Preconditions for the transition to the new economic policy NEP. NEP goals, essence, methods, basic - Test work. NEP in brief - new economic policy New economic policy reasons for the transition to NEP

NEP - " new economic policy"Soviet Russia was an economic liberalization with strict political control of the authorities. NEP replaced “ war communism» (« old economic policy"- SEP) and had the main task: to overcome the political and economic crises of the spring of 1921. The main idea of the NEP was the restoration of the national economy for the subsequent transition to socialist construction.

By 1921, the Civil War in the territory of the former Russian Empire had ended as a whole. There were also battles with the unfinished White Guards and the Japanese invaders in the Far East (in the FER), and the RSFSR was already assessing the losses caused by the military-revolutionary upheavals:

Loss of territory- outside Soviet Russia and its allied socialist state formations were Poland, Finland, the Baltic countries (Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia), Western Belarus and Ukraine, Bessarabia and the Kara region of Armenia.

Population loss as a result of wars, emigration, epidemics and a fall in the birth rate, it was approximately 25 million people. Experts calculated that no more than 135 million people lived in the Soviet territories at that time.

Were thoroughly destroyed and fell into disrepair industrial areas: Donbass, Ural and Baku oil production complex. There was a catastrophic shortage of raw materials and fuel for somehow working plants and factories.

The volume of industrial production decreased by about 5 times (metal smelting fell to the level of the beginning of the 18th century).

The volume of agricultural production decreased by about 40%.

Inflation exceeded all reasonable limits.

There was a growing shortage of consumer goods.

The intellectual potential of the society has degraded. Many scientists, technical specialists and cultural figures emigrated, some were subjected to repression, up to physical destruction.

The peasants, outraged by the surplus appropriation system and the atrocities of the food detachments, not only sabotaged the delivery of grain, but also raised armed insurgencies... The farmers of the Tambov region, Don, Kuban, Ukraine, the Volga region and Siberia revolted. The rebels, often led by ideological Social Revolutionaries, put forward economic (abolition of surplus appropriation) and political demands:

Changes in the agrarian policy of the Soviet authorities.
Abolish the one-party diktat of the RCP (b).
Elect and convene a Constituent Assembly.

Units and even formations of the Red Army were thrown into the suppression of the uprisings, but the wave of protests did not subside. Anti-Bolshevik sentiments also ripened in the Red Army, which resulted on March 1, 1921 in a large-scale Kronstadt uprising. In the RCP (b) and VSNKh itself, since 1920, the voices of individual leaders (Trotsky, Rykov) have been heard calling for the abandonment of the surplus appropriation system. The issue of changing the socio-economic course of the Soviet regime is ripe.

Factors influencing the adoption of the new economic policy

The introduction of the NEP in the Soviet state was not someone's whim, on the contrary, the NEP was due to a number of factors:

Political, economic, social and even ideological. The concept of the New Economic Policy was formulated in general terms by V.I. Lenin at the X Congress of the RCP (b). The leader called at this stage to change the approaches to governing the country.

The concept that the proletariat is the driving force of the socialist revolution is unshakable. But the working peasantry is its ally and the Soviet government must learn to "get along" with it.

The country should have a system with a unified ideology, suppressing any opposition to the existing government.

Only in such a situation could the NEP provide a solution to the economic problems that war and revolution posed to the young Soviet state.

General characteristics of the NEP

NEP in the Soviet country is an ambiguous phenomenon, since it directly contradicted Marxist theory. When the policy of "War Communism" failed, the "New Economic Policy" played the role of an unplanned roundabout maneuver on the path of building socialism. VI Lenin constantly emphasized the thesis: "NEP is a temporary phenomenon." Based on this, the NEP can be broadly characterized by the main parameters:

	Specifications
	Overcome the political and socio-economic crisis in the young Soviet state; finding new ways to build the economic foundation of a socialist society; raising the standard of living in Soviet society and creating an atmosphere of stability in domestic politics.
	Combination of the command-administrative system and the market method in the Soviet economy. the commanding heights remained in the hands of the representatives of the proletarian party.
	Agriculture; industry (private small enterprises, lease of state-owned enterprises, state-capitalist enterprises, concessions); financial sphere.
Specificity	The surplus appropriation is replaced by the tax in kind (March 21, 1921); the link between town and country through the restoration of trade and commodity-money relations; admission of private capital to industry; permission to lease land and hire laborers in agriculture; liquidation of the system of distribution by cards; competition between private, cooperative and state trade; the introduction of self-government and self-sufficiency of enterprises; abolition of labor service, liquidation of labor armies, distribution of labor force through stock exchanges; financial reform, the transition to wages and the abolition of free services.

The Soviet state allowed private capitalist relations in trade, small-scale and even in some medium-sized enterprises. At the same time, large-scale industry, transport and the financial system were regulated by the state. In relation to private capital, the NEP allowed the application of a formula of three elements: admission, containment and displacement. What and at what point to use the Soviet and party bodies based on the emerging political expediency.

Chronological framework of the NEP

The New Economic Policy fell within the time frame from 1921 to 1931.

	Action	Course of events
	Process start	The gradual curtailment of the system of war communism and the introduction of elements of the NEP.
1923, 1925, 1927	Crises of the New Economic Policy	The emergence and strengthening of the reasons and signs of the tendency to curtail the NEP.
	Activation of the process of completing the program.	The actual departure from the NEP, a sharp increase in the critical attitude towards the "kulaks" and "NEP".
	Complete collapse of the NEP.	The legal prohibition of private property is legalized.

On the whole, the NEP in a short time restored and made the economic system of the Soviet Union relatively viable.

Pros and cons of NEP

One of the most important negative aspects of the new economic policy, according to many analysts, was that during this period the industry (heavy industry) did not develop. This circumstance could have catastrophic consequences during this period of history for a country like the USSR. But apart from this, in the NEP, not everything was assessed with a “plus” sign, there were also significant disadvantages.

	"Minuses"
Restoration and development of commodity-money relations.	Mass unemployment (over 2 million people).
Development of small business in the areas of industry and services.	Large prices for industrial goods. Inflation.
Some rise in the standard of living of the industrial proletariat.	Low qualifications of most workers.
The prevalence of "middle peasants" in the social structure of the village.	Aggravation of the housing problem.
Conditions have been created for the industrialization of the country.	Growth in the number of co-workers (officials). Bureaucratization of the system.

The reasons for many of the economic troubles that led to the crises were the low competence of cadres and the contradictory policies of the party and state structures.

Inevitable crises

From the very beginning, the NEP showed unstable economic growth characteristic of capitalist relations, which resulted in three crises:

The sales crisis in 1923, as a result of the discrepancy between low prices for agricultural products and high prices for industrial consumer goods ("scissors" prices).

The grain procurement crisis of 1925, expressed in the preservation of mandatory state purchases at fixed prices while the volume of grain exports decreased.

The acute crisis in grain procurement in 1927-1928, overcome with the help of administrative and legal measures. Closing of the project "New Economic Policy".

Reasons for refusing NEP

The curtailment of the NEP in the Soviet Union had a number of reasons:

The New Economic Policy did not have a clear vision of the prospects for the development of the USSR.
The volatility of economic growth.
Socio-economic flaws (property stratification, unemployment, specific crime, theft and drug addiction).
Isolation of the Soviet economy from the world economy.
Discontent with the NEP over a large part of the proletariat.
Disbelief in the success of the NEP of a significant part of the communists.
The CPSU (b) risked losing its monopoly on power.
The predominance of administrative methods of managing the national economy and non-economic coercion.
Aggravation of the danger of military aggression against the USSR.

Results of the New Economic Policy

Political	in 1921, the X Congress adopted a resolution "on the unity of the party", thereby putting an end to factionalism and dissent in the ruling party; a trial of prominent Social Revolutionaries was organized and the AKP itself was liquidated; the Menshevik party was discredited and destroyed as a political force.
Economic	increasing the production of agricultural products; reaching the pre-war level of animal husbandry; the level of production of consumer goods did not meet demand; rise in prices; slow growth in the well-being of the country's population.
Social	a fivefold increase in the number of the proletariat; the emergence of a layer of Soviet capitalists ("Nepmen" and "Sovburov"); the working class has noticeably improved the standard of living; the "housing problem" has become aggravated; the apparatus of bureaucratic-democratic government increased.

New Economic Policy and was not until the end understood and accepted as a given by the authorities and the people of the country. To some extent, the NEP measures justified themselves, but there were still more negative aspects of the process. The main result was rapid recovery of the economic system to the level of readiness for the next stage of building socialism - a large-scale industrialization.

What caused the refusal of the Bolsheviks from War Communism and what results did it lead to?

Historians have been arguing about the NEP for a quarter of a century, not agreeing on whether the new economic policy was conceived as long-term or was a tactical maneuver, and differently assessing the need to continue this policy. Needless to say: even the position of Lenin himself during the first years of the NEP changed greatly, and the views on the new course of other Bolsheviks represented a wide spectrum, ranging from Bukharin's opinion, who threw the slogan: "Get rich!" by the fact that he has fulfilled his role.

NEP as a "temporary retreat"

The policy of war communism, which the Bolsheviks began to pursue shortly after taking power in the country, entailed an acute political and economic crisis. The food appropriation system, which by the end of 1920 had spread to almost all agricultural products, caused extreme bitterness among the peasants. A series of protests against the authorities swept across Russia. The largest peasant revolt - the so-called Antonovsky (by the name of the leader - Socialist-Revolutionary Alexander Stepanovich Antonov), which had been raging since the summer of 1920 in the Tambov and adjacent provinces, the Bolsheviks had to suppress with the help of troops. Other peasant uprisings against the government spread across the Ukraine, the Don and the Kuban, the Volga region and Siberia. Part of the army was also discontent: as a result of the Kronstadt mutiny, which began on March 1, 1921, the Provisional Revolutionary Committee seized power in the city, which put forward the slogan "For Soviets without Communists!" and deal with her rebellious garrison.

However, the authorities could only use force to fight the extreme manifestations of public discontent, but not the economic and social crisis itself. Production output in the country by 1920 compared with 1913 fell to 13.8%. The nationalization of industrial enterprises also hit the village: the bias towards the production of ammunition, coupled with inept planning, led to the fact that the village received less agricultural equipment. Due to a shortage of workers, the sown area in 1920 decreased by a quarter compared to 1916, and the gross harvest of agricultural products - by 40–45% compared to the last pre-war year, 1913. The drought exacerbated these processes and caused famine: in 1921 it affected about 20% of the population and led to the death of almost 5 million people.

All these events prompted the Soviet leadership to sharply change the economic course. Back in the spring of 1918, in a polemic with the "left communists", Lenin began to talk about the need to give a "respite" to the movement towards socialism. By 1921, he provided an ideological justification for this tactical decision: Russia is a predominantly agrarian country, capitalism in it is immature, and a revolution here cannot be carried out according to Marx, a special form of transition to socialism is needed. "There is no doubt that a socialist revolution in a country where the vast majority of the population belongs to small farmers-producers can be carried out only through a number of special transitional measures that would be completely unnecessary in the countries of developed capitalism ..." People's Commissars.

The key was the decision to replace the food appropriation tax, which could be introduced both in kind and in money. In his report at the 10th Congress of the RCP (b) on March 21, 1921, when the transition to a new economic policy was declared, Lenin pointed out that "there can be no other support for strengthening our entire business of building socialism economically." By the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of March 29, 1921, a grain tax was established in the amount of 240 million poods instead of 423 million poods in the 1920 appropriation. From now on, each household had to pay a certain amount of tax, and all other agricultural products could be freely sold. The government believed that in exchange for surplus grain, the peasant would purchase the goods he needed - fabrics, kerosene, nails, the production of which, after the nationalization of industry, was in the hands of the state.

Reform progress

It should be noted that at the X Congress of the RCP (b), no really cardinal decisions were announced that would later lead to the return of the private sector. The Bolsheviks believed that the replacement of the surplus appropriation system with a natural tax would be enough to carry out the "bond" between the peasantry and the proletariat, which would allow the continuation of the course of strengthening Soviet power. Private property continued to be perceived as an obstacle along the way. However, over the next few years, the government had to significantly expand the list of measures aimed at saving the economy, deviating greatly from previous ideas about what the communist organization of the economy should be.

To establish a commodity exchange, it was necessary to increase the output of industrial products. For this, legislative acts were adopted providing for the denationalization of small industrial enterprises. The decree of July 7, 1921 allowed any citizen of the republic to create handicraft or small-scale industrial production; subsequently, a simplified procedure for the registration of such enterprises was established. And the decree on the denationalization of small and part of medium-sized industrial enterprises, adopted in December 1921, corrected one of the main excesses of the war communist policy: hundreds of enterprises were returned to their previous owners or their heirs. State monopolies on various types of products were gradually canceled.

As for large and medium-sized enterprises, they underwent a management reform: homogeneous or interconnected enterprises were united into trusts, endowed with full independence in business management, up to the right to issue long-term bond loans. By the end of 1922, about 90% of industrial enterprises were united into trusts. The trusts themselves began to merge into larger organizational forms - syndicates, which took upon themselves the establishment of sales and supply, lending and foreign trade operations. The revival of industry spurred trade: in the country, like mushrooms after rain, commodity exchanges multiplied - by 1923 there were 54 of them. Along with the decentralization of the management of the national economy, measures were taken to stimulate the productivity of workers: an incentive wage system was introduced at enterprises.

The government tried to attract capital from abroad, encouraging foreign entrepreneurs to invest in mixed enterprises and create concessions on the territory of Soviet Russia - to lease enterprises or natural resources. The first concession was established in 1921, a year later there were already 15 of them, by 1926 - 65. Basically, concessions arose in the heavy industries of the RSFSR that required large investments - in mining, mining, woodworking.

The new Land Code, adopted in October 1922, allowed peasants to rent land and use the labor of hired workers. According to the law on cooperation, promulgated in 1924, peasants received the right to organize themselves into associations and artels, and within the next three years, cooperation covered up to a third of farms in the countryside. The earlier decision to introduce a food tax eased the situation of the peasants: with the surplus appropriation, on average, up to 70% of the grain was withdrawn, with the tax in kind - about 30%. True, the tax was progressive, and this became a serious deterrent for the development of large peasant farms: trying to avoid paying the tax, wealthy peasants split up their farms.

Workers unload sacks of flour from the grain trade cooperative of the Volga Germans, 1921. Photo: RIA Novosti

Monetary reform and financial recovery

One of the biggest phenomena of the NEP era was the stabilization of the national currency. By the early 1920s, the country's finances were in dire straits. The annually increasing budget deficit in 1920 exceeded 1 trillion rubles, and the government had no other opportunity to finance budget spending, except with the help of new emissions, which led to new rounds of inflation: in 1921, the real cost of 100 thousand "Soviet signs" did not exceed the cost of one pre-revolutionary penny.

The reform was preceded by two denominations - in November 1921 and in December 1922, which reduced the volume of paper money in circulation. The ruble was backed by gold: from now on, manufacturers of goods were obliged to calculate all payments in pre-war gold rubles with their subsequent transfer into Soviet banknotes at the current exchange rate. The hard currency contributed to the recovery of enterprises and the growth of production, which, in turn, made it possible to increase the budget revenue base through taxes and break out of the vicious circle in which the additional emission of paper money to cover budget expenditures entailed inflation and, ultimately, the need for new emission. The monetary unit was the chervonets - issued by the State Bank of the USSR (the bank itself was created at the end of 1921 to normalize financial management) a ten-ruble bank note with a gold content similar to the pre-revolutionary gold coin (7.74234 g). However, the release of new money at first did not lead to a complete abandonment of the old ones: the state continued to issue sovznaks to cover budget expenses, although the private market, of course, preferred chervonets. By 1924, when the ruble turned into a convertible currency, Soviet signs finally stopped issuing and withdrawn from circulation.

The NEP made it possible to form the country's banking system: specialized banks were created to finance individual sectors of the economy. By 1923, there were 17 of them in the country, by 1926 - 61. By 1927, a whole network of cooperative banks, credit and insurance partnerships controlled by the State Bank of the USSR functioned in the country. A number of direct and indirect taxes (income and agricultural taxes, excise taxes, etc.) became the basis for financing the budget.

Luck or Failure?

So, market relations were again legalized. Lenin's expectations related to the NEP were fully justified, although he himself no longer had the opportunity to be convinced of this. By 1926, agriculture reached pre-war levels, and the following year, industry reached the level of 1913. The Soviet economist Nikolai Volsky noted the rise in the standard of living of people as one of the most important results of the NEP. Thus, the increased wages of workers allowed them to eat better in 1924-1927 than before 1913 (and, by the way, much better than in subsequent years of the first Soviet five-year plans). “My cooperation has begun to fledge. We beat you with a penny. Very good, ”Vladimir Mayakovsky wrote about the results of the new economic policy.

However, the mixed economy was in stark contrast to the country's lack of genuine democracy, political systems and administrative apparatus. The NEP did not follow from the views of the Bolsheviks on economic issues; on the contrary, it continued to contradict them. In a famous phrase uttered on December 23, 1921, Lenin formulated his extremely complex attitude towards NEP: "We are pursuing this policy seriously and for a long time, but, of course, as already correctly noted, not forever." How many years should this "seriously and for a long time" last, and on what results should we focus? Neither Lenin himself, a skillful tactician, knew this, much less his "heirs". The inconsistency of economic policy and the absence of any uniform attitude to it within the party could not but end with its curtailment.

After the leader withdrew from ruling the country, the disputes over the NEP escalated. In December 1925, the XIV Party Congress took a course towards the industrialization of the country, which led to a grain procurement crisis, the intensification of which in subsequent years became one of the reasons for the curtailment of the NEP: first in agriculture, then in industry, and already in the 1930s in trade. It is well known what role the political struggle between the group of Bukharin, Rykov and Tomsky, which advocated the deepening of the NEP, and the supporters of Stalin, who adhered to the positions of strict planning, played a role in winding down the NEP.

He does not know the subjunctive mood, but historians and economists have repeatedly made attempts to establish what would have happened if the NEP had not been curtailed. For example, Soviet researchers Vladimir Popov and Nikolai Shmelev in 1989 published an article “At a fork in the road. Was there an alternative to the Stalinist model of development? ”, Where they expressed the opinion that if the average rates of NEP were maintained, Soviet industry would grow 2-3 times faster than during Stalin's industrialization, and by the early 1990s the USSR would have grown by 1.5– 2 times ahead of the United States in terms of GDP. Despite the interest generated by the thoughts of the authors of the article, it can be noted that their views are based on a concept that is quite possibly morally outdated: according to their opinion, economic development is inextricably linked with political freedoms, and the "alternative USSR", which has not abolished The NEP, by the 1950s, had to inevitably come to democratic freedoms and the triumph of a market economy. However, the example of the "Chinese miracle", which in 1989 was not yet so impressive, proves that economic development can take place with completely different ratios between the private and public sectors, as well as maintaining, at least externally, communist ideology.

NEP is an abbreviation made up of the first letters of the phrase "New Economic Policy". NEP was introduced in Soviet Russia on March 14, 1921 by the decision of the X Congress of the CPSU (b) to replace politics.

“- Be quiet. And listen! - Izya said that he had just entered the printing house of the Odessa Provincial Committee and saw there ... (Izya gasped with excitement) ... a set of Lenin's recent speech on the New Economic Policy in Moscow. An obscure rumor about this speech had been wandering around Odessa for the third day. But no one really knew anything. “We have to print this speech,” Izya said ... The operation to steal the set was done quickly and silently. Together and imperceptibly we carried out the heavy lead set of speech, put it on a cab and drove to our printing house. The set was put into the car. The machine rumbled softly and rustled, typing the historical speech. We eagerly read it by the light of a kitchen kerosene lamp, worrying and realizing that history stands next to us in this dark printing house and we, to some extent, participate in it ... And on the morning of April 16, 1921, the old Odessa newspaper sellers - skeptics, misanthropes and sclerotids - went hastily shuffling with pieces of wood through the streets and shouting in hoarse voices: "The Morak newspaper!" Comrade Lenin's speech! Read it all! Only in "Moraka", you will not read it anywhere else! Morak newspaper! The Sailor's number with the speech sold out in a few minutes. " (K. Paustovsky "Time of great expectations")

Reasons for NEP

From 1914 to 1921, the gross output of Russian industry decreased by 7 times
Stocks of raw materials and supplies were depleted by 1920
Agricultural marketability fell 2.5 times
In 1920, the volume of railroad traffic was one fifth in relation to 1914.
Sown areas, grain yields, and production of livestock products have decreased.
Commodity-money relations were destroyed
Black market formed, speculation flourished
The living standards of workers fell sharply
As a result of the closure of many enterprises, the process of declassing the proletariat began.
In the political sphere, the undivided dictatorship of the RCP (b) was established
Workers' strikes, peasant and sailor uprisings began

The essence of the NEP

Revival of commodity-money relations
Providing freedom of management to small commodity producers
Replacement of surplus appropriation with tax in kind, the size of the tax has been reduced by almost two times in comparison with surplus appropriation
Creation of trusts in industry - associations of enterprises, which themselves decided what to produce and where to sell products.
Creation of syndicates - associations of trusts for the wholesale distribution of products, lending and regulation of trade operations in the market.
Reduction of the bureaucratic apparatus
Introduction of self-financing
Creation of the State Bank, savings banks
Restoring the system of direct and indirect taxes.
Carrying out monetary reform

Results of the NEP

The success of the NEP was the restoration of the destroyed Russian economy and overcoming hunger

Legally, the new economic policy was curtailed on October 11, 1931 by a party decree on a complete ban on private trade in the USSR. But in fact, it ended in 1928 with the adoption of the first five-year plan and the announcement of a course for the forced industrialization and collectivization of the USSR.

NEP is a new economic policy.

NEP – this is a cycle of economic measures to overcome the crisis, which replaced the policy of "war communism".

"We are to a certain extent re-creating capitalism"

IN AND. Lenin

NEP "is being introduced seriously and for a long time, but ... not forever"

IN AND. Lenin

"NEP is economic Brest"

"From NEP Russia will be socialist Russia"

IN AND. Lenin

Chronological framework – March 1921 - 1928/1929.

Reasons for the transition to NEP.

The policy of "war communism" led the country's economy to complete collapse ... With its help, it was not possible to overcome the devastation generated by 4 years of Russia's participation in the First World War and aggravated by 3 years of the Civil War. The population decreased, many mines and mines were destroyed. Due to lack of fuel and raw materials factories stopped ... The workers were forced to leave the cities and went to the countryside. Petrograd lost 60% of its workers when the main factories were closed. Inflation was rampant. Agricultural production was only 60% of the pre-war volume. The sown area was reduced, as the peasants were not interested in expanding the economy. In 1921, due to a poor harvest, a massive famine engulfed the city and the countryside.

In parallel with the economic crisis, a social crisis was growing in the country. Workers were irritated by unemployment and food shortages. They were dissatisfied with the infringement of the rights of trade unions, the introduction of forced labor and its equalization. Therefore, in the cities in late 1920 - early 1921, strikes began, in which workers advocated the democratization of the country's political system, the convocation of the Constituent Assembly, and the abolition of rations. The peasants, indignant at the actions of the food detachments, stopped not only handing over grain for the surplus appropriation, but also rose up for an armed struggle ( one of the largest - "Antonovshchina"). In 1921, an uprising broke out in Kronstadt .

Devastation and famine, workers' strikes, uprisings of peasants and sailors - all testified that a deep economic, political and social crisis. In addition, by the spring of 1921 there was the hope for an early world revolution and material and technical assistance from the European proletariat has been exhausted. Therefore, VI Lenin revised the internal political course and recognized that only the satisfaction of the demands of the peasantry could save the power of the Bolsheviks.

At the X Congress of the RCP (b) in March 1921, V. I. Lenin proposed a new economic policy. It was an anti-crisis program, the essence of which was to recreate a multi-structured economy and use the organizational and technical experience of the capitalists while maintaining the "commanding heights" in the hands of the Bolshevik government. They were understood as political and economic levers of influence: the sovereignty of the RCP (b), the state sector in industry, the centralized financial system and the monopoly of foreign trade.

NEP goals:

1) Overcoming the political crisis of the power of the Bolsheviks.

2) Search for new ways to build the economic foundations of socialism.

3) Improving the socio-economic state of society, creating internal political stability.

The economic essence of NEP- an economic link between industry and the small-scale peasantry through trade.

The political essence of NEP- an alliance of the working class with the working peasantry.

The main elements of NEP:

1) Replacement of surplus appropriation by tax in kind (tax in kind). The tax in kind was announced in advance, on the eve of the sowing tax, it was 2 times less than the surplus tax and could not be increased during the year. The main burden of the tax fell on the wealthy strata of the village, the poor were exempted from it.

2) Permitting free trade in grain, and later permitting the lease of land and the hiring of workers ... Thus, the peasants' interest in their work was restored.

3) Permitting private enterprise in industry ... The decree on the complete nationalization of industry was canceled, the lease of state enterprises by private individuals was allowed, the creation of concessions was encouraged.

Concession- this is an agreement for the lease of enterprises or land to foreign firms with the right to production activities (also called an enterprise created on the basis of such an agreement).

With a certain danger of the restoration of capitalism through concessions, Lenin saw in them an opportunity to acquire the necessary machines and locomotives, machine tools and equipment, without which it was impossible to restore the economy. However, the concessions did not receive a significant spread, since foreigners faced rigid state centralization, and also the distrust of foreigners to the Soviet state affected.

4) Refusal from forced recruitment of labor, transition to voluntary employment (through labor exchanges). Workers were now free to move from one place of work to another. Abolition of universal labor service.

5) Material incentives for workers were introduced depending on the qualifications and quality of the products (instead of equalization - a new tariff scale).

6) Changes in the management of state-owned industry: state-owned enterprises were transferred to self-financing, which made it possible to gradually transition to self-sufficiency, self-financing, and self-government.

7) Restoring the banking system and the role of money. In 1922 - 1924, a monetary reform was carried out (People's Commissar of Finance G. Ya Sokolnikov): a solid monetary unit was introduced, backed by a zloty chervonets.

8) Introduction of free trade, restoration of market relations. Coexistence of state, cooperative and private trade.

9) Elimination of the card system, introduction of payments for housing, utilities, transport, etc. etc.

The peculiarity of NEP is a combination of administrative and market methods of management,

The situation in Russia was critical. The country lay in ruins. The level of production, including agricultural products, fell sharply. However, there was no longer a serious threat to the power of the Bolsheviks. In this situation, in order to normalize relations and social life in the country, at the 10th Congress of the RCP (b), a decision was made to introduce a new economic policy, abbreviated as NEP.

The reasons for the transition to the New Economic Policy (NEP) from the policy of war communism were:

the urgent need to normalize relations between town and country;
the need to restore the economy;
the problem of stabilizing money;
the discontent of the peasantry with the surplus appropriation system, which led to the strengthening of the insurrectionary movement (kulak rebellion);
striving to restore foreign policy ties.

The NEP policy was proclaimed on March 21, 1921. From that moment, the surplus appropriation system was canceled. It was replaced by half the tax in kind. He, at the request of the peasant, could be contributed both in money and in food. However, the tax policy of the Soviet government became a serious deterrent for the development of large peasant farms. If the poor were exempted from payments, then the wealthy peasantry bore a heavy tax burden. In an effort to elude their payment, prosperous peasants, kulaks crushed their farms. At the same time, the rate of fragmentation of farms was twice as high as in the pre-revolutionary period.

Market relations were again legalized. The development of new commodity-money relations entailed the restoration of the all-Russian market, as well as, to some extent, of private capital. During the NEP period, the country's banking system was formed. Direct and indirect taxes are introduced, which become the main source of government revenue (excise taxes, income and agricultural taxes, service fees, etc.).

Due to the fact that the NEP policy in Russia was seriously hampered by inflation and the instability of monetary circulation, a monetary reform was undertaken. By the end of 1922, a stable monetary unit appeared - the chervonets, which was backed by gold or other values.

An acute shortage of capital led to the beginning of active administrative intervention in the economy. At first, the administrative influence on the industrial sector increased (Regulation on state industrial trusts), and soon it spread to the agricultural sector.

As a result, the NEP by 1928, despite frequent crises provoked by the incompetence of the new leaders, led to noticeable economic growth and a certain improvement in the situation in the country. The national income has increased, the material situation of citizens (workers, peasants, as well as employees) has become more stable.

The process of the restoration of industry and agriculture proceeded rapidly. But, at the same time, the lag of the USSR from the capitalist countries (France, the USA and even Germany, which had lost the First World War), inevitably increased. The development of heavy industry and agriculture required large long-term investments. For the further industrial development of the country, it was necessary to increase the marketability of agriculture.

It is worth noting that the NEP had a significant impact on the culture of the country. Management of art, science, education, culture was centralized and transferred to the State Commission on Education, headed by A.V. Lunacharsky.

Despite the fact that the new economic policy was, for the most part, successful, after 1925 attempts to curtail it began. The reason for the curtailment of the NEP was the gradual intensification of contradictions between economics and politics. The private sector and resurgent agriculture sought to provide political guarantees for their own economic interests. This provoked an internal party struggle. And the new members of the Bolshevik Party - peasants and workers who were ruined during the NEP - were not satisfied with the new economic policy.

Officially, the NEP was curtailed on October 11, 1931, but in fact, already in October 1928, the implementation of the first five-year plan began, as well as collectivization in the countryside and the forced industrialization of production.