Types of motivation Self-motivation is divided into two types - motivation "K" and motivation "From". The first type ("K") is motivation for something good: I will earn more and buy myself a new car. It seems that everything is simple, but the trouble is that they know how to be positively motivated

4.3.3. Types of fraud In accordance with the generally accepted classification, the following types of fraud exist: 1) the use of unreceived cards; 2) the use of counterfeit cards; 3) transactions using card details; 4) the use of stolen or

1.1. Types of alarms The market of electronic equipment for security and fire alarms offers a wide range of devices that allow you to build a system and install alarms for a country house or apartment of any level of complexity.

The main purpose of the anchoring device is to ensure reliable anchorage of the vessel in roadsteads and in the open sea at accessible depths.

In addition, the anchor device is used in a number of other cases, in particular: when a vessel is moored to a berth or another vessel in unfavorable conditions (strong wind, current, etc.).

An anchor, released from the windward side in a downwind or current, allows avoiding the collapse of the vessel onto the berth or other vessel: when the vessel is moored astern to the berth or mooring barrel !: for offshore transshipment operations using watercraft.

Anchors released when stern moorings are on the berth or barrels restrict the mobility of the vessel; for the implementation of an effective turn of the vessel in a limited free water area (when leaving the harbor, in a narrow area, etc.).
Released anchor allows you to reduce the diameter of the circulation and make a safe turn; to quickly cancel the inertia and stop the vessel in order to prevent collision with another vessel; to remove the vessel from the shallows.
An anchor driven towards great depths with a steel cable attached to it is selected using a spire or windlass, which allows in some cases to remove the vessel from the shallows without assistance.

Some elements of the anchor device (hawses, anchor chains) can be used when towing a vessel. Parts of the anchor device are: anchors, anchor chains, haws, chain boxes, devices for attaching anchor chains to the ship's hull, stoppers and mechanisms for recoiling and lifting anchors - windlass or capstan.
The anchor device is located in the bow of the vessel. On icebreakers, tugs, large-tonnage transport and expedition ships, there is an additional anchor device at the stern, which makes it possible to improve the conditions for handling ships.

Ship anchors, according to their purpose, are subdivided into stationary and auxiliary. The main function of anchors is to hold the ship in place when the anchor is released. Each vessel must have three anchors - two in the hawses and one spare on deck.

rice. 25 Ice Anchor

Auxiliary anchors include: stop anchors are the largest of the auxiliary anchors, having a mass equal to 1/3 of the mass of the anchor. They are used in conjunction with the staff to keep the ship in a certain position relative to the wind during loading and unloading, embarking and disembarking passengers, accepting fuel, etc. at roadsteads, as well as for taking the ship aground; verps - small ship anchors used along with stop anchors.
The mass of the verp is equal to about half the mass of the stop-anchor; dreki - small boat anchors weighing from 16 to 45 kg; cats - small three- or four-horned anchors weighing from 5 to 15 kg, are used to find sunken and catch floating objects; ice anchors are used to hold a vessel near an ice field or coastal fast ice, have a mass of 75-80 kg.

(fig. 25) is made of T-profile steel. It consists of a spindle 1 and a paw 2, which is laid in a crack in the ice or in a hollowed out hole; equipped with two brackets. A steel cable is attached to the bracket 3, on which the anchor is wound, and to the bracket 4, the short end of a soft steel or vegetable cable, for which the anchor is removed from the hole.

Ship anchors must have characteristics that meet their purpose. The most important of these is the holding force - the smallest force that needs to be applied in the direction of the spindle to lift the anchor off the ground.
Special requirements apply to the anchors. They must give quickly, pick up the soil well, have a great holding force, easily separate from the ground when lifting, and be conveniently mounted in a marching way. At the same time, anchors should be durable, cheap and easy to manufacture.
These requirements have led to the creation of a large number of anchors of various designs. According to the method of picking up the soil, they can be divided into two types: anchors with a rod, burrowing into the ground with one paw: anchors with a rod and without a rod, picking up the soil with two paws.

The first type is the admiralty anchor(Fig. 26, a). It consists of a spindle 1 and two horns 2 with paws 3, cast or forged together with the spindle. The spindle in the lower part has a thickening - a trend, the lower part of which is called the heel 4. In the upper part of the spindle there are two holes: through one of them an anchor bracket 5 is attached to the spindle, and the rod 6 is inserted into the second. burying it in the ground when releasing the anchor.

One end of the rod is bent at a right angle, which allows it to be removed along the spindle when attaching the anchor in a stowed manner. The rod provides quick picking up of the soil by the anchor. The given anchor rests on the ground with a heel and rests against it with the end of the rod. When the anchor chain is pulled, the anchor turns 90 ° on the ground, due to which the lower horn with a paw burrows into the ground.

simple in design and has great holding force. However, it also has significant drawbacks. First of all, the anchor is inconvenient for recoil and cleaning, since it is fixed on the deck in a marching way.
In addition, digging into the ground with one paw, the anchor poses a danger to ships in shallow water and poses a threat of entanglement of its anchor chain for the second horn towering above the ground. The type of anchors that pick up the soil with two paws are the Hall anchor (without a rod) and an anchor of the Matrosov system (with a rod).
The Hall anchor received the predominant use on ships.

The Hall anchor (Fig. 26, b) consists of two main parts - spindle 1 and box 2, cast as one piece with two legs 3. A square spindle, tapering upwards, passes through a hole in the box.
At the lower, thickened end of the spindle, there is a roller eyelet, the ends of which fit into the slots inside the box. This allows the tine box to rotate 40-45 ° when the tines enter the ground. The spindle is held inside the box by two locking pins 5.
The pins only cover the roller 6 that has entered the nests, do not limit the required angle of rotation of the box with paws and allow it to rotate in the plane of the paws at an angle of up to 10 °. The box has grippers 7 (sandpipes), which facilitate the rotation of the paws when entering the ground.
In the upper part there is an eye for the anchor shackle 4, to which the anchor chain is attached.

rice. 26 Ship's anchors

a - admiralty; b - Hall, c - Matrosov

The given Hall anchor lays down on the ground. When the anchor chain is tensioned, the grippers rest against the ground and force the legs to burrow. The Hall anchor is widely recognized for its ease of use.
It releases quickly, has a fairly large holding force and is conveniently pulled into the hawse when harvesting. Burrowing into the ground with both paws, the anchor is not dangerous for vessels in shallow water, entanglement of the anchor chain by the anchor legs is practically excluded.
However, in the case of uneven burying of the paws in the ground, the anchor begins to turn out of the ground with a strong tension of the anchor chain, as well as when the direction of the wind or current changes. This drawback was eliminated by the design of the anchor proposed by the Soviet engineer Matrosov.

rice. 27 Dead Anchors

a, b - reinforced concrete massifs; c - "frog"; g - segment; d - mushroom;

e - helical; w - one-horned admiralty

Matrosov's anchor (Fig. 26, c) has wide legs 3, located almost close to the spindle 1. This reduces the moment that pulls the anchor out of the ground. The paws have a rod 2 molded together with them, displaced upward relative to the axis of rotation of the spindle in the trend of the armature.

The stem does not interfere with the retraction of the armature into the hawse; it protects the anchor from overturning when dragging on the ground, and in soft ground, plunging with the paws, increases the holding force. The anchor has a relatively small mass, but at the same time it has a large holding force equal to 10-20 times the mass of the anchor (depending on the ground).

Anchors Hall, Matrosov, etc. are called retractable, since when fastened in a marching way, they are retracted along the entire length of the spindle into special anchor pipes-haws.

(Fig. 27) are used to securely hold in place mooring barrels, floating beacons, docks, floating workshops and other structures, as well as signs of navigation equipment. These are reinforced concrete massifs of various geometric shapes or volumetric metal structures that are buried in the ground.

Floating structures are held on dead anchors using strong chains or cables. The anchor hawse (Fig. 28) is a metal pipe 2 with two sockets, one of which 1 is welded to the deck, and the second 4 is welded to the outer skin of the hull. On ships that do not have an anchoring device at the stern, the anchor hawses are placed one on each side only in the bow. So that when the anchor is fastened in a marching way, its paws do not protrude beyond the side plating, niches are made in the places where the side sockets are attached 3.

It would seem that you can tell about the anchor? The simplest, at first glance, design. But he plays a huge role in the life of the ship. The main task of the anchor is to reliably tie the ship to the ground, wherever it is: in the open sea or near the coast. A motor boat or a yacht, a cruise liner or a multi-ton tanker - safe movement across the sea for any vessel depends on the reliability of anchors.

Anchor structures have evolved over hundreds of years. Reliability, ease of use, weight - each parameter was tested in practice by the sea itself, counting nautical miles. Most of the anchors have common names: admiralty, ice, plow, crampons. But there are anchors named after their creators. The names of the inventors of reliable structures are: Hall and Sailors, Danforth, Bruce, Byers, Boldt.

"The chains of anchors are ringing in the port ...", or the crew list of the anchor

The anchor must provide a safe anchorage, boats or yachts in the roadstead and on the high seas. In addition, the anchor plays a huge role in solving other problems:

• Limits the mobility of the vessel while mooring to another vessel or berth in adverse weather conditions, strong currents, or during loading operations.
• Allows you to make a safe turn in a confined space (for example, in a narrow harbor).
• Can quickly extinguish momentum and stop the ship when a collision is imminent.
• Helps to remove the vessel from the shallows by the crew.

Parts of the anchor structure (chains, haws) are sometimes used for towing.

Situations when an anchor is used can be roughly divided into two groups.

The first group is for emergency use: in situations where the anchor must hold the ship at the maximum value of the wind force and waves at sea.

The second group is for everyday use: for a short stop in good weather

Anchor structure

The bow of the ship is the place where the anchor device is located. An additional anchor structure is installed at the stern of large vessels, icebreakers and tugs. Such a design includes a chain or rope directly, a chain box, a device with which anchor chains are attached to the ship's hull, a hawse, a stopper, as well as a spire and windlass, with which the anchor is released and raised.

And what does the anchor itself consist of, in the steel legs of which is the safety of the vessel, crew and passengers on board?

An anchor is a special structure (welded, cast or forged) that sinks to the bottom and holds the boat with a rope or a rope. It consists of several elements:

A spindle (longitudinal rod) with an anchor bracket in the upper part - with this bracket, the anchor is attached to the chain;

Paws and horns that attach to the spindle motionlessly or on a hinge.

For anchors with a rod, a transverse rod is installed in the upper part of the spindle, which increases the holding force.

Anchor structures: purpose, type

By designation, ship anchors are:

• Subsidiary: anchors, verps, dreks, crampons, ice. The role of auxiliary anchors is to help the standers in certain situations: when embarking and disembarking passengers, loading and unloading, for removing the vessel from the shallows, keeping the vessel at the edge of the ice field.
• Stanovye: on each vessel there should be 3 of them (2 in haws, 1 on deck).

According to the method of soil sampling, they are divided into two groups.

One group includes anchors that pick up the soil (that is, dig into it) with one paw. First of all, this includes the Admiralty anchor.

Anchors that take the soil with two paws are combined into another group: anchors of Hall, Byers, Boldt, Gruzon-Hein, Matrosov.

Anchors must meet the following criteria:

• strength;
• quick return;
• good soil fence;
• easy separation from the ground when lifting;
• convenient fastening in the "stowed" position.

One of the most important criteria is a large holding force, that is, the maximum force, measured in kilograms, under the influence of which the anchor will not come out of the ground and will be able to keep the vessel “on a leash”.

Anchor - "admiral"

The Admiralty anchor can rightfully be considered a veteran among ship anchors. This is almost the only representative of designs with a stem. Despite the fact that it was replaced by more modern and reliable models, it still fulfills its role as a ship in the Navy. This is due to the versatility of the design.

The structure of the Admiralty anchor, tested over the centuries, is laconic: fixed legs and horns are cast or forged together with the spindle and make up a single whole with it, without additional mechanical elements. Stem - wood or metal. Its task is to help fast soil picking and the correct orientation of the anchor clinging to the bottom.

The design itself is compactly folded: the stem is laid along the spindle, and in modern models, the legs can also be folded. This makes it easy to store and transport the anchor during the sea voyage.

The advantages include a large holding force (its coefficient is equal to 10-12), which is higher than that of many "brothers" with the same weight.

"Admiral" is able to cope with any soil: he is not afraid of any large stones, among which his "colleagues" often get stuck, nor the insidious malleability of silt, nor the thickness of underwater algae.

The disadvantages of the naval old-timer can be attributed to the cumbersomeness and volume, laboriousness in handling - this leads to the fact that it is troublesome to fix it in the stowed position and cannot be quickly given away. The anchor is forged from iron with strict requirements for the quality of the material and workmanship - this leads to its high cost.

The stock often fails: the iron one bends, and the wooden one is damaged by mollusks, it is fragile and short-lived.

When immersed in the ground, one leg sticks out, posing a threat to ships in shallow water, and the anchor chain can catch and get tangled on the horn protruding above the ground.

In 1988 an anchor named after him was patented by the Englishman Hall. This anchor is also considered a naval veteran, only stockless. The structure consists of a spindle and two legs, cast together with the box.

The paws in this design are unusual: they have a flat shape, swing and can turn on an axis.

The box and paws are weighted by tides with thickenings in the form of shoulder blades. Their task is to turn the paws, forcing them to go into the ground to a depth that can be 4 times the length of the paws themselves. This is especially important if the soil is weak and it is necessary to go deep in order to achieve a solid foundation.

The indisputable advantages of the Hall anchor are considered to be a sufficiently large holding force, quick recoil (it can be given on the go, moreover, this method of recoil even helps to deepen the paws as much as possible) and convenient cleaning into the hawse.

In shallow water, it is not dangerous for other vessels, since the legs lie flat on the ground, entanglement of the anchor chain or rope around the legs is excluded.

The disadvantages of the design include the unreliability of fastening the anchor on a soil of dissimilar composition when a torque occurs or while parking in an open roadstead when the wind direction changes or in a strong current, when the anchor starts to crawl in jerks. In this case, with a strong jerk, the anchor jumps out of the ground, and then deepens again thanks to the shovels, which have time to heat the bump from the ground. This is due to the too large distance between the legs. In addition, the hinge box can become jammed when sand or small pebbles are collected.

When retracted into the hawse, when the anchor is retracted, the paws cannot always independently take the required position due to the not very good location of the center of gravity.

This anchor is one of the most modern designs with increased holding power. Created by the Soviet engineer I.R.Matrosov in 1946, it absorbed the advantages and eliminated the disadvantages inherent in the legs of two types of anchors: with fixed legs (such as the Admiralty) and with rotary (Hall anchor).

The design of the anchor is as follows: spindle, legs, side rods, anchor bracket.

In the Matrosov system, the wide swivel paws are almost close to the spindle and are so close to each other that during burrowing into the ground they begin to work like one large paw. The area of ​​each of them is larger than in other anchor structures. A rod with lateral lugs is cast together with the paws. The stem is displaced upward in relation to the spindle rotation axis. Its task is to protect the anchor from overturning and increase the holding force by plunging into the ground with the paws.

The advantages of the design are stability when dragging along the ground, high holding force even on soft sandy-silty soils and stones, relatively low weight and ease of pulling into the hawse during harvesting. When the vessel turns 360 0, it is held confidently.

The design also has its drawbacks. On dense ground at the initial stage of deepening, the anchor is unstable. If the legs have turned out of the ground, they do not enter the ground again, and the anchor continues to crawl. The space between the paws of the spindle is so narrow that it is often clogged with soil - this does not give the paws the ability to freely deflect.

Production

Matrosov's anchor is available in two versions:

• welded (welded foot)
• cast full-weight (cast paw)

The technical standard for the Matrosov anchor is GOST 8497-78. It is used for anchors that are used on surface vessels, ships and inland watercraft.

Specifications and parameters are determined by mass (armature weight)

Welded anchor

Matrosov's welded anchor is made from 5 to 35 kg of stainless steel or steel with anodized coating or paint coating.

Anchors covered with paint require additional maintenance (cleaning from rust and painting), since the paint is quickly peeled off with primer. The anode coating is more resistant, but also subject to physical stress when in contact with the ground. The most durable of welded structures are stainless steel welded anchors.

Cast anchor

Cast Matrosov anchors are made with a mass of 25 to 1500 kg.

They are usually cast from cast iron and coated with anode spraying or paint.

The pilot cast Matrosov's anchor was successfully tested on sea fishing vessels under operational conditions. Its advantages over the Hall anchor turned out to be indisputable.

Which one is better?

Given the wide variety of ship anchors, it is impossible to unequivocally answer the question of which design is better.

However, numerous tests to determine the value of the holding force on various types of soil showed that the Matrosov anchor is 4 times larger than the Admiralty and Hall anchor with equal mass.

The anchor is effective for use on inland navigation vessels, river vessels, boats and yachts. On ships, its use is practiced as an auxiliary.

Almost every port city has an impressive anchor as a sightseeing attraction. These black giants radiate the calm power with which merchant ships and warships cruised the sea. The largest anchor in the world is custom-made and weighs 40 tons. Learn all about heavy and strong anchors, take a look at the photos of these secretive workers of the sea.

Heavyweight record holder

To build a strait crossing or offshore oil rig requires a floating crane capable of moving bridge spans. The vessel, on which the floating crane is located, must stand still as if poured, otherwise it is impossible to ensure the accuracy of reloading operations. The task of keeping it in place is entrusted to giant anchors.

In 1991, the Dutch company Ballast Nedam, specifically for the construction of the Great Belt Bridge in Denmark, ordered the Svanen Cyclopean floating crane, whose engineering features allow it to lift and move loads in excess of 8 million tons. How much does the anchor of such a structure weigh? The same amount as a modern tank or a humpback whale - 40 tons.

What do the anchors of a floating crane look like?

These are constructions of a spindle and flat paws on spreading horns, unusual from the illustrations in books about pirates. The anchors of floating cranes, especially those that mount bridge spans, look like hemispheres that can be sucked to the ground using hoses to remove water.

Similar suction cups are installed on floating cranes by another Dutch company - Balder. Its cranes have a lower lifting capacity - up to 3 million tons, but they work in conditions of strong currents and waves.

Memory of the Sea Giant

Among the outlandish exhibits in the courtyard of the Hong Kong Maritime Museum is the Knock Nevis supertanker anchor picked up off the coast of India. Rusting titanium weighs 36 tons, is 10 m long and is today the world's first in the class of Danforth designs with their flat, knife-shaped paws. This anchor belongs to the number of the anchor - necessary to keep the vessel out of the drift with the engines turned off.

Its dimensions are related to the dimensions of the tanker:

• length - 458 m;
• width - 69 m;
• braking distance - 10 km;
• draft at full load - 30 m.

Knock Nevis was lowered from the stocks in 1976, resold and rebuilt several times: either the vibration of the owners did not suit, the absence of a double side, or the inability to pass the Panama Canal. He spent the last 6 years of his life in the role of a storage tanker, and in 2010 he was scrapped. The gigantic anchor that held the giant in place is the only memory of this outstanding vessel.

What aircraft carriers are held on

In 1982, the largest aircraft carrier in the history of shipbuilding was added to the surface of the American fleet with pathos befitting the moment. Unmatched in size, crew size and investment, Carl Vinson also owns the corresponding anchors weighing 30 tonnes each.

They do not have rods, but the swivel arms are reliably buried in the ground and tightly retracted into the haws when lifting. Engineer Frederick Boldt, who came up with such a solution back in 1898, could not even imagine that it would be used by floating air bases of the 21st century. The American aircraft carriers Saratoga and Forrestal and the French oil tanker Batillus are ships whose Boldt-designed anchors weigh between 27 and 30 tons.

Champions of the Russian fleet

In Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, an ancient wrought iron Tsar-anchor weighing 6.1 tons is available to the public. Its length from the eye to the heel is 4.8 m.

And in 2012, during the reconstruction of a shipyard in Vladivostok, they found a six-ton ​​colossus from those that were installed on battleships during the Russian-Japanese war. Its length is 6 m, and its paw span is 4 m.

Flipper Delta is Boldt's rival

Dutch inventor Peter Claren in 1975 proposed to reinforce the anchor with three triangular planes, which gave the structure the look of a hang glider.

The idea turned out to be successful, and the company that produced the novelty sold products with a total weight of 0.5 million tons in the first year. The Flipper Delta, weighing 27.2 tons, still holds floating cranes, and smaller models are supplied to marine rescue tugs.

Dead anchors - unmatched in strength

When developing oil wells in the Gulf of Mexico, engineers were faced with the problem of silty soils: pontoons did not hold anchors in them. In the 50s of the last century, three new solutions were proposed at once, united by the name "dead anchors". They are small, within a ton of weight, but are capable of holding the drill string.

The model called "kite" is especially strong. It sinks into silt to a depth of 10-15 m. True, it is impossible to pull it out of there. Given its low cost, it is simply left in the ground.

How to keep 4 ships at the same time

In 1848, an ingenious idea came to the mind of the English engineer Mitchell: he came up with an anchor, which is screwed into the bottom soil with the help of a lever. Guided by this idea, the Newcastle Port Authority built a number of mooring barrels in the roadstead, each of which was held on one anchor-propeller and received 4 vessels.

The coming storm scattered the ships in other ports, and in Newcastle the captains found the ships where they left them. The screw anchors are still used for floating port facilities, for example, lighthouses.

New operating principle

Calculations show that even an anchor weighing 90-100 tons will not hold a 400 m long oil tanker in a hurricane wind. The solution was proposed by American military engineers. Their jet anchor weighs 6.8 tons, but at the same time has such a holding force as if it weighs 19 tons. It is equipped with a rocket that explodes on impact on the ground and deepens the anchor to 8-10 m. In order for the tanker to resume movement, the anchor chain is opened, because it is unrealistic to pull the jet model out of the ground.

Unrivaled in size

It is easy to gain a foothold near the coast, but what if a small ship is caught in bad weather on the open sea? The main task of the captain is to keep the watercraft with the bow to the wave, and the assistant for this is the floating anchor, which is thrown from the bow. It is a canvas cone with a metal cross at the base. The structure looks like an extended parachute, umbrella or trawl for bottom fishing. The diameter of the inlet of the cone is half the ship's breadth. The exit hole is 10 cm, due to which a decent resistance force is created.

To increase the strength of the floating anchors, ballast is suspended from below, and a displacer is attached from above. Together, ballast and displacer hold the anchor at the desired depth.

The history of anchors begins from the time when a heavy stone was tied to a liana for the first time and thrown to the bottom. Since then, these devices have become more comfortable and heavier. However, 40 tons of gigantomania ended. Propellers, suction cups, jet devices are replacing the habitual big-ass giants adorning the squares of the cities of ship glory.