The result of the Russian-Japanese war 1904 1905 table. How the king and Mikado quarreled. Ships built for Japan overseas

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Russo-Japanese War 1904 - 1905

Lesson plan: Causes of war Alignment of forces Course of hostilities Outcome of war Reasons for defeat Consequence of war

The problematic question "Do we need a small victorious war."

Expanding vocabulary: Priority - primacy, advantage, the primacy of something. Expansion is the expansion of spheres of influence by both economic and non-economic methods. A flagship is a ship from which the commander controls subordinate forces.

Causes of the Russo-Japanese War. - clash of Russian and Japanese interests in the Far East; - an attempt to capture foreign markets for a developing domestic economy; - Russian imperial expansion to the East; - the desire of Russia and Japan to enrich the riches of Korea and China. - the desire of the tsarist government to distract the people from revolutionary actions. S.Yu. Witte V.K. Pleve

Alignment and balance of forces The Russian government was confident of victory. However, the balance of forces in the Far East was not in favor of Russia. The Russian army (in the Far East): near Vladivostok - 45 thousand people; in Manchuria - 28.1 thousand people; the garrison of Port Arthur - 22.5 thousand people; railway troops - 35 thousand people; serf troops (artillery, engineering units and telegraph) - 7.8 thousand people. A total of about 150 thousand people. Japanese army: after mobilization, it numbered about 442 thousand people. Japanese navy

Filling in the table: “The main battles of the Russian-Japanese war of 1904-1905. Dates Battle Results

The course of hostilities 1904-1905. Cruiser "Varyag" The beginning of the war: the attack of the Japanese squadron on January 27, 1904 on the Russian fleet in Port Arthur On the morning of the same day, as a result of an unequal battle, the cruiser "Varyag" and the gunboat "Korean" in the Korean port of Chemulpo were killed. The Russo-Japanese War of 1904 -1905 Second Pacific Squadron.

1904 The destruction of the flagship battleship "Petropavlovsk" on Japanese mines. Killed 29 officers and 652 sailors. March 31, 1904 G Ibel of the Commander-in-Chief of the Pacific Fleet S.O. Makarov. The famous battle painter V.V. Vereshchagin. Vasily Vasilyevich Vereshchagin Battle painter Stepan Osipovich Makarov Commander of the Pacific Fleet Vice Admiral.

February 1904 60-thousandth 1st Japanese army landed in Korea. In an unequal battle near the city of Turenchen, Russian troops were defeated and retreated to Liaoyang. And on the Liaodong Peninsula, in the rear of Port Arthur, the 50-thousandth 2nd Japanese army was parachuted. The enemy captured the port of Dalny, turning it into a staging area for operations against Port Arthur. And in August 1904 Russian troops repelled all attacks of the Japanese army at Port Arthur and on the territory of Manchuria. August 1904 The defeat of the Russian troops at Liaoyang. September 1904 The defeat of the Russian troops on the Shahe River October 1904 From the Baltic port of Libava, the 2nd Pacific squadron Z.P. Rozhdestvensky. December 20, 1904 General A.M. Stoessel surrendered the fortress of Port Arthur to the enemy. 1904 g.

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Military operations at sea and on land In February 1905, the advantage and initiative passed to the Japanese side. On February 25, 1905, Japanese troops occupied Mukden. On April 14, 1905, the 2nd Pacific Squadron entered the Tsushima Strait. May 14 - 15, 1905 defeat of the 2nd Pacific squadron under the command of Rozhdestvensky off the island of Tsushima. In June 1905, Japan landed two divisions on Sakhalin Island. The unequal struggle for the island lasted two months. 1905 g.

Results of the war July 27, 1905 Russian-Japanese negotiations began in the small seaside town of Portsmouth (USA). On August 23, 1905, Russia and Japan signed a peace treaty. Russia recognized Korea as a sphere of Japanese interests. Both sides pledged to withdraw their troops from Manchuria. Russia ceded to Japan the lease of Port Arthur and the southern part of Sakhalin Island. Russia granted Japan the right to fish along the Russian coast in the Japanese, Okhotsk and Bering seas.

The reasons for the defeat are unpreparedness for war; military-technical lagging behind; difficulties in the transfer of troops and equipment to the Far East; underestimation of the opponent and mediocrity of the command; diplomatic isolation.

Significance of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, the war demonstrated the failure of power in two major areas - military and foreign policy; became one of the prerequisites for the maturing internal political crisis in the country.

Sinkwine War- and mperialist, conquest, killed, destroys, destroys, cripples victims, losses, devastation, fears ...

Homework: § 4 2. Write an essay. "It was not the Japanese who defeated Russia, not the Russian army, but our order, or more correctly, our boyish management of 140 million people in recent years." S.Yu. Witte Do you agree with this assessment? 3. Material for additional study: Nowadays in Scotland a monument to the cruiser "Varyag" 1905-2010 has been unveiled.

The Russo-Japanese War was supposed to be "small and victorious" for Russia, but it became the catalyst for a series of events that sooner or later had to happen. Let's figure out what were the results of this war.

Major battles of the war

Let's summarize the battles of the Russo-Japanese War that took place in a general table.

Rice. 1. Tsushima battle.

2 years before the start of the war, the Far East was visited by S. Yu. Witte, a Russian diplomat. In his report to Nicholas II, he argued that Russia was not ready for war and could well lose it, but no one wanted to listen to him.

Results of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905

After the economic exhaustion of both countries, the belligerents moved on to negotiations, which it was decided to hold in Portsmouth under the mediation of US President Roosevelt. On August 23, 1905, a peace treaty was signed between Russia and Japan. Because of the revolution that began in Petrograd and then throughout Russia, Japanese diplomats demanded the complete surrender of Russia. However, thanks to the diplomatic skills of S. Yu. Witte, it was possible to conclude the most beneficial peace for Russia. So, according to the results of peace, Russia was obliged to fulfill the following points:

• transferring southern Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands to Japan;
• to recognize Japan's right to colonial expansion of Korea;
• renounce claims to Manchuria;
• transfer the ownership of Port Arthur to Japan;
• pay an indemnity to Japan for the maintenance of prisoners.

S. Yu. Witte was viewed with disgust in the highest circles of the empire, envying his talents and successes. Upon his return from the peace negotiations in the circles of the political elite, he was dubbed as "Count Polusakhalinsky."

Rice. 2. Portrait of S. Yu. Witte.

The war in the Far East caused damage to the Russian economy. Stagnation began in industry, and then life itself rose in price. The industrialists insisted on the conclusion of peace. Even the leading countries of the world understood that the outbreak of the revolution was dangerous for the world order and tried to end the war.

In Russia, a workers' strike began throughout the country. The state was in a daze for two years.

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In human terms, Russia lost 270 thousand soldiers with 50 thousand killed. Japan's losses were comparable numerically, but the victory in such a big war made it the number one state in its region, strengthening its status as an empire behind it.

The war showed Nikolai as a shortsighted politician. The historical significance of defeat in this war for Russia was to reveal all the problems that had accumulated in the country over many decades and to give Nicholas II time to solve them, which he would never use rationally.

Rice. 3. Russia's territorial losses in the Russian-Japanese war of 1904-1905.

What have we learned?

Speaking briefly about the results of the Russo-Japanese war, it should be noted that this war for the distribution of spheres of influence dealt a severe blow to the Russian economy and, subsequently, had severe political consequences, not counting territorial losses.

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Assessment of the report

Average rating: 4.6. Total ratings received: 359.

Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905 - one of the main events of the reign of Nicholas II. This war, unfortunately, ended in the defeat of Russia. This article summarizes the reasons, the main events of the Russian-Japanese war and its results.

In 1904-1905. Russia waged an unnecessary war with Japan, which ended in defeat due to command errors and underestimation of the enemy. The main battle is the defense of Port Arthur. The war ended with the Peace of Portsmouth, according to which Russia lost the southern half of Fr. Sakhalin. The war aggravated the revolutionary situation in the country.

Causes of the war

Nicholas II understood that further advancement of Russia in Europe or Central Asia was impossible. The Crimean War limited further expansion in Europe, and after the conquest of the Central Asian khanates (Khiva, Bukhara, Kokand), Russia reached the borders of Persia and Afghanistan, which were in the sphere of influence of the British Empire. Therefore, the king decided to focus on the Far Eastern direction of foreign policy. Relations between Russia and China were developing successfully: with the permission of China, the Chinese Eastern Railway (Chinese-Eastern Railway) was built, connecting the lands from Transbaikalia to Vladivostok.

In 1898, Russia and China signed an agreement, according to which the fortress of Port Arthur and the Liaodong Peninsula were transferred to Russia for 25 years on the basis of a free lease. In the Far East, Russia met with a new adversary - Japan. This country underwent rapid modernization (Meiji reforms) and was now tune in to an aggressive foreign policy.

The main reasons for the Russo-Japanese War are:

1. The struggle between Russia and Japan for dominance in the Far East.
2. The Japanese were outraged by the construction of the Chinese Eastern Railway, as well as the growing economic influence of Russia in Manchuria.
3. Both powers sought to bring China and Korea into their sphere of influence.
4. Japanese foreign policy bore a pronounced imperialist tone; the Japanese dreamed of establishing their dominance in the entire Pacific region (the so-called "Great Japan").
5. Russia was preparing for war not only because of foreign policy goals. There were internal problems in the country, from which the government wanted to distract the people by organizing a "small victorious war." This name was invented by the Minister of the Interior Plehve. It means that, having defeated a weak adversary, the people's confidence in the king will increase and the contradictions in society will weaken.

Unfortunately, these expectations did not come true at all. Russia was not ready for war. Only Count S.Yu. Witte opposed the coming war, proposing peaceful economic development of the Far Eastern part of the Russian Empire.

Chronology of the war. The course of events and their description

The war began with an unexpected Japanese attack on the Russian fleet on the night of January 26-27, 1904. On the same day, in the Korean bay of Chemulpo, an unequal and heroic battle took place between the cruiser Varyag, commanded by V.F. Rudnev, and the gunboat "Koreets" against the Japanese. The ships were blown up so as not to get to the enemy. However, the Japanese managed to gain naval superiority, which allowed them to subsequently transfer troops to the continent.

From the very beginning of the war, the main problem for Russia was revealed - the inability to quickly transfer new forces to the front. The population of the Russian Empire was 3.5 times larger than Japan, but it was concentrated in the European part of the country. The Trans-Siberian Railway, built shortly before the war, could not ensure the timely dispatch of fresh forces to the Far East. It was much easier for the Japanese to replenish the army, so they had a superiority in numbers.

Already in February-April 1904... the Japanese landed on the continent and began to press the Russian troops.

31.03.1904 a terrible tragedy, fatal for Russia and the further course of the war, happened - Admiral Makarov, a talented, outstanding naval commander who commanded the Pacific squadron, died. On the flagship Petropavlovsk, he was blown up by a mine. Together with Makarov and "Petropavlovsk" V.V. Vereshchagin is a famous Russian battle painter, author of the famous painting "The Apotheosis of War".

V May 1904... General A.N. Kuropatkin takes command of the army. This general made many fatal mistakes, and all his military actions were characterized by indecision and constant hesitation. The outcome of the war would have been completely different if this mediocre commander had not been at the head of the army. Kuropatkin's mistakes led to the fact that the most important fortress in the region, Port Arthur, was cut off from the rest of the army.

V May 1904... the central episode of the Russian-Japanese war begins - the siege of Port Arthur. Russian troops heroically defended this fortress from the superior forces of Japanese troops for 157 days.

Initially, the defense was led by the talented general R.I. Kondratenko. He took competent actions, and inspired the soldiers with his personal courage and valor. Unfortunately, he died in the beginning December 1904., and his place was taken by General A.M. Stoessel, who shamefully surrendered Port Arthur to the Japanese. Stoessel was noted for such "feats" more than once during the war: before the surrender of Port Arthur, which could still fight the enemy, he surrendered the port of Dalny without putting up any resistance. From Dalniy, the Japanese supplied the rest of the army. Surprisingly, Stoessel was not even convicted.

V August 1904... the battle of Liaoyang took place, in which the Russian troops led by Kuropatkin were defeated, and then retreated to Mukden. In October of the same year, an unsuccessful battle took place on the river. Shahe.

V February 1905... Russian troops were defeated at Mukden. It was a large, difficult and very bloody battle: both troops suffered huge losses, our troops managed to retreat in perfect order, and the Japanese finally exhausted their offensive potential.

V May 1905 the last battle of the Russo-Japanese War took place: the Battle of Tsushima. The second Pacific squadron, led by Admiral Rozhdestvensky, was defeated at Tsushima. The squadron has come a long way: it left the Baltic Sea, rounded the whole of Europe and Africa.

Each defeat painfully affected the state of Russian society. If at the beginning of the war there was a general patriotic upsurge, then with each new defeat, confidence in the tsar fell. Moreover, 09.01.1905 the First Russian Revolution began, and Nicholas II needed an immediate peace and an end to hostilities in order to suppress the uprisings inside Russia.

08/23/1905... in the city of Portsmouth (USA) a peace treaty was concluded.

Portsmouth world

After the Tsushima disaster, it became obvious that peace should be made. Count S.Yu. Witte. Nicholas II insistently demanded that Witte adamantly defend Russia's interests in the negotiations. The tsar wanted Russia not to make any territorial or material concessions under the peace treaty. But Count Witte realized that he would still have to concede. Moreover, shortly before the end of the war, the Japanese occupied Sakhalin Island.

The Portsmouth Peace Treaty was signed on the following terms:

1. Russia recognized Korea in the Japanese sphere of influence.
2. The fortress of Port Arthur and the Liaodong Peninsula were ceded to the Japanese.
3. Japan occupied southern Sakhalin. The Kuril Islands were left to Japan.
4. The Japanese were given the right to fish on the shores of the Okhotsk, Japanese and Bering Seas.

It is worth saying that Witte was able to conclude a peace agreement on fairly lenient conditions. The Japanese did not receive a penny of indemnity, and the concession of half of Sakhalin was of little significance to Russia: at that time this island was not actively developed. A remarkable fact: for this territorial concession S.Yu. Witte was nicknamed "Count Polusakhalinsky".

Reasons for Russia's defeat

The main reasons for the defeat were:

1. Underestimating the enemy. The government was in the mood for a "small victorious war" that would end in a quick and triumphant victory. However, this did not happen.
2. Support for Japan by the United States and England. These countries supported Japan financially and also supplied her with weapons.
3. Russia was not ready for war: not enough troops were concentrated in the Far East, and the transfer of soldiers from the European part of the country was long and difficult.
4. The Japanese side had a definite superiority in military-technical equipment.
5. Command errors. Suffice it to recall Kuropatkin's indecision and vacillations, as well as Stoessel, who betrayed Russia by surrendering Port Arthur to the Japanese, who could still defend.

These points determined the loss of the war.

The results of the war and its significance

The Russo-Japanese War has the following results:

1. Russia's defeat in the war, first of all, "added fuel" to the fire of the revolution. The people saw in this defeat the inability of the autocracy to govern the country. It did not work to arrange a "small victorious war". Confidence in Nicholas II dropped significantly.
2. Russia's influence in the Far Eastern region has weakened. This led to the fact that Nicholas II decided to shift the vector of Russian foreign policy to the European direction. After this defeat, tsarist Russia no longer accepted any operations to strengthen its political influence in the Far East. In Europe, Russia took part in the First World War.
3. The unsuccessful Russo-Japanese War led to instability within Russia itself. The influence of the most radical and revolutionary parties increased, giving a critical description of the autocratic government, accusing it of inability to lead the country.

Speaking about the shortcomings of the Russian command, revealed during the war, one cannot but mention the heroic siege of Port Arthur, about a huge number of examples of personal courage. This is eloquently confirmed by the recognition of the Japanese themselves.

At the dawn of the twentieth century, a fierce clash took place between the Russian and Japanese empires. In what year our country was expecting a war with Japan. It began in the winter of 1904 and lasted more than 12 months until 1905, became a real blow to the whole world... It was distinguished not only by the subject of dispute between the two powers, but also by the latest weapons that were used in battles.

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Prerequisites

The main events unfolded in the Far East, in one of the most contested regions in the world. At the same time, the Russian and Japanese empires claimed it, each had its own political strategies in this area, ambitions and plans. Specifically, they talked about establishing control over the Chinese region of Manchuria, as well as over Korea and the Yellow Sea.

Note! At the beginning of the twentieth century, Russia and Japan were not only the strongest countries in the world, but also actively developing. Oddly enough, this was the first precondition for the Russo-Japanese war.

The Russian Empire actively expanded its borders, touching Persia and Afghanistan in the southeast.

The interests of Great Britain were affected, so the Russian map continued to grow in the Far East direction.

On the way, the first was China, which became impoverished from numerous wars, was forced to give Russia part of their territories to get support and funds. So, new lands came into the possession of our empire: Primorye, Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands.

The reasons also lay in Japanese politics. The new Emperor Meiji considered self-isolation as a relic of the past and actively began to develop his country, promoting it in the international arena. After numerous successful reforms, the Japanese Empire reached a new, modernized level. The next step was the expansion of other states.

Even before the outbreak of the 1904 war Meiji conquered China, which gave him the right to dispose of Korean lands. Later, the island of Taiwan and other nearby territories were conquered. Here the preconditions for the future confrontation were hidden, since the interests of the two empires met, which contradicted each other. So, on January 27 (February 9), 1904, the war between Russia and Japan was officially started.

Causes

The Russo-Japanese War became one of the most striking examples of "cockfighting". There were no racist, religious or ideological disputes between the two warring countries. The essence of the conflict did not lie in increasing its own territory for significant reasons. It's just that each state had a goal: to prove to itself and to others that it is powerful, strong and invincible.

Consider first the reasons for the emergence of the Russo-Japanese War within the Russian Empire:

1. The tsar wanted to assert himself through victory and to show his entire people that his army and military might are the strongest in the world.
2. It was possible once and for all to suppress the outbreak of the revolution, in which the peasants, workers and even the city intelligentsia were drawn.

How this war could be useful to Japan, let us briefly consider. The Japanese had only one goal: to demonstrate their new weapon, which was improved. It was necessary to test the latest military equipment, and where it can be done, if not in battle.

Note! The participants in the armed confrontation, in case of victory, would mend their internal political differences. The economy of the victorious country would significantly improve and new lands would be acquired in its possession - Manchuria, Korea and the whole Yellow Sea.

Military action on land

At the beginning of 1904, the 23rd artillery brigade was sent to the eastern front from Russia.

The troops were distributed between strategically important objects - Vladivostok, Manchuria and Port Arthur. There was also a special corral of engineering troops, and a very impressive number of people guarded the CER (railway).

The fact is that all provisions and ammunition were delivered to the soldiers from the European part of the country by train, so they required additional protection.

By the way, this became one of the reasons for Russia's defeat... The distance from the industrial centers of our country to the Far East is unrealistically great. It took a lot of time to deliver everything you needed, and it was not possible to transport much.

As for the Japanese troops, they lost to the Russian ones among them. Moreover, having left their native and very small islands, they were literally scattered over a vast territory. But in the ill-fated 1904-1905 military power saved them... The newest weapons and armored vehicles, destroyers, improved artillery did their job. It is worth noting the very tactics of warfare and combat, which the Japanese learned from the British. In short, they took it not by quantity, but by quality and cunning.

Naval battles

The Russo-Japanese War has become real fiasco for the Russian fleet.

At that time, shipbuilding in the Far Eastern region was not too developed, and it was extremely difficult to deliver the "gifts" of the Black Sea to such a distance.

In the land of the rising sun, the fleet was always powerful, Meiji was well prepared, he knew the enemy's weaknesses very well, therefore he managed not only to hold back the enemy's onslaught, but also to completely defeat our fleet.

He won the battle thanks to the same military tactics that he learned from the British.

Main events

For a long time, the troops of the Russian Empire did not improve their potential, did not conduct tactical exercises. Their entry to the Far Eastern front in 1904 made it clear that they were simply not ready to fight and fight. This can be clearly seen in the chronology of the main events of the Russian-Japanese war. Let's consider them in order.

• February 9, 1904 - battle of Chemulpo... The Russian cruiser "Varyag" and the steamer "Koreets", commanded by Vsevolod Rudnev, were surrounded by a Japanese squadron. In an unequal battle, both ships were killed, and the remaining crew members were evacuated to Sevastopol and Odessa. In the future, they were forbidden to join the Pacific Fleet;
• On February 27 of the same year, with the help of the latest torpedoes, the Japanese disabled more than 90% of the Russian fleet by attacking it in Port Arthur;
• spring 1904 - the defeat of the Russian Empire in numerous battles on land. In addition to the difficulties with the transportation of ammunition and provisions, our soldiers simply did not have a normal map. The Russo-Japanese War had clear-cut schemes and certain strategic targets. But without proper navigation, it was impossible to cope with the task;
• 1904, August - Russians were able to defend Port Arthur;
• 1905, January - Admiral Stoessel handed over Port Arthur to the Japanese;
• May of the same year - another unequal sea battle. After the battle at Tsushima, one Russian ship returned to the port, but the entire Japanese squadron remained unharmed;
• July 1905 - Japanese troops invaded Sakhalin.

Probably, the answer to the question of who won the war is obvious. But in fact, numerous battles on land and water have become the cause of exhaustion of both countries. Japan, although considered the winner, was forced to enlist the support of countries like Great Britain. The results were disappointing: the economies and domestic policies of both countries were completely undermined. Countries signed a peace treaty, and the whole world began to help them.

The outcome of the hostilities

At the time of the end of hostilities in the Russian Empire, preparations for the revolution were in full swing. The enemy knew this, so he set a condition: Japan agreed to sign a peace treaty only on condition of complete surrender. In this case, the the following items:

• half of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands were to pass into the possession of the land of the rising sun;
• renunciation of claims to Manchuria;
• Japan should have had the right to lease Port Arthur;
• the Japanese get all the rights to Korea;
• Russia had to pay its enemy indemnity for the maintenance of prisoners.

And these were not the only negative consequences of the Russian-Japanese war for our people. The economy began to stagnate for a long time as factories and factories became impoverished.

Unemployment began in the country, prices for food and other goods rose. Russia began to refuse loans many foreign banks, during which business activity was suspended.

But there were also positive aspects. By signing the Portsmouth Peace Agreement, Russia received support from the European powers - England and France.

This was the seed of the birth of a new alliance called "Entente". It is worth noting that Europe was also frightened by the impending revolution, so it tried to provide all kinds of support to our country, so that these events would not go beyond its borders, but only subside. But, as we know, it was not possible to restrain the people, and the revolution became a vivid protest of the population against the current government.

But in Japan, despite numerous losses, things got better... The Land of the Rising Sun has proved to the whole world that it can defeat the Europeans. The victory brought this state to the international level.

Why did it all work out this way?

Let us list the reasons for Russia's defeat in this armed confrontation.

1. Considerable remoteness from industrial centers. The railway could not cope with the transportation of everything needed to the front.
2. The lack of proper training and skill in the Russian army and navy. The Japanese possessed more advanced technology. possession of weapons and combat.
3. Our enemy has developed a fundamentally new military equipment, which was difficult to cope with.
4. Betrayal by the tsarist generals. For example, the surrender of Port Arthur, which was previously taken.
5. The war was not popular among the common people, and also many of the soldiers who were sent to the front were not interested in victory. But the Japanese soldiers were ready to die for the sake of the emperor.

Analysis of the Russo-Japanese War by historians

Attack of the Japanese destroyers of the Russian squadron.

On the night of February 8-9 (January 26-27), 1904, 10 Japanese destroyers suddenly attacked a Russian squadron in the outer roadstead of Port Arthur. The squadron battleships "Tsesarevich", "Retvizan" and the cruiser "Pallada" received heavy damage from the explosions of Japanese torpedoes and ran aground in order not to sink. Return fire from the Russian squadron artillery damaged Japanese destroyers IJN Akatsuki and IJN Shirakumo... This is how the Russo-Japanese War began.

On the same day, Japanese troops began a landing near the port of Chemulpo. While trying to leave the port and head to Port Arthur, the gunboat "Koreets" was attacked by Japanese destroyers, forcing it to return.

On February 9 (January 27), 1904, a battle took place at Chemulpo. As a result of which, due to the impossibility of a breakthrough, the cruiser "Varyag" was sunk by their crews and the gunboat "Koreets" was blown up.

On the same day, February 9 (January 27), 1904, Admiral Jessen led the Vladivostok cruiser detachment to sea to begin military operations to disrupt the transport links between Japan and Korea.

On February 11 (January 29), 1904, the Russian cruiser Boyarin was blown up by a Japanese mine near Port Arthur, not far from the San Shan Tao Islands.

On February 24 (February 11), 1904, the Japanese fleet tried to close the exit from Port Arthur by sinking 5 ships loaded with stone. The attempt was unsuccessful.

On February 25 (February 12), 1904, two Russian destroyers "Fearless" and "Impressive" stumbled upon 4 Japanese cruisers during reconnaissance. The first managed to escape, and the second was driven into the Golubaya Bay, where it was flooded by the order of Captain M. Podushkin.

On March 2 (February 18), 1904, by order of the Naval General Staff, the Mediterranean squadron of Admiral A. Virenius (battleship Oslyabya, cruisers Aurora and Dmitry Donskoy and 7 destroyers), heading for Port Arthur, was recalled to the Baltic Sea ...

On March 6 (February 22), 1904, a Japanese squadron fired at Vladivostok. The damage was negligible. The fortress was transferred to a state of siege.

On March 8 (February 24), 1904, the new commander of the Russian Pacific squadron, Vice-Admiral S. Makarov, arrived in Port Arthur, replacing Admiral O. Stark in this post.

March 10 (February 26) 1904 in the Yellow Sea, while returning from reconnaissance to Port Arthur, was sunk by four Japanese destroyers ( IJN Usugumo , IJN Shinonome , IJN Akebono , IJN Sazanami) Russian destroyer "Guarding", and "Resolute" managed to return to the port.

Russian fleet in Port Arthur.

On March 27 (March 14), 1904, the second Japanese attempt to block the entrance to the harbor of Port Arthur by flooding the fire ships was thwarted.

April 4 (March 22) 1904 Japanese battleships IJN Fuji and IJN Yashima fired at Port Arthur with fire from Pigeon Bay. In total, they fired 200 rounds and main guns. But the effect was minimal.

On April 12 (March 30), 1904, the Russian destroyer "Terrible" was sunk by Japanese torpedo boats.

On April 13 (March 31), 1904, the battleship "Petropavlovsk" was blown up by a mine and sank with almost the entire crew. Among the dead was Admiral S.O. Makarov. Also on that day, the battleship Pobeda was damaged by a mine explosion and went out of action for several weeks.

April 15 (April 2) 1904 Japanese cruisers IJN Kasuga and IJN Nisshin fired on the inner raid of Port Arthur with throw-over fire.

April 25 (April 12) 1904 Vladivostok cruiser detachment off the coast of Korea sank a Japanese steamer IJN Goyo-Maru, coaster IJN Haginura-Maru and Japanese military transport IJN Kinsu-Maru, after which he went to Vladivostok.

May 2 (April 19) 1904 by the Japanese, with the support of gunboats IJN Akagi and IJN Chōkai, destroyers of the 9th, 14th and 16th destroyer flotillas, the third and final attempt was made to block the entrance to the harbor of Port Arthur, this time using 10 transports ( IJN Mikasha-Maru, IJN Sakura-Maru, IJN Totomi-Maru, IJN Otaru-Maru, IJN Sagami-Maru, IJN Aikoku-Maru, IJN Omi-Maru, IJN Asagao-Maru, IJN Iedo-Maru, IJN Kokura-Maru, IJN Fuzan-Maru) As a result, they managed to partially block the passage and temporarily make it impossible for the exit of large Russian ships. This facilitated the unhindered landing of the 2nd Japanese Army in Manchuria.

On May 5 (April 22), 1904, the 2nd Japanese Army under the command of General Yasukata Oku, numbering about 38.5 thousand people, began landing on the Liaodong Peninsula, about 100 kilometers from Port Arthur.

On May 12 (April 29), 1904, four Japanese destroyers of the 2nd Flotilla of Admiral I. Miyako began sweeping Russian mines in Kerr Bay. While completing the assigned task, destroyer # 48 was blown up by a mine and sank. On the same day, Japanese troops finally cut off Port Arthur from Manchuria. The siege of Port Arthur began.

Doom IJN Hatsuse on Russian mines.

On May 15 (May 2), 1904, two Japanese battleships blew up and sank on a minefield set up the day before by the Amur minelayer. IJN Yashima and IJN Hatsuse .

Also on this day, a collision of Japanese cruisers took place near Elliot Island. IJN Kasuga and IJN Yoshino, in which the second from the received damage sank. And off the southeastern coast of Kanglu Island, an aviso ran aground IJN Tatsuta .

On May 16 (May 3), 1904, two Japanese gunboats collided in a landing operation southeast of the city of Yingkou. A boat sank as a result of the collision IJN Oshima .

On May 17 (May 4), 1904, a Japanese destroyer was blown up and sank by a mine IJN Akatsuki .

On May 27 (May 14), 1904, not far from the city of Dalny, the Russian destroyer "Attentive" was blown up by its command and was blown up by the stones. On the same day, a Japanese advice note IJN Miyako blown up by a Russian mine and sank in Kerr Bay.

On June 12 (May 30), 1904, the Vladivostok cruiser detachment left for the Korea Strait to disrupt the sea communications of Japan.

On June 15 (June 2), 1904, the cruiser Thunderbolt sank two Japanese transports: IJN Idzuma-Maru and IJN Hitachi-Maru, and the cruiser "Rurik" sank a Japanese transport with two torpedoes IJN Sado-Maru... In total, the three transports carried 2,445 Japanese soldiers and officers, 320 horses and 18 heavy 11-inch howitzers.

On June 23 (June 10), 1904, the Pacific squadron of Rear Admiral V. Vitgoft made the first attempt to break through to Vladivostok. But upon finding the Japanese fleet of Admiral H. Togo, without engaging in battle, she returned to Port Arthur. On the night of the same day, Japanese destroyers launched an unsuccessful attack on the Russian squadron.

On June 28 (June 15), 1904, the Vladivostok detachment of Admiral Jessen's cruisers entered the sea again to disrupt the enemy's sea communications.

On July 17 (July 4), 1904, near Skryplev Island, Russian destroyer No. 208 was blown up and sank in a Japanese minefield.

July 18 (July 5) 1904 was blown up by a mine of the Russian minelayer "Yenisei" in the Talienvan Bay and the Japanese cruiser sank IJN Kaimon .

On July 20 (July 7), 1904, the Vladivostok detachment of cruisers entered the Pacific Ocean through the Sangar Strait.

On July 22 (July 9), 1904, a detachment was detained with a contraband cargo and sent to Vladivostok with a prize crew of an English steamer Arabia.

On July 23 (July 10), 1904, a Vladivostok detachment of cruisers approached the entrance to Tokyo Bay. An English steamer with a contraband cargo was examined and sunk here. Night kommander... Also on this day, several Japanese schooners and a German steamer were sunk. Tea going with a smuggled cargo to Japan. And the later captured English steamer Kalhas, after the search, was sent to Vladivostok. The cruisers of the detachment also headed to their port.

On July 25 (July 12), 1904, a squadron of Japanese destroyers approached the mouth of the Liaohe River from the sea. The team of the Russian gunboat "Sivuch", in view of the impossibility of a breakthrough, after disembarking ashore, blew up their ship.

On August 7 (July 25), 1904, Japanese troops fired on Port Arthur and its harbor for the first time from land. As a result of the shelling, the battleship "Tsesarevich" was damaged, the squadron commander, Rear Admiral V. Vitgeft, was slightly wounded. The battleship Retvizan was also damaged.

On August 8 (July 26), 1904, a detachment of ships consisting of the cruiser "Novik", the gunboat "Beaver" and 15 destroyers participated in the Tahe Bay in the shelling of the advancing Japanese troops, causing heavy losses.

Battle in the Yellow Sea.

On August 10 (July 28), 1904, when a Russian squadron attempted to break through from Port Arthur to Vladivostok, a battle took place in the Yellow Sea. During the battle, Rear Admiral V. Vitgeft was killed, the Russian squadron, having lost control, disintegrated. 5 Russian battleships, the cruiser Bayan and 2 destroyers began to retreat in disarray to Port Arthur. Only the battleship "Tsarevich", the cruisers "Novik", "Askold", "Diana" and 6 destroyers broke through the Japanese blockade. The battleship "Tsesarevich", the cruiser "Novik" and 3 destroyers headed for Qingdao, the cruiser "Askold" and the destroyer "Grozovoy" - to Shanghai, the cruiser "Diana" - to Saigon.

On August 11 (July 29), 1904, the Vladivostok detachment left at a meeting with the Russian squadron, which was supposed to break through from Port Arthur. The battleship Tsesarevich, the cruiser Novik, and the destroyers Silent, Merciless and Fearless arrived in Qingdao. The cruiser Novik, having loaded 250 tons of coal into bunkers, went out to sea with the aim of breaking through to Vladivostok. On the same day, the Russian destroyer "Resolute" was interned in Chifu by the Chinese authorities. Also on August 11, the team sank the damaged destroyer Burny.

On August 12 (July 30), 1904, in Chifu, two Japanese destroyers captured the previously interned destroyer "Resolute".

On August 13 (July 31), 1904, the damaged Russian cruiser Askold was interned and disarmed in Shanghai.

August 14 (August 1) 1904 in the Korea Strait four Japanese cruisers ( IJN Izumo , IJN Tokiwa , IJN Azuma and IJN Iwate) intercepted three Russian cruisers ("Russia", "Rurik" and "Thunderbolt") going to meet the First Pacific Squadron. A battle took place between them, which went down in history as the Battle of the Korea Strait. As a result of the battle, the Rurik was sunk, and the other two Russian cruisers returned to Vladivostok with damage.

On August 15 (August 2), 1904, the German authorities interned the Russian battleship Tsarevich in Qingdao.

On August 16 (August 3), 1904, the damaged cruisers Gromoboy and Russia returned to Vladivostok. In Port Arthur, the proposal of the Japanese general M. Noga to surrender the fortress was rejected. On the same day, in the Pacific Ocean, the Russian cruiser Novik stopped and inspected an English steamer Seltic.

On August 20 (August 7), 1904, a battle took place off Sakhalin Island between the Russian cruiser "Novik" and the Japanese IJN Tsushima and IJN Chitose... As a result of the battle, "Novik" and IJN Tsushima were seriously damaged. In view of the impossibility of repairs and the danger of the ship being captured by the enemy, the Novik commander M. Schultz decided to sink the ship.

On August 24 (August 11), 1904, the Russian cruiser Diana was interned in Saigon by the French authorities.

On September 7 (August 25), 1904, the submarine "Trout" was sent from St. Petersburg to Vladivostok by rail.

On October 1 (September 18), 1904, a Japanese gunboat was blown up by a Russian mine and sank near the island of Iron IJN Heiyen.

On October 15 (October 2), 1904, the 2nd Pacific Squadron of Admiral Z. Rozhdestvensky left Libava for the Far East.

November 3 (October 21) was blown up by a mine put up by the Russian destroyer "Skory" and sank in a Japanese destroyer near Cape Lun-Wan-Tan IJN Hayatori .

On November 5 (October 23), 1904, on the inner roadstead of Port Arthur, after being hit by a Japanese shell, the ammunition of the Russian battleship "Poltava" was detonated. As a result, the ship sank.

On November 6 (October 24), 1904, a Japanese gunboat ran into a rock in the fog and sank near Port Arthur IJN Atago .

On November 28 (November 15), 1904, a submarine "Dolphin" was sent from St. Petersburg to Vladivostok by rail.

On December 6 (November 23), 1904, the Japanese artillery, installed at the previously captured hill No. 206, began a massive shelling of Russian ships stationed in the inner roadstead of Port Arthur. By the end of the day, they sunk the battleship Retvizan and received heavy damage to the battleship Peresvet. To keep it intact, the battleship "Sevastopol", the gunboat "Otvazhny" and the destroyers were taken out of the Japanese fire to the outer roadstead.

On December 7 (November 24), 1904, due to the impossibility of repairs after the damage received from the Japanese shelling, the battleship "Peresvet" was sunk by the crew in the western basin of the harbor of Port Arthur.

On December 8 (November 25), 1904, Japanese artillery sank Russian ships - the battleship Pobeda and the cruiser Pallada - in the inner roadstead of Port Arthur.

On December 9 (November 26), 1904, Japanese heavy artillery sank the cruiser Bayan, the minelayer Amur and the gunboat Gilyak.

December 25 (December 12) 1904 IJN Takasago while on patrol, he was blown up by a mine placed by the Russian destroyer "Angry" and sank in the Yellow Sea between Port Arthur and Chief.

On December 26 (December 13), 1904, the gunboat "Beaver" was sunk by Japanese artillery fire on the roadstead of Port Arthur.

Submarines of the Siberian Flotilla in Vladivostok.

On December 31 (December 18), 1904, the first four Kasatka-class submarines arrived in Vladivostok from St. Petersburg by rail.

On January 1, 1905 (December 19, 1904) in Port Arthur, by order of the command of the crew, the battleships "Poltava" and "Peresvet", half-submerged in the inner roadstead, were blown up and the battleship "Sevastopol" was sunk in the outer roadstead.

On January 2, 1905 (December 20, 1904), the commander of the defense of Port Arthur, General A. Stessel, gave the order to surrender the fortress. The siege of Port Arthur is completed.

On the same day, before the surrender of the fortress, the clippers "Dzhigit" and "Robber" were flooded. 1st Pacific Squadron was completely destroyed.

On January 5, 1905 (December 23, 1904), the Dolphin submarine arrived from St. Petersburg to Vladivostok by rail.

January 14 (January 1) 1905 by order of the commander of the Vladivostok port from the submarines "Trout",.

On March 20 (March 7), 1905, the 2nd Pacific Squadron of Admiral Z. Rozhdestvensky passed the Malak Strait and entered the Pacific Ocean.

On March 26 (March 13), 1905, a submarine "Dolphin" left Vladivostok for a combat position on Askold Island.

On March 29 (March 16), 1905, the Dolphin submarine returned to Vladivostok from combat duty near Askold Island.

On April 11 (March 29), 1905, torpedoes were delivered to Russian submarines in Vladivostok.

On April 13 (March 31), 1905, the 2nd Pacific Squadron of Admiral Z. Rozhdestvensky arrived in Cam Ranh Bay in Indochina.

On April 22 (April 9), 1905, the submarine "Kasatka" left Vladivostok to the shores of Korea.

On May 7 (April 24), 1905, the cruisers "Russia" and "Gromoboy" left Vladivostok to disrupt the enemy's sea communications.

On May 9 (April 26), 1905, the 1st squadron of the 3rd Pacific squadron of Rear Admiral N. Nebogatov and the 2nd Pacific squadron of Vice Admiral Z. Rozhestvensky joined in the Cam Ranh Bay.

On May 11 (April 28), 1905, the cruisers "Russia" and "Gromoboy" returned to Vladivostok. During the raid, they sunk four Japanese transport ships.

On May 12 (April 29), 1905, three submarines, the Dolphin, Kasatka and Som, were sent to the Preobrazheniya Bay to intercept the Japanese detachment. At 10 o'clock in the morning, not far from Vladivostok, near Cape Povorotny, the first battle with the participation of a submarine took place. The Som attacked the Japanese destroyers, but the attack ended in vain.

On May 14 (May 1), 1905, the Russian 2nd Pacific Squadron of Admiral Z. Rozhdestvensky left for Vladivostok from Indochina.

On May 18 (May 5), 1905, a submarine "Dolphin" sank from an explosion of gasoline vapors in Vladivostok near the quay wall.

On May 29 (May 16), 1905, the battleship "Dmitry Donskoy" was sunk by his team in the Sea of ​​Japan near the island of Dazhelet.

On May 30 (May 17), 1905, the Russian cruiser "Izumrud" landed on the stones at Cape Orekhov in the Gulf of St. Vladimir and was blown up by her crew.

On June 3 (May 21), 1905, in the Philippines in Manila, the American authorities interned the Russian cruiser Zhemchug.

On June 9 (May 27), 1905, the Russian cruiser Aurora was interned by the American authorities in Manila in the Philippines.

On June 29 (June 16), 1905, the Russian battleship Peresvet was raised from the bottom in Port Arthur by Japanese rescuers.

On July 7 (June 24), 1905, Japanese troops began the Sakhalin amphibious assault operation to land an assault force of 14 thousand people. While the Russian troops numbered only 7.2 thousand people on the island.

On July 8 (July 25), 1905, the sunken Russian battleship Poltava was raised by Japanese rescuers in Port Arthur.

On July 29 (July 16), 1905, the Japanese Sakhalin landing operation ended with the surrender of the Russian troops.

On August 14 (August 1), 1905, the submarine "Keta" carried out an unsuccessful attack on two Japanese destroyers in the Tatar Strait.

On August 22 (August 9), 1905, negotiations between Japan and Russia began in Portsmouth, mediated by the United States.

On September 5 (August 23) in the USA in Portsmouth, a peace treaty was signed between the Japanese Empire and the Russian Empire. According to the agreement, Japan received the Liaodong Peninsula, part of the Chinese Eastern Railway from Port Arthur to the city of Changchun and South Sakhalin, Russia recognized the prevailing interests of Japan in Korea and agreed to conclude a Russian-Japanese fishing convention. Russia and Japan pledged to withdraw their troops from Manchuria. Japan's demand for reparations was rejected.