Mooring for brickwork. Step-by-step ordering of brickwork Methods for laying a wall in one brick

When erecting walls and pillars, the edge of the foundation serves as the basis for brickwork. When erecting partitions and some non-bearing structural elements, masonry can be erected on the installed floor slab. The most difficult is the preparation of the base for the brickwork of the foundation: usually the base in this case is compacted soil and a sand and gravel pad.

The base for masonry must be even, this indicator is checked using a horizontal level, and in large areas - using a level (a special device for measuring height differences). In addition, the substrate must be clean and moist. Humidification is necessary so that the base material does not absorb moisture from the masonry mortar. If the laying begins on the edge of the foundation, covered with waterproofing material, the base does not need to be moistened.

On the prepared base, with the help of measuring instruments, they make an accurate marking of all the corners and junctions of the walls, the marking of the pillars in accordance with the project.

Setting orders

The installation of orders is necessary to maintain the geometric correctness of the masonry. However, before installation, it is necessary to erect shtrabs (beacons) at the corners of the building and at intervals of 4-5 m on straight sections, since the orders are fixed in the seams of the brickwork. Penalties for the primary fixing of the orders are laid out, focusing on the measuring instruments and the marking of the base.
Orders are set strictly vertically (checking the position with a plumb line) in the corners of the masonry, at the intersection of walls and at intervals of no more than 4-5 m on flat sections of the wall. Instead of intermediate orders, which are necessary so that the mooring cord does not sag at too great a distance, beacons can be installed - individual bricks protruding beyond the edge of the wall. The interval between intermediate orders or beacons may vary, the main condition is that the mooring cord stretched over these beacons does not sag.

The divisions in the order must correspond to the design marks of the masonry joints. Orders are set together. In the process of masonry, the ordering periodically has to be rearranged to a new height.

Having determined the desired position for the next order, the workers fix it in the seams of the masonry using special brackets with a screw clamp (clamps) or hooks. Fasteners lead into special holes. Two fasteners are required for one order. Staples are inserted into horizontal seams every 6-8 rows of masonry in height, strictly one above the other. When one or two rows of bricks are laid out above the second (upper) bracket, the order is inserted into the holders and fixed in the desired position.

After installing the fasteners, check the verticality of the order. It is convenient if the ordering or its fasteners are equipped with adjusting screws to adjust its position and better press against the masonry. Otherwise, it is customary to use wooden wedges.

The order is set with the front side (the one on which the divisions are marked) to the workplace of the bricklayer (as a rule, this is the inner side of the wall).

If necessary, remove the order (for transfer to a new location or at the end of work), carefully loosen the fastening of the bracket or hook and pull it out of the masonry seam.

Moorage stretching

A mooring cord is necessary to ensure the correct laying of rows and bricks in a row. The cord is pulled along the orders and lighthouses, fastening on special brackets-holders or on nails recessed into the seam or fixed on the order. In the course of work, the cord is rearranged together with the holders (if the holder is not fixed permanently in order). In order to “painlessly” remove the bracket from the mortar joint, the order with the holder is gently swayed from the wall and towards the wall, gradually pulling it out of the set mortar.

The cord is pulled only after checking the verticality of the established orders. The mooring is pulled for each row of masonry. If the wall thickness exceeds 30 cm, the cord is pulled on both sides of the masonry (external and internal). The mooring is installed in such a way that a gap of 2 mm remains between the future masonry and the cord. In the absence of this gap (if the bricks are laid close to the pier), the masonry surface may turn out to be uneven due to the accidental displacement of the pier by bricks.

supply of bricks

Bricks are delivered to the wall (or other construction being erected) from the warehouse area of the workplace and laid out along the wall. At this stage, it is necessary to prepare incomplete bricks, if they are needed in the masonry of this site.

In the manufacture of incomplete stones from hollow bricks, only bricks without visible damage (cracks, potholes) should be taken. The sound when tapping a whole brick should be clear. The fault line is marked on all four faces of the hollow brick, cracks are pierced with a mason's hammer, then the inside of the brick partitions is split with a chisel or chisel, and only then the corners.

Solid bricks are not as brittle, but caution is required here as well. Fault lines are also marked on all four faces, each of them is lightly beaten, then the desired part is separated with a sharp, precise blow.

For the outer verst of facing masonry, only whole bricks (without chips), with even edges and corners, are used.

Preparation, spreading and leveling of the solution

Mortar for masonry is mixed immediately before work. If it was prepared a little earlier, it is shoveled before being laid on the wall (thoroughly mixed with a mortar shovel in a box). The mortar is applied to the wall with a mortar shovel, then leveled with a trowel.

The solution laid on the wall for further laying of bricks is called a garden bed. The bed has the shape of a rectangle with rounded corners or an oval. Under the laying of the spoon row, the mortar is placed with the side face of the shovel and spread out to a width of 7-10 cm. For the bonded row, the width of the beds is 20-22 cm. The height of the mortar bed in both cases is taken to be 1.5-3 cm (to ensure the optimal thickness of the horizontal seam in 10 mm), and the length should not exceed 70-80 cm. An indent of 2 cm is made from the front surface of the masonry for applying the solution.

If necessary, horizontal seams are reinforced every 4-6 rows, placing reinforcement in the form of rods or metal mesh in them. This method of reinforcement is used, for example, in the construction of walls in half or a quarter of a brick, as well as in the construction of capital structures of high strength.

Bricklaying

The laying of the walls of the building begins with external structures, namely, from the corners of the external walls, the ends of the walls, from door and window openings. Depending on the method of work, fines are erected at the corners, as well as at intervals of 4-5 m. These lighthouses establish orders and pull moorings.

Laying is carried out at an air temperature of at least 5 ° C. Bricks are laid on the laid mortar bed from left to right. Moisturize them before putting them in place.

First, when performing a series, they lay versts, then - backfills. The work is carried out in stages: spread the solution under the outer verst; stack; spread the solution under the inner verst; lay the inner verst; spread the solution under the rubble; lay a rubbish. This sequence can be changed depending on the masonry dressing system and the way the work is organized.

In between works, the upper part of the masonry must be covered with plastic wrap to protect it from atmospheric moisture (even if the weather is without precipitation). The longer the break without proper shelter, the more moisture can enter the masonry through the unprotected part, gradually leading to the destruction of the structure.

The brick laid on the bed is knocked down (upset) with the handle of the trowel or the blunt side of the bricklayer's hammer, setting exactly in place: in accordance with the stretched mooring and the standard thickness of vertical and horizontal seams. Bricks are laid along the mooring cord so that the upper face of the brick is flush with the cord stretched for the current row.

During the laying of bricks, excess mortar may appear on the surface of the masonry. It is removed with a trowel and laid on top of a brick or in unfilled vertical seams.

Checking the quality of masonry

With the help of control and measuring tools, the quality of the completed section or a whole row of masonry is checked and, if necessary, adjustments are made.

In the process of masonry, periodically check the correct dressing of the seams, the quality of the seams and surfaces, the verticality and horizontality of the surfaces and corners of the masonry, and the correct installation of embedded parts.

The angles are checked with a square, the horizontal and vertical masonry and its elements are checked with a rule, level and plumb. It is necessary to check the quality of the masonry every 50-60 cm of the wall height: in this case, the error, if found, is easy to correct during further work. Bricks can only be moved if the mortar has not yet set, otherwise the quality of the masonry will be impaired. Therefore, despite periodic monitoring, the laying process itself must take place with a constant focus on orders, moorings and plumb lines.

A periodic check of the horizontality of the rows is carried out using the rule (a long straight rail) and the level: the rule is placed on the surface of the row, a building level is placed on it.

To check the thickness of horizontal joints, measure the height of 5-6 rows of masonry and calculate the average joint size in these rows (to do this, subtract the total height of the bricks in these rows from the measurement obtained and divide the difference by the number of horizontal joints in the measured masonry section). In the same way, the average thickness of the vertical seams within one row is measured.

After the construction of each floor, the upper rows of masonry are checked for horizontality. If possible, this is best done with a level: the measurements will be more accurate than when using the building level.

The detected deviations in the masonry, if they do not exceed the permissible values, are eliminated at the level of the overlap or (if possible) along the course of the masonry.

Stitching

The seam in the brickwork must be processed, especially if the masonry is facing (not for subsequent finishing). Unembroidered seams shorten the life of the masonry. The seam must be sealed when the mortar in it has not yet hardened, otherwise the adhesion of the new mortar to the already dried one will be required. With poor adhesion, the grout from the grout may fall off over time. Embedding with mortar and jointing is carried out by laying out the next 3-4 rows of masonry (subject to continuous work). That is, lay out 3-4 rows, process the seams in these rows and proceed to laying the next rows.

The seam is filled with a solution, the selected tool (joint or handy device) is placed in it perpendicular to the masonry plane and carried out along the seam with some constant force.

The vertical seams are embroidered first, then the horizontal ones. As a rule, if the seam is made recessed relative to the front surface of the brick, this penetration is no more than 2 mm. The remains of the mortar are scraped off from the outer parts of the brick before the mortar hardens.

Ordering for masonry is a special construction tool that provides horizontal and vertical control over masonry.

Angular orders:
1. Ordering with a stretched mooring line. Ready to go.
2. Order made from a metal corner.
3. Order made from a pipe

They are usually made from a metal corner profile (60x60 mm), pipes, or wooden slats 5x5 cm (sometimes 5x7 cm) with divisions applied along the entire length. The distance between the divisions depends on which brick is used. It is equal to 77 mm when using a single brick, and when laying with thickened bricks, there is a kind of ordering with divisions of 100 mm.

This distance includes the thickness of the seam (12 mm) and the thickness of the brick, which is 65 mm for a single brick and 88 mm for a thickened one. For other building materials from which the construction is carried out, other intervals corresponding to them are possible.

Orders are both factory-made and self-made. The marks in the order can be simple serifs 3 mm deep, markers, in the form of through holes for stretching the mooring cord, a twisted cord for adjusting the evenness of the brickwork.

The cord-wharf during the construction process indicates the level of the upper face of the brick in the row. Orders come in different lengths: from 1 to 5 m. If divisions are applied to the order, then the device is attached from the outside of the wall with marks inward so that the bricklayer can see them and control the accuracy of the brickwork.

These construction devices are used in the construction of furnaces, fences, walls, buildings, marking the boundaries of door and window openings, the boundaries of ceilings and lintels, in general, almost everywhere where brickwork takes place.

The term "order" has another meaning. This is an ordinal brickwork scheme for objects, mainly stoves and fireplaces, since their structure is highly complex, unlike wall structures.

brickwork

Standard brick sizes.

Brickwork is an ordered construction of bricks by combining them with mortar to create a specific structure. Bricks of two types and sizes can be used for it. Types of bricks: ceramic (familiar to everyone red brick, made from a mixture of clays and fired in a special oven) and silicate (made from lime dried in an autoclave).

By size, bricks are divided into single with dimensions of 250x120x65 and modular (thickened) with dimensions of 250x120x88. There are also hollow bricks to increase heat retention, equipped with cavities inside, both closed and open.

Depending on whether the brick is hollow or whole, you need to prepare a solution. When using a liquid solution, its consumption increases, since it, to a greater extent than thick, is able to fill the voids inside the brick.

To ensure the strength of a brick building, it is necessary to perform the so-called dressing of the seams - special. Ligation of seams are vertical, longitudinal and transverse.

Brick building tools include:

Pickaxe, trowel, mallet, jointing, plumb line, level, square.

trowel (trowel);
plumb;
pick hammer;
level;
stitching;
mooring cord;
laying order.

A trowel is needed for cutting mortar, leveling concrete, filling construction joints with mortar. To separate the brick into several parts, take a pickaxe hammer. Stitching is required to give the external seams a certain type of shape. The plumb line regulates the vertical evenness of the masonry, and the level - horizontal.

The rule serves as a controlling tool for identifying flaws in the plane of the brick surface. The ordering and the mooring cord will now be considered in more detail, because. are important tools to create a truly balanced building.

Installation and fastening of the order with clamps.

Fastening of the intermediate order occurs with steel brackets in the form of the letter P with a transverse bar. Every 7 rows, staples are inserted into the horizontal seam so that their ends and the transverse plank enter the masonry, and the staples should be located strictly one above the other.

Orders from the corner profile are attached to the walls with brackets with screw clamps (clamps), for the dismantling of which they use a rail-rule with a hole at the tip. The places for setting up the order are mainly the corners of buildings and structures, the intersections and connections of walls, as well as straight sections of the wall, on which intermediate orders are mounted every 12 m.

During the installation of the ordering, its vertical location is corrected by a plumb line, and the location of the serifs or holes for the moorings is corrected by the level, then the final fixing of the ordering and the stretching of the mooring cord take place. In order for it not to sag on long sections of the wall, a holding intermediate beacon is substituted under the cord.

Checking the order setting:
1 - adjusting screw,
2- fixing clamp,
3- screw,
4- mobile collar with mooring,
5- plumb

The mooring-cord is installed for each row being built at the level of the upper boundary of the brick in the row, creating an additional indent from the plane of the row by about 3 mm. To simplify further work, beacons are installed at the boundaries of the masonry and corners in the form of a sheltered shtraba up to 6 rows high.

After installation of the shtrab, adjustments can be made using the mooring brackets, the description of which is given below. Ubezhnaya (sloping) shtraba - a pre-built section of the wall, which serves to guide the subsequent construction of the wall along them. In contrast to the vertical shtraba, it provides a better dressing of the previously erected masonry with the new one.

When the necessary work on installing orders, stretching the berths and adjusting their sagging with beacons is done, you can proceed to the construction itself. In order to remove the order, use a special rule that is put on the clamp. By rotating the rule, the clamp is loosened, after which the clamp can be removed.

Tools for fixing the order:

staples with a transverse bar;
clamps;
ordering.

Using mooring shackles

For internal masonry work, instead of ordering and a mooring cord, a mooring bracket is used. To do this, a bracket is installed in the vertical seam of the upper started row of masonry with the end of the mooring cord fixed on it, the other end of which is tied to the lighthouse brick on the opposite side of the masonry being made so that the cord goes from the bracket to the upper face of the lighthouse brick.

Such moorings must be laid at least every 2-3 rows. With the help of this design, it is possible to carry out masonry work in places where the installation of ordering is impossible. The use of such a device as ordering greatly reduces the time and effort spent on the construction of masonry, improves its quality, the required thickness of the seams, and the vertical and horizontal evenness of the constructed structure.

Trowel type KB

Each work operation has its own tool or device, the main ones are a mortar shovel, trowel, jointing and a pickaxe hammer.

Trowel for stone work (GOST 9533-81) is a steel spatula polished on both sides with a wooden handle, used for leveling on masonry, trimming excess mortar in the seams, filling vertical joints with mortar.

Trowel type KB

Trowel type KP

Mortar shovel LR

The estimated cost of the trowel is 50-80 rubles.

mortar shovel(GOST 19596-87) is used for supplying the solution, as well as spreading it on the wall; mixing the solution in the box: leveling the solution between versts under the backfill.

Estimated cost - from 100 rubles.

Joints convex and concave- designed to process seams and give them a certain shape. Depending on the required thickness and shape of the seams, both the cross-sectional profile and the size of the joint are selected. The cost is about 50 rubles.

Jointing for seams curved

Jointing for seams concave

Pickhammer necessary for tesky and cutting a whole brick into incomplete ones. The cost of a pickaxe hammer is from 150 rubles.

Pickhammer

mop

mop used when cleaning ventilation from the solution that has come out of the seams; for a more complete filling of the joints with mortar, as well as smoothing the joints. At the bottom of the tool handle, between the flanges, a rubber plate measuring 140x140x10 (12) mm is fixed, which is the working part.

Control and measuring tools for laying bricks.

plumb line designed to control the verticality of walls, pillars, walls and masonry corners. The measurement process is hanging masonry. plumb lines

A mass of 200-400 g is used to control the correctness of the brickwork in tiers within the height of the floor; weighing 600-1000 g - to control the outer corners within the height of several floors.

Building level serves to check the verticality and horizontality of the masonry. The body of the level is made of aluminum alloy, length

housings 300/500/700 mm, etc. Glass tubes-ampoules are installed on the body. The ampoules are not completely filled with antifreeze liquid, and an air bubble remains in them. The measurement of the horizontal/vertical deviation is set by the deviation of the air bubbles from the middle position.

Building level

Pravi'lo- a wooden lath with a section of 30x80 mm, 1.5-2 m long, as an option - a duralumin lath 1.2 m long. The rule is designed to check the front surface of the masonry.

Cord-mooring– twisted cord 3 mm thick. When laying versts, the cord-mooring is pulled between the orders and lighthouses. It is used in the bricklaying process as a guideline to ensure that the rows of masonry are straight and level, and that the horizontal joints are of uniform thickness. With its help, they determine the position that each laid brick in a verst should have.

Cord-mooring

Wooden ordering- a rail with a section of 50x50 mm or 70x50 mm, up to 2 m long. Divisions (serifs) are marked on the order every 77 mm, which corresponds to the thickness of the masonry row (65 mm brick thickness + 12 mm joint thickness), as well as 100 mm for thickened brick (88 + 12 mm). Orders are used for marking rows of masonry, as well as fixing marks for the bottom and top of door and window openings, runs of floor slabs, lintels, etc.

ordering

The order is established so that the sides on which the rows of masonry are marked are facing the bricklayer, they are fixed in the masonry with U-shaped steel holders (bracket with a transverse bar). Staples-holders are introduced in height every 6-8 rows along the masonry, placing one above the other. The staples must enter the wall with the ends and the cross bar. After laying 1-2 rows of bricks on the second holder, the order is inserted into the brackets, securing it with wedges. A mooring cord is moored to the orders, installing with a double bracket. The cord is attached to the initial part of the bracket. They remove the order along with the holders, without removing the wedges.

Brick walls. Laying methods.

The most reliable and practically unchanged walls for decades are those lined with bricks. The most proven - clay red and silicate white bricks.

The thickness of the walls in one-story houses is laid out in brick or half-brick. In the first case, no additional insulation materials are required, the house will be warm. In the second, it is necessary to use materials such as, for example, slabs of wood concrete or fiberboard. If the house is more than one floor, then the walls are laid out at least one and a half to two bricks.

For laying bricks, cement or cement-lime mortar is used. In order for the seams in the masonry to be several tones lighter than the standard, white cement is used, a mixture of hydraulic and quicklime mixture can be used.

Building solutions.

The solution is kneaded in specially prepared containers, which are usually made of plastic or tin.

Before starting masonry work, the brick must be sorted. Separately lay down a whole brick that does not contain chips or chips. Fragments of bricks (halves and three-quarters) and bricks with obvious defects are stacked nearby. A whole brick will go to that part of the wall that faces the street, a brick with small defects - to that side of the wall that will be facing the room, since after the completion of the masonry work it will be plastered. Halves and three-quarter bricks will be used for bonding in the masonry. In cases where a half or three-quarter has an uneven chipped surface, it is leveled with a pickaxe hammer. When there are no halves and three-quarters, and they are required for masonry, they cut a whole brick.

Methods for cutting hollow and solid bricks differ. A hollow brick is marked on all four sides of the proposed cutting line, then in places where voids are punched with a pickaxe hammer, then partitions are cut through with a chisel or chisel and only after that corners are cut. A solid brick is marked along the cutting line and the desired part is chipped off with a sharp blow with a pickaxe hammer.

The first row must be placed on the waterproofing layer. In order for the masonry to meet all the requirements, namely, the rows were strictly horizontal, and the wall itself was vertical, they use a mooring and ordering. Orders are attached to all corners of the building being erected, a mooring is attached to them. At the same time, make sure that the upper edge of the brick being laid fits exactly under the mooring (Fig. 10).

Rice. 10. Attachments for masonry: 1 - mooring; 2 - ordering

In order for the wall to turn out neat and have no deviations from the drawing, it would be more correct to adhere to the following algorithm: start a row with laying out miles without mortar with a gap of 10-20 mm in order and mooring, after which they proceed to the masonry itself on the mortar. The first brick in a verst is removed, a mortar is put in its place with a trowel, carefully leveling it. If the laying is carried out for jointing, then the amount of mortar is placed in such a way that when pressing on the brick and giving it the desired position, the mortar is squeezed out. Excess mortar is removed with a trowel, and after the row is completely finished, the seam is given an aesthetic appearance with the help of jointing.
In the case when the wall is laid under plaster, less mortar will be required, since when laying the mortar, so much is applied so that when the brick is given the desired position, the mortar not only does not squeeze out, does not reach the edges of the brick by 10-12 mm. This type of masonry is called wasteland, the thickness of the seam can vary from 1 to 3 cm, which is convenient for plastering.

A second brick is placed to the first brick so that the bricks are filled with mortar between the ends, then the third, fourth and so on.

All rows of masonry are carried out along the pier, which moves as the masonry rises.

Another way of leveling the masonry has also proven itself, namely with the help of formwork. To do this, racks with notches are firmly attached to both sides of the wall, which show the height of the row, while notches with the number “one” should be on the same level for all racks, all with the number “two” are also on the same level, and so on for all numbers, which guarantees the horizontality of each masonry row. At the level of the notches at the distance of the masonry row, two even edged boards are nailed, along which the masonry is carried out, then the boards are interrupted one row higher and so on.

All masonry is carried out with dressing, in which the bricks of the second row overlap the joints of the bricks of the first row, the third row is laid in the same way as the first, the fourth in the same way as the second, continuing this alternation as the wall is laid. This type of masonry gives not only an aesthetic appearance to the structure, but also evenly distributes the load throughout the wall.

A row laid out on a wall with a brick reproach is called a poke, and the one that is along is called a spoon. The outer row in the wall is called a verst, the inner row is called a backfill.

For a bricklayer with little work experience, it is more convenient to carry out masonry when there are three to five spoon rows for each row of rows (Fig. 12, 13).

If single-row masonry is carried out, the spoon and bonder rows alternate.

To save on bricks, you can lay out the so-called hollow walls, be sure to follow the masonry technology during such work (Fig. 14). The wall is obtained in half a brick, five or six bricks in a row between the transverse lintels. For reliability, some seams can be fastened with a metal mesh. All cavities are filled with dried bulk insulation, and lightweight concrete is also allowed. Each row wakes up before the start of laying with jumpers of the next row (Fig. 15).

In order not to gouge holes in the built wall, it is better to determine in advance where the communications will go and leave holes of appropriate sizes in these places.

In the openings where doors and windows will be placed, wooden corks are inserted at the required heights. Corks, which should have the size of a brick, must be treated with an antiseptic and wrapped with roofing material. Six plugs should be installed on the door, four on the window.

Jumpers are provided above the openings. Ordinary jumpers are made of round or flat rods, placing them every 13 cm. The jumpers are poured with a solution 3-4 cm thick. The free ends of the rod 12 cm long are bent up for anchoring into vertical seams.

Above the future window or door, concrete or wooden lintels are used. Lintels made of wood must be at least 5 cm thick and treated with an antiseptic, the edges that will be recessed in the masonry are wrapped in roofing material or roofing felt. Reinforced concrete lintels are used factory-made, or our own production. For independent production of a concrete lintel, rods from 4 to 6 mm in cross section and a length of 8-10 cm more than the width of the opening, concrete, the grade of which must be at least 100, and timber formwork, are required.

Reinforced concrete lintels can be made both at the opening site and made from in advance. In both cases, the reinforcement is connected to each other with a wire in the form of a frame, which is placed in the formwork, so that it is 3-4 cm from the bottom, for this you can put in two places of the frame, for example, wooden blocks of the right size. From above, the frame must be filled with a solution of at least 7 cm. The length of the jumper is made 25 cm more than the opening.

With hollow masonry, the following brick consumption is assumed:

Brick standard size. There are 36 bricks for one m² of masonry, 48 bricks against the usual half-brick masonry, 96 bricks for brick.

Modular brick. The ratio is 36 bricks versus 40 and 80.

As you can see, modular and standard bricks go the same way.

Paired ventilation holes are left in the hollow masonry under the floor and ceiling in each room.

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Brickwork is a way of building a wall out of bricks. Brick is:

An artificial stone made in the form of burnt clay bars and used for buildings.
One such stone.
A hard material in the form of such a stone.

Thus, brickwork is a structure of blocks of solid material of a certain size and shape, laid in a certain order and fastened together with mortar.

The strength of the masonry depends on the properties of the brick or stone from which the masonry is made, the mortar and the quality of the masonry of stone structures. The compressive strength of, for example, brickwork, made even on a very strong mortar, with conventional construction methods is no more than 40…50% from the tensile strength of the brick.

This is mainly explained by the fact that the surfaces of the brick and masonry seam are not perfectly flat and the density and thickness of the mortar layer in horizontal seams are not the same everywhere. As a result, the pressure in the masonry uneven distributed over the surface of the brick and causes in it, in addition to compressive stresses, stresses bending and cut. And since stone materials have low resistance to bending, they are destroyed in the masonry before the compressive stresses in them reach the compressive strength. For example, a brick has a 4 ... 6 times lower tensile strength in bending than in compression.

The main positive qualities of stone structures based on brickwork are their

high fire resistance
high chemical resistance compared to other materials,
resistance to weathering and, as a result,
great durability.

These qualities are due to the fact that stone materials have a dense structure. At the same time, their high density increases the thermal conductivity of the masonry. Therefore, often the outer brick walls of buildings have to be made much thicker than required by the conditions of strength and stability.

The thermal properties of stone structures are also largely affected by quality masonry: walls with poorly filled mortar joints are easily blown through and freeze through in winter.

The type of masonry is influenced by the desired indicators - and the appearance, dimensions of the brick. The brick has "smart" dimensions: 250 x 120 x 65 mm. It is convenient for the builder to take it with one hand. Two bricks are laid in length in width, plus a centimeter per seam. But the thickness of the brick may vary. And then the bricks get the names:

Single (thickness 65 mm),
Thickened, or one and a half (88 mm).
Ceramic stone, or double brick (as sellers often call it) - 250 x 120 x 138 mm.

One and a half bricks and stones significantly save mortar consumption and construction time. And don't think that builders will charge you more money for lifting weights. They themselves feel better: throw a dozen stones - and the wall is ready! In addition, fewer stones are required, and their price does not increase. So, for example, a double facing brick is only half as expensive as a single brick, and twice as large in size.

The thickness of the masonry is a multiple of the size of the brick and is usually measured by the number of bricks laid across the thickness of the wall. So

25 cm thick masonry is considered one brick masonry,
38 cm - one and a half, 51 cm - two,
64 cm - two and a half,
12 cm masonry is considered half-brick masonry.

The brick is laid on a layer of mortar, which is called the bed. The gaps between the bricks are filled with mortar and are called seams, the thickness of which should not exceed 12 mm. Joints can be filled with mortar completely up to the outer edge of the wall or not completely. Fully filled seams are given a convex or concave shape.

Used to fasten bricks together building mixture. Usually this is a solution prepared from a mixture of cement and sand (the sand must be carefully sieved). The greater the proportion of cement in the solution, the less plastic (mobile) it is. Compared to lime or mixed cement-lime and cement-clay mortars, cement mortar is less mobile. The use of a highly plastic mortar when laying from hollow bricks is uneconomical, since the mortar flows into the voids in the body of the brick. However, the less mobile the solution, the more difficult it is to spread and level.

There are two types of bricks - solid (solid, without cavities) and hollow (with cavities). Accordingly, the more cavities in a brick, the worse it conducts heat. Therefore, when using hollow bricks, the walls can be made thinner, and the thermal insulation will not deteriorate from this. Hollow bricks have less mass, and as a result, there is less load on the foundation. This is his merit. But there is also a difficulty: when laying such a brick, the holes can become clogged with mortar, and it will become more “cold”. To avoid this, you need to take a brick with smaller diameter voids and a more viscous mortar.

As already mentioned, brick works quite well in compression and poorly in bending, therefore, when building a brick structure, it is necessary to ensure that it works only in compression. This is achieved by following certain rules, which are called cutting rules.

planes of the first order (planes parallel to the foundation) must be horizontal and perpendicular to the action of the compression force and parallel to each other.
planes II and III of order must be perpendicular to the plane of order I and also mutually perpendicular to each other.
the load from each brick should be distributed to at least two lower ones. The implementation of the 3rd cutting rule ensures the joint work of individual stones and eliminates the presence of bending forces in individual stones.

From these rules, masonry schemes follow.

Brickwork is made according to a special scheme, which is called dressing. This scheme causes the obligatory closing of the upper row of seams (gaps) between the bricks of the lower row with a brick. Bandaging makes it possible to create a strong masonry with the correct load distribution over the entire wall, as well as economical use of bricks.

The most important thing in masonry is to correctly lay the very first row of bricks - it must be strictly parallel to the ground. In order for it to be straight, it is laid with the help of a long right And la, flat rail or stretched cord. At the same time, the brick does not reach the guide 2-3 mm, so that the mortar does not press on it. And in order to ensure the horizontal laying, each brick is checked by a level. They also check the bricks in pairs with the neighboring one. Do the same with all subsequent bricks. This is especially important for face masonry.

There are three main types of dressing. Spoon bonding ensures optimal closure of the lower seams, the bricks overlap half the length. Unlike spoon tying, chain tying provides symmetrical closure of the lower seams for 1/4 of the length of the bricks. The cross ligation also covers the bricks by 1/4 of the length, however, it is asymmetrical.

If you have ever seen the work of a professional bricklayer, you may have noticed that he lays out the corners of the wall first of all and they are always higher than the middle part of the wall. This is done in order to immediately get beacons - benchmarks, which will make it possible to pull the cord - a mooring, indicating the line of masonry and the height of the masonry. So that the mooring does not sag, it is pulled tight enough, and bricks are periodically laid - lighthouses that support it.

The easiest way to display rectangular corners is with the help of the so-called. orders. Ordering is a flat corner, usually rolled metal. It is sometimes marked with marks, according to the level of laying bricks.

The first few bricks in height at the corners are laid with the help of a level, and then the order is fixed on them. The order is fixed with a pair of brackets - clamps, as shown in the figure. A strictly vertical position is set to it using an exact level or plumb line. According to the marks on the order, they also pull the mooring cord.

Bonded masonry is important not only along the length of the wall, but also when creating corners, wall joints, columns. For this, special brickwork schemes are also used:

Among the types of brickwork today, not only half-brick and brick masonry are distinguished, but also a “puff” version. The technology of this type of brickwork involves the implementation of two masonry - internal heat-insulating from cheaper bricks and external aesthetic, which plays a decorative role. Between the two types of brickwork, a "backfill" or air gap is left to improve the thermal insulation properties of the wall. Thus, the Customer saves money.

So, brickwork has a number of features and nuances that are better known to experienced builders - but which, if desired, you can learn on your own.

Based on materials and more information http://www.domostroy.kiev.ua/az-mat-kirp.htm and http://www.delaysam.ru/dachastroy/dachastroy61.html