effect of the poison in himself and turned to the head physician Petrushevsky, who explained that Kazarsky was constantly spitting and therefore black spots formed on the floor, which were washed off three times, but remained black.

When Kazarsky died, his body was black as coal, his head and chest swelled in an unusual way, his face collapsed, the hair on his head peeled off, his eyes burst and his feet fell off in a coffin. All this happened in less than two days. The investigation appointed by Greig did not reveal anything, the other investigation also does not promise anything good, for Avtomonov is the closest relative of Adjutant General Lazarev. "

And what about Nicholas I? How did he react to Benckendorff's note? On top of the report, the emperor imposed a sweeping resolution: “Menshikov. I entrust you personally, but I lay it on your conscience to personally reveal the truth upon arrival in Nikolaev. Too awful. Nikolay ".
From the resolution it is clear that the emperor was shocked by the content of the note and wrote it chaotically, twice inappropriately using the word "personally". It is also curious that, refusing the services of the Benckendorff department, Nikolai delegated the investigation to Menshikov. What is the reason that the gendarmes were removed from the "Kazarsky case" is unknown. Is it only that Benckendorff in his note makes it clear that he does not believe in the result of the investigation and does not really want to deal with it? Again, questions that have not yet been answered.
Menshikov's investigation also did not bring any clarity to the disclosure of the true reasons for the death of the former commander of the brig "Mercury". And a little more time passed, and the matter was consigned to oblivion due to the prescription and lack of evidence.

That is, perhaps, all that we know about the death of A.I. Kazarsky. Going to certain death, he nevertheless entered into an unequal confrontation with the all-powerful bureaucratic apparatus of serf Russia, fell, but did not retreat in this struggle.
We knew the commander of the legendary "Mercury" as a brave warrior, now we know him as a patriot and a citizen of our Fatherland in the highest sense of these words.
Through his whole life and even death, Alexander Ivanovich proved the legitimacy of the inscription inscribed on the monument erected to him: “Kazarsky. For posterity as an example. "

What is an example, let the reader figure it out for himself.

Diesel submarines

Nuclear submarines

So:

1. During the period under review, from 1952 to 2003, the following were built and included in the Navy:
- 251 nuclear submarines
- 29 diesel submarines of the M type, project A-615 with a closed-cycle propulsion system.
- 225 diesel pl of project 613 and modifications
- 26 diesel engines pr.611 and modifications
- 58 diesel pl of pr.641 and modifications
- 23 diesel pl of pr.629 and modifications

2. For those killed or in a severe accident pl (K-129, K-3, K-8, K-429, K-219, K-278, K-141, K-159, K-56, K-131 , K-19, S-80, S-178, S-350, B-37, S-117, M-200, M-256, M-252, M-351) tactical numbers were:

With a number - 1 (K-129, K-19, K-219, K-141, K-159, K-131, S-178, S351, S-117, M-351) - 10 pl
(40% still have digit 9)

With a number - 2 (K-129, K-429, K-219, K-278, M-200, M-252, M-256) - 7pl
(More than 40% again have digit 9)

With a number - 5 (K-159, K-56, S-350, M-252, M-255, M-256, M-351) - 7 pl

With a number - 8 (K-8, K-278, S-178, S-80) - 4pl

With a number - 9 (K-19, K129, K-219, K-429, K-159) - 5pl.

Comment:
- With a number 5 , which is in the category of tens, 7 cases of accidents. At the same time, 80% of accidents at submarines type M. -
- With a number 9 , which is in the category of ones, only pl type K.
- The most unfortunate combination of numbers 1,2 or 9 is 10 cases.
- The most successful combination of numbers is 3,4,6,7.

3. Time periods of maximum catastrophes:
-diesel pl
-1956-1962- the time when there was the greatest number of submarines in the Navy and the time for the development of submarines with a new power plant.
-atomic pl
-1967-1973 - the time of mastering and the beginning of the cyclic carrying of bs,
-1983-1989 g.- the time of the greatest wear of the material part of the 1st and 2nd generation submarines and the maximum number of submarines carrying bs.

4. Time periods of minimum disasters:
- diesel engines are already well mastered and reliable.
- 1962-1981 g.
-atomic pl
- 1973-1983- the period of transition from the 1st generation PL to the 2nd generation PL, more modern and reliable.
- 1989-2000 g. the period of termination of the BS, with the exception of rare exits to the sea or autonomous navigation.

5. Disasters by fleets (d / a / total):
Pacific Fleet: 4/2/6
CSF: 3/9/12
KBF: 3 / - / 3
KCHF: 1 / - / 1 Total: dpl - 11; apl - 11; Total-22

6. The main causes of accidents that led to the death of submarines:
- a fire followed by the ingress of a large amount of water into the strong hull, loss of surface longitudinal stability.
- 3 cases of violation of the rules of navigation, which led to a collision with surface ships.

7. Frequency of disasters and serious incidents at the Pacific Fleet.
7.1. 1968 8 Martha- the death of the RPL of Project 629A "K-129".
7.2. 1973 year 13 june- collision of plark pr.675 "K-56" with ES "Akademik Berg".
7.3. 1978 year 13 june- lingering shot of the main battery on the cruiser pr.68 bis "Admiral Senyavin".
7.4. 1983 24 june- death of plark pr.670A "K-429".

The interval of incidents is almost 5 years, moreover, there is a coincidence in the dates of clauses 7.2 and 7.3.

Possible causes of accidents and disasters:
1. Inadequate professional training of submarine commanders and crews.
The flawed system of selection and training of command personnel - primarily commanders of the pl - is a prerequisite for all accidents and incidents. In the mid-70s, a situation arose when many senior assistants to the commanders of missile submarines did not want to surrender the submarine for independent control, so that they would not be appointed commanders of the square. For fear of responsibility. So, on February 1, 1978, out of 21 senior officers of the 2 fleet of the Pacific Fleet, 19 people did not want to hand over for admission to independent control of the ship. The question is, who then commanded the submarines?

2. Technical errors in the design, construction and operation of nuclear submarines and the imperfection of their weapons. They were of a systemic nature, since they took place on many ships, as evidenced by the results of inspections of ships and submarines based on observations that led to severe accidents and disasters.

3. Acceptance from the industry of submarines with significant defects and malfunctions of systems and mechanisms, for the sake of the command of the USSR Navy and the leadership of the Ministry of the shipbuilding industry.

4. Violation of the requirements of guidelines for the training of submarine crews and their admission to the sea.

5. The death and accidents of type M submarines of the A-615 project occurred due to an imperfect power plant, which caused an explosion of the gas mixture and a fire.

6. The main reason for the death of surface ships is violation of the rules for storing and using ammunition.

7. It is difficult to explain why at pl. type "K", injured in accidents and disasters, tactical numbers repeated the numbers 1, 2, 5 and 9.

It is advisable to change tactical numbers on submarines that are part of the Russian Navy, excluding these numbers.

8.In the Navy of the USSR and the Navy of the Russian Federation:
- there are no specialists engaged in continuous comprehensive analysis of the state of mechanisms and ammunition, organization of BP, emergency situations, disasters of pl and nc, and who are able to generalize statistical material from the post-war period to the present and give recommendations on preventing possible emergencies.
- it is possible that the Russian Navy Command is not interested in conducting a thorough analysis so that the data denouncing the former Navy leadership does not become public. It is not taken into account that the ship's crew will make repeated mistakes in a certain sequence and frequency, which are fraught with serious accidents and catastrophes.
- apart from the analysis of navigational accidents and incidents in the General Staff of the USSR Navy, there are no other materials that would have been brought to the l / s pl and nk.

Recently, in the open press and on Internet sites, a lot of materials have appeared on the accidents and disasters of Soviet submarines. The authors analyze the individual causes of these accidents, since they do not have the opportunity to make a complete analysis due to the lack of access to the materials. In addition, some of the information is of a disinformation nature. To conduct a reliable analysis and identify the objective causes of disasters, it is necessary that such a study be carried out by a special commission. It should consist of professionals - submariners with extensive practical experience, not on active duty and able to reveal the true causes of accidents, using both archival documents and cases that were not reflected in these documents, but remained in the memory of the direct participants in these events. All commanders know that the draft logbook of the watch CPU, in which all actual events and incidents were recorded, differed as black and white from the clean logbook and combat service report, which were submitted to the archive.

In addition to official materials, many of which are still classified as secrets, a significant amount of information was hidden from the leadership of the Navy or was communicated only to a narrow circle of people.

I did not intend to give a complete analysis of these cases for the same reason. I just collected and summarized the cases of accidents and disasters, trying to find some inexplicable pattern. Someone might say that there is a lot of mysticism here. Maybe you are right. I hope that someday these phenomena will be explained, and they will receive scientific confirmation and objective substantiation. If you, after reading these conclusions, can answer me, I will be grateful to you. I think that I am not the only one who needs it.

Application:
1. The names of the commanders of the lost ships:

S-117 - Captain 3rd rank Krasnikov,
M-200 - Captain 3rd rank Shumanin
M-255 - Captain 3rd rank S. Savkin
M-351 - Captain 3rd Rank R. Belozerov
M-256 - Captain 3rd rank Yu. Vavakin
M-252 - Captain 3rd Rank S. Borovkov
S-80 - Captain 3rd rank Sitarchik
B-37 - Captain 2nd rank Begeba
S-350 - Captain 2nd Rank O. Abramov
S-178 - Captain 3rd Rank B. Marango
К-129 - Captain 1st rank V. Kobzar
K-19 - Captain 2nd Rank N. Zateev
К-3 - Captain 2nd Rank S. Gorikov
К-8 - Captain 2nd Rank V. Bessonov
K-19 - Captain 1st rank V. Kulibaba
K-56 - Captain 2nd Rank L. Khomenko
K-429 - Captain 1st Rank V. Suvorov
K-13 - Captain 1st Rank E. Selivanov
K-219 - Captain 1st Rank I. Britanov
K-278 - Captain 1st Rank E. Vanin
K-141 - Captain 1st Rank G. Lyachin
K-159 - Captain 2nd Rank S. Lapa

2. Disasters of surface ships.
2.1. BOD "Otvazhny" Project 61 (KChF) August 30, 1974 raid of Streletskaya Bay, Black Sea, the reason - the explosion of the starter engines of zur and other ammunition, 24 people died
2.2. Cruiser "Admiral Senyavin" Project 68 bis (Pacific Fleet) June 13, 1978 Sea of ​​Japan. A lingering shot of the main caliber gun of the bow turret, 24 people were killed.

2.3. Battleship "Novorossiysk" former "Giulio Cesare", KChF October 29, 1955 Sevastopol Bay, the reason is not established. It exploded and sank, standing on barrel # 3 (39 years after the sinking of the battleship "Empress Maria" on October 20, 1916, at the same place.)

Killed 610 people