The goal of secondary prevention of alcoholism is. Prevention of alcohol and drug addiction. Social prevention of alcoholism

Alcoholism is a dangerous disease associated with physical and mental cravings for alcohol. Although this problem is observed in all countries of the world, in Russia alcoholism has become a national disaster. Numerous examples of alcohol degradation of the population can be seen not only from media reports - these examples literally surround any person, regardless of the characteristics of the living environment.

The problem of alcoholism has existed since the beginning of the emergence of mankind, and even then the disease was characteristic not only of the so-called marginals, but also of high society. The rulers of states from time to time tried to take tough measures to control the sobriety of society, but more often such measures were perceived as repression. Such public rejection, for example, developed during the famous and relatively recent Gorbachev's anti-alcohol reforms of perestroika in 1985-1991.

Among the "ordinary" people, an amazing belief has grown that alcoholism is the lot of homeless people and degraded individuals, although everyday drunkenness in various stages is spread to almost all social strata. Even with the most obvious signs of neglected alcoholism, it is customary not to realize and not limit it: they drink in companies and alone, hide alcohol from the family, hide binges under plausible pretexts. For some reason, it is believed that assistance in the form of organizations "Alcoholics Anonymous" or medical coding of alcoholism is a sign of weakness of character, an interference with personal life. Alcohol is considered to be a good antidepressant, but it can be such only in homeopathic doses, with a special medical prescription. Our “culture” is a condescending attitude towards drinking citizens, compassion, understanding and forgiveness.

Meanwhile, the alcoholic tsunami is growing, spreading in waves, capturing everyone in its path. and self-doubt provoke "to relax", but this only brings with it a new round of problems - physical and moral. But the result of such a "stormy and beautiful life" is most often alcoholism, loneliness, death.

The task of preventing alcoholism

Under prevention of alcoholism understand such methods that are aimed at forming a negative attitude towards alcohol. The main task is to form such a lifestyle in a person in which he will not have a craving for alcohol. There are three stages of alcoholism prevention.

Traditional medicine is capable of curing many diseases that modern medicine does not always cope with. For example, treatment, treatment with folk remedies often give a greater effect. Traditional medicine includes in its methods of treatment a systematic and long-term effect on the body with formulations that include components useful for the body. Their impact is not limited to just one specific organ. There is an effect on the whole organism as a whole. This is the best healing, since a person does not have separate organs that are not interconnected with each other.

Primary prevention of alcoholism

Primary prevention is aimed at preventing the occurrence of alcoholism. Such events are usually aimed at telling about the harmful effects of alcohol. So that, as a result, a person has an alternative life in which alcohol will not play any role. After all, it has been proven that the best method of preventing alcoholism is the formation of the consciousness of a person's personality so that alcohol is no longer a value in life.

The consequences of alcoholism are terrifying: broken families, crippled lives, disabled children, increased criminality due to drunkenness, and much more. Diseases that bring with it the inability to cope with alcohol cravings - rectal cancer, neuroses, gastrointestinal problems, alcoholic hepatitis and pancreatitis, cirrhosis, mental and genetic diseases ... Russia only according to official statistics loses up to 600 thousand citizens a year due to alcohol mortality, but the real numbers are very likely much higher.

In addition, one must remember that "a little bit" does not count. Usually, the craving for alcohol is not limited to beer: cocktails, wine, fortified wine, liqueurs, vodka, cognac - these "noble" drinks do not wait long for their turn. The "Americanization" of the way of life imposed on Russians some alcoholic habits unusual for them. For example, a glass of wine at breakfast, lunch and dinner; business lunches with libations; corporate events; beer bars without the use of snacks; restaurant alcoholic "etiquette". It is not surprising that among the alcoholics recognized by medicine there are well-known persons of culture, art, politics, show business and the business world. Not so long ago, even the first President of Russia was associated with numerous alcohol scandals - what can we say about less significant figures?

Secondary prevention of alcoholism

Secondary prevention is aimed at treating alcoholic patients. This program includes work with the patient's family, his meeting with former alcoholics, interviews and extensive social and psychological assistance.

Alcoholism is insidious in that its effect on a person is strictly individual: the habit of ethyl alcohol develops under the influence of a whole complex of factors. This is a hereditary predisposition, and the influence of his own social group with his opinion and traditions, and mental imbalance, etc. It is noted that female alcoholism is less common than male alcoholism, but the disease proceeds with more negative consequences. And, importantly, alcoholism in the later stages is practically incurable - akin to drug addiction and substance abuse. And how many people want to be treated for it? Moreover, the law requires the patient's voluntary consent to treatment. Meanwhile, the transition from one stage to the next is identified in a complex way, and the patient, believing that he can always stop, often misses the "point of return".

Tertiary prevention of alcoholism

Tertiary prevention is aimed at helping people recovering from alcoholism. This program includes psychological counseling and visitation.

Conclusion

As with any other disease, it is necessary to carry out the prevention of alcoholism. It is better to prevent alcoholism than to face it as a result of a life crisis.

According to the data of the State Statistics Committee of Russia, the volume of alcohol consumption (in terms of pure alcohol) per 1 inhabitant of the country is 14-15 liters. In the period 1914-1917. in Russia was the lowest rate in comparison with European countries - 0.83 liters. According to experts from the World Health Organization, the "safe" value is 8 liters / year, and each subsequent liter of alcohol reduces life expectancy in men by 11 months. The prevention of alcoholism, aimed at reducing the consumption of alcoholic beverages, is divided into several types. Educational programs for students and youth are of particular importance.

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Types of alcoholism prevention

According to the generally accepted classification, alcoholism prevention is divided into 3 stages, depending on the purpose of the measures:

primary - prevention of the use of alcoholic beverages;
secondary - measures aimed at preventing the development of alcoholism;
tertiary - prevention of complications of alcohol dependence and disability of the patient as a result of this disease.

Alcoholism leads to many health and social problems:

an increase in the prevalence of somatic pathologies (oncology, liver cirrhosis, cardiovascular diseases, mental disorders and other deviations);
decrease in efficiency, labor productivity, increase in the costs of society in connection with this;
an increase in the number of road accidents, accidents at home and at work, suicides, serious criminal offenses, which is associated with the psychotropic effect of alcohol on the body;
rising health care costs;
an increase in the number of divorces, dysfunctional families, homeless children;
the spread of other bad habits among alcoholics - smoking, drug addiction, promiscuous sexual intercourse and related diseases, an increase in the mortality rate of the population;
decline in the general standard of living in the country.

Russia ranks first in the world in terms of the prevalence of alcohol consumption among children and adolescents. Drinking alcohol at an early age leads to the rapid formation of alcohol dependence and severe disorders in the body. Another negative consequence of widespread drunkenness is the establishment in society of the tradition of excessive drinking and a decrease in moral standards. This leads to the formation of a vicious circle, since alcoholism in many cases grows out of the traditions accepted in society.

In the prevention of alcoholism, there are 3 components:

state: approval and control of legal provisions governing alcohol consumption, drunkenness in public places, violation of labor regulations, commission of offenses, prohibition of the sale of alcohol to certain categories of persons;
medical: educational work, delivery of information about the dangers of alcohol abuse for health;
social: the development of public intolerance to drunkenness, support for people quitting this bad habit, assistance in restoring social status (creation of anti-alcohol clubs, help groups, promotion of a healthy lifestyle in the media, publication of printed publications).

There are several basic prevention strategies:

school programs for the prevention of alcoholism;
educational activities in various social groups;
family and parenting programs;
use of the media;
constant training of medical workers and teachers in the field of alcoholism prevention, organization of courses, seminars;
motivational preventive work.

Primary prevention

Primary prevention of alcoholism pursues the main goals:

preventing the appearance of behavioral disorders or the onset of illness;
prevention of negative results and strengthening of positive ones in personality development;
development of strategies for resolving this problem;
reducing the number of people at risk;
the formation of a culture of health.

The main methods for achieving them are as follows:

Strengthening motivation for positive changes in one's own life and in the environment of interaction with other people, correct physical and socio-psychological development.
Impact on risk factors for the development of alcoholism.
Development of critical thinking, self-awareness, assessment of one's own behavioral and emotional manifestations and the environment.
Search for ways of social assistance.
Improving adaptive qualities and stress resistance, contributing to a decrease in susceptibility to alcoholism and health promotion. Replacement of developing pathological processes with an active, adaptive lifestyle.

The main contingent for the events are children and adolescents in schools, students in secondary specialized and higher educational institutions, their parents, the teaching staff of these institutions, and out-of-school youth organizations. This type of prevention is the most widespread.

The main mechanisms for the implementation of primary prevention of alcoholism are:

impact on the population through the media, anti-alcohol propaganda, cultivation of a healthy lifestyle;
teaching technologies;
involving young people in active alternative programs (sports, hobby groups, extracurricular creative activities);
creation of a social sphere of support: special services, clubs and others;
activities of social workers and volunteer volunteers;
anti-alcohol campaigns;
legal means of regulation.

Torpedo from alcoholism - is the method effective and how is the procedure carried out?

How are events held in educational institutions?

Primary prevention in educational institutions is carried out mainly through educational work and conversations during class hours. Activities include 3 components:

informational - providing information about the impact of alcoholism on physical and mental health, social status of a person;
evaluative - the formation of a negative perception of factors associated with the use of alcoholic beverages;
behavioral - skills to avoid the urge to try alcohol and to help you enjoy other, socially positive ways.

The following elements of educational programs are used in school classes:

calculating the "price" of alcohol abuse for human health - in mathematics lessons;
the influence of alcohol on the main systems of the body - in the classroom in biology (anatomy);
organization of drawing contests;
correctional trainings, role-playing games, elements of psychodrama;
thematic events (discussions, actions, shows);
testing;
doing homework to involve family members in the process;
distribution of visual materials (leaflets, memos, popular science booklets, brochures).

Corrective psychological work is carried out for children from the risk group (from disadvantaged families), the main purpose of which is to develop techniques to resist the negative influence of adults - parents who abuse alcohol. The latter are also provided with individual advice.

Responsible for carrying out the above work in educational institutions are class teachers, social teachers, school psychologists (educational psychologists), leaders of circles and sections, and the administration of educational institutions.

Legislative aspects

In 2009, the Government of Russia approved the Concept of State Policy aimed at reducing alcohol abuse in the country and preventing alcoholism by 2020. By this time, it is planned to reduce the consumption of alcoholic beverages per capita by 55% and completely eliminate the illegal alcohol trade market.

According to opinion polls, 85% of Russians support the state anti-alcohol campaign, but only 15% of them believe in its success.

In 2011, amendments were made to the Federal Law “On state regulation of the production and circulation of ethyl alcohol, alcoholic and alcohol-containing products”. In 2012, the law on the provision of drug treatment to patients was approved. According to these and other legislative acts, anti-alcohol regulation is carried out at the state level.

New rules have been introduced for the sale of alcoholic beverages:

their sale to minors is prohibited, for violation of this law criminal liability is provided;
drinking alcohol, including beer, in public places (including in yards, entrances, parks and other recreation areas) is not allowed;
since 2012, the sale of alcohol at night is not allowed;
a restriction was introduced on advertising of alcoholic beverages and beer (only at local points of sale).

The state of alcoholic intoxication in the commission of criminal offenses is an aggravating factor, not a mitigating factor. This law has existed and has been in effect since the days of the USSR, but not everyone knows about it. By a court decision, compulsory treatment for alcoholism is possible for such persons.

Subjects of the Russian Federation, by law, have the right to establish their own restrictions on the time and place of sale of alcohol in addition to basic state requirements (including a complete ban). Thus, in Ulyanovsk, a law was introduced prohibiting the sale of spirits on weekends after 8 pm, and in Yakutia - from 8 pm to 2 pm the next day. Most regions have banned the sale of alcoholic beverages on Children's Day, Knowledge Day, Youth Day, and on the day of the last school bell. These measures are aimed at reducing alcohol use among children and adolescents.

No alcohol law

There is a mixed opinion among specialists about the revival of the dry law in the country. For the first time a restrictive system for the use of alcohol was introduced in 1865 in the Swedish city of Gothenburg. According to her, alcohol was sold in a limited number of establishments and only together with hot dishes, and the owners of these establishments received only 5% of the profits. Later, the rationing system of issuing 4 liters of alcohol per month for 1 family was practiced.

A complete ban ("dry law") was introduced in Iceland, Finland, Norway, USA, USSR. Such harsh measures are effective only in the first 1-2 years after their introduction, after which moonshine, secret sale and smuggling of alcohol develops. Analysis of the effectiveness of Prohibition has always led to its abolition, since the problem of drunkenness is primarily associated with folk traditions.

In 2012, the Prohibition Party of Russia appeared in Russia, which is actively promoting a sober lifestyle.

Secondary prevention

The main goals of secondary prevention of alcoholism are:

cut down on alcohol consumption and reduce the degree of its harm;
prevent the development of chronic diseases;
restore the social status of a person;
develop models of healthy behavior in response to stressful environmental factors that contribute to the emergence of addiction.

Secondary prevention of alcoholism held for young people and adults who already drink alcohol, but do not yet show signs of the disease.

Key activities include:

identification of students taking alcohol;
organization of anti-alcohol control in order to exclude other adolescents from drinking alcohol;
conducting trainings that develop the ability to resist the temptation of drinking in the company of peers;
conducting seminars and lectures to attract adult members of disadvantaged families;
psychological counseling of children and their parents in drug treatment services;
involvement in participation in correctional school programs of adults, especially those who have managed to overcome alcohol dependence;
organization of self-help groups.

Pedagogical methods of prevention of alcoholism are often viewed as an auxiliary part of the general anti-alcohol policy. However, it is she who forms in children at an early age a negative attitude towards alcohol, which can protect them from alcohol dependence in the future. In foreign countries, anti-alcohol conversations are conducted from preschool age.

In life, there is not only crime as such, but also phenomena close to it, from which it grows or without which certain of its types simply cannot exist. These phenomena include drunkenness and alcoholism - socially negative phenomena with a high degree of criminality. Drunkenness plays one of the "leading" roles among social phenomena and processes that determine the existence of crime and the commission of specific crimes. The commission of many crimes - willful and reckless, violent and selfish, against public order and public safety - is associated with the use of alcohol. Drunkenness, being one of the most widespread criminogenic factors, at the same time is a very serious social problem.

What is alcoholism?

Drunkenness and alcoholism are a serious obstacle to the development of any society. According to the World Health Organization, alcohol abuse is the third leading cause of death (after cardiovascular and oncological diseases). It is also calculated that the systematic use of alcohol reduces life expectancy by about 15-20 years. Drunk people commit almost 40% of all crimes, they are frequent perpetrators of road accidents.

For reference: alcohol, or ethyl alcohol, is a narcotic poison that acts on the cells of the human body, paralyzing and destroying them. Scientists have proven that 100 g of vodka kills 7.5 thousand actively working brain cells. A dose of 7-8 g of pure alcohol per 1 kg of body is fatal for humans.

Alcohol in any dose, through the formation of structural changes in the brain, suppresses intelligence, initiative, creativity, reduces social activity, suppresses feelings of pride, honor, responsibility, significantly reduces the sexual abilities of both men and women, forms standard thinking, suppresses a person physically and morally, burdens heredity, etc.

The systematic consumption of alcohol leads to permanent dilation of blood vessels, directly damaging the heart muscle. The kidneys stop excreting harmful waste products from the body.

The organ most damaged by alcohol abuse is the liver. It recycles about 95% of the alcohol that enters the bloodstream. As a result, fatty compounds are deposited in the liver, which leads to its obesity and the replacement of functioning liver cells with non-functioning scar tissue - liver cirrhosis. Alcoholic cirrhosis is the leading cause of alcohol-related death.

In the human brain, alcohol is oxidized 4000 times slower than in the liver. Alcohol concentrates in brain cells for up to one month. It has been established that after four years of alcohol consumption, a shriveled brain occurs due to the death of billions of cortical cells. According to foreign scientists, the consumption of alcohol in a dose of 200 g. dry wine suppresses the intelligence of the drinker for 18-20 days. If people drink twice a month, it means that their intelligence is constantly reduced.

Alcohol affects the immune system by damaging its defense mechanisms.

Finally, one of the most negative consequences of alcohol abuse is that under its influence a combination of chemical and physiological changes occur in the brain, leading to the establishment of persistent alcohol dependence. Alcohol is included in the metabolic processes of the body. All this gives reason to consider alcoholism as a serious illness, with which often "patients" are not able to cope on their own. Sometimes even such decisive actions as getting out of binge, coding, and trying to stop drinking are not enough. Formed dependence on alcohol is so strong that even when a person does not drink, he is, as doctors say, in remission. It is worth taking at least a little alcohol, and the disease returns, despite abstaining from alcohol for many months or even years. For complete healing, an addicted person must overcome himself, be reborn physiologically and psychologically. At the same time, in a number of cases, one cannot do without a long, complex and expensive course of medical and psychological treatment and social rehabilitation.

The prevalence of drunkenness and alcoholism is mainly influenced by the following factors:

low standard of living of the population;
lack of interesting activities in your free time;
improper upbringing in the family;
the hardships of everyday life;
"Drinking" traditions and customs;
the availability of purchasing alcoholic beverages;
family quarrels and conflicts and others.

In recent years, the so-called beer alcoholism has gained significant "momentum" among the youth. This is by no means a harmless thing. The fact is that due to the low concentration of alcohol in beer, it is drunk in larger quantities than vodka or wine. Therefore, alcoholism on the basis of drinking beer develops 3-4 times faster than from strong alcoholic beverages.

The legislation of the Republic of Belarus provides for administrative responsibility for drinking these drinks on the streets, stadiums, squares, parks, in public transport and other public places, except for those intended for these purposes. According to experts from the World Health Organization, human health depends 50% on himself, namely, on his lifestyle. The state regulates by legislative acts the working conditions at work, medical care, etc., which accounts for the remaining 50%, and overcoming drunkenness and alcoholism is the task of not only the state and society as a whole, but also each of its individuals.

What factors contribute to the formation of alcoholism.

Alcoholics are not born, they become. Various factors contribute to this.

Biological factors - play a role in the formation of alcohol dependence. A biological predisposition (biochemical basis) is inherited, on the basis of which a painful addiction can develop. On the basis of the research, it was concluded that 60% of people dependent on psychoactive substances (alcohol, drugs, etc.), their closest relatives suffered from addiction.

Social factors - the spread of alcohol-related problems is inseparable from the customs and ideas of society about alcohol, the family environment, which can both increase and decrease the risk of addiction. Social instability, unemployment, life upheavals, living in areas with low property qualifications, spiritual and cultural "vacuum", etc.

Psychological factors alcohol dependence include: a) a certain personality structure (lack of spirituality, lack of serious interests and goals in life, increased suggestibility); b) pathological character traits (tendency to mood swings, difficulties in establishing contacts, shyness, low or, on the contrary, overestimated self-esteem, inability to cope with their feelings, etc.); c) asthenic (physical and neuropsychic weakness of the body) and hysterical disorders.

Spiritual factors - a person's attitude to himself, the world around him and people, which is associated with the quality of participation in life. Alcoholism is a disease of the soul with all the ensuing consequences.

Frequency of use alcoholic beverages, their relative cheapness and availability - contribute to alcohol addiction.

Signs of alcoholism

The first sign - primary pathological craving for alcohol, the desire to consume alcohol in a certain rhythm, and this desire must be satisfied. A healthy person easily refuses to realize this desire if circumstances require such a refusal. An alcoholic patient either cannot refuse to drink under any circumstances, and if he cannot realize his pathological attraction, he experiences irritation, anger or depression.

The second sign of early alcoholism - an increase in alcohol tolerance, the ability to tolerate one or another fraction of a substance. Healthy people are usually satisfied with taking 100-150 ml of strong alcohol (per evening), and with an overdose of alcohol they experience nausea and vomiting. The body is trying to get rid of the poison. Therefore, this normal reaction to alcohol is called the "protective gag reflex." Alcoholic patients are able to consume much higher doses of alcohol without any protective reflexes. The dosage of 400-500 ml of vodka per evening should already alert both those around and the alcohol consumer himself.

The third sign of alcoholism - loss of dose control. A healthy person experiences a feeling of satiety in the process of drinking alcohol. He drinks a bottle of beer or a glass of dry wine and has no desire to continue drinking. A patient with alcoholism drinks a certain key dose - usually it is 100-150 ml of vodka - he develops an irresistible desire to continue drinking further. Control over the dose is lost, in case of continued drinking, after a few years, any dose of alcohol will cause severe excess or binge. After a period of sobriety, the patient, under the influence of a primary pathological craving for alcohol, drinks a certain dose of alcohol, loses control over consumption, gets heavily drunk, feels bad the next morning (hangover or withdrawal symptoms), gets drunk, but does not control the dose again, gets heavily drunk again. Severe alcohol excess can last from 2-3 days to several months.

Alcoholism treatment

Complete treatment of a patient with alcoholism represents a complex multifactorial process. Various methods are used to treat alcohol dependence: drug therapy, psychotherapy and social rehabilitation.

Patient treatment begins with stopping drinking ("Stopping binge") and treatment of withdrawal (hangover) syndrome. Residents of Minsk can receive such assistance in various structures of the Minsk City Narcological Dispensary.

If the course of alcoholism becomes complicated convulsive syndrome or psychosis treatment should be carried out in the Republican Clinical Psychiatric Hospital.

Stopping alcohol consumption is, although mandatory, but not the main goal of treatment. All patients under the influence of life circumstances periodically "stop drinking" and lead a sober lifestyle for some time. The patient's problem is not stopping drinking (although many experience this stopping painfully). The patient's problem and the goal of this treatment is to preserve and maintain sobriety, and such sobriety so that the patient does not feel defective, inferior. Sobriety must have a qualitative attraction for the patient.

After you stop drinking alcohol psychotherapists, psychologists, as well as specially trained paraspecialists (patients with alcoholism who have a long experience of sobriety) should be included to help a patient with alcoholism. An important role in this work is played by the Society of Alcoholics Anonymous (a voluntary association of alcoholics who want to achieve sustainable sobriety).

Necessarily work is being done with the relatives of the patient, with his family, since during the years of drunkenness in the family various undesirable processes occur, the relationship between family members becomes pathological.

Prevention and protection measures

Prevention of alcoholism presupposes: on the one hand, control over the production and consumption of alcohol at different stages - state, macro- and microsocial, family, individual; on the other hand, the early identification of alcohol abusers and the provision of appropriate medical and psychological assistance.

Early detection in adolescence and even childhood, people predisposed to alcohol (for this, one can focus on two specific factors - heredity and the characteristics of alcohol consumption in the parental family) and constant attention to them.

Informing children, adolescents and adults about the characteristics of alcohol, its dangerous consequences for health, behavior and life.

Education resistance skills in situations of alcohol use, the risk of addiction and relapse.

Promotion of healthy lifestyles and prevention of alcohol disorders.

In cases of any problems with alcohol, you should not waste time seeking advice and help from specialists.

Remember!

Alcoholism is easier to prevent than to cure!

PREVENTION OF DRUG ADDICTION. PREVENTION METHODS

Effective methods of drug addiction prevention

From year to year drugs spreading claims a huge number of lives among adolescents and young people. Drug addict acquires catastrophic proportions, to combat it requires competent and constant prevention of drug addiction... Preventive methods should cover all segments of the population and include complex measures characterized by high effectiveness.

Basic preventive measures

Prevention of drug addiction- these are all kinds of measures aimed at identifying and eliminating factors of provocation and addiction to the use of drugs, as well as identifying the main causes of addiction... Another critical factor is identifying the main opportunities for elimination of development and the formation of addiction.

Main stream prevention of drug addiction and alcoholism includes a set of pedagogical, social and medico-psychological activities aimed at finding ways to solve existing problems. Today prevention of drug addiction in the educational environment is a priority area of activity of social and psychological services. Exactly teenage addiction now leads among the total number of drug addicts. Children 12-14 years old are most strongly influenced by socially significant peers, therefore, it is necessary to carry out joint work with young people, in which, in addition to teachers, psychologists and social workers, parents should also be involved.

The best presentation of information is considered not to be overloaded with too much negative, so as not to cause unnecessary rejection when working with young people and adolescents, this is very important because, due to age characteristics, they are prone to negative perception of information. The presentation of information must be characterized by a positive key in order to addiction adolescents did not progress. Delivering information in a life-affirming manner will allow you to achieve positive results even when working with drug addicts.

The main directions of prevention

Using multiple directions for prevention drug use allows you to achieve maximum effect and prevent drug addiction among young people. Also, these activities are aimed at identifying the main risk groups and providing them with competent psychological and, if necessary, medical assistance. The main preventive areas include:

Active educational and educational work among young people and adolescents. Working with this particular age audience is very important, since this age is characterized by the greatest susceptibility to taking narcotic drugs. Usually, first drugs children try at school age, therefore, in educational institutions, it is necessary to pay colossal importance to preventive work. Correctly and interestingly constructed lectures, which the teenager will attend with pleasure, will give significantly better results, in comparison with compulsory information.
The harm of drug addiction in the prism of a public problem, which concerns not only the use, but also raises questions distribution of drugs... These activities are aimed at combating the spread and identification of more and more new methods of selling narcotic drugs.
Drug use should be regarded as a social disease, therefore, it is necessary to make every effort to cure it.
Raising the population with an awareness of what is true the effect of drugs on a person, what the use leads to, and in what way it is possible to recover from addiction.
The use of administrative and legislative measures in relation to drug dealers, so that the fear of punishment can become a stopping factor.

The main types of prevention:

Primary prevention is aimed at preventing the onset of drug use.
Secondary is the identification of persons for whom drug taking is still episodic. The main goal is to prevent reuse.
Tertiary - drug addiction treatment and the socio-psychological recovery of drug addicts.

Currently social addiction poses a significant threat to the development of society due to the fact that young people and adolescents are primarily exposed to it. Consequences of drug addiction lead to destruction of personality and health, loss of socially significant ties and disability. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out high-quality explanatory work, especially with risk groups, otherwise drug addiction problem could become global, affecting the well-being and physical health of an entire generation.

The prevention of alcoholism remains one of the urgent problems in Russia. The growth of alcoholism among the population of Russia indicates the need to develop new concepts in alcoholism prevention.
Prevention of alcoholism consists of two strategies:

Reducing risk factors leading to alcoholism;
Strengthening factors that reduce susceptibility to alcoholism.

It's not a secret for anyone that certain life situations can promote or prevent the start of alcohol consumption. Circumstances that contribute to alcohol consumption are called risk factors. And the circumstances that reduce alcohol consumption are called protective factors.

Risk factors:

An individual's mental or physical health problems;
Children born and raised by alcoholic parents;
Communication with people who regularly drink alcohol and lack of resistance to peer pressure;
Personal qualities (low intelligence, low self-esteem, changeable mood, self-doubt, unwillingness to adhere to social norms, values and behavior, etc.);
Early onset of sexual activity;
Frequent family conflicts, low family income;
Poor school performance, unwillingness to study;
Problems when communicating with relatives, peers.

Protection factors:

Well-being in the family, cohesion of family members, good upbringing, absence of conflicts in the family;
High level of intelligence, physical and mental health, resistance to stress;
A good level of prosperity, housing provision;
Regular medical supervision;
Low level of criminalization in the village;
High self-esteem, the ability to effectively solve problems that have arisen, resistance to pressure, the ability to control emotions and their behavior;
Compliance with social norms.

From the above, it becomes clear that prevention of alcoholism has the goal of strengthening the protection factors and, if possible, removing the risk factors.
In the course of his life, a person is influenced by both risk factors and protective factors, and the more risk factors, the greater the chance of becoming an alcoholic. There is no single factor that would contribute to the development of alcoholism.

The prevention of alcoholism is divided into:

Primary prevention of alcoholism;
Secondary prevention of alcoholism;
Tertiary prevention of alcoholism.

Primary prevention of alcoholism aims to prevent the onset of alcohol consumption by persons who have not previously consumed it. Primary prevention of alcoholism is aimed primarily at children, adolescents, youth. Primary prevention of alcoholism helps to reduce the number of people who may develop alcoholism, and its efforts are aimed not so much at preventing alcoholism as at maintaining or strengthening health.

Secondary prevention of alcoholism is selective. It is aimed at people who have already tried alcohol or people who are already developing signs of alcohol dependence.

Tertiary alcohol prevention is aimed at alcohol addicts and is predominantly medical. Tertiary prevention of alcoholism has two directions:
1. is aimed at preventing further alcohol abuse or at reducing future harm from its use, at helping to overcome alcohol dependence;
2. is aimed at preventing relapse in people who have stopped drinking alcohol.

Approaches to alcohol prevention

The developed approaches take into account psychosocial and personal factors that prevent the onset of alcoholism.

1. An approach based on the dissemination of information about alcohol. This approach is the most common, its essence boils down to providing information about alcohol, its harm to the body and the consequences of its use. There are three options for this approach:
a. Providing information on the facts of the influence of alcohol on the human body, behavior, as well as statistical data on the prevalence of alcoholism;
b. Intimidation strategy, the purpose of which is to provide information of a frightening nature (the dangerous sides of alcohol consumption are described);
c. Providing information about how the personality of the drinker changes.
2. Emotional learning approach. Within the framework of this approach, self-esteem increases, significant personal goals are determined, the skills of expressing one's feelings and emotions are developed, decision-making skills are developed, and the skills to successfully deal with stress are developed.
3. An approach based on the role of social factors. Prevention programs targeting social factors that contribute to alcohol use. This approach is based on the recognition that the influence of friends and family members plays an important role in the formation of alcohol dependence. A person's behavior is gradually formed as a result of the positive and negative consequences of his own behavior, and the impact of examples (positive or negative) of the behavior of others. This approach also includes exercises on resilience to social pressures, media and advertising.
4. A life skills-based approach. Life skills are the skills of personal behavior and interpersonal communication that allow people to control and direct their lives, develop the ability to live with others and make positive changes in the world around them. Problematic behavior - such as drinking alcohol, is viewed in terms of functional problems and involves helping young people achieve personal goals. The initial phase of alcohol consumption is observed mainly at a young age and can be: a demonstration of adult behavior, a form of protest against parental upbringing, an expression of social protest, a desire to get new sensations, a desire to join a group of adults, an act of despair, a response to certain disorders in psychological development. The goal is to increase adolescents' immunity to various social phenomena, including alcohol consumption, and to increase individual competence.
5. An approach based on alternative alcohol consumption activities. It was supposed to proceed from the psychological model of alcohol consumption. Drinking alcohol is an attempt to avoid the negative aspects of various developmental phases in the life of a teenager. A specific positive activity (adventure travel) is formed, which evokes strong emotions, and teaches to overcome various difficulties. Participation in these activities is encouraged and other young people are recruited for support.
6. A health promotion approach. Teenagers are taught methods of strengthening and maintaining their own health, introduced to a healthy lifestyle, taught to avoid factors that negatively affect health.
7. Combined approach. All of the above approaches are commonly used in the prevention of alcoholism.

Technologies and methods for the prevention of alcoholism

People all over the world face the problem of alcoholism. This addiction can lead to sad, irreversible consequences. To avoid such problems, it is necessary to carry out timely prevention of alcoholism. It is always easier to prevent a disease than to cure it later.

Preventing alcoholism is easier than curing

Definition

Prevention of drunkenness and alcoholism is a whole complex of measures designed to prevent physical and psychological addiction to ethanol. This problem becomes more and more widespread every year. Most of the population dies from alcoholism.

Today, the main task is to inform people about the dangers of alcoholic beverages. In view of this program, alcoholism prevention is carried out, which works in different directions, with different social groups and can be carried out in various forms. Thanks to timely intervention, it becomes possible to significantly reduce the number of cases of alcoholism in the conscious and adolescent years.

Social work

Prevention of alcoholism among different populations will differ. It is very important to start taking preventive measures at the stage of personality development. Social prevention of alcoholism is to instill in young people the correct attitudes in order to reduce drinking adolescents.

Among school children

The child's psyche is easily influenced. Seeing how adults drink on holidays and not only, the child's mind over time begins to take it for granted, and the child begins to believe that nothing will happen to him from one bottle of beer. Increasingly, you can hear schoolchildren discussing their trips to discos, where naturally there is alcohol, and on the streets before the weekend you can often meet teenagers with alcohol.

The social program for schoolchildren is designed for 2 age subgroups.

Younger school age.
Middle and senior management.

In addition, the program in each school, lyceum is designed for a certain contingent. The program should be reviewed and updated annually. It is unlikely that children under the age of 11 will start drinking alcohol, although such cases sometimes occur. But more often children become just observers of parental drinking.

School teachers should be able to recognize in time that families have problems with alcohol, and conduct preventive conversations with parents, because their child is at risk of alcohol addiction.

Usually, these children can be distinguished by their attempts to attract everyone's attention. They do this through bad deeds, rather than seeking to earn a good grade and show off their brains.

Prevention of adolescent alcoholism

Among adolescents and students

According to statistics, in Russia, the use of alcohol among the child population has been spreading since the age of 14. The family is not always the provoking factor. Very often, the desire to show oneself cool, urging and ridicule of peers lead to the development of alcoholism.

Alcoholism and its prevention among adolescents involves reducing the amount of free time. Teens should be busy with various school activities. The main thing is to give children tasks that need to be completed at school until the parents return home. If they complete tasks at home, they will have the opportunity to purchase alcohol in stores.

The promotion of sports and an active lifestyle can reduce the risks of developing alcohol dependence. All children should be involved in sports activities. There should be several different sections at the school so that children can choose a hobby for themselves.

Alcoholism prevention measures are also taken at the national level. It is forbidden to sell weak alcoholic beverages to children under 18 and strong alcohol under 21. But not everyone observes this law. Unscrupulous kiosk workers sell alcohol to everyone, so awareness-raising about the dangers of alcohol should be carried out at the public level. It is important that adults want to raise a healthy, non-drinking generation.

Prevention of drunkenness among adolescents and students

Among adults

Women are much more difficult to treat for alcohol addiction. The mass fraction of water in the female body is 12% less than in the male, so it cannot fully recover from alcohol intoxication. Over time, the woman develops a severe form of addiction, from which it is almost impossible to cure the patient. The only method of struggle is the prevention of female alcoholism. It consists in the formation of a rejection of alcoholism as a way of life, motivation to maintain one's health from a young age.

Men often become hostages of the "green serpent". The reasons for this may be a genetic predisposition, problems with assessing oneself as a full-fledged member of society, the influence of society in general.

Measures to eliminate alcohol cravings can be as follows:

preventive conversations;
psychocorrection of one's own attitudes;
rethinking attitudes;
elimination of influencing factors;
proper nutrition;
moderate physical activity;
motivation.

Types of preventive work

The prevention of alcoholism is carried out at 2 levels. At the social level, that is, for the whole society, but taking into account the characteristics of different age groups, and at the level of an individual prone to drunkenness.

Prevention of alcoholism of the second level is:

primary;
secondary;
tertiary.

Primary prevention

In this case, measures are taken to prevent the development of cravings for alcohol in a person who has not yet developed addiction. Primary prevention of alcoholism is designed to help understand the causes and eliminate the prerequisites that put a person at risk of developing alcohol dependence.

The most appropriate age for primary prevention of alcoholism is primary and secondary school age. Young people should be motivated to play sports. For example, students abroad who actively participate in the sports life of the school and show good results are taken on the budget to higher educational institutions.

One must not miss the moment when the child begins to form his worldview and tries to show himself in society. Alcohol problems can be caused by inability to communicate with peers. For this, psychologists must work in schools: to engage in correctional work with adolescents. Parents should also take an active part in this difficult task. Adults also need to motivate their child and monitor their behavior.

Secondary prevention

This preventive program is designed for people with alcohol dependence in the initial stages, when personality degradation has not yet occurred. Secondary prevention of alcoholism is designed to show the alcoholic all the harmful effects of alcohol on his body, social ties and relatives.

At this stage, various clinical conversations are conducted not only with the patient himself, but also with his relatives. In this way, it will be possible to avoid the appearance of such a habit in the children of the individual in the future.

A person should be aware that he needs help. Only then will conversations with a psychologist help to get rid of addiction. The individual should understand what caused this behavior and try to take measures to eliminate them. In order to avoid the progression of drunkenness, the patient is advised to completely abandon alcohol.

At this stage, specialists try to influence a highly dependent person. Basically, such activities are work in self-help groups. Tertiary prevention of alcoholism is designed to motivate a person to get rid of addiction.

In addition to conversations and corrective work, patients are shown drug therapy. Today, there are many remedies that can help reduce alcohol cravings. Alcoholics usually need to restore the functionality of their internal organs.

Tertiary prevention of alcoholism

Addiction treatment

Prevention and treatment of alcoholism in both women and men will be successful only if the individual himself wishes. A person should be clearly aware that he has a problem that prevents him from developing and living a full life. In the early stages of alcohol addiction, you can try to heal yourself.

First of all, you need to do the psychological correction of your perception and reconsider your priorities. Proper nutrition and adherence to a regimen can effectively eliminate alcohol cravings. Binge drinking prevention measures require an adequate intake of vitamins and minerals. Vitamin complexes with magnesium in the composition reduce cravings for alcohol. You also need to take care of the timely recovery and support of the nervous system. B vitamins will help with this. Antioxidants help restore muscle tone and increase the body's resistance to destructive factors.

You can use traditional medicine recipes. These are mainly herbal preparations that help enrich the body with vitamins, reduce nervous tension, improve sleep and relax muscles. These herbs are commonly used to treat alcohol addiction:

mint;
Melissa;
milk thistle;
St. John's wort;
coltsfoot.

Working in anonymous groups helps a person find motivation faster. A person must find something to do for himself that will distract him from thoughts about alcohol and bring pleasure.

Drug treatment

Medication is considered to be the most effective remedy for alcohol dependence. The drugs can be used regardless of the patient's psychological mood. Medicines are divided into several groups:

eliminating hangover syndrome;
reducing alcohol cravings;
causing aversion to alcoholic beverages.

These drugs must be prescribed by a doctor, and many of them are sold by prescription only. It is important to understand that feeding pills to a drinking person all his life will still not work, therefore drug therapy should be carried out in combination with psychological effects.

Among the drugs that relieve a hangover, the most popular are Metadoxil, Magnesium sulfate in powder, Limontar. Alcohol cravings can be reduced with the antidepressant Tianeptine. In difficult cases, tranquilizers are prescribed to patients: they are injected or given pills only under the strict supervision of a doctor in a hospital. Alcoholics often develop insomnia and anxiety. Among the most commonly used tranquilizers are "Diazepam", "Phenozepam".

To restore the functioning of the brain centers, nootropic drugs are used, which are a supportive agent that helps to effectively restore the cells of the nervous system. Nootropics include "Glycine", "Fluanksol", "Acamprosat".

Drugs that cause aversion to alcohol: "Esperal", "Teturam", "Antabuse".

It is important to remember that putting pills in food or drink to patients without their knowledge can lead to disastrous consequences, up to and including death. Many of these drugs cannot be combined with alcoholic beverages. The doctor should select medicines, taking into account the characteristics of the patient's body, the stage of alcoholism and the degree of organ damage.

Antabuse disgusts drinking

Conclusion

Treatment of alcohol dependence is a long, complex process that does not always bring the desired result. One of the main methods of combating alcoholism among the population is social prevention. The social prevention program is developed in accordance with the characteristics of various social and age groups. The most favorable age for alcoholism prevention is middle and primary school age.