In what year did Lenin become the leader? Who is Lenin? IN AND. Lenin: a short biography. Beginning of revolutionary activity
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin was a Russian statesman and political figure, the founder of the Soviet state and the Communist Party. Under his leadership, the date of birth of Lenin and the death of the leader passed - 1870, April 22, and 1924, January 21, respectively.
Political and government activities
In 1917, after arriving in Petrograd, the leader of the proletariat led the October uprising. He was elected Chairman of the SNK (Council of People's Commissars) and the Council of Peasants' and Workers' Defense. was a member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. From 1918 Lenin lived in Moscow. In conclusion, the leader of the proletariat played a key role. Since 1922, it was discontinued due to a serious illness. The date of Lenin's birth and death of the politician, thanks to his active work, went down in history.
Events of 1918
In 1918, on August 30, a coup d'état began. Trotsky was not in Moscow at that time - he was on the Eastern Front, in Kazan. Dzerzhinsky was forced to leave the capital in connection with the murder of Uritsky. A very tense situation developed in Moscow. Colleagues and relatives insisted that Vladimir Ilyich did not go anywhere, did not attend any events. But the leader of the Bolsheviks refused to break the schedule of speeches by the leaders of the authorities of the regions. A performance was planned in the Basmanny district, at the Grain Exchange. According to the memoirs of the secretary of the district committee of Yampolskaya, the protection of Lenin was entrusted to Shablovsky, who was then supposed to escort Vladimir Ilyich to Zamoskvorechye. However, two or three hours before the expected start of the rally, it was reported that the leader was asked not to speak. But the leader did come to the Grain Exchange. Guarded him, as expected, Shablovsky. But there were no guards at the Michelson plant.
Who killed Lenin?
Kaplan (Fanny Efimovna) was the perpetrator of the attempt on the life of the leader. From the beginning of 1918, she actively collaborated with the right SRs, who were then in a semi-legal position. Kaplan was brought to the place of speech of the leader of the proletariat in advance. She fired from a Browning almost point-blank. All three bullets fired from the weapon hit Lenin. The leader's driver, Gil, was a witness to the assassination attempt. He did not see Kaplan in the dark, and when he heard the shots, according to some sources, he was confused and did not fire back. Later, averting suspicions from himself, Gil during interrogations said that after the speech of the leader, a crowd of workers came out to the factory yard. That is what prevented him from opening fire. Vladimir Ilyich was wounded but not killed. Subsequently, according to historical evidence, the assassin was shot and her body was burned.
The deterioration of the health of the leader, moving to Gorki
In 1922, in March, Vladimir Ilyich began to have quite frequent seizures, accompanied by loss of consciousness. The following year, paralysis and speech impairment developed on the right side of the body. However, despite such a serious condition, the doctors hoped to improve the situation. In May 1923, Lenin was moved to Gorki. Here his health improved markedly. And in October, he even asked to be transported to Moscow. However, he did not stay long in the capital. By winter, the condition of the Bolshevik leader had improved so much that he began to try to write with his left hand, and during the New Year tree, in December, he spent the whole evening with the children.
Events of the last days before the death of the leader
As People's Commissar of Health Semashko testified, two days before his death, Vladimir Ilyich went hunting. This was confirmed by Krupskaya. She said that on the eve of Lenin was in the forest, but, apparently, he was very tired. When Vladimir Ilyich was sitting on the balcony, he was very pale, and fell asleep all the time in the armchair. In recent months he had not slept at all during the day. A few days before her death, Krupskaya already felt the approach of something terrible. The leader looked very tired and exhausted. He turned very pale, and his look, as Nadezhda Konstantinovna recalled, became different. But despite the warning signs, a hunting trip was planned for January 21st. According to doctors, all this time the brain continued to progress, as a result of which sections of the brain were "turned off" one after another.
Last days of life
Professor Osipov, who treated Lenin, describes this day, testifying to the general malaise of the leader. On the 20th, he had a poor appetite, his mood was sluggish. On this day, he did not want to study. At the end of the day, Lenin was put to bed. He was put on a light diet. This state of lethargy was noted the next day, the politician remained in bed for four hours. He was visited in the morning, in the afternoon and in the evening. During the day, an appetite appeared, the leader was given broth. By six o'clock there was an increase in malaise, cramps appeared in the legs and arms, the politician lost consciousness. The doctor testifies that the right limbs were very tense - it was impossible to bend the leg at the knee. Convulsive movements were also observed in the left side of the body. The attack was accompanied by an increase in cardiac activity and increased respiration. The number of respiratory movements approached 36, and the heart was reduced at a rate of 120-130 beats per minute. Along with this, a very threatening sign appeared, which consisted in a violation of the correctness of the rhythm of breathing. This type of brain breathing is very dangerous and almost always indicates the approach of the fatal end. After some time, the condition somewhat stabilized. The number of respiratory movements decreased to 26, and the pulse to 90 beats per minute. Lenin's body temperature at that moment was 42.3 degrees. A convulsive continuous state led to this increase, which gradually began to weaken. Doctors began to harbor some hope for the normalization of the condition and a favorable outcome of the attack. However, at 18.50, blood suddenly rushed to Lenin's face, it turned red, turned crimson. Then the leader took a deep breath, and the next moment he died. Then artificial respiration was applied. The doctors tried to bring Vladimir Ilyich back to life for 25 minutes, but all the manipulations were unsuccessful. He died of paralysis of the heart and breathing.
The mystery of Lenin's death
The official medical report indicated that the leader had progressed widespread atherosclerosis of the cerebral vessels. At one point, as a result of circulatory disorders and hemorrhage into the pia mater, Vladimir Ilyich died. However, a number of historians believe that Lenin was murdered, namely: he was poisoned. The leader's condition worsened gradually. As the historian Lurie testifies, Vladimir Ilyich suffered a stroke in 1921, as a result of which the right side of the body was paralyzed. However, by 1924 he was able to recover enough that he was able to go hunting. The neurologist Winters, who studied the medical history in detail, even testified that a few hours before his death, the leader was very active and even talked. Shortly before the fatal end, several convulsive seizures occurred. But, according to the neurologist, it was just a manifestation of a stroke - these symptoms are characteristic of this pathological condition. However, the matter was not only and not so much in the disease. So why did Lenin die? According to the conclusion of the toxicological examination, which was carried out during the autopsy, traces were found in the body of the leader. Based on this, the experts concluded that poison was the cause of death.
Versions of researchers
If the leader was poisoned, then who killed Lenin? Over time, various versions began to be put forward. The main "suspect" was Stalin. According to historians, it was he who, more than anyone else, benefited from the death of the leader. Joseph Stalin sought to become the leader of the country, and only by eliminating Vladimir Ilyich could he achieve this. According to another version of who killed Lenin, suspicion fell on Trotsky. However, this conclusion is less plausible. Many historians are of the opinion that Stalin was still the customer of the murder. Despite the fact that Vladimir Ilyich and Iosif Vissarionovich were associates, the first was against the appointment of the second as the leader of the country. In this regard, realizing the danger, Lenin, on the eve of his death, tried to build a tactical alliance with Trotsky. The death of the leader guaranteed Joseph Stalin absolute power. Quite a lot of political events took place in the year of Lenin's death. After his death, a personnel reshuffle began in the leadership apparatus. Many figures were eliminated by Stalin. New people have taken their place.
Opinions of some scholars
Vladimir Ilyich died in middle age (how many years Lenin died is easy to calculate). Scientists say that the walls of the brain vessels of the leader for his 53 years were less durable than necessary. However, the causes of destruction in brain tissue remain unclear. There were no objective provoking factors for this: Vladimir Ilyich was young enough for this and did not belong to the risk group for pathologies of this kind. In addition, the politician did not smoke himself and did not allow smokers to visit him. He was neither overweight nor diabetic. Vladimir Ilyich did not suffer from hypertension or other cardiac pathologies. After the death of the leader, rumors appeared that his body was affected by syphilis, but no evidence of this was found. Some experts talk about heredity. As you know, the date of Lenin's death is January 21, 1924. He lived a year less than his father, who died at the age of 54. Vladimir Ilyich could have a predisposition to vascular pathologies. In addition, the party leader was in a state of stress almost constantly. He was often haunted by fears for his life. There was more than enough excitement both in youth and in adulthood.
Events after the death of the leader
There is no exact information about who killed Lenin. However, Trotsky in one of the articles claimed that he had poisoned the leader Stalin. In particular, he wrote that in February 1923, during a meeting of members of the Politburo, Iosif Vissarionovich said that Vladimir Ilyich urgently required him to see him. Lenin asked for poison. The leader began to lose the ability to speak again, considered his situation hopeless. He did not believe the doctors, he was tormented, but he kept his thoughts clear. Stalin told Trotsky that Vladimir Ilyich was tired of suffering and wanted to have poison with him so that when it became completely unbearable, he would end everything. However, Trotsky was categorically against it (in any case, he said so then). This episode has confirmation - Lenin's secretary told the writer Beck about this incident. Trotsky claimed that with his words, Stalin was trying to provide himself with an alibi, planning to actually poison the leader.
Several facts refuting that the leader of the proletariat was poisoned
Some historians believe that the most reliable information in the official conclusion of doctors is the date of Lenin's death. The autopsy of the body was carried out in compliance with the necessary formalities. This was taken care of by the general secretary - Stalin. During the autopsy, the doctors did not look for poison. But if there were insightful experts, then most likely they would put forward a version of suicide. It is assumed that the leader did not receive the poison from Stalin. Otherwise, after the death of Lenin, the successor would have destroyed all the witnesses and people who were close to Ilyich, so that not a single trace would remain. In addition, by the time of his death, the leader of the proletariat was practically helpless. Doctors did not predict significant improvements, so the likelihood of recovery was small.
Facts confirming poisoning
It should, however, be said that the version according to which Vladimir Ilyich died from poison has many supporters. There are even a number of facts confirming this. So, for example, the writer Solovyov devoted many pages to this issue. In particular, in the book "Operation Mausoleum", the author confirms Trotsky's reasoning with a number of arguments:
There are also testimonies of the doctor Gavriil Volkov. It should be said that this doctor was arrested shortly after the death of the leader. While in the detention center, Volkov told Elizaveta Lesotho - his cellmate - about what happened on the morning of January 21. The doctor brought Lenin a second breakfast at 11 o'clock. Vladimir Ilyich was in bed, and when he saw Volkov, he tried to get up and held out his hands to him. However, the strength left the politician, and he fell back on the pillows. At the same time, a note fell out of his hand. Volkov managed to hide it before the doctor Yelistratov entered and gave a sedative injection. Vladimir Ilyich fell silent, closed his eyes, as it turned out, forever. And only in the evening, when Lenin had already died, Volkov was able to read the note. In it, the leader wrote that he was poisoned. Solovyov believes that the politician was poisoned mushroom soup, which contained the dried poisonous mushroom cortinarius ciosissimus, which caused Lenin's quick death. The struggle for power after the death of the leader was not stormy. Stalin received absolute power and became the leader of the country, eliminating all the people he did not like. The year of Lenin's birth and death became memorable for the Soviet people for a long time.
The day Lenin died is inscribed in Russian history in black letters. It happened on January 21, 1924, before his 54th birthday, the leader of the world proletariat did not live only three months. Doctors, historians, modern researchers have not yet agreed on a single opinion about why Lenin died. The country was declared mourning. After all, a man who was the first in the world to build a socialist state, and in the largest country, has passed away.
Sudden death
Despite the fact that for a long month Vladimir Lenin was seriously ill, his death was sudden. It happened on the evening of January 21st. It was 1924, Soviet power had already been established on the territory of the entire Land of Soviets, and the day when Vladimir Ilyich Lenin died became a national tragedy for the entire state. Mourning was declared throughout the country, flags were flown at half mast, mourning rallies were held at enterprises and institutions.
Expert opinions
When Lenin died, a medical council was immediately assembled, in which the leading doctors of that time participated. Officially, doctors published this version of premature death: acute circulatory disorders in the brain and, as a result, cerebral hemorrhage. Thus, the cause of death could be a repeated massive stroke. There was also a version that for many years Lenin suffered from a venereal disease - syphilis, with which a certain French woman infected him.
This version is not excluded from the causes of death of the proletarian leader to this day.
Could syphilis be the cause?
When Lenin died, an autopsy was performed. Pathologists found that extensive liming was observed in the vessels of the brain. Doctors could not explain the reason for this. First, he led enough healthy lifestyle life and never smoked. He was not obese or hypertensive and had no brain tumor or other obvious lesions. Also, Vladimir Ilyich did not have any infectious diseases or diabetes, in which the vessels could suffer so.
As for syphilis, this cause could have been the cause of Lenin's death. Indeed, at that time this disease was treated with very dangerous medicines that could give complications to the entire body. However, neither the symptoms of the disease nor the results of the autopsy confirmed that the cause of death could be a venereal disease.
Bad heredity or severe stress?
53 years - that's how old Lenin died. For the beginning of the twentieth century, it was a fairly young age. Why did he leave so early? According to some researchers, the bad heredity of the leader could also be the cause of such an early death. After all, as you know, his father died at exactly the same age. According to the symptoms and descriptions of eyewitnesses, he had the same disease that his son later suffered. Yes, and other close relatives of the leader had a history of cardiovascular disease.
Another reason that could affect Lenin's health was his incredible workload and constant stress. It is known that he slept very little, practically did not rest and worked quite a lot. Historians describe a well-known fact when, in 1921, at one important event, Lenin completely forgot the words of his own speech. He had a stroke, after which he had to learn to speak again. He could hardly write. He had to spend a lot of time on rehabilitation and recovery.
Unusual seizures
But after Ilyich had a hypertensive stroke, he came to his senses and recovered quite well. In the early days of 1924, he was so fit that he even went hunting.
It is not clear how the last day of the leader passed. According to the diaries, he was quite active, talked a lot and did not complain about anything. But a few hours before his death, he had several severe convulsive seizures. They didn't fit into the picture of a stroke. Therefore, some researchers believe that an ordinary poison could become the cause of a sharp deterioration in health.
Stalin's hand
When Lenin was born and died, not only historians know today, but also many educated people. And before these dates, every schoolboy remembered by heart. But the exact reason why this happened, neither doctors nor researchers can name so far. There is another interesting theory - Lenin, they say, was poisoned by Stalin. The latter sought to gain absolute power, and Vladimir Ilyich was a serious obstacle on this path. By the way, Joseph Vissarionovich later resorted to poisoning as the right way eliminate your opponents. And it makes you think seriously.
Lenin, who initially supported Stalin, abruptly changed his mind and staked on the candidacy of Leon Trotsky. Historians claim that Vladimir Ilyich was preparing to move Stalin away from governing the country. He gave him a very unflattering description, called him cruel and rude, noted that Stalin was abusing his power. We know Lenin's letter addressed to the congress, where Ilyich sharply criticized Stalin and his style of leadership.
By the way, the poison story has a right to exist also because a year earlier, in 1923, Stalin wrote a memorandum addressed to the Politburo. It talked about the fact that Lenin wanted to poison himself and asked him to get a dose of potassium cyanide. Stalin said that he could not do this. Who knows, maybe Vladimir Ilyich Lenin himself suggested to the future successor the scenario of his death?
By the way, for some reason, doctors did not conduct a toxicological study at the time. Well, then it was too late to do such analyzes.
And one moment. At the end of January 1924, the 13th Party Congress was to be held. Surely Ilyich, speaking at it, would again raise the question of Stalin's behavior.
eyewitness accounts
In favor of poisoning, as the true cause of Lenin's death, some eyewitnesses also speak. The writer Elena Lermolo, who was exiled to hard labor, in the 30s of the twentieth century communicated with the personal chef of Vladimir Ilyich, Gavriil Volkov. He told such a story. In the evening he brought dinner to Lenin. He was already in a bad condition and could not talk. He handed the cook a note in which he wrote: "Gavryushenka, I was poisoned, I am poisoned." Lenin understood that he would die soon. And he asked to inform Leon Trotsky and Nadezhda Krupskaya about the poisoning, as well as members of the Politburo.
By the way, for the last three days, Lenin complained of constant nausea. But at the autopsy, doctors saw that his stomach was in almost perfect condition. He could not have had an intestinal infection either - it was winter outside, and such diseases are not typical for this time of year. Well, only the freshest food was prepared for the leader and it was carefully checked.
Chief's funeral
The year when Lenin died is marked in the history of the Soviet state with a black mark. After the death of the leader, an active struggle for power began. Many of his associates were repressed, shot and destroyed.
Lenin died in Gorki near Moscow on January 24 at 18:50. His body was delivered to the capital on a steam locomotive, the coffin was installed in the Hall of Columns. Within five days, the people could say goodbye to the leader of the new country, which had just begun to build socialism. Then the coffin with the body was installed in the Mausoleum, which was specially built for this purpose on Red Square by the architect Shchusev. Until now, the body of the leader, the founder of the world's first socialist state, is there.
Lenin. Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov. Biography
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich (real name - Ulyanov) (1870 - 1924)
Lenin. Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov.
Biography
Russian politician and statesman, "successor of the cause of K. Marx and F. Engels", organizer of the Communist Party Soviet Union(CPSU), founder of the Soviet socialist state. Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov was born on April 22 (April 10, according to the old style), 1870, in Simbirsk, in the family of an inspector of public schools, who became a hereditary nobleman. Grandfather of Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov - N.V. Ulyanov; was a serf in the Nizhny Novgorod province, later - a tailor-craftsman in Astrakhan. Father - Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov; after graduating from Kazan University, he taught at secondary schools in Penza and Nizhny Novgorod, later he was appointed inspector and director of public schools in the Simbirsk province. Mother - Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanova (née Blank); the doctor's daughter, having received a home education, passed the external exams for the title of teacher; buried in St. Petersburg at the Volkovo cemetery. Elder brother - Alexander Ilyich Ulyanov; in 1887 he was executed for participating in the preparation of the assassination attempt on Tsar Alexander III. The younger brother is Dmitry Ilyich Ulyanov. Sisters - Anna Ilyinichna Ulyanova (Ulyanova-Elizarova) and Olga Ilyinichna Ulyanova. All the children of the Ulyanov family connected their lives with the revolutionary movement.
In 1879-1887 Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov studied at the Simbirsk Gymnasium, from which he graduated with a gold medal. He entered the Faculty of Law of Kazan University, but in December 1887 he was arrested for active participation in the revolutionary gathering of students, expelled from the university as a relative of the executed brother of the People's Will and exiled to the village of Kokushkino, Kazan province. In October 1888, Vladimir Ulyanov returned to Kazan, where he joined one of the Marxist circles. In the second half of August 1890 he visited Moscow for the first time. In 1891, at St. Petersburg University, he passed the exams as an external student in the program of the Faculty of Law, and on January 14, 1892, Vladimir Ulyanov received a diploma of the 1st degree. In 1889 the Ulyanov family moved to Samara, where Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov began working as an assistant barrister and organized a circle of Marxists. In August 1893 he moved to St. Petersburg, where he joined the Marxist circle of students of the Technological Institute. In 1895 he published under the pseudonym K. Tulin. In April 1895, Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov went abroad to establish contact with the Emancipation of Labor group. In Switzerland, he met G.V. Plekhanov, in Germany - with W. Liebknecht, in France - with P. Lafargue. In September 1895, returning from abroad, he visited Vilnius, Moscow and Orekhovo-Zuevo. In the autumn of 1895, on the initiative and under the leadership of V.I. Ulyanov, the Marxist circles of St. Petersburg united into a single organization - the St. Petersburg Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class. For participation in the organization of the Social Democratic Party in December 1895, Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov was arrested, and in February 1897 he was exiled for three years to Siberia - to the village of Shushenskoye, Minusinsk district, Yenisei province. Together with him, as a bride, Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya was also sent, also sentenced to exile for active revolutionary work. In 1898, while in Shushenskoye, N.K. Krupskaya, with whom V.I. Ulyanov met in 1894, became his wife. In exile, Ulyanov wrote over 30 works. In 1898, the First Congress of the RSDLP took place in Minsk, proclaiming the formation of a Social Democratic Party in Russia and publishing the Manifesto of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party. In 1899 Ulyanov published under the pseudonym "V. Ilyin". Among his pseudonyms were V. Frei, Iv. Petrov, Karpov and others. On February 10 (January 29, according to the old style), 1900, after the exile, Ulyanov left Shushenskoye. In July 1900 he went abroad, where he set up the publication of the Iskra newspaper, becoming its editor. In 1900-1905 Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov lived in Munich, London, Geneva. In December 1901, one of his articles published in the Zarya magazine was first signed with the pseudonym "Lenin" (according to other sources, the pseudonym "Lenin" first appeared in January 1901 in a letter addressed to G.V. Plekhanov). In 1903, the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP was held, at which the Bolshevik Party was practically created, and Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, who wrote the Rules of the RSDLP and the Party Program demanding the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat for the socialist transformation of society, headed the left (“Bolshevik”) wing of the party. In 1904 Yu.O. Martov first used the term "Leninism" ("Struggle against the "state of siege" in the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party"). On November 21 (November 8, according to the old style), 1905, Lenin illegally arrived in St. Petersburg, where he took up the leadership of the activities of the Central Committee and the St. Petersburg Committee of the Bolsheviks, the preparation of an armed uprising, and the activities of the Bolshevik newspapers Vpered, Proletary, " New life". In two years, he changed 21 safe houses. Avoiding arrest, in August 1906 Lenin moved to the Vaza dacha in the village of Kuokkala (Finland). In 1907, he unsuccessfully ran as a candidate for the 2nd State Duma in St. Petersburg, Moscow, Vyborg, Stockholm, London, Stuttgart. In December 1907 he again emigrated to Switzerland, and at the end of 1908 to France (Paris).In December 1910, the newspaper Zvezda began to be published in St. style on April 22) 1912, the first issue of the daily legal Bolshevik working-class newspaper Pravda was published. To train cadres of party workers, in 1911 Lenin organized a party school in Longjumeau (near Paris), in which he gave 29 lectures. In January 1912, in Prague, under his leadership, a 6th (Prague) All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP In June 1912, Lenin moved to Krakow, from where he directed the activities of the Bolshevik faction of the 4th State Duma and directed the work of the Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP in Russia. From October 1905 to 1912, Lenin was the representative of the RSDLP in the International Socialist Bureau of the 2nd International, leading a delegation of Bolsheviks, and took part in the work of the Stuttgart (1907) and Copenhagen (1910) international socialist congresses. August 8 (Old Style July 26), 1914 Lenin, who was in Poronin (the territory of Austria-Hungary), was arrested by the Austrian authorities on suspicion of spying for Russia and imprisoned in the city of Novy Targ, but on August 19 (Old Style 6 August), thanks to the assistance of the Polish and Austrian Social Democrats, was released. On September 5 (August 23, according to the old style), he left for Bern (Switzerland), and in February 1916 he moved to Zurich, where he lived until April (until March, according to the old style), 1917. Lenin learned about the victory of the February Revolution in Petrograd from Swiss newspapers from March 15 (Old Style March 2), 1917. April 16 (Old Style 3), 1917 Lenin returned from exile to Petrograd. A solemn meeting took place on the platform of the Finlyandsky railway station and he was presented with party card No. 600 of the Bolshevik organization of the Vyborg side. From April to July 1917 he wrote more than 170 articles, pamphlets, draft resolutions of the Bolshevik conferences and the Central Committee of the party, appeals. On July 20 (Old Style July 7) the Provisional Government ordered Lenin's arrest. In Petrograd, he had to change 17 safe houses, after which, until August 21 (August 8, according to the old style), 1917, he hid not far from Petrograd - in a hut across Lake Razliv, until early October - in Finland (Yalkala, Helsingfors, Vyborg). In early October 1917, Lenin illegally returned from Vyborg to Petrograd. On October 23 (October 10, according to the old style), at a meeting of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b), at its proposal, the Central Committee adopted a resolution on an armed uprising. On November 6 (October 24, according to the old style), in a letter to the Central Committee, Lenin demanded to immediately go on the offensive, arrest the Provisional Government and take power. In the evening, he illegally arrived in Smolny to directly lead the armed uprising. On November 7 (October 25, according to the old style), 1917, at the opening of the 2nd All-Russian Congress of Soviets, Lenin's decrees on peace and land were adopted and a workers' and peasants' government was formed - the Council of People's Commissars, headed by Lenin. For 124 days of the "Smolninsk period" he wrote over 110 articles, draft decrees and resolutions, delivered over 70 reports and speeches, wrote about 120 letters, telegrams and notes, participated in editing more than 40 state and party documents. The working day of the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars lasted 15-18 hours. During this period, Lenin presided over 77 meetings of the Council of People's Commissars, led 26 meetings and meetings of the Central Committee, participated in 17 meetings of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and its Presidium, in the preparation and holding of 6 various All-Russian Congresses of Workers. After the Central Committee of the Party and the Soviet government moved from Petrograd to Moscow, on March 11, 1918, Lenin lived and worked in Moscow. Lenin's personal apartment and office were located in the Kremlin, on the third floor of the former Senate building. In July 1918, he led the suppression of the Armed Action of the Left SRs. On August 30, 1918, after the end of the rally at the Michelson factory, Lenin was seriously wounded by the Socialist-Revolutionary F.E. Kaplan. In 1919, on the initiative of Lenin, the 3rd, Communist International was created. In 1921, at the 10th Congress of the RCP(b), Lenin put forward the task of transitioning from the policy of "war communism" to the New Economic Policy (NEP). In March 1922, Lenin directed the work of the 11th Congress of the RCP(b), the last party congress at which he spoke. In May 1922 he fell seriously ill, but returned to work in early October. Lenin's last public speech was on November 20, 1922, at the plenum of the Moscow Soviet. On December 16, 1922, Lenin's health deteriorated sharply again, and in May 1923, due to illness, he moved to the Gorki estate near Moscow. The last time in Moscow was on October 18-19, 1923. In January 1924, his health suddenly deteriorated sharply, and on January 21, 1924 at 6 o'clock. 50 min. In the evening Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin) died.
On January 23, the coffin with the body of Lenin was transported to Moscow and installed in the Hall of Columns. The official farewell took place over five days and nights. On January 27, the coffin with the embalmed body of Lenin was placed in the Mausoleum specially built on Red Square (architect A.V. Shchusev). On January 26, 1924, after the death of Lenin, the 2nd All-Union Congress of Soviets granted the request of the Petrograd Soviet to rename Petrograd to Leningrad. The delegation of the city (about 1 thousand people) participated in Lenin's funeral in Moscow. In 1923 the Central Committee of the RCP(b) created the V.I. Lenin, and in 1932, as a result of its merger with the Institute of K. Marx and F. Engels, a single Institute of Marx - Engels - Lenin was formed under the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (later the Institute of Marxism-Leninism under the Central Committee of the CPSU). More than 30 thousand documents are stored in the Central Party Archive of this institute, the author of which is V.I. Ulyanov (Lenin).
Winston Churchill wrote about Lenin: "Not a single Asian conqueror, neither Tamerlane nor Genghis Khan, enjoyed such fame as he did. An implacable avenger, growing out of the peace of cold compassion, sanity, understanding of reality. His weapon is logic, his disposition of the soul - Opportunism His sympathies are cold and wide like the Arctic Ocean His hatred is tight like a hangman's noose His destiny is to save the world His method is to blow up this world Absolute adherence to principles, at the same time willingness to change principles... He subverted everything. He overthrew God, king, country, morality, court, debts, rents, interests, laws and customs of centuries, he overthrew the whole historical structure such as human society. In the end, he overthrew himself... Lenin's intellect was overthrown at the moment when its destructive power was exhausted and the independent, self-healing functions of his quest began to appear. He alone could lead Russia out of the quagmire... The Russian people were left to wallow in the swamp. Their greatest misfortune was his birth, but their next misfortune was his death" (Churchill W.S., The Aftermath; The World Crisis. 1918-1928; New York, 1929).
Lenin was one of the main organizers of the "Red Terror", which took on the most brutal and mass forms in 1919-1920, the liquidation of opposition parties and their press organs, which led to the emergence of a one-party system, repressions against "socially alien elements" - the nobility, entrepreneurs, clergy, intelligentsia, the expulsion from the country of its prominent representatives who disagreed with the policy of the new government, was the initiator and ideologist of the policy of "war communism" and "new economic policy". Author of the State Plan for the Electrification of the Country (GOELRO), in accordance with which several power plants were built. On Lenin's initiative, a plan for monumental propaganda was developed: in accordance with the decree "On the Monuments of the Republic" (April 12, 1918), with the personal participation of Lenin, the demolition of "old" monuments in the Kremlin and other places in Moscow began, as well as the destruction of churches; at the same time, monuments to revolutionary figures were erected.
"In 1919, law faculties were liquidated at universities, and in 1921 the People's Commissariat of Education (Narkompros) abolished the historical and philological sciences as obsolete and useless for the dictatorship of the proletariat. [...] By February 5, 1922, 143 private publishing houses were registered in Moscow. After reading about this in the newspaper Izvestia, Lenin demanded that the Chekists collect systematic information about all professors and writers. "All these obvious counter-revolutionaries are accomplices of the Entente, an organization of its servants and spies and molesters of student youth; almost all of them are the most legitimate candidates for deportation abroad. They must be caught constantly and systematically deported". [...] May 19 (1922) the leader sent to Moscow instructions "On the expulsion abroad of writers and professors who help the counter-revolution", inscribing on the envelope: "comrade Dzerzhinsky. Personally, secretly, sew up." Ten days later he suffered a stroke. By August 18, 1922, the seriously ill Ilyich was handed over the first list of those arrested, who were announced a decision on expulsion and a warning that unauthorized entry into the USSR was punishable by execution. Lenin then said to the attending physician: "Today is perhaps the first day that my head did not hurt at all." [...] The first group of exiles received in history the name "philosophical ship". [...] It was allowed to take with you per person: one winter and one summer coat, one suit, two shirts, one sheet. No jewelry, not even pectoral crosses, not a single book. Train Moscow - Petrograd. Then many hours of loading onto the German steamer "Oberburgomaster Haken": they call out a name from the ladder, enter one by one into the control booth, interrogation and search, by touch, through the dress ... " . "There were several ships and not one train. They left for several months [...] until the end of the year. [...] in addition to those expelled from Moscow and Petrograd, there was a group of people expelled from Kyiv, from Odessa, from Novorossiysk University , and there were, according to Trotsky's later confession, about 60 people expelled from Georgia.
“From the famine of 1920-1922, according to official figures, more than five million people died. Unthinkable cannibalism flourished throughout the country. I came across absolutely amazing notes, though not in the Soviet press, that brutal starving people in the Volga region ate representatives of the ARA - an American relief organization led by Hoover, the future president of the United States, it saved an unknown number of millions of people from starvation in the country.According to the assumptions of the same Bolsheviks, at least 20 million people should have died from starvation, only five died.The Bolsheviks believed that in In any case, the same Trotsky almost did not hide this, that the fewer eaters, the easier it will be for the country. (V. Topolyansky, "Leaders in Law. Essays on the Physiology of Russian Power")“Having created famine in the country by mass seizure of grain from the peasantry, the leader of the revolution wrote to Molotov: “It is now, and only now, when people are being eaten in hungry areas and hundreds, if not thousands of corpses are lying on the roads, that we can (and therefore must) carry out the seizure of church valuables with the most frenzied and merciless energy, not stopping at suppressing any kind of resistance. It is necessary now to teach this public a lesson in such a way that for several decades they will not even dare to think about any resistance. (E. Olshanskaya, broadcast "Lenin's List", July 21, 2002; Radio Liberty) “We must not forget that Lenin by that time was already just a delusional patient. In fact, he should have been considered in 1922 as an insane patient. In 1922, rumors spread throughout Moscow that Lenin was ill with syphilis, that he had progressive paralysis, that he delusional and, as even idle people said, he is persecuted by the Mother of God for all the troubles that he caused the country.In the same 1922, the foreign press actively discussed what Lenin was ill with, and came to the conclusion that those doctors who treated him, and those doctors who talked about the neurasthenic syndrome in the leader, in fact, concealed the fact that behind this neurasthenic syndrome there is a single disease - progressive paralysis ... Progressive paralysis has one feature, this is precisely the contingent of patients who, when overwhelmed the psychiatric departments of various clinics.As soon as the patient showed the first signs of progressive paralysis, this patient was immediately recognized as insane, even if he kept external signs of sanity and capacity. I cannot say from what time Vladimir Ilyich should be declared insane. In 1903, Krupskaya saw him have a rash, from which he suffered greatly, a lot indicates that this rash, most likely, was of syphilitic origin, but the appearance of a rash already means secondary syphilis. After 1903, he developed tertiary syphilis with gradual vascular damage. He did not undergo appropriate examination and treatment, including by psychiatrists. The psychiatrist Osipov was on duty with him continuously, that is, he simply lived in Gorki from 1923, and before that the Germans came to him, and one of the first to come was the famous Foerster, one of the largest specialists in neurosyphilis. It was Foerster who prescribed him anti-syphilitic therapy, which was described in detail in all medical diaries at that time. A long time ago, psychiatrists noticed one amazing thing, that progressive paralysis, before bringing a person to complete insanity, gives him the opportunity for incredible productivity and efficiency. Such excess energy can indeed be noted in Lenin in 1917-1918, even in 1919. But since 1920, more and more headaches, some kind of dizziness, attacks of weakness and loss of consciousness incomprehensible to doctors. That is, in any case, 1922 is the time of Lenin's already very serious illness, with repeated strokes, impaired consciousness, with repeated episodes of hallucinations and simply delirium described by the same doctors. [...] French psychiatry once described a very curious syndrome, it was called "insanity together". If there was a madman in a family, then the spouse sooner or later became imbued with the ideas of this madman, and it was already difficult to distinguish which of them was more crazy. As a result, if the madman himself temporarily recovered, that is, if a remission occurred, then the person induced by this madman could still keep these ideas intact. I cannot rule out that this very curious syndrome can be extended to large masses of people. I do not rule out that Lenin simply incited his closest associates with his nonsense, and then with the help of Soviet propaganda, which, it must be said, worked perfectly, these ideas were introduced into the consciousness of the entire population. And thus, Soviet civilization took place." (V. Topolyansky, "Leaders in law. Essays on the physiology of Russian power"; broadcast "Lenin's List", July 21, 2002; Radio Liberty)
Among the works of Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin) are letters, articles, brochures, books: "What are the "friends of the people" and how do they fight against the Social Democrats?" (1894), "The economic content of populism and criticism of it in the book of Mr. Struve (Reflection of Marxism in bourgeois literature)" (1894-1895), "Materials on the question of the economic development of Russia" (1895; article in the collection under the pseudonym "Tulin" ), "The Development of Capitalism in Russia" (1899; the book was published under the pseudonym "V. Ilyin"), "Economic studies and articles" (1899; the collection of articles was published under the pseudonym "V. Ilyin"), "Protest of Russian social Democrats" (1899), "What to do? Painful questions of our movement" (1902; pamphlet), "The Agrarian Program of Russian Social Democracy" (1902), "The National Question in Our Program" (1903), "One Step Forward, Two Steps back" (1904), "Two Tactics of Social Democracy in the Democratic Revolution" (August 1905), "Party Organization and Party Literature" (1905), "Materialism and Empirio-Criticism" (1909), "Critical Notes on the National Question" (1913 ), "On the Right of Nations to Self-Determination" (1914), "Imperialism as the Highest Stage of Capitalism" (1916 ), "Philosophical Notebooks", "War and Russian Social Democracy" (Manifesto of the Central Committee of the RSDLP), "On the National Pride of the Great Russians", "The Collapse of the Second International", "Socialism and War", "On the Slogan of the United States of Europe", "Military program of the proletarian revolution", "Results of the discussion on self-determination", "On the caricature of Marxism and "imperialist economism", "Letters from afar" (1917), "On the tasks of the proletariat in this revolution" ("April Theses"; 1917), The Political Situation (1917; theses), Towards Slogans (1917), State and Revolution (1917), The Threatening Catastrophe and How to Fight It (1917), Will the Bolsheviks Retain State Power? " (1917), "The Bolsheviks Must Take Power" (1917), "Marxism and Rebellion" (1917), "The Crisis Is Ripe" (1917), "Advice from an Outsider" (1917), "How to Organize a Competition?" (December 1917), "Declaration of the rights of the working and exploited people" (January 1918; taken as the basis of the first Soviet Constitution of 1918), "Immediate tasks Soviet power"(1918), "The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky" (autumn 1918), "Theses of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) in connection with the situation on the Eastern Front" (April 1919), "The Great Initiative" (June 1919), "Economics and Politics in era of the dictatorship of the proletariat" (autumn 1919), "From the destruction of the age-old way of life to the creation of a new one" (spring 1920), "The Childhood Disease of "Leftism" in Communism" (1920), "On Proletarian Culture" (1920), "On the Food Tax ( Meaning new policy and its conditions)" (1921), "On the Fourth Anniversary of the October Revolution" (1921), "On the Significance of Militant Materialism" (1922), "On the Formation of the USSR" (1922), "Pages from a Diary" (December 1922), " On Cooperation” (December 1922), “On Our Revolution” (December 1922), “How We Should Reorganize the Rabkrin (Proposal to the XII Party Congress)” (December 1922), “Less is better, but better” (December 1922)
__________
Sources of information:
Encyclopedic resource www.rubricon.com (Large soviet encyclopedia, Encyclopedic reference book "St. Petersburg", Encyclopedia "Moscow", Biographical dictionary "Political figures of Russia 1917", Encyclopedia of Russian-American relations, Illustrated encyclopedic dictionary, Encyclopedic dictionary "History of the Fatherland")
Elena Olshanskaya, Irina Lagutina: program "Lenin's List"; July 21, 2002; Radio Liberty, magazine "Krugozor" Viktor Topolyansky. “Leaders in law. Essays on the physiology of Russian power, M. 1996 "Russian biographical dictionary"
Radio Liberty
Project "Russia congratulates!" - www.prazdniki.ru
(1870 - 1924)
Lenin's biography is very long, some things in it are subject to doubt, some events, for sure, are still hidden.
The great leader and teacher of the working people of the whole world, the successor of the revolutionary teachings of K. Marx and F. Engels, the organizer of the CPSU and the founder of the Soviet state, was born on April 22 (April 10, according to the old style), 1870, in the city of Simbirsk, in the family of an inspector of public schools. Elder brother Alexander - Narodnaya Volya - was executed in 1887 and participated in the preparation of the assassination attempt on the king. In the year of his brother's death, Lenin graduated from high school and entered the law faculty of Kazan University. However, in December of the same year, he was arrested for participating in the revolutionary movement of students, which was the reason for his expulsion and deportation to the village of Kokushkino, Kazan province.
In 1888 he returned to Kazan, where he joined a Marxist circle, and the following year he moved to Samara. In 1891, he passed his exams as an external student at the Faculty of Law at St. Petersburg University and began working as an assistant to a barrister in Samara. In the book "What are the "friends of the people" and how do they fight against the social democrats?" (1984), "The Development of Capitalism in Russia" (1899) Lenin completed the ideological defeat of populism.
The next part is better presented in the form of a brief biography of Lenin (Ulyanov) - at this time Vladimir Ilyich made many useful acquaintances and trips.
In April 1895, L. went abroad to establish contact with the Emancipation of Labor group. In Switzerland he met Plekhanov, in Germany - with W. Liebknecht, in France - with P. Lafargue and other figures of the international working-class movement. In September 1895, returning from abroad, Lenin visited Vilnius, Moscow, and Orekhovo-Zuevo, where he established contacts with local Social Democrats. And already in the autumn of 1895, on the initiative and under the leadership of Vladimir Ilyich, the Marxist circles of St. Petersburg united into a single organization - the St. Petersburg "Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class", which was the embryo of a revolutionary proletarian party, for the first time in Russia began to unite scientific socialism with a mass working-class movement.
On the night of December 8 (20) to December 9 (21) of the same year, Lenin, along with his associates in the Union of Struggle, was arrested and imprisoned, from where he continued to lead the Union. However, Ulyanov's activities did not subside even in prison - there he wrote "The Project and Explanation of the Program of the Social Democratic Party", a number of articles and leaflets, and prepared materials for his book "The Development of Capitalism in Russia". After 2 years, in February, Lenin was exiled for 3 years to the village. Shushenskoye, Minusinsk district, Yenisei province. For active revolutionary work, his future wife, N. K. Krupskaya, was also sentenced to exile. As the bride of L., she was also sent to Shushenskoye, where she became his wife. While in exile, Vladimir Ilyich established and maintained contact with the Social Democrats of St. Petersburg, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Voronezh and other cities, with the Emancipation of Labor group, corresponded with the Social Democrats who were in exile in the North and Siberia, rallied around him the exiled Social Democrats of the Minusinsk District. In addition, he wrote over 30 works while in exile.
Lenin left Shushenskoye immediately after the end of his exile (January 29 (February 10), 1900) left Shushenskoye. He established contacts with the Social Democrats everywhere - in Ufa, Moscow, St. Petersburg (he visited it illegally), and in other cities. In 1900, he settled in Pskov, where he did a great job of organizing the newspaper, in a number of cities he created strongholds for it. In July of the same year, Lenin went abroad, where he set up the publication of the Iskra newspaper - he was its direct supervisor. Iskra played an exceptional role in the ideological and organizational preparation of the revolutionary proletarian party. Subsequently, Lenin noted that "the whole color of the conscious proletariat took the side of Iskra" . It was one of his articles published in Iskra that Ulyanov wrote under the "fatal" pseudonym - Lenin. It happened in December 1901.
The next five years (1900 - 1905) Vladimir Ilyich lived in Munich, London, Geneva.
In the struggle to create a new type of party, Lenin's work What Is To Be Done? Sore Questions of Our Movement" (1902), in which Lenin criticized "economism", highlighted the main problems of building the party, its ideology and politics.
In 1903, the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP was held. At this congress, the process of unification of revolutionary Marxist organizations was completed and the party of the working class of Russia was formed on the ideological, political and organizational principles developed by Lenin. A proletarian party of a new type, the Bolshevik Party, was created. After the congress, Ulyanov launched a struggle against Menshevism.
During the Revolution of 1905-07, Lenin directed the work of the Bolshevik Party in leading the masses. Already on November 8 (21), 1905, he arrived in St. Petersburg, where he led the activities of the Central Committee and the St. Petersburg Committee of the Bolsheviks, the preparation of an armed uprising, and also headed the work of the Bolshevik newspapers Vperyod, Proletary, New Life. In the summer of 1906, due to police persecution, Lenin moved to Kuokkala (Finland), and already in December 1907 he was again forced to emigrate to Switzerland, and at the end of 1908 to Paris.
During the reaction years of 1908-1810, Lenin fought for the preservation of the illegal Bolshevik Party against the Menshevik Liquidators, the Otzovists, and against the splitting actions of the Trotskyists. ,
against conciliation to opportunism ( detailed description these currents will not be given in a brief biography of Lenin). He deeply analyzed the experience of the Revolution of 1905–07. At the same time, L. rebuffed the offensive of reaction against the ideological foundations of the party.
From the end of 1910, a new upsurge of the revolutionary movement began in Russia. In December 1910, on the initiative of Lenin, new newspapers began to be published in St. Petersburg (Zvezda, Pravda). To train cadres of party workers, in 1911 Lenin organized a party school in Longjumeau (near Paris), in which he gave 29 lectures. In January 1912, under the leadership of L., the Sixth (Prague) All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP was held in Prague. In order to be closer to Russia, Lenin moved to Krakow in June 1912. From there, he directs the work of the bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP in Russia, the editorial office of the Pravda newspaper, and directs the activities of the Bolshevik faction of the 4th State Duma.
During World War I (1914-1918), the Bolshevik Party, led by Lenin, raised high the banner of proletarian internationalism, exposed the social-chauvinism of the leaders of the Second International, and put forward the slogan of turning the imperialist war into a civil war.
On July 26 (August 8), 1914, on a false denunciation, Lenin was arrested by the Austrian authorities and imprisoned in Novy Targ. Thanks to the assistance of the Polish and Austrian Social Democrats, he was soon released, after which he continued to remain abroad. Having received in Zurich on March 2 (15), 1917, the first reliable news of the February bourgeois-democratic revolution that had begun in Russia, Lenin defined the new tasks of the proletariat and the Bolshevik Party. On April 3 (16), 1917, L. returned from exile to Petrograd. Solemnly greeted by thousands of workers and soldiers, he made a short speech, ending it with the words: "Long live the socialist revolution!" Under the leadership of L., the party launched political and organizational work among the masses of workers, peasants, and soldiers.
In July 1917, after the liquidation of dual power and the concentration of power in the hands of the counter-revolution, the peaceful period of the development of the revolution ended. On July 7 (20) the Provisional Government ordered the arrest of Lenin, and he was forced to go underground. Until August 8 (21), 1917, L. was hiding in a hut behind the lake. Spill, near Petrograd, then until the beginning of October - in Finland (Jalkala, Helsingfors, Vyborg). However, even in the underground, he continued to direct the activities of the party, publishing various pamphlets.
On the evening of October 24 (November 6), Lenin illegally arrived at Smolny to directly lead the armed uprising. At the 2nd All-Russian Congress of Soviets, which opened on October 25 (November 7), which proclaimed the transfer of all power in the center and in the localities into the hands of the Soviets, he delivered reports on peace and land. The congress adopted Lenin's decrees on peace and land and formed a workers' and peasants' government, the Council of People's Commissars, headed by Lenin.
The victory of the Great October Socialist Revolution, won under the leadership of the Communist Party, opened a new era in the history of mankind - the era of transition from capitalism to socialism.
Lenin led the struggle of the Communist Party and the masses of Russia for solving the problems of the dictatorship of the proletariat, for building socialism, under his leadership the party and government created a new, Soviet state machine. The confiscation of landed estates was carried out and the nationalization of all land, banks, transport, large-scale industry, a monopoly of foreign trade was introduced. The Red Army was created. The national oppression has been destroyed. The party enlisted the broad masses of the people in the grandiose work of building the Soviet state and carrying out fundamental socio-economic transformations. In December 1917, Lenin in his article "How to organize a competition?" put forward the idea of socialist competition of the masses as an effective method of building socialism.
From March 11, 1918, L. lived and worked in Moscow, after the Central Committee of the Party and the Soviet government moved here from Petrograd.
In May 1918, on the initiative and with the participation of Lenin, decrees on the food question were drawn up and adopted. At the suggestion of L., food detachments were created from workers sent to the village to raise the poor to fight against the kulaks, to fight for bread. The socialist measures of the Soviet government met with fierce resistance from the overthrown exploiting classes. They launched an armed struggle against Soviet power and resorted to terror. On August 30, 1918, Lenin was seriously wounded by the Socialist-Revolutionary terrorist F. E. Kaplan.
In the years civil war and the military intervention of 1918–20, Lenin was chairman of the Workers' and Peasants' Defense Council, which was set up on November 30, 1918, to mobilize all forces and resources to defeat the enemy. He put forward the slogan "Everything for the front!" At his suggestion, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee declared the Soviet Republic a military camp. Under the leadership of Lenin, the party and the Soviet government in a short time managed to rebuild the country's economy on a war footing, developed and put into practice a system of emergency measures, called "war communism".
After the victorious end of the Civil War, Lenin led the struggle of the party and all the working people of the Soviet Republic for the restoration and further development of the economy, and directed cultural construction.
In late 1920 and early 1921, a discussion unfolded in the party about the role and tasks of the trade unions, in which questions were actually decided about the methods of approaching the masses, the role of the party, and the fate of the dictatorship of the proletariat and socialism in Russia. Lenin opposed the erroneous platforms and factional activities of Trotsky, N. I. Bukharin, the "workers' opposition", the "democratic centralism" group. He pointed out that, being the school of communism in general, the trade unions should be for the working people, in particular, the school of economic management.
At the Tenth Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) in 1921, L. summed up the results of the trade union discussion in the party and put forward the task of transitioning from the policy of “war communism” to the New Economic Policy (NEP). The congress approved the transition to the New Economic Policy, which ensured the strengthening of the alliance between the working class and the peasantry and the creation of a production base for socialist society. Many economic issues were resolved, including the development of
the principles of unification of the Soviet republics into a single multinational state on the basis of voluntariness and equality - the Union of the SSR, which was created in December 1922.
In March 1922, L. led the work of the 11th Congress of the RCP (b) - the last party congress at which he spoke. Hard work, the consequences of being wounded in 1918 undermined Lenin's health, and after 2 months he fell seriously ill and returned to work only in early October. His last public speech was November 20, 1922 at the plenum of the Moscow City Council. December 16, 1922 Lenin's health again deteriorated sharply. In late December 1922 and early 1923, L. dictated letters on internal party and state issues: “Letter to the Congress”, “On the Attribution of Legislative Functions to the State Planning Commission”, “On the Question of Nationalities or “Autonomization”” ”and a number of articles -“ Pages from a diary”, “On cooperation”, “On our revolution”, “How do we reorganize the Rabkrin (Proposal to the XII Party Congress)”, “Better less, but better”. These letters and articles are rightly called L.'s political testament. They were the final stage in Lenin's development of a plan for building socialism in the USSR. In them, L. outlined in a generalized form the program for the socialist transformation of the country and the prospects for the world revolutionary process, and the fundamentals of the party's policy, strategy, and tactics.
In May 1923, due to illness, Lenin moved to Gorki, and in January 1924 his condition deteriorated sharply, and on January 21, 1924 at 6 o'clock. 50 min. Lenin died in the evening. On January 23, the coffin with the body of the former leader was transported to Moscow and installed in the Hall of Columns, where everyone who wanted to say goodbye to him could. On January 27, the funeral took place on Red Square; the coffin with the embalmed body of L. was placed in a specially built Mausoleum.
This is where Lenin's biography ends. Of course, in our time, the attitude towards Vladimir Ilyich is not unambiguous, but there is no doubt that he was an unsurpassed philosopher. He developed all the components of Marxism - philosophy, political economy, scientific communism. Summarizing from the standpoint of Marxist philosophy the achievements of science, especially physics, of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Lenin further developed the doctrine dialectical materialism. He deepened the concept of matter, defining it as objective reality, existing outside of human consciousness, developed the fundamental problems of the theory of human reflection of objective reality and the theory of knowledge. Lenin's great merit is the comprehensive development of materialist dialectics, in particular the law of unity and struggle of opposites. L. made a major contribution to Marxist sociology. He concretized, substantiated and developed the most important problems, categories and provisions of historical materialism about socio-economic formations, about the laws of development of societies.
Lenin is a world famous political figure, the leader of the Bolshevik Party (revolutionary), the founder of the state of the USSR. Who is Lenin, almost everyone knows. He is a follower of the great philosophers F. Engels and K. Marx.
Who is Lenin? Summary of his biography
Ulyanov Vladimir was born in Simbirsk in 1870. And in the city of Ulyanovsk he spent his childhood and youth.
From 1879 to 1887 he studied at the gymnasium. After graduating with a gold medal, Vladimir in 1887, together with his family, already without Ilya Nikolaevich (he died in January 1886), moved to live in Kazan. There he entered Kazan University.
In the same place, in 1887, for active participation in the gathering of students, he was expelled from the educational institution and exiled to the village of Kokushkino.
AT young man the patriotic spirit of protest against the tsarist system existing at that time and the oppression of the people awakened early.
The study of advanced Russian literature, the works of great writers (Belinsky, Dobrolyubov, Herzen, Pisarev) and especially Chernyshevsky led to the formation of his advanced revolutionary views. The elder brother introduced Vladimir to Marxist literature.
From that moment on, young Ulyanov devoted his entire future life to the struggle against the capitalist system, to the cause of the liberation of the people from oppression and slavery.
Ulyanov family
Knowing who Lenin is, one involuntarily wants to know in more detail what family such a brilliant, enlightened person came from.
Vladimir's parents, in their views, belonged to the Russian intelligentsia.
Grandfather - N. V. Ulyanov - from the serfs of the Nizhny Novgorod province, an ordinary tailor-craftsman. He died in poverty.
Father - I. N. Ulyanov - after graduating from Kazan University, he was a teacher of secondary educational institutions Penza and Nizhny Novgorod. Subsequently, he worked as an inspector and director of schools in the province (Simbirsk). He loved his job very much.
Vladimir's mother - M. A. Ulyanova (Blank) - a doctor by training. She was gifted and had great abilities: she knew several foreign languages She played the piano well. She received her own education at home and, having passed an external exam, became a teacher. Dedicated to children.
Vladimir's elder brother A.I. Ulyanov was executed for participating in the attempt on the life of Alexander III in 1887.
Vladimir's sisters - A. I. Ulyanova (by her husband - Elizarova), M. I. Ulyanov, and brother D. I. Ulyanov at one time became prominent figures in the Communist Party.
Parents brought up in them honesty, diligence, attention and sensitivity to people, responsibility for their deeds, actions and words, and most importantly - a sense of duty.
Ulyanov Library. The acquisition of knowledge
In the process of studying (with numerous awards) at the Simbirsk gymnasium, Vladimir received excellent knowledge.
In the home family library, the Ulyanovs had a huge number of works by great Russian writers - Pushkin, Lermontov, Turgenev, Gogol, Dobrolyubov, Tolstoy, Herzen, as well as foreign ones. There were editions of Shakespeare, Huxley, Darwin and many others. others
This advanced literature of those times had a great and important influence on the formation of the views of the young Ulyanovs on everything that happened.
Formation of personal political views, publication of the first political newspapers
In 1893, in St. Petersburg, Vladimir Ulyanov studied social democratic issues, was engaged in journalism and was fond of political economy.
Since 1895, the first attempts to travel abroad have been made. In the same year, Lenin traveled outside the country to establish good ties with the Emancipation of Labor group and other leaders of the European Social Democratic parties. In Switzerland, he met with GV Plekhanov. As a result, politicians from other countries learned about who Lenin was.
After the trips, Vladimir Ilyich, already in his homeland, organizes the party "Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class" (St. Petersburg, 1895).
After that, he was arrested and sent to the Yenisei province. Three years later, it was there that Vladimir Ilyich married N. Krupskaya and wrote many of his works.
Moreover, at that time he had several pseudonyms (except for the main one - Lenin): Karpov, Ilyin, Petrov, Frey.
Further development of revolutionary political activity
Lenin is the organizer of the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP. Subsequently, he drew up the charter and plan of the party. Vladimir Ilyich, with the help of the revolution, tried to create a completely new society. During the revolution of 1907, Lenin was in Switzerland. The leadership then passed to him after the arrest of most of the party members.
After the next congress of the RSDLP (3rd), he was engaged in preparing an uprising and demonstrations. Although the uprising was crushed, Ulyanov did not stop working. He publishes "Pravda", writes new works. Who is Vladimir Lenin, at that time, many have already learned from his numerous publications.
The strengthening of new revolutionary organizations continues.
After the February Revolution of 1917, he returned to Russia again and led an uprising against the government. Goes underground to avoid arrest.
After the revolution (October 1917), Lenin began to live and work in Moscow in connection with the Central Committee of the party and government moving there from the city of Petrograd.
The results of the revolution of 1917
After the revolution, Lenin founds the proletarian Red Army, the 3rd Communist International and concludes a peace treaty with Germany. From now on, the country has a new economic policy, the direction of which is the growth of the national economy. Thus, a socialist state, the USSR, is being formed.
The overthrown exploiting classes launched a struggle and terror against the new Soviet power. In August 1918, an attempt was made on Lenin, he was wounded by F. E. Kaplan (Socialist-Revolutionary).
Who is Vladimir Ilyich Lenin for the people? After his death, the cult of his personality grew. Monuments to Lenin were laid everywhere, many urban and rural facilities were renamed in his honor. Many cultural and educational institutions (libraries, houses of culture) named after Lenin were opened. The mausoleum of the great Lenin in Moscow still keeps the body of the greatest political figure.
Last years
Lenin was a militant atheist and fought hard against the influence of the church. In 1922, taking advantage of the dire situation of famine in the Volga region, he called for the seizure of the valuables of churches.
Pretty hard work and an injury spoiled the health of the leader, and in the spring of 1922 he became seriously ill. Periodically, he returned to work. Last year its tragic. A serious illness prevented him from completing all his affairs. Here, between close associates, a struggle arose for the great "Leninist heritage."
He was able, overcoming illness, at the end of 1922 and at the beginning of February 1923, to dictate several articles and letters that made up his "Political Testament" for the Party Congress (12th).
In this letter, he suggested that I.V. Stalin be removed from his post Secretary General to another place. He was convinced that he would not be able to use his immense power carefully, as he should.
Shortly before his death, he moved to Gorki. The proletarian leader died in 1924, on January 21.
Relations with Stalin
Who is Stalin? Both Lenin and Iosif Vissarionovich worked together along the party line.
They met in person in 1905 at the RSDLP conference in Tammerfors. Until 1912, Lenin did not single him out among many party workers. Until 1922, there were more or less good relations between them, although disagreements often arose. Relations deteriorated greatly towards the end of 1922, as it is believed, in connection with Stalin's conflict with the leadership of Georgia ("Georgian case") and a small incident with Krupskaya.
After the death of the leader, the myth about the relationship between Stalin and Lenin changed several times: sometimes Stalin was one of Lenin's associates, then he became his student, then a faithful continuer of the great cause. And it turned out that the revolution began to have two leaders. Then Lenin turned out to be not so needed, and Stalin acted as the only leader.
Outcome. Who is Lenin? Briefly about the stages of its activity
Under the leadership of Lenin, a new state administrative apparatus was formed. The lands of the landlords were confiscated and nationalized along with transport, banks, industry, etc. The Soviet Red Army was created. Slavery and national oppression have been abolished. There were decrees on food issues. Lenin and his government fought for world peace. The leader introduced the principle of collective leadership. He became the leader of the international labor movement.
Who is Lenin? Everyone should know about this unique historical personality. After the death of the great leader, people were brought up on the ideals of Vladimir Ilyich. And the results were good.
Loading...