Ensemble in architecture. Architectural ensemble. The architectural ensemble is
from French ensemble - a set), a number of structures that form a harmonious whole, that is, subordinate to a single rhythm, placed taking into account certain points of viewer perception, scaled and proportionally correlated with each other and forming a balanced composition. The ensemble can be built both on the principle of symmetry (Versailles, 17th–18th centuries) and asymmetry (Acropolis of Athens, 5th century BC), uniting buildings of the same era and style (Smolny Monastery in St. Petersburg in the Baroque style , B.F. Rastrelli, 1748–54) or different styles (Novodevichy Convent in Moscow, 16–17 centuries).
Main types of ensembles: ensemble of a city square; ensemble of the main building (palace, public) and adjacent wings; palace and park ensemble.
In the ensemble of the square of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome (1656–65), D. L. Bernini closed the space on the sides with semicircles of colonnades, which echo the columns on the facade of the cathedral, their frequent rhythm seems to urge the visitor to the entrance to the temple. The space of the square took on the shape of a trapezoid, which created the effect of reverse perspective; the temple seemed to be approaching the viewer. Its dominance in the space of the square is emphasized in every possible way. The movement to the entrance develops along the central planning axis: from the street leading to the square, through its center, marked by an obelisk, to the stairs and portico of the main entrance, above which rises the gigantic dome of the cathedral. The ensembles of Red Square in Moscow and Palace Square in St. Petersburg combine buildings of different periods and styles into a harmonious whole. The buildings in the square of the Italian city of Pisa (cathedral, bell tower and baptistery, 12–14 centuries), decorated with arched galleries with thin columns, are designed in the same Romanesque style.
The ensemble of the Admiralty building in St. Petersburg (A. D. Zakharov, 1806–23) is located on the Neva embankment. The extended facade is formed by central and side buildings, united by links connecting them. The subordination of the side parts to the center is emphasized by the rise of the tower with a high spire, placed above the massive center of the building with a high semicircular arch.
In palace and park ensembles (Pavlovsk, Tsarskoe Selo, Peterhof near St. Petersburg, Sans Souci in France, Katsura in Japan) the forms of buildings and “green architecture” - the design of the natural environment (trees, lawns, alleys, etc.) correspond to each other in figurative structure, presenting harmonious pictures from certain vantage points. An important role in the aesthetic perception of the palace and park ensemble, in the understanding of its figurative content, is played by the movement of the viewer in space, the change of visual impressions.
Of great importance in the architectural ensemble is the artistic organization of the adjacent space and the interaction of buildings with it. Medieval squares in Europe are closed complexes, while monuments of ancient Russian architecture (Kolomenskoye, 16th–17th centuries) and ensembles of the Baroque era open outward, actively interacting with the surrounding landscape. Thus, three rays of wide avenues go from the main facade of the Palace of Versailles into a vast park, three streets run away from Piazza del Popolo in Rome, the perspective of the main canal of Peterhof ends with a view of the sea. An important role in the architectural ensemble can be played by sculpture and architecture of small forms (gazebos, pavilions), as well as fountains (the fountain in Piazza Navona in Rome, D. L. Bernini, 1647–52; fountains of Peterhof, 18–19 centuries), green plantings, lawns and flower beds.
Novosibirsk Academy of Water Transport
Omsk Institute of Water Transport
Architectural ensemble
Moscow Kremlin:
Old Russian features and Italian influence.
Completed: student Pylina N.Yu.
Faculty: economics and Management
Group: EK-10-49
Teacher: Grebennikova O.M.
Omsk 2011
1. History of the creation of the Moscow Kremlin…………………………….….2
2. Italian influence on the modern appearance of the Kremlin…………….…….. 3
3. Walls and towers of the Kremlin…………………………………………….…….5
4. Conclusion…………………………………………………………….9
5. References……………………………………………………………..…10
The history of the creation of the Moscow Kremlin
The history of the Kremlin is closely connected with the history of Moscow, and not only Moscow, but also the Russian state as a whole. The Kremlin arose on the high Borovitsky Cape, well protected by the Moscow and Neglinnaya rivers from enemy attacks. This place was inhabited by the East Slavic tribe of Vyatichi long before the emergence of the Kremlin. In 1156 Yuri Dolgoruky, erected a wooden fortress with an eight-meter rampart and, at that time, powerful wooden wall, reaching 3m in height and 1200m in length, for protection against raids. The fortification existed in approximately this form until the winter of 1237-1238, when the hordes of Khan Batu plundered and burned Moscow, and with it the Kremlin. But along with the city, the Kremlin is growing and strengthening. In 1339-1340 Under Ivan I Kalita, the Kremlin territory was expanded, new oak Kremlin walls were built, powerful defensive fortifications were erected, and behind them were the mansions of the Grand Duke and white-stone cathedrals. Moscow becomes the political and spiritual center of Rus', and the Kremlin becomes the residence of grand dukes and metropolitans.
In 1367-1368, shortly before the Battle of Kulikovo, Prince Dmitry Donskoy, fearing another Mongol-Tatar invasion, surrounded the fortress with white stone walls and towers located approximately 60m from the previous oak fortifications. The Kremlin area reaches almost modern sizes. On the side of the Moscow River, the wall was erected at the foot of the hill so that the enemy would not have a springboard here for deploying his troops during the siege of the Kremlin. In 1368 and 1370 The Kremlin successfully withstood the siege of the Lithuanian prince Olgerd, and in 1382, 1408 and 1451. turned out to be impregnable for the Tatar-Mongol troops. The white stone Kremlin of Dmitry Donskoy served for more than 100 years. During this time, numerous enemy sieges and frequent fires severely destroyed the Kremlin walls and towers.
Italian influence
on the modern view of the Kremlin
The era of the rise of the Moscow Principality in general and the Kremlin in particular was the reign of Ivan III; it is already surrounded by a halo of glory, power, prosperity and rapid success in everything. Ivan III is already called “Sovereign Grand Duke”.
In the second half of the 11th century, the Grand Duke of All Rus' Ivan III Vasilyevich launched a grandiose construction project in Moscow, because he was no longer satisfied with its previous appearance with small cathedrals built at a time when the Moscow principality was one of many small Russian principalities. The dilapidated white stone wall no longer corresponded to the role that Moscow, the capital of one of the strongest states in Europe, was now supposed to play.
Ivan III, having cleared the walls of the Kremlin for 110 fathoms in circumference from wooden dwellings piled up without any order, ordered to begin building a stone wall with towers, loopholes, and gates around the Kremlin in a new place, already occupying a larger space. To do this, we had to break a lot and move some things to other places.
The first to be erected was the majestic cathedral in the name of the Assumption Holy Mother of God- the main cathedral of the entire Moscow state. The construction of the new temple was entrusted to the masters Myshkin and Ivan Krivtsov. They were instructed to take the Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir as a model, but at the same time surpass it in length and width. Krivtsov and Myshkin began construction of the cathedral in 1472. In 1473-1474, the walls of the cathedral were built and the vaults were built. But when they started laying the top, the cathedral collapsed. The reasons for the destruction turned out to be the irrational design of the staircase leading to the choir and the poor viscosity of the solution. The destruction of the almost finished cathedral made an extremely painful impression on Muscovites. Ivan III invited craftsmen from Pskov, who were then considered the best architects in Russia, to resume construction. But the Pskovites who came to Moscow, having examined the ruins of the cathedral, flatly refused to complete it. This prompted Ivan III to make unconventional decisions. For the grandiose reconstruction of the capital he planned, he invited architects from Italy.
In 1475, the Italian Aristotle Fioravanti came to Moscow, who had previously carried out orders from the Duke of Milan, the King of Hungary and the Pope. A foreign architect was commissioned to build the Assumption Cathedral. As a result, the Italian master built a unique building. In its architectural forms, the sophistication and sophistication of Vladimir architecture, laconicism and austere simplicity of Novgorod buildings were combined with the artistic vision of the architecture of the Italian Renaissance. The Assumption Cathedral was built using mixed technology: the lower parts are made of white stone, the upper parts are made of brick. The cathedral was built on the basis of precise mathematical calculations - that is, using a compass and ruler, and not by eye, as before. Fioravanti taught Russian builders how to make higher quality red bricks and how to prepare special lime mortars. Thanks to innovative design solutions, the temple acquired a majestic and austere appearance and became a symbol of the unity and power of the Russian state.
Next to the Assumption Cathedral on the territory of the Kremlin, under the leadership of other Italian masters, the Archangel Cathedral was erected (Aloisio da Carcano, 1505-1509); the famous bell tower of Ivan the Great (Bon Fryazin, 1505-1508, the bell tower pillar was completed in 1598-1600). Perhaps the most unconventional of the Kremlin churches was the Archangel Cathedral, reminiscent of Italian palaces (“palazzos”). It became the tomb of Moscow princes and kings right up to Peter I. The residence of the Grand Duke of Moscow was built next to the temples. The first building of the ensemble was the Chamber of Facets. It was built in 1487-1491. Italians Marco Ruffo and Pietro Antonio Solari (he also supervised the construction of the walls and towers of the Kremlin). Throughout the 16th century. More and more new palace buildings were erected. The appearance of the Moscow Kremlin was distinguished by picturesque contrasts; it was characterized by the proximity of buildings various styles and eras. The architectural complex of Cathedral (Ivanovskaya) Square with a necklace of churches and the Faceted Chamber - the most important secular building - embodied the most important spiritual ideals of the Muscovite kingdom.
Some towers and temples of the Kremlin were built by Russian craftsmen, since their forms bear the character of wooden structures. Our masters could not abandon the forms of wooden towers they had mastered to perfection, which, as is known, were built in great numbers along the walls surrounding the then city of Moscow, and were distinguished by their enormity, complexity of design and skillful execution. Carpentry skills reached possible perfection in ancient wooden Rus', since their wonderful material and constant, thanks to fires, abundant work greatly contributed to this. It is precisely this circumstance that should be attributed to the shape of the current small Kremlin towers.
By the end of the 15th - beginning of the 16th century. The Moscow Kremlin becomes the most significant fortification in Europe. Moreover, its towers, cathedrals, and civil buildings are perfect not only in their architecture, but also in their interiors and decoration. In the 17th century The Kremlin towers, except Nikolskaya, are decorated with multi-tiered tents made in the traditions of ancient Russian architecture. Bright green tiles, white stone edges, gilded weather vanes - all this created the impression of festivity and elegance. Civil and religious buildings were also erected: Terem Palace (1635-1635), Amusement Palace (1651-1652), Patriarchal Chambers with the Church of the Twelve Apostles (1642-1656).
The mixture of heterogeneous architectural styles was an obvious innovation, overcoming the usual canon of temple architecture.
walls and towers of the Kremlin
Currently, the Kremlin walls stretch over 2235 m, thickness from 3.5 to 6.5 and height from 5 to 19 m and, as if following the outline of the Kremlin hill, they either descend into the depths or rise to the hill itself, forming an irregular triangle. Along the top of the wall there is a battle passage 2-4 m wide, along which you can walk from tower to tower. It is laid with square slabs with a slope and stairs at the break, and in the very thickness you can often find corridors even now; and in the old days they also housed the so-called dungeons, chambers, pits for criminals. At the inner sole there were sheds and cellars for shells and gunpowder. The combat is based on rhythmically alternating arches (“pechura”). On the outside it is covered with 1045 two-horned teeth (the so-called merlons, or " dovetails", 2-2.5 m high, 65-70 cm thick), with an internal parapet. Once upon a time there was a gable roof above the wall wooden roof, which sheltered the archers in bad weather and protected the wall from rain, snow and wind. In the 18th century it burned down and was no longer restored as unnecessary.
The Moscow Kremlin has 20 towers. The oldest of them is Tainitskaya (1485), the youngest is Tsarskaya (1680).
Let's look at some of them:
Vodovzvodnaya Tower
In the southwestern corner of the Kremlin is guarded by the Vodovzvodnaya Tower. This is one of the most beautiful buildings in the entire ensemble. The tower was built in 1488 by the architect Antonio Gilardi. At first it was called Sviblova, named after the boyars Sviblova. The tower received its modern name in 1633 after the installation of a water-lifting machine and the construction of the first pressure water pipeline in Russia to supply water from the Moskva River to the Kremlin.
Borovitskaya Tower
At the foot of one of the seven hills on which Moscow stands, there is a tower that differs from the others in its stepped shape. This is the Borovitskaya Tower. Its name comes from an ancient forest that once covered the entire hill. The Borovitskaya Tower was built by the Italian architect Pietro Antonio Solari in 1490. It has the shape of a stepped pyramid. The tower had 5 combat tiers. Mounted battle loopholes were located on the upper platform. The archer in this tower is not in front, as in other towers, but on the side, taking into account the rotation of the wall.
Commandant's Tower
This is a small, blank, austere tower. Its construction was completed by 1495. Previously, it was called Kolymazhnaya - from the Kolymazhny yard in the Kremlin, where the royal carts and carriages were kept. It received its current name in the 19th century: the commandant of Moscow lived next to it in the Poteshny Palace. Like all the Kremlin towers, it was built with a tent with a tower in 1676-1686. The height of the tower from the side of the Alexander Garden is 41.25 m.
Weapon Tower
This is a small tower. Its construction was completed by 1495. Yours modern name it received in the 19th century the Armory building built on the territory of the Kremlin. Before that, it was called Konyushennaya, since in ancient times there was a royal stable yard behind it.
Trinity Tower
With this tower, the architect Aleviz Fryazin the Old completed the construction of fortifications on the side of the Neglinnaya River, later the Alexander Garden. The tower was built in 1495-1499. The significance of the tower for the western facade of the Kremlin is the same as Spasskaya for the eastern. The architect who built the tower in 1685 took this into account and gave its hipped roof almost the same decorative decoration as Spasskaya. The tower is six-story, with deep two-story basements that served for defense purposes, and later in the 15th-16th centuries were used as a prison. The tower gates served as a passage to the mansions of the queen and princesses, to the court of the patriarch. The Trinity Tower is the tallest tower in the Kremlin, its height is 80 m.
Nikolskaya Tower
The passage tower, located on the eastern wall (height 70.4 m), was built by the architect Pietro Antonio Solari in 1491; the name is associated, according to one source, with the icon of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, which was placed above the passage gate of the strelnitsa. In the 17th century, the Nikolsky Gate served mainly as an entrance to the boyars and monasteries in the Kremlin.
Senate Tower
The tower is located immediately behind the Spasskaya Tower, behind the Mausoleum of V.I. Lenin. The tower was built in 1491 by the architect Pietro Antonio Solari. The Senate Tower performed purely defensive functions, protecting the Kremlin from Red Square. The height of the tower is 34.3 m.
Spasskaya Tower
It is rightfully considered the most beautiful and slender tower of the Kremlin. The architect Pietro Antonio Solari, who built it in 1491, essentially laid the foundation for the construction of the eastern line of the Kremlin fortification with the Spasskaya Tower. From time immemorial, the gates of the Spasskaya Tower have been the main main entrance to the Kremlin. In the 50s of the 27th century, the coat of arms of the Russian Empire - a double-headed eagle - was hoisted on top of the Kremlin tower. Later, similar coats of arms were installed on the most high towers- Nikolskaya, Troitskaya and Borovitskaya. The Spasskaya Tower has 10 floors. Three floors are occupied by the mechanism of the Kremlin chimes - the main clock of the state. Tower height - 67.3 m.
Tsar's Tower
This is the youngest and smallest tower. It was built in 1680. More precisely, it is not a tower, but a stone tower. Once upon a time there was a small wooden tower from which, according to legend, Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible loved to watch the events taking place on Red Square - hence the name of the tower.
Alarm tower
This tower was built in 1495. It got its name from the alarm bell, which notified Muscovites about impending events or danger. The tower was placed on a hill, and from it there was a view of the southern surroundings. Guards were on duty on the tower around the clock, monitoring the roads.
Taynitskaya Tower
The “oldest” tower of the Moscow Kremlin is Tainitskaya. The construction of the Kremlin fortifications began with it. A secret well was dug under the tower, to which the tower and its gates owe their name. In the event of a siege, the Kremlin could be supplied with water through this well and underground passage. Unfortunately, the tower, built in the 15th century, has not reached us. In 1770, it was demolished, as the Kremlin began construction of the Kremlin Palace according to the design of V. Bazhenov. However, already in 1771-1773 the tower was restored according to the measurement drawings of M. Kazakov with the subsequent addition of a hipped top. Its height is 38.4 m.
Nameless Tower
In the 1480s, next to the Tainitskaya Tower, the Nameless Tower was built, distinguished by its spare architectural forms. She always performed purely defensive functions. The tower has a difficult fate. In 1547, the tower was destroyed by a gunpowder explosion, and in the 17th century it was rebuilt. At the same time it was built with a tent tier. In 1770-1771, the tower was dismantled to make way for the construction of the Kremlin Palace according to the design of V.I. Bazhenov. When construction of the palace was stopped, the tower was built again in 1783 somewhat closer to the Tainitskaya Tower. The height of the tower is 34.15 m.
Annunciation Tower
The tower was built in 1487-1488. This is a low tetrahedral tower. At its base there are slabs of white limestone. They are preserved from the ancient white stone Kremlin of the 14th century. During the time of Ivan the Terrible, the tower was used as a prison. The height of the tower is 30.7 m.
According to their configuration, Kremlin towers are divided into round and quadrangular. This is not a whim of the architect, but a kind of fortification technique. Located on Borovitsky Hill, the Kremlin has an irregular triangle with an area of 27.5 hectares, washed from the south by the Moscow River, bounded by the Alexander Garden from the northwest, and Red Square from the east. At the corners of the triangle there were round towers - Corner Arsenalnaya, Vodovzvodnaya and Beklemishevskaya, which were the most durable and allowed all-round shelling. In the place where important strategic roads approached the Kremlin, powerful quadrangular towers with passage gates were erected - Spasskaya, Nikolskaya, Troitskaya, Borovitskaya, Tainitskaya, Konstantino-Eleninskaya. From the outside they were protected by archers. The remaining towers were located between the corner and passage towers and were of a purely defensive nature. Until the 17th century (when tents appeared) the towers ended with battlements, under which there were machicolations - hinged loopholes for close combat. They have survived to this day on almost all the towers.
Conclusion.
Undoubtedly, the Kremlin is valuable not only from a historical perspective, but also as a greatest work of art. Moscow Kremlin is the oldest building in Moscow and is a magnificent architectural ensemble that has evolved over several centuries. The architecture of the Kremlin clearly reflected many stages historical development Russian people and Russian state, and found a brilliant expression character traits national culture.
The architectural complex of the Kremlin is formed by temple and palace buildings, beautiful tiered Kremlin towers and the Ivan the Great pillar dominating them. The Kremlin with the adjacent Red Square is the compositional center of Moscow, with which the city's architecture and its largest architectural ensembles are associated. New buildings, bridges, stone-lined embankments, asphalt squares merged with the Kremlin into a single architectural whole.
The Kremlin, despite the constant reconstruction of parts of its ancient fortifications, as a whole has not lost its artistic qualities as a single ensemble. Each Kremlin tower is beautiful on its own, but their combination with each other, with other Kremlin buildings and with the city creates the most impressive images.
Eight hundred years ago, Moscow was born on the site of the Kremlin and grew around it, just as Russia grew around Moscow. The Kremlin determined the radial-centric development of the plan of the ancient capital. Being the compositional center of Moscow, it not only gathered the huge city around itself into a single whole, but later itself was organically included in its picturesque silhouette. It is difficult to imagine Moscow without the Kremlin. This holy place is dear to all Russians. The Kremlin is the heart of Moscow and Russia.
Literature
1. Kantorovich I.V. “From the history of Moscow”, M., 1997
2. Ivanov V.N. “Moscow Kremlin”, State Publishing House “Art”, M., 1971.
3. Surmina I. O. “The most famous fortresses of Russia » . – M., Veche, 2002
Unique architectural ensembles of Russia.
In every corner of the world there are places that we always want to see, learn about history and leave in our memory. I suggest you look at the unique architectural ensembles of Russia, which we are always interested in seeing.
Yaroslavl. The radial layout that Catherine II strove for when she carried out urban planning reform in Russia in 1763 has been preserved in the city center. This is clearly visible from the height of the belfry of the Transfiguration Cathedral.
Solovetsky Monastery, Arkhangelsk region. A monastery appeared on the Solovetsky Islands in the 1430s. With the Bolsheviks coming to power, it was liquidated, and in 1923, the country’s first special purpose camp was created on its territory, through which hundreds of thousands of political prisoners passed.
Kizhi, Karelia. The architectural ensemble of the Kizhi Pogost consists of two unique wooden churches and a bell tower.
Intercession on the Nerl, Vladimir region. More than two hundred years ago, one of the most beautiful churches in Rus'
Church of the Ascension of the Lord in Kolomenskoye, Moscow. The first stone tented temple in Russia, erected in early XVI century. According to legend, it was built in honor of the birth of Ivan IV, the future tyrant Tsar Ivan the Terrible.
Earthen ramparts and defensive ditches around the Suzdal Kremlin have been preserved since the 11th century!
The oldest of the Russian Kremlins, the Novgorod Detinets, was first mentioned in the chronicles of the 11th century. An unusual architectural detail of Detinets is the gate churches.
The complex of buildings and structures of the Kazan Kremlin is a combination of Russian and Tatar architectural styles. Kazan is the northernmost island of Muslim civilization and at the same time the most southern point, where there are churches built in the tradition of Pskov-Novgorod architects.
Trinity-Sergius Lavra, Sergiev Posad. The largest Orthodox male monastery in Russia. In 1380, Dmitry Donskoy received a blessing here when going to the Battle of Kulikovo. He returned here after the victory to remember the fallen soldiers.
The Ferapontov Monastery is best known for the frescoes in the Cathedral of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary, which were created in 1502 by the famous representative of the Moscow school of icon painting Dionysius with his two sons. They worked on them for 34 days.
If you are planning a business meeting, then State Councilor St. Petersburg is suitable for you. The hotel is located in the historical center of the city. Visit the website: hotel-sovetnik.ru. Find out more about the hotel, and you can also book a room on-line. This hotel is definitely for you.
ENSEMBLE in architecture- coordinated arrangement of a group of buildings, created on the basis of functional requirements, practical expediency, a certain ideological and artistic concept, taking into account the architectural and natural environment, ensuring the unity of visual perception. The compositional principles of constructing an architectural ensemble are: establishing the main compositional center, subordinating the remaining elements of the architectural ensemble to it by coordinating architectural volumes, divisions, proportions, scale, rhythm, color, etc.
Architectural ensembles develop in different ways. Some - over a period of time, based on the initial compositional concept, developed by subsequent generations of architects. At the same time, the main condition that ensures the emergence of the Ensemble with various stylistic characteristics of buildings is compliance with the principles of volumetric and scale consistency: for example, the Kremlin in Moscow (15-20 centuries), Palace Square in Leningrad (18-19 centuries), square . St. Mark's in Venice (11th - 16th centuries), etc. Other Ensembles are carried out simultaneously entirely according to a single plan and in one architectural style. For example, the ensemble of the Smolny Monastery (18th century, architect V.V. Rastrelli), Rossi Street and Lomonosov Square (1st half of the 19th century, architect K.I. Rossi) in Leningrad, Place des Vosges in Paris (early 17th century, architect K. Shatiy).
In the USSR and other socialist countries, the absence of private ownership of land, state construction planning, and advanced ideology create ample opportunities building an Ensemble that unites entire districts, squares and even cities.
In the formation of modern Ensembles (especially residential ones), functional requirements related to caring for people are of decisive importance. A number of significant ensembles have been created in the USSR; residential areas of Moscow (Sandy streets, South-Western district), Leningrad (Shchemilovka, Aitovo), square named after. Lenin in Yerevan, etc.
Large urban planning Ensembles were created after the resolution of the party and government (1955) on the fight against excesses in architecture (in the cities of Angarsk, Rustavi, Sumgait and others). Central Stadium named after. V.I. Lenin and the Palace of Pioneers in Moscow, the Saburtalo district in Tbilisi, etc. Significant Ensembles have also been created in other socialist countries: Republic Square in Bucharest, the factory village of Almasfüzite (Hungary), etc.
Large architectural ensembles are known in capitalist countries: the complex of the new university in Mexico City (1950s), residential areas of Sao Paulo in Rome, the center of Le Havre (France). However, private ownership of land and the heterogeneity of requirements of individual customers greatly limit the possibility of creating Ensembles.
The coordinated layout of a group of buildings, created on the basis of functional requirements, is practical. expediency, a certain ideological and artistic concept, taking into account the architectural and natural environment, ensuring the unity of visual perception. The compositional principles of constructing an architectural ensemble are: establishing the main compositional center, subordinating the remaining elements of the architectural ensemble to it by coordinating architectural volumes, divisions, proportions, scale, rhythm, color, etc.
Architectural ensembles develop in different ways. Some - over a period of time, based on the initial compositional concept, developed by subsequent generations of architects. At the same time, the main condition that ensures the emergence of architecture with various stylistic characteristics of buildings is compliance with the principles of volumetric and scale consistency: for example, the Kremlin in Moscow (15-20 centuries), Palace Square in Leningrad (18-19 centuries .), St. Mark's Square in Venice (11th - 16th centuries), etc. Other projects are carried out simultaneously entirely according to a single plan and in the same architectural style. For example, the ensemble of the Smolny Monastery (18th century, architect V.V. Rastrelli), Rossi Street and Lomonosov Square (1st half of the 19th century, architect K.I. Rossi) in Leningrad, Place des Vosges in Paris (early 17th century, architect K. Shatiy on).
In the USSR and other socialists. countries, the absence of private ownership of land, state construction planning, and advanced ideology create ample opportunities for building an architecture that unites entire districts, squares, and even cities.
In the construction of modern apartments (especially residential ones), the functional requirements associated with caring for people are of decisive importance. A number of significant ensembles have been created in the USSR; residential areas of Moscow (Sandy streets, Southwestern district), Leningrad (Schemil ovka, Avtovo), square named after. Lenin in Yerevan, etc.
Large urban planners. A. were created after the resolution of the party and government (1955) on the fight against excesses in architecture (in the cities of Angarsk, Rustavi, Sumgait, etc., Center, V.I. Lenin Stadium and the Palace of Pioneers in Moscow, Saburtalo district in Tbilisi, etc.). Significant A. have been created in other socialist countries. countries: Republic Square in Bucharest, factory village Almasfüzite (Hungary), etc.
There are known large architectural ensembles in the capitalist era. countries: the complex of the new university in Mexico City (1950s), residential areas of Sao Paulo in Rome, the center of Le Havre (France). However, private ownership of land, heterogeneity of requirements of the department. customers are severely limited in their ability to create A.
Lit.: K u l a g a L., National traditions of Russian urban planning, “A”, 1952, No. 10-I; Kirillova L., New in the architecture of people's democracies, in: Soviet Architecture, No. 12, M., 1960; Egorov Yu. A., Ensemble in urban planning of the USSR, M., 1961.
Ensemble Trinity Monastery is a unique museum of architectural forms and styles, which presents the best examples of national architecture.
In this case, they already speak of a synthesis of arts. The architectural ensemble includes various buildings or landscape architecture structures that combine well with natural objects.
Architecture . Construction in the 18th century and completion of the monastery ensemble. ... With the construction of this outstanding work, the centuries-old ensemble of architectural monuments of the Trinity-Sergius...
Baroque architects included in a holistic architectural ensemble not only individual buildings and squares, but also streets. The beginning and end of the streets are certainly marked by some kind of architectural...
This freedom was achieved by a deep understanding of the connection between the architectural image and nature, and the skillful combination of the ensemble with the surrounding landscape.
In architecture and sculpture, two can be distinguished... Around the same time, a new element appeared in the architectural ensemble of the temple complex - the reliquary.
Design includes project planning solution site, developed on the basis... and the development of a single artistic and architectural ensemble
Approved by the USSR State Committee for public education. as a textbook for higher education students educational institutions, studying in the specialty "Architecture" SPECIALTY.
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